Dr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\\n\\n
Seeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\\n\\n
Over these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\\n\\n
We are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\\n\\n
Thank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\\n\\n
Now with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
Preparation of Space Experiments edited by international leading expert Dr. Vladimir Pletser, Director of Space Training Operations at Blue Abyss is the 5,000th Open Access book published by IntechOpen and our milestone publication!
\n\n
"This book presents some of the current trends in space microgravity research. The eleven chapters introduce various facets of space research in physical sciences, human physiology and technology developed using the microgravity environment not only to improve our fundamental understanding in these domains but also to adapt this new knowledge for application on earth." says the editor. Listen what else Dr. Pletser has to say...
\n\n\n\n
Dr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\n\n
Seeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\n\n
Over these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\n\n
We are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\n\n
Thank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\n\n
Now with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-partners-with-ehs-for-digital-advertising-representation-20210416",title:"IntechOpen Partners with EHS for Digital Advertising Representation"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-new-contract-with-cepiec-china-for-distribution-of-open-access-books-20210319",title:"IntechOpen Signs New Contract with CEPIEC, China for Distribution of Open Access Books"},{slug:"150-million-downloads-and-counting-20210316",title:"150 Million Downloads and Counting"},{slug:"intechopen-secures-indefinite-content-preservation-with-clockss-20210309",title:"IntechOpen Secures Indefinite Content Preservation with CLOCKSS"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-to-all-global-amazon-channels-with-full-catalog-of-books-20210308",title:"IntechOpen Expands to All Global Amazon Channels with Full Catalog of Books"},{slug:"stanford-university-identifies-top-2-scientists-over-1-000-are-intechopen-authors-and-editors-20210122",title:"Stanford University Identifies Top 2% Scientists, Over 1,000 are IntechOpen Authors and Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-authors-included-in-the-highly-cited-researchers-list-for-2020-20210121",title:"IntechOpen Authors Included in the Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020"},{slug:"intechopen-maintains-position-as-the-world-s-largest-oa-book-publisher-20201218",title:"IntechOpen Maintains Position as the World’s Largest OA Book Publisher"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"1970",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Virtual Reality and Environments",title:"Virtual Reality and Environments",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Virtual Reality is clearly interdisciplinary research. It has, not only Information Technology importance but social, educational, economical importance too. It combines multiple disciplines for the development of virtual reality systems in which the user has the immersive feeling of being in the real world. Virtual reality has several applications in almost all fields of real life. The most typical fields for the application of virtual reality are health-care, engineering and game industry. This book may be a solid basis for the novice and advanced engineers who would like to develop user friendly Virtual Environments for education, rehabilitation and other applications of Virtual Reality. Our book provides a resource for wide variety of people including academicians, designers, developers, educators, engineers, practitioners, researchers, and graduate students.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0579-4",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5643-7",doi:"10.5772/2387",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"virtual-reality-and-environments",numberOfPages:218,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,hash:"a2b43a20d9bd22d96982dbb97360f1b9",bookSignature:"Cecilia Sik Lanyi",publishedDate:"April 27th 2012",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1970.jpg",numberOfDownloads:22249,numberOfWosCitations:18,numberOfCrossrefCitations:17,numberOfDimensionsCitations:22,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:57,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 5th 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 2nd 2011",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"October 7th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 6th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"March 5th 2012",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"106377",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecília",middleName:null,surname:"Sik Lányi",slug:"cecilia-sik-lanyi",fullName:"Cecília Sik Lányi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/106377/images/2769_n.jpg",biography:'Dr. Cecília Sik Lányi studied Mathematics and Computer Science (B.S. and M.S.) at the József Attila University (1981 and 1984). She became a Teacher of Mathematics at the Berzsenyi Dániel Teacher Training College in 1988. Dr. Lányi obtained the Dr. Univ. degree at the University of Veszprém, Hungary in Physical-chemistry (1993), and the Ph.D. degree at the University of Veszprém, Hungary in Computer Science (2000). She has worked as a software engineer and as an associate professor for program languages at the University of Pannonia.\nCurrently, she is focused on virtual reality and its application, user interface design, computer graphics for informatics engineering students and using multimedia in the education for teacher training courses. Ph.D. and Masters’ supervision has an emphasis on multimedia/ virtual reality for the rehabilitation of children with disabilities and patients with mental health issues. She has supervised altogether 180 BSc and MSc thesis works from 1997. Her students received numerous awards.\nDr. Lányi received several awards, the most important ones are: “Master teacher” award of the Hungarian Ministry of Education (2001), the \\"Kalmar\\" award from the John von Neumann Computer Society (2016), the “Hungarian Higher Education Plague” of the Ministry of Human Capacities (2016), the “Diamond-Award from the Association for the Advancement of Assistive Technology in Europe (2015), which is a personal recognition, granted for outstanding work in advancing assistive technology in Europe and the “King Salman Award for Disability Research” of the King Salman Center for Disability Research (2018).\nShe was the secretariat manager of EDeAN in 2009 and the representative of Hungary in IFIP Technical Committee 13: Human-Computer Interaction (TC13) in the period of 2008-2018. She has published more than 400 refereed articles and conference papers and worked as a guest editor for many renowned journals.',institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"University of Pannonia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Hungary"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"573",title:"Virtual Computer System",slug:"virtual-computer-system"}],chapters:[{id:"36375",title:"Virtual Environments in Physical Therapy",doi:"10.5772/37132",slug:"virtual-environments-in-physical-therapy",totalDownloads:2461,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Felix O. Akinladejo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/36375",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/36375",authors:[{id:"111420",title:"Dr.",name:"Felix",surname:"Akinladejo",slug:"felix-akinladejo",fullName:"Felix Akinladejo"}],corrections:null},{id:"36376",title:"A Survey of Some Virtual Reality Tools and Resources",doi:"10.5772/39062",slug:"a-survey-of-some-virtual-reality-tools-and-resources",totalDownloads:5091,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Moses Okechukwu Onyesolu, Ignatius Ezeani and Obikwelu Raphael Okonkwo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/36376",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/36376",authors:[{id:"21147",title:"Dr.",name:"Moses",surname:"Onyesolu",slug:"moses-onyesolu",fullName:"Moses Onyesolu"},{id:"137834",title:"Mr.",name:"Ignatius",surname:"Ezeani",slug:"ignatius-ezeani",fullName:"Ignatius