Emad Ewais

By Dina H.A. Besisa and Emad M.M. Ewais

In multilayered structures, sharp interface is formed between the layers of dissimilar materials. At this interface, the large difference in thermal expansion coefficients of the two dissimilar materials generates residual thermal stresses during subsequent cooling. These stresses lead to cracking at the interface, and these cracks lead to the deterioration of mechanical properties, and finally crack propagation leads to the delamination of the multilayered structure. Scientific progress in the field of material technology, and the continuing developments of modern industries have given rise to the continual demand for ever more advanced materials with the necessary properties and qualities. The need for advanced materials with specific properties has brought about the gradual transformation of materials from their basic states (monolithic) to composites. Recent advances in engineering and the processing of materials have led to a new class of graded multilayered materials called Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs). These materials represent a second generation of composites and have been designed to achieve superior levels of performance. This chapter looks at the best processing technologies and the uses and applications of the advanced, high quality products generated, and also presents an extensive review of the recent novel advances in Functionally Graded Ceramics (FGCs), their processing, properties and applications. The manufacturing techniques involved in this work have involved many concepts from the gradation, consolidation and different sintering processes. Each technique, however, has its own characteristics and disadvantages. In addition, the FGC concept can be applied to almost all material fields. This chapter covers all the existing and potential application fields of FGCs, such as engineering applications in cutting tools, machine parts, and engine components, and discusses properties of FGCs such as heat, wear, and corrosion resistance plus toughness, and their machinability into aerospace and energy applications.

Part of the book: Advances in Functionally Graded Materials and Structures

By Amira M. M. Amin and Emad M. M. Ewais

Millions of peoples in the world suffer from their bone damage tissues by disease or trauma. Every day, thousands of surgical procedures are performed to replace or repair these tissues. The availability of these tissues is a big problem, and their costs are expensive. The repair of these defects has become a major clinical and socioeconomic need with the increase of aging population and social development. The emerge of tissue engineering (TE) is considered as a glimmer of hope to contribute in solving this problem. It aims at the regeneration of damaged tissues with restoring and maintaining the function of human bone tissues using the combination of cell biology, materials science, and engineering principles. In this chapter, the current state of the tissue engineering in particular bioceramic scaffolds was discussed. Concept of tissue engineering was explored. Bioceramic scaffold materials, their processing techniques, challenges taken into consideration the design of the scaffolds, and their in-vitro and in-vivo studies were highlighted. The scaffolds with extra-functionalities such as drug release ability and clinical applications were mentioned.

Part of the book: Materials, Technologies and Clinical Applications