Ezeani"},{id:"137836",title:"Dr.",name:"Obikwelu Raphael",surname:"Okonkwo",slug:"obikwelu-raphael-okonkwo",fullName:"Obikwelu Raphael Okonkwo"}],corrections:null},{id:"36377",title:"Training of Procedural Tasks Through the Use of Virtual Reality and Direct Aids",doi:"10.5772/36650",slug:"training-of-procedural-tasks-through-the-use-of-virtual-reality-and-direct-aids",totalDownloads:1501,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:14,signatures:"Jorge Rodríguez, Teresa Gutiérrez, Emilio J. Sánchez, Sara Casado and Iker Aguinaga",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/36377",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/36377",authors:[{id:"109230",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",surname:"Rodriguez",slug:"jorge-rodriguez",fullName:"Jorge Rodriguez"},{id:"109833",title:"Dr.",name:"Emilio",surname:"Sánchez",slug:"emilio-sanchez",fullName:"Emilio Sánchez"},{id:"109998",title:"MSc.",name:"Teresa",surname:"Gutierrez",slug:"teresa-gutierrez",fullName:"Teresa Gutierrez"},{id:"110000",title:"MSc.",name:"Sara",surname:"Casado",slug:"sara-casado",fullName:"Sara Casado"},{id:"142378",title:"Dr.",name:"Iker",surname:"Aguinaga",slug:"iker-aguinaga",fullName:"Iker Aguinaga"}],corrections:null},{id:"36378",title:"The Users' Avatars Nonverbal Interaction in Collaborative Virtual Environments for Learning",doi:"10.5772/36202",slug:"the-users-avatars-nonverbal-interaction-in-collaborative-virtual-environments-for-learning",totalDownloads:1230,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Adriana Peña Pérez Negrón, Raúl A. Aguilar and Luis A. Casillas",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/36378",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/36378",authors:[{id:"107464",title:"Dr.",name:"Adriana",surname:"Peña Perez Negron",slug:"adriana-pena-perez-negron",fullName:"Adriana Peña Perez Negron"},{id:"112789",title:"Dr.",name:"Raúl A.",surname:"Aguilar Vera",slug:"raul-a.-aguilar-vera",fullName:"Raúl A. Aguilar Vera"},{id:"137861",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",surname:"Casillas",slug:"luis-casillas",fullName:"Luis Casillas"}],corrections:null},{id:"36379",title:"ROTATOR Model: A Framework for Building Collaborative Virtual Workspaces",doi:"10.5772/36216",slug:"rotator-model-a-framework-for-building-collaborative-virtual-workspaces",totalDownloads:2491,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Charles J. Lesko Jr, Christine R. Russell and Yolanda A. Hollingsworth",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/36379",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/36379",authors:[{id:"107517",title:"Dr.",name:"Charles",surname:"Lesko, Jr.",slug:"charles-lesko-jr.",fullName:"Charles Lesko, Jr."},{id:"112610",title:"Ms.",name:"Yolanda",surname:"Hollingsworth",slug:"yolanda-hollingsworth",fullName:"Yolanda Hollingsworth"},{id:"112655",title:"Ms.",name:"Christine",surname:"Russell",slug:"christine-russell",fullName:"Christine Russell"}],corrections:null},{id:"36380",title:"Optical Touch Screen and Its Application as a Next Generation Classroom Response System",doi:"10.5772/36731",slug:"optical-touch-screen-and-its-application-as-a-next-generation-classroom-response-system",totalDownloads:2326,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Hong Zhang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/36380",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/36380",authors:[{id:"109541",title:"Dr.",name:"Hong",surname:"Zhang",slug:"hong-zhang",fullName:"Hong Zhang"}],corrections:null},{id:"36381",title:"Personalization of Virtual Environments Navigation and Tasks for Neurorehabilitation",doi:"10.5772/34840",slug:"personalization-of-virtual-environments-navigation-and-tasks-for-neurorehabilitation",totalDownloads:1154,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Dani Tost, Sergi Grau and Sergio Moya",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/36381",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/36381",authors:[{id:"101839",title:"Dr.",name:"Dani",surname:"Tost",slug:"dani-tost",fullName:"Dani Tost"},{id:"109308",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergi",surname:"Grau",slug:"sergi-grau",fullName:"Sergi Grau"},{id:"109309",title:"MSc.",name:"Sergio",surname:"Moya",slug:"sergio-moya",fullName:"Sergio Moya"}],corrections:null},{id:"36382",title:"Vision for Motor Performance in Virtual Environments Across the Lifespan",doi:"10.5772/37341",slug:"vision-for-motor-performance-in-virtual-environments-across-the-lifespan",totalDownloads:1329,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Patrick Grabowski and Andrea Mason",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/36382",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/36382",authors:[{id:"112297",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",surname:"Mason",slug:"andrea-mason",fullName:"Andrea Mason"},{id:"112336",title:"Mr.",name:"Patrick",surname:"Grabowski",slug:"patrick-grabowski",fullName:"Patrick Grabowski"}],corrections:null},{id:"36383",title:"Ergonomics Design Criteria of a Virtual Environment",doi:"10.5772/36401",slug:"ergonomics-design-of-virtual-environment",totalDownloads:2126,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Zahari Taha, Hartomo Soewardi, Siti Zawiah and Aznijar Ahmad-Yazid",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/36383",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/36383",authors:[{id:"108223",title:"Prof.",name:"Zahari",surname:"Taha",slug:"zahari-taha",fullName:"Zahari Taha"}],corrections:null},{id:"36384",title:"The Virtual Reality of Work - How to Create a Workplace that Enhances Well-Being for a Mobile Employee",doi:"10.5772/35548",slug:"the-virtual-reality-of-work-how-to-create-a-workplace-that-enhances-well-being-for-a-mobile-employ",totalDownloads:2542,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Ursula Hyrkkänen, Suvi Nenonen and Inka Kojo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/36384",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/36384",authors:[{id:"104938",title:"Dr.",name:"Ursula",surname:"Hyrkkanen",slug:"ursula-hyrkkanen",fullName:"Ursula Hyrkkanen"},{id:"137485",title:"Dr.",name:"Suvi",surname:"Nenonen",slug:"suvi-nenonen",fullName:"Suvi Nenonen"},{id:"137486",title:"MSc.",name:"Inka",surname:"Kojo",slug:"inka-kojo",fullName:"Inka Kojo"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2277",title:"Applications of Virtual Reality",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1984848a9c90105b49dc6d3662c189e9",slug:"applications-of-virtual-reality",bookSignature:"Cecilia Sik Lanyi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2277.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"106377",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecília",surname:"Sik Lányi",slug:"cecilia-sik-lanyi",fullName:"Cecília Sik Lányi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4519",title:"The Thousand Faces of Virtual Reality",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"711575fce3e5b5d3d7d44a7cbc1a0746",slug:"the-thousand-faces-of-virtual-reality",bookSignature:"Cecilia Sik Lanyi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4519.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"106377",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecília",surname:"Sik Lányi",slug:"cecilia-sik-lanyi",fullName:"Cecília Sik Lányi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"20",title:"Virtual Reality",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"virtual-reality",bookSignature:"Jae-Jin Kim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/20.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14702",title:"Prof.",name:"Jae-Jin",surname:"Kim",slug:"jae-jin-kim",fullName:"Jae-Jin Kim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"580",title:"Augmented Reality",subtitle:"Some Emerging Application Areas",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e61045dd901e3a91368f10fb909d002",slug:"augmented-reality-some-emerging-application-areas",bookSignature:"Andrew Yeh Ching Nee",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/580.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"69656",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrew Yeh Ching",surname:"Nee",slug:"andrew-yeh-ching-nee",fullName:"Andrew Yeh Ching Nee"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3010",title:"Virtual Reality",subtitle:"Human Computer Interaction",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bbe2e1a9f2f7e67904a7b3fdf137cf7",slug:"virtual-reality-human-computer-interaction",bookSignature:"Xin‐Xing Tang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3010.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"144397",title:"Dr.",name:"Tang",surname:"Xinxing",slug:"tang-xinxing",fullName:"Tang Xinxing"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"73132",slug:"corrigendum-to-soil-erosion-influencing-factors-in-the-semiarid-area-of-northern-shaanxi-province-ch",title:"Corrigendum to: Soil Erosion Influencing Factors in the Semiarid Area of Northern Shaanxi Province, China",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/73132.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73132",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73132",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/73132",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/73132",chapter:{id:"72647",slug:"soil-erosion-influencing-factors-in-the-semiarid-area-of-northern-shaanxi-province-china",signatures:"Ning Ai, Qingke Zhu, Guangquan Liu and Tianxing Wei",dateSubmitted:"February 25th 2020",dateReviewed:"May 22nd 2020",datePrePublished:"June 29th 2020",datePublished:"March 24th 2021",book:{id:"8937",title:"Soil Moisture Importance",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Soil Moisture Importance",slug:"soil-moisture-importance",publishedDate:"March 24th 2021",bookSignature:"Ram Swaroop Meena and Rahul Datta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8937.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"313528",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ram Swaroop",middleName:null,surname:"Meena",slug:"ram-swaroop-meena",fullName:"Ram Swaroop Meena"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"319114",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ning",middleName:null,surname:"Ai",fullName:"Ning Ai",slug:"ning-ai",email:"aining_office@126.com",position:null,institution:{name:"China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"319299",title:"Prof.",name:"Tianxing",middleName:null,surname:"Wei",fullName:"Tianxing Wei",slug:"tianxing-wei",email:"weitianxing925@126.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Beijing Forestry University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"319300",title:"Prof.",name:"Qingke",middleName:null,surname:"Zhu",fullName:"Qingke Zhu",slug:"qingke-zhu",email:"xiangmub@126.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Beijing Forestry University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"319301",title:"Prof.",name:"Guangquan",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",fullName:"Guangquan Liu",slug:"guangquan-liu",email:"gqliu@iwhr.com",position:null,institution:{name:"China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"72647",slug:"soil-erosion-influencing-factors-in-the-semiarid-area-of-northern-shaanxi-province-china",signatures:"Ning Ai, Qingke Zhu, Guangquan Liu and Tianxing Wei",dateSubmitted:"February 25th 2020",dateReviewed:"May 22nd 2020",datePrePublished:"June 29th 2020",datePublished:"March 24th 2021",book:{id:"8937",title:"Soil Moisture Importance",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Soil Moisture Importance",slug:"soil-moisture-importance",publishedDate:"March 24th 2021",bookSignature:"Ram Swaroop Meena and Rahul Datta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8937.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"313528",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ram Swaroop",middleName:null,surname:"Meena",slug:"ram-swaroop-meena",fullName:"Ram Swaroop Meena"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"319114",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ning",middleName:null,surname:"Ai",fullName:"Ning Ai",slug:"ning-ai",email:"aining_office@126.com",position:null,institution:{name:"China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"319299",title:"Prof.",name:"Tianxing",middleName:null,surname:"Wei",fullName:"Tianxing Wei",slug:"tianxing-wei",email:"weitianxing925@126.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Beijing Forestry University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"319300",title:"Prof.",name:"Qingke",middleName:null,surname:"Zhu",fullName:"Qingke Zhu",slug:"qingke-zhu",email:"xiangmub@126.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Beijing Forestry University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"319301",title:"Prof.",name:"Guangquan",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",fullName:"Guangquan Liu",slug:"guangquan-liu",email:"gqliu@iwhr.com",position:null,institution:{name:"China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}]},book:{id:"8937",title:"Soil Moisture Importance",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Soil Moisture Importance",slug:"soil-moisture-importance",publishedDate:"March 24th 2021",bookSignature:"Ram Swaroop Meena and Rahul Datta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8937.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"313528",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ram Swaroop",middleName:null,surname:"Meena",slug:"ram-swaroop-meena",fullName:"Ram Swaroop Meena"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"6360",leadTitle:null,title:"New Horizons in Laparoscopic Surgery",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Approximately 100 years ago, after the first diagnostic laparoscopy and subsequent developments, the adventure began with laparoscopic appendectomy and cholecystectomy and reached a point where any surgical procedure could be performed easily. Today, many endoscopic surgical procedures have an important role not only in general surgery, but also in the daily practice of many surgical branches. This vertiginous development and change of speed make rapid replacement of the visual and printed materials necessary for training in this area. This book is prepared by surgeons who are very successful in their field.",isbn:"978-1-78923-733-7",printIsbn:"978-1-78923-732-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-427-4",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69822",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"new-horizons-in-laparoscopic-surgery",numberOfPages:116,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f135ee4d1d0cc5f961b558004f073b07",bookSignature:"Murat Ferhat Ferhatoglu",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6360.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:4135,numberOfWosCitations:2,numberOfCrossrefCitations:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:3,numberOfTotalCitations:6,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 29th 2017",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 19th 2017",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 15th 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 14th 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 12th 2018",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"4 years",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"200126",title:"M.D.",name:"Murat Ferhat",middleName:null,surname:"Ferhatoglu",slug:"murat-ferhat-ferhatoglu",fullName:"Murat Ferhat Ferhatoglu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/200126/images/4973_n.png",biography:"Ferhatoglu M.D. has been working as an assistant professor in Okan University, General Surgery Clinic since 2016. M.Ferhat Ferhatoglu M.D has specialized in gastrointestinal system surgery. Presenting 51 presentations at national and international congresses. Ferhatoglu M.D. also has 4 articles and 1 book section.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Okan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1146",title:"Laparoscopic Surgery",slug:"laparoscopic-surgery"}],chapters:[{id:"59815",title:"Laparoscopic Appendectomy",slug:"laparoscopic-appendectomy-2018",totalDownloads:606,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"213618",title:"Dr.",name:"Paolo",surname:"Ialongo",slug:"paolo-ialongo",fullName:"Paolo Ialongo"},{id:"213631",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",surname:"Prestera",slug:"antonio-prestera",fullName:"Antonio Prestera"},{id:"213778",title:"Dr.",name:"Giuseppe",surname:"Carbotta",slug:"giuseppe-carbotta",fullName:"Giuseppe Carbotta"}]},{id:"62900",title:"Diastasis Recti and Other Midline Defects: Totally Subcutaneous Endoscopic Approach",slug:"diastasis-recti-and-other-midline-defects-totally-subcutaneous-endoscopic-approach",totalDownloads:427,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"213193",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Pablo",surname:"Medina",slug:"jose-pablo-medina",fullName:"Jose Pablo Medina"},{id:"213197",title:"Dr.",name:"Walter",surname:"Nardi",slug:"walter-nardi",fullName:"Walter Nardi"},{id:"215349",title:"Dr.",name:"Guido",surname:"Busnelli",slug:"guido-busnelli",fullName:"Guido Busnelli"}]},{id:"61213",title:"Robotic Hysterectomy for Cancer and Benign Pathology",slug:"robotic-hysterectomy-for-cancer-and-benign-pathology",totalDownloads:459,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"212008",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandre",surname:"Buckley De Meritens",slug:"alexandre-buckley-de-meritens",fullName:"Alexandre Buckley De Meritens"},{id:"225697",title:"Dr.",name:"Adrian",surname:"Kohut",slug:"adrian-kohut",fullName:"Adrian Kohut"},{id:"225698",title:"Dr.",name:"Leah",surname:"Goldberg",slug:"leah-goldberg",fullName:"Leah Goldberg"}]},{id:"58211",title:"Laparoscopic Surgery for Gastric Cancer",slug:"laparoscopic-surgery-for-gastric-cancer",totalDownloads:414,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"213577",title:"Dr.",name:"Talha",surname:"Sarigoz",slug:"talha-sarigoz",fullName:"Talha Sarigoz"},{id:"213868",title:"Dr.",name:"Samil",surname:"Sarici",slug:"samil-sarici",fullName:"Samil Sarici"},{id:"214666",title:"Dr.",name:"Ozgul",surname:"Duzgun",slug:"ozgul-duzgun",fullName:"Ozgul Duzgun"},{id:"214667",title:"Dr.",name:"Mustafa Uygar",surname:"Kalayci",slug:"mustafa-uygar-kalayci",fullName:"Mustafa Uygar Kalayci"}]},{id:"60143",title:"Total Laparoscopic Hysterectomy",slug:"total-laparoscopic-hysterectomy",totalDownloads:706,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"220214",title:"Prof.",name:"Nidhi",surname:"Sharma",slug:"nidhi-sharma",fullName:"Nidhi Sharma"},{id:"225521",title:"Dr.",name:"Vanusha",surname:"Selvin",slug:"vanusha-selvin",fullName:"Vanusha Selvin"}]},{id:"61192",title:"Auto-tracking camera for dry-box laparoscopic training",slug:"auto-tracking-camera-for-dry-box-laparoscopic-training",totalDownloads:370,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"59483",title:"Handheld Devices for Laparoscopic Surgery",slug:"handheld-devices-for-laparoscopic-surgery",totalDownloads:683,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"14715",title:"Prof.",name:"Francisco Miguel",surname:"Sánchez-Margallo",slug:"francisco-miguel-sanchez-margallo",fullName:"Francisco Miguel Sánchez-Margallo"},{id:"188738",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan A.",surname:"Sánchez Margallo",slug:"juan-a.-sanchez-margallo",fullName:"Juan A. Sánchez Margallo"},{id:"214776",title:"Dr.",name:"Amir",surname:"Szold",slug:"amir-szold",fullName:"Amir Szold"}]},{id:"60942",title:"How to Prevent Irregular Adsorption of Fatty Tissue into the Irrigation-Suction Instrument",slug:"how-to-prevent-irregular-adsorption-of-fatty-tissue-into-the-irrigation-suction-instrument",totalDownloads:476,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"215296",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tokihito",surname:"Nishida",slug:"tokihito-nishida",fullName:"Tokihito Nishida"},{id:"215298",title:"Dr.",name:"Hjime",surname:"Ikuta",slug:"hjime-ikuta",fullName:"Hjime Ikuta"}]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"205697",firstName:"Kristina",lastName:"Kardum Cvitan",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/205697/images/5186_n.jpg",email:"kristina.k@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1041",title:"Advanced Laparoscopy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dc4dd4e41e2604c5b585fb734757b0e8",slug:"advanced-laparoscopy",bookSignature:"Ali Shamsa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1041.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"32349",title:"Prof.",name:"Ali",surname:"Shamsa",slug:"ali-shamsa",fullName:"Ali Shamsa"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"714",title:"Advances in Laparoscopic Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2e517c04d6d192c2f823eadc2998ac58",slug:"advances-in-laparoscopic-surgery",bookSignature:"Arshad M. Malik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/714.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63407",title:"Dr.",name:"Arshad",surname:"Malik",slug:"arshad-malik",fullName:"Arshad Malik"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5390",title:"Laparoscopic Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e4007519c91e2b804f5ef9039b691db5",slug:"laparoscopic-surgery",bookSignature:"Arshad M. Malik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5390.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63407",title:"Dr.",name:"Arshad",surname:"Malik",slug:"arshad-malik",fullName:"Arshad Malik"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5928",title:"Hernia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"da6d5993833758a0ca3e4abb4e913a56",slug:"hernia",bookSignature:"Fethi Derbel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5928.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"194",title:"Laparoscopy",subtitle:"An Interdisciplinary Approach",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"475e8b8971f1aabf4c4be1c3ae857696",slug:"laparoscopy-an-interdisciplinary-approach",bookSignature:"Ivo Meinhold-Heerlein",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/194.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62528",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivo",surname:"Meinhold-Heerlein",slug:"ivo-meinhold-heerlein",fullName:"Ivo Meinhold-Heerlein"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3818",title:"Inguinal Hernia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"026d64acf82215197f973c339c00ed03",slug:"inguinal-hernia",bookSignature:"Silvestro Canonico",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3818.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"157129",title:"Prof.",name:"Silvestro",surname:"Canonico",slug:"silvestro-canonico",fullName:"Silvestro Canonico"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8326",title:"Recent Advances in Laparoscopic Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb33202378533dfccd860269d494d6a6",slug:"recent-advances-in-laparoscopic-surgery",bookSignature:"Francisco M. Sánchez Margallo and Juan A. Sánchez-Margallo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8326.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14715",title:"Prof.",name:"Francisco Miguel",surname:"Sánchez-Margallo",slug:"francisco-miguel-sanchez-margallo",fullName:"Francisco Miguel Sánchez-Margallo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"72949",title:"Design of a UWB Coplanar Fed Antenna and Circular Miniature Printed Antenna for Medical Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93205",slug:"design-of-a-uwb-coplanar-fed-antenna-and-circular-miniature-printed-antenna-for-medical-applications",body:'
1. Introduction
Since the FCC allows the use of the UWB spectrum, the development of new systems that will adapt to this band has been growing. Much attention has been given to developing new systems that fit with UWB applications as radar detection, biomedical imaging. The proposed UWB antenna is more likely to be used in the biomedical imaging applications as a system to detect breast cancer.
Breast cancer is the second deadly cancer for women, for more efficiency and an early detection, the biomedical field need new systems that should be safe, comfortable and sensible [1, 2]. The medical field already has its methods to detect breast cancer like X-ray mammography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), as efficient as those techniques are they are missing between 10 and 30% [2] of very early breast cancer stages.
The UWB microwave imaging is one of the techniques that has been developed, in the Hunt for the next techniques that will detect breast cancer in its early stages. The basis for microwave detection is to compare between the dielectric properties of a normal tissue and cancerous tissue, the result of the comparison gives a prediction of malignant tissue characteristics as it size, shape, placement, … [3].
The second part of this chapter, I present a microstrip antenna that we offer is circular in shape and, a priori, has a low gain and a narrow bandwidth. To meet the requirements of our specifications would be to expand the bandwidth. For this reason, we have developed a design methodology, which has enabled us to develop an antenna capable of meeting these requirements.
The reduction in size is also a consideration to take into account when designing this antenna, which would allow it to be more easily integrated into the system and reduce the size. For this, the certain techniques are used. Among these techniques, we will use the slot insertion at the level of the radiating element.
The design procedure followed consists of three steps:
The first step is to develop a structure with ULB characteristics.
The second step is used to optimize the performance of the structure developed in terms of adapting the impedance
The third step is to develop an antenna network.
2. Design of a UWB coplanar fed antenna
2.1 Ultra wide band
UWB is defined as a system with a very large band, this large spectrum comes usually with some advantages as a low power, high debit of data, high time resolution, low-cost and an ease of implementation, resistance to interference and so on. Those advantages opened a wide range of UWB application to radar detection, biomedical imaging, and HD communication.
The definition of UWB is not a special one, the FCC (Federal Communication Commission) [4] defines it as a system with a bandwidth larger than 500 MHz or larger than 20% if we are working whit the relative bandwidth W/fc (W is the width of the band and fc is the carrier frequency). The UWB is being defined by its very large band that is 7.5 GHz between 3.1 GHz and 10.6 GHz for a limitation of the power emission level −41.3 dBm/MHz [4].
2.1.1 Matching and efficiency
The UWB communication systems uses a very short pulse duration of tens hundreds of nanoseconds, and sense the pulse and the bandwidth are inversely proportional, the shorter pulses is the wider the spectrum is going to be.
Antennas would match the UWB requirements if it have a bandwidth greater than 500 MHz defined at −10 dB according to the FCC, or to have a relative bandwidth more than 20% [4, 5].
Where fl and fh are the low and the high frequency respectively.
The efficiency of an UWB antenna can be evaluated by the specter efficiency, the evaluation matching has to be over the whole range of frequencies.
2.1.2 Signal dispertion ans distortion
The signal passing through the UWB antennas is a very short pulse, the shorter the pulse is more likely the UWB antenna’s response is going to be distorted and delayed due to the ripple after the pulse called the rippel effect [5].
The rippling effect is caused by the geometry of the antenna, and it causes frequency translation, dispersion or delay on the transition reducing the speed of data transmission [6].
2.2 Antenna design
This section is dedicated to the design and the performance of the proposed antenna. The design proposed is a notched coplanar antenna. The geometry of the antenna consisted of a 25 × 30 mm2, Rogers RT5850 substrate with εr = 2.2 and thickness h = 3.175 mm. The top part of the antenna is a circle with two cutouts of 90° each. The structure of the antenna is shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Geometry of the antenna proposed.
The two main characteristics that effect the performance of the antenna was the inner radius of the circle R and the laminate thickness. The gap between the transmission line and the ground structure was optimized so that the antenna’s impedance can match a 50 Ω SMA port.
2.3 Performances of the antenna
2.3.1 The return loss S11
Figure 2 shows the return loss or more known as the parameter S11 of the antenna, the spectrum of Figure 2 contains the UWB frequency band spectrum. The spectrum’s antenna range is form 2.8 GHz to 10.9 GHz and contains tow resonate frequencies 6.1 GHz and 9.8 GHz with their S11 parameters −46 dB and −35 dB respectively. The antenna can be easily used in the UWB (3.1 GHz – 10.6 GHz) applications [4].
Figure 2.
The return loss S11 as a function of frequency.
2.3.2 Voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR)
VSWR is a parameter that describes the power that is reflected by the antenna. It is a function of the reflection parameter.
Figure 3 shows the graph of the VSWR of the antenna proposed, we can tell from the graph that the VSWR is under tow in all the bandwidth so the VSWR can be considered as good.
Figure 3.
VSWR as a function of frequency.
2.3.3 Radiation pattern
The main focus of the chapter is to design a UWB antenna that can be easily implemented in UWB application with a small dimension and a larger frequency spectrum. Figure 4 shows the radiation pattern of the antenna proposed for the frequency of 9.8 GHz, the color red defined the higher range of the gain and the green refers to the lower part [7].
Figure 4.
Radiation pattern of the proposed antenna.
2.4 Paramertic study
The parametric study is done in two parts the first part was to choose the laminate and then the value of the radius of the patch.
2.5 Comparison with others UWB antennas
The antennas that was compared to the antenna proposed in the chapter is: a coplanar microstrip antenna with defected ground structure for UWB applications [7]. A printed UWB antenna with full ground plane also for WBAN applications and CPW-fed slot patch antenna [8, 9, 10]. The study is to compare the proposed geometry on tree different Rogers laminates. Table 1 shows the characteristics of the tree laminates.
Laminates
Laminate characteristics
Standard thickness
Standard copper cladding
Laminate 1
0.787 mm
35 μm
Laminate 2
1.57 mm
35 μm
Laminate 3
3.175 mm
35 μm
Table 1.
Standard laminales characteristics.
Figure 5 presents the return loss of the antenna with the different laminates, according to the results of Figure 5, the laminate Rogers with a thickness of 3.175 mm was chosen to complete the parametric study. The variation of the radius is altered around the theoretical radius to optimize the performance of the antenna. The patch of the antenna is separated into two parts, first where the cutouts are and the second part is the ring that contour the cutouts, this parametric study consisted on varying the inner radius of the patch, the radius of the circle that contain the cutouts. Figure 6 shows a relation between the radius and the depth of the return loss, R = 4.8 mm shows a better S11 parameter.
Figure 5.
Effect of the thickness of the substrate.
Figure 6.
Effect of the inner radius on the antenna.
Table 2 shows the difference between four UWB antennas, the proposed antenna has a wider band, includes all UWB frequencies, the highest gain is around 5.6 dBi.
3. Design of a UWB circular miniature printed antenna
3.1 Design of circular miniature printed antenna
3.1.1 Antenna geometry
The patch of radius (r) is produced on a substrate of the FR-4 type (dielectric permittivity εr = 4.3, thickness h = 1.575 mm) and of dimensions ls = 25 mm and ws = 25 mm. A rectangular slot is inserted on the radiating element (u × s) ensuring its miniaturization. The latter is supplied by microstrip line of wm east width in order to adapt it to a 50 Ω supply [11, 12]. Figure 7 shows the proposed antenna.
Figure 7.
Antenna geometry.
From Table 3values, we perform a simulation on the CST software [13].
Parameters
r
lm
wm
tm
lg
u
s
v
g
k
mm
8
9
2.25
0.035
8
1
10
4
0.27
5
Table 3.
The dimensions of the circular miniature printed antenna.
3.1.2 Simulation results
3.1.2.1 S11 parameter
The parameter S11 is the coefficient that most concerns designers of printed antennas because it represents the reflection coefficient which plays the role of disturbance on data transmission [14]:
We see that the coefficient S is around −22.35 dB for a resonant frequency of 3.8 GHz, the bandwidth is 3.17–15 GHz, as shown in Figure 8 [15].
Figure 8.
Return loss of circular miniature printed antenna.
3.1.2.2 Antenna gain
Figure 9 gives us the variation of the gain of our antenna as a function of the frequency. It happens to be between 2 and 4.87 dBi on the frequency band which interests us, which is 3.1–10.6 GHz. This limitation of the gain could be improved by a possible networking of antennas [16].
Figure 9.
Gain diagram of circular patch antenna.
3.1.2.3 Radiation diagram
The 3D radiation pattern at the 8 GHz frequency. We can say that the radiation is focused on both sides of the antenna. At the frequency f = 8 GHz the gain of antenna is 4.28 dBi (Figure 10) and a directivity of antenna is 4.87 dBi (Figure 11).
Figure 10.
Gain diagram (3D) of circular patch antenna.
Figure 11.
Directivity diagram (3D).
Figures 12 and 13 show the far-field gain and far-field directivity in plane E. For both the opening of the main lobe at -3 dB for the frequency 8 GHz is 66.9˚ [16, 17].
Figure 12.
Far-field gain (2D) of circular miniature printed antenna.
Figure 13.
Far-field directionality (2D).
3.1.3 Parametric study
We are going to play on three parameters, to see its effect on the behavior of this antenna.
The parameter effect r (RO) (the radius of the radiating part) on coefficient S11 (Figure 14) and gain (Figure 15):
S11 parameter:
Gain:
The parameter effect lg (length of the ground plane) on coefficient S11 (Figure 16) and gain (Figure 17):
S11 parameter:
Gain:
The parameter effect v (slot location) on coefficient S11 (Figure 18) and gain (Figure 19):
S11 parameter:
Gain:
Figure 14.
Return loss with effect of the antenna radius.
Figure 15.
Gain diagram with effect of the antenna radius.
Figure 16.
Return loss with effect of the length of the antenna ground plane.
Figure 17.
Gain diagram with effect of length of the antenna ground plane.
Figure 18.
Return loss with effect of the antenna slot location.
Figure 19.
Gain diagram with effect of the antenna slot location.
3.2 Design of array of circular miniature printed antenna
3.2.1 Antenna array geometry
We are going to make our antenna network (Figure 20) from the previous antenna with some modifications in terms of the parameters and its values in order to have the desired results (Table 4).
Figure 20.
Antenna array structure.
Parameter
r
Lm
wm
tm
lg
wp
lp
s
u
v
g
k
mm
9
7
1.5
0.035
6
4
9
12
1.8
13
0.18
5
Table 4.
Dimensions of the array antenna.
3.2.2 Simulation results
S11 parameter:
In Figure 21, we see that the coefficient S11 is of the order of −42 dB for a resonant frequency of 6.08 GHz, we obtained exactly the bandwidth that interests us, which is [2.7 10.6 GHz] [18].
Gain:
Figure 21.
Return loss of array antenna.
Figure 22 gives us the variation of the gain of our antenna as a function of the frequency. Note that the gain has increased to 7.6 dBi on the frequency band [3.1–10.6 GHz]. This networking of antennas has allowed us to increase the gain [19].
Figure 22.
Gain diagram of array antenna.
At the frequency of 6.14 Hz in Figure 23 (Gain Diagram) and Figure 24 (Directivity Diagram), we can say that the radiation is focused on both sides of the antenna but this time we have side lobes. With a gain of 6.7 dBi and a directivity of 7.6 dBi at f = 6.14 [20, 21].
Radiation diagram:
Figure 23.
Gain diagram of array antenna.
Figure 24.
Directivity diagram.
Figures 25 and 26 show respectively the far-field gain and far-field directivity in plane E. The opening of the main lobe at -3 dB for the frequency 6.14 GHz is 32.8˚ [22, 23, 24, 25].
Figure 25.
Farfield gain.
Figure 26.
Farfield directivity.
4. Conclusion
In the first part of this chapter, the new coplanar antenna with cutouts on a circular patch demonstrate advantages: larger frequency spectrum, a good VSWR, improved parameter S11. The geometry of the patch was calculated and design with CST microwave studio. The antenna was design for UWB application more likely the microwave imaging in the range from 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz. Moreover the antennas are smaller than traditional antennas, and as a coplanar it can be easy to implement. Also, enhancing gain will be a good improvement by making this antenna in an array due to its small size.
In the second part of this chapter, we proposed a miniature circular patch antenna intended for an application in medical imaging.
The antenna network satisfies the imposed requirements satisfactorily and exhibits ultra broadband (ULB) behavior. In fact, the simulations under CST resulted in a reflection coefficient at −10 dB between 2.6 GHz and 10.7 GHz.
We have shown by this study that the dimensions and shape of the ground plane could have a significant impact on the bandwidth of the structure.
Future work includes the fabrication of a prototype of the antenna, as well as measurements in anechoic chamber to verify the agreement between the measured and simulated results.
Due to the complexity of each human tissue, our antenna should be tested in different parts of the body to determine is the optimum distance of 20 mm is valid wherever the antenna is placed within the body. The implementation of an array of antennas will be also evaluated in future studies.
\n',keywords:"ultra wide band, coplanar antenna, microwave imaging, CPW (coplanar waveguide) antenna, wireless body area network (WBAN) antennas, BAN communications, UWB antenna, printed antennas, circular patch antennas, wireless communications, radars, microwaves, medical applications",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/72949.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/72949.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72949",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72949",totalDownloads:175,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"November 6th 2019",dateReviewed:"June 17th 2020",datePrePublished:"August 7th 2020",datePublished:"September 23rd 2020",dateFinished:"August 6th 2020",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Breast cancer is the second deadly cancer for women; for more efficiency and an early detection, the biomedical field need new systems that should be safe, comfortable, and sensible. The medical field already has its methods to detect breast cancer. In this chapter, a new ultra-wide band (UWB) planar antenna is presented for microwave imaging, the antenna is designed to operate in a frequency band from 2.9-10.8GHz. The antenna was designed to be adaptable for multi-viewing imaging due to it simple form, low cost and ease to be manufactured. The simulation results of the new ultra large band antenna and a performance comparison with other UWB antennas. We also offer a circular miniature printed antenna that satisfies the UWB characteristics in terms of bandwidth and reflection coefficient. This antenna is intended for a system for detecting malignant tumors by microwave imaging. The antenna made has a patch on a FR-4 type substrate with εr = 4,3, thickness h =1.575 mm and dimensions ls = 25 mm, and ws = 25 mm. A rectangular slot is inserted on the radiating element ensuring its miniaturization. The latter is powered by a microstrip line width wm with matching impedance at 50 Ohm.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/72949",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/72949",book:{slug:"advanced-radio-frequency-antennas-for-modern-communication-and-medical-systems"},signatures:"Adnane Latif",authors:[{id:"314890",title:"Prof.",name:"Adnane",middleName:null,surname:"Latif",fullName:"Adnane Latif",slug:"adnane-latif",email:"a.latif@uca.ma",position:null,institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Design of a UWB coplanar fed antenna",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 Ultra wide band",level:"2"},{id:"sec_2_3",title:"2.1.1 Matching and efficiency",level:"3"},{id:"sec_3_3",title:"2.1.2 Signal dispertion ans distortion",level:"3"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"2.2 Antenna design",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"2.3 Performances of the antenna",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6_3",title:"2.3.1 The return loss S11",level:"3"},{id:"sec_7_3",title:"2.3.2 Voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR)",level:"3"},{id:"sec_8_3",title:"2.3.3 Radiation pattern",level:"3"},{id:"sec_10_2",title:"2.4 Paramertic study",level:"2"},{id:"sec_11_2",title:"2.5 Comparison with others UWB antennas",level:"2"},{id:"sec_13",title:"3. Design of a UWB circular miniature printed antenna",level:"1"},{id:"sec_13_2",title:"3.1 Design of circular miniature printed antenna",level:"2"},{id:"sec_13_3",title:"Table 3.",level:"3"},{id:"sec_14_3",title:"3.1.2 Simulation results",level:"3"},{id:"sec_14_4",title:"3.1.2.1 S11 parameter",level:"4"},{id:"sec_15_4",title:"3.1.2.2 Antenna gain",level:"4"},{id:"sec_16_4",title:"3.1.2.3 Radiation diagram",level:"4"},{id:"sec_18_3",title:"3.1.3 Parametric study",level:"3"},{id:"sec_20_2",title:"3.2 Design of array of circular miniature printed antenna",level:"2"},{id:"sec_20_3",title:"Table 4.",level:"3"},{id:"sec_21_3",title:"3.2.2 Simulation results",level:"3"},{id:"sec_24",title:"4. Conclusion",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Shao W, Zhou B. UWB microwave imaging for breast tumor detection in inhomogeneous tissue. In: Proceedings of the 27th Annual Conference of 2005 IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology, Shanghai, China. 2005. pp. 1496-1499'},{id:"B2",body:'Xiao X, Kikkawa T. Early breast cancer detection by ultrawide band imaging with dispersion consideration. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics. 2008;47(4 Part 2):3209-3213'},{id:"B3",body:'Hagness SC, Taflove A, Bridges JE. Three-dimensional FDTD analysis of a pulsed microwave confocal system for breast cancer detection: Design of an antenna-array element. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation. 1999;47(5):783-791'},{id:"B4",body:'Ultra-wideband operation FCC report and order. Tech. Rep. US 47 CFR Part 15. 2002'},{id:"B5",body:'Valderas D, Sancho JI, Puente D. Ultrawideband Antennas: Design and Applications. Broche. 210 pp. ISBN-13: 978-1848164918, Editeur: Icp (15 Octobre 2010)'},{id:"B6",body:'Balanis CA. Handbook of Microstrip Antennas. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 1982'},{id:"B7",body:'Cheema L, Sherdia K. Design of microstrip antenna with defected ground structure for UWB applications. International Journal of Advanced Research. 2013;2(7):2525-2528'},{id:"B8",body:'Simorangkir RBVB, Abbas SM, Esselle KP. A Printed UWB Antenna with Full Ground Plane for WBAN Applications. 2016. pp. 127-130'},{id:"B9",body:'Niranjan V, Saxena AK, Srivastava KV. CPW-fed slot patch antenna for 5.2/5.8 GHz WLAN application. In: Progress Electromagn. Res. Symp. PIERS 2012, Kuala Lumpur. 2012. pp. 1350-1352'},{id:"B10",body:'Dikmen CM, Çimen S, Çakir G. Planar octagonal-shaped UWB antenna with reduced radar cross section. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation. 2014;62(6):2946-2953'},{id:"B11",body:'Lu JH, Yeh CH. Planar broadband arc-shaped monopole antenna for UWB system. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation. 2012;60(7):3091-3095'},{id:"B12",body:'Majumdar B, Esselle KP. A simple reconfigurable patch antenna for mobile applications. In: IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation & USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting. 2015. pp. 2259-2260'},{id:"B13",body:'Mahlaoui Z, Antonino-daviu E, Ferrando-bataller M, Benchakroun H, Latif A. Frequency reconfigurable patch antenna with defected ground structure using varactor diodes. In: 2017 11th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation Frequency. Vol. 11. 2017. pp. 2217-2220'},{id:"B14",body:'Li M, Behdad N. A compact, capacitively-fed UWB antenna with monopole-like radiation characteristics. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation. 2016;65(3):1-1'},{id:"B15",body:'Alipour A, Hassani HR. A novel omni-directional UWB monopole antenna. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation. 2008;56(12):3854-3857'},{id:"B16",body:'Miralles E, Andreu C, Cabedo-Fabrés M, Ferrando-Bataller M, Monserrat JF. UWB on-body slotted patch antennas for in-body communications. In: 2017 11th European Conference on Antennas & Propagation. 2017. pp. 1-4'},{id:"B17",body:'Jianying L et al. Bending effects on a flexible Yagi-Uda antenna for wireless body area network. In: 2016 Asia-Pacific International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatability, APEMC 2016. 2016. pp. 1001-1003'},{id:"B18",body:'Lin JC. Frequency optimization for microwave imaging of biological tissues. Proceedings of the IEEE. 1985;73(2):374-375'},{id:"B19",body:'Nouri A, Dadashzadeh GR. A compact UWB band-notched printed monopole antenna with defected ground structure. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters. 2011;10:1178-1181'},{id:"B20",body:'Weiland T, Timm M, Munteanu I. A practical guide to 3D simulation. IEEE Microwave Magazine. 2008;6:62-75'},{id:"B21",body:'Haq MA, Koziel S, Cheng QS. EM-driven size reduction of UWB antennas with ground plane modifications. In: Engineering 2017 International Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society Symposium (ACES). 2017. pp. 7-8'},{id:"B22",body:'Buller W, Wilson B. Measurement and modeling mutual capacitance of electrical wiring and humans. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement. 2006;55(5):1519-1522'},{id:"B23",body:'Benchakroun H, Cabedo-Fabrés M, Ferrando-Bataller M, Mahlaoui Z, Latif A. New approach for the design of UWB monopoles with directive radiation for BAN applications. In: 12th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP 2018). 2018. p. 5'},{id:"B24",body:'Belguessoum A. Conception et réalisation d’une antenne multibandes alimentée par un guide d’onde coplanaire CPW, Ottawa, Canada; 2008'},{id:"B25",body:'Fortino N. Conception et caractérisation d’antennes imprimées pour systèmes Ultra-Large Bande impulsionnels. Université Nice Sophia Antipolis; 2006 (Français)'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Adnane Latif",address:"a.latif@uca.ac.ma",affiliation:'
Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh, Morocco
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"9882",title:"Advanced Radio Frequency Antennas for Modern Communication and Medical Systems",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Advanced Radio Frequency Antennas for Modern Communication and Medical Systems",slug:"advanced-radio-frequency-antennas-for-modern-communication-and-medical-systems",publishedDate:"September 23rd 2020",bookSignature:"Albert Sabban",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9882.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83968-346-6",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-345-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-347-3",editors:[{id:"16889",title:"Dr.",name:"Albert",middleName:null,surname:"Sabban",slug:"albert-sabban",fullName:"Albert Sabban"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"72721",title:"Introductory Chapter: Novel Radio Frequency Antennas",slug:"introductory-chapter-novel-radio-frequency-antennas",totalDownloads:177,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Albert Sabban",authors:[{id:"16889",title:"Dr.",name:"Albert",middleName:null,surname:"Sabban",fullName:"Albert Sabban",slug:"albert-sabban"}]},{id:"73095",title:"Wideband Wearable Antennas for 5G, IoT, and Medical Applications",slug:"wideband-wearable-antennas-for-5g-iot-and-medical-applications",totalDownloads:284,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Albert Sabban",authors:[{id:"16889",title:"Dr.",name:"Albert",middleName:null,surname:"Sabban",fullName:"Albert Sabban",slug:"albert-sabban"}]},{id:"72152",title:"Planar Antenna Design for Internet of Things Applications",slug:"planar-antenna-design-for-internet-of-things-applications",totalDownloads:223,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Man Ho Tsoi and Steve W.Y. Mung",authors:[{id:"315845",title:"Dr.",name:"Steve W. Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Mung",fullName:"Steve W. Y. Mung",slug:"steve-w.-y.-mung"},{id:"319502",title:"Mr.",name:"Man Ho",middleName:null,surname:"Tsoi",fullName:"Man Ho Tsoi",slug:"man-ho-tsoi"}]},{id:"72607",title:"Phased Antenna Arrays toward 5G",slug:"phased-antenna-arrays-toward-5g",totalDownloads:270,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Tran Cao Quyen",authors:[{id:"319165",title:"Dr.",name:"Quyen",middleName:null,surname:"Tran Cao",fullName:"Quyen Tran Cao",slug:"quyen-tran-cao"}]},{id:"72949",title:"Design of a UWB Coplanar Fed Antenna and Circular Miniature Printed Antenna for Medical Applications",slug:"design-of-a-uwb-coplanar-fed-antenna-and-circular-miniature-printed-antenna-for-medical-applications",totalDownloads:175,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Adnane Latif",authors:[{id:"314890",title:"Prof.",name:"Adnane",middleName:null,surname:"Latif",fullName:"Adnane Latif",slug:"adnane-latif"}]},{id:"72947",title:"Beamforming Phased Array Antenna toward Indoor Positioning Applications",slug:"beamforming-phased-array-antenna-toward-indoor-positioning-applications",totalDownloads:590,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Nguyen Thanh Huong",authors:[{id:"216698",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Thanh-Huong",middleName:null,surname:"Nguyen",fullName:"Thanh-Huong Nguyen",slug:"thanh-huong-nguyen"}]},{id:"73013",title:"Antennas for Space Applications: A Review",slug:"antennas-for-space-applications-a-review",totalDownloads:571,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Volkan Akan and Erdem Yazgan",authors:[{id:"314831",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Akan",fullName:"Volkan Akan",slug:"volkan-akan"},{id:"320865",title:"Prof.",name:"Erdem",middleName:null,surname:"Yazgan",fullName:"Erdem Yazgan",slug:"erdem-yazgan"}]},{id:"72070",title:"A Novel Class of Super-Elliptical Vivaldi Antennas for Ultra-Wideband Applications",slug:"a-novel-class-of-super-elliptical-vivaldi-antennas-for-ultra-wideband-applications",totalDownloads:230,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Abraham Loutridis, Simay Kazıcı, Oleg V. Stukach, Arman B. Mirmanov and Diego Caratelli",authors:[{id:"319934",title:"Dr.",name:"Diego",middleName:null,surname:"Caratelli",fullName:"Diego Caratelli",slug:"diego-caratelli"},{id:"320649",title:"Dr.",name:"Abraham",middleName:null,surname:"Loutridis",fullName:"Abraham Loutridis",slug:"abraham-loutridis"},{id:"320650",title:"Dr.",name:"Simay",middleName:null,surname:"Kazıcı",fullName:"Simay Kazıcı",slug:"simay-kazici"},{id:"320651",title:"Dr.",name:"Oleg",middleName:null,surname:"V. Stukach",fullName:"Oleg V. Stukach",slug:"oleg-v.-stukach"},{id:"320652",title:"Dr.",name:"Arman",middleName:null,surname:"B. Mirmanov",fullName:"Arman B. Mirmanov",slug:"arman-b.-mirmanov"}]},{id:"72161",title:"Additive Manufacturing for Antenna Applications",slug:"additive-manufacturing-for-antenna-applications",totalDownloads:226,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Gregory Mitchell and David Turowski",authors:[{id:"226983",title:"Dr.",name:"Gregory",middleName:null,surname:"Mitchell",fullName:"Gregory Mitchell",slug:"gregory-mitchell"},{id:"317994",title:"Mr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Turowski",fullName:"David Turowski",slug:"david-turowski"}]},{id:"72718",title:"A Review to Massive MIMO Detection Algorithms: Theory and Implementation",slug:"a-review-to-massive-mimo-detection-algorithms-theory-and-implementation",totalDownloads:283,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Bastien Trotobas, Amor Nafkha and Yves Louët",authors:[{id:"30907",title:"Dr.",name:"Amor",middleName:null,surname:"Nafkha",fullName:"Amor Nafkha",slug:"amor-nafkha"},{id:"319464",title:"Dr.",name:"Bastien",middleName:null,surname:"Trotobas",fullName:"Bastien Trotobas",slug:"bastien-trotobas"},{id:"319465",title:"Prof.",name:"Yves",middleName:null,surname:"Louet",fullName:"Yves Louet",slug:"yves-louet"}]},{id:"72936",title:"Reconfigurable Fabry-Pérot Cavity Antenna Basing on Phase Controllable Metasurfaces",slug:"reconfigurable-fabry-p-rot-cavity-antenna-basing-on-phase-controllable-metasurfaces",totalDownloads:196,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Peng Xie, Guangming Wang, Haipeng Li, Yawei Wang and Xiangjun Gao",authors:[{id:"189832",title:"Prof.",name:"Guang-Ming",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Guang-Ming Wang",slug:"guang-ming-wang"},{id:"247755",title:"Dr.",name:"Haipeng",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Haipeng Li",slug:"haipeng-li"},{id:"317605",title:"Dr.",name:"Peng",middleName:null,surname:"Xie",fullName:"Peng Xie",slug:"peng-xie"},{id:"317613",title:"Mr.",name:"Yawei",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Yawei Wang",slug:"yawei-wang"},{id:"317614",title:"Mr.",name:"Xiangjun",middleName:null,surname:"Gao",fullName:"Xiangjun Gao",slug:"xiangjun-gao"}]},{id:"71799",title:"Time Modulated Linear Array (TMLA) Design",slug:"time-modulated-linear-array-tmla-design",totalDownloads:248,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Oussama Gassab, Arab Azrar and Sara Bouguerra",authors:[{id:"315317",title:"Dr.",name:"Oussama",middleName:null,surname:"Gassab",fullName:"Oussama Gassab",slug:"oussama-gassab"},{id:"318758",title:"Prof.",name:"Arab",middleName:null,surname:"Azrar",fullName:"Arab Azrar",slug:"arab-azrar"},{id:"318759",title:"Dr.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Bouguerra",fullName:"Sara Bouguerra",slug:"sara-bouguerra"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9271",title:"Innovation in Global Green Technologies 2020",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2b283802db94fab806ba5ffc1d48bb5b",slug:"innovation-in-global-green-technologies-2020",bookSignature:"Albert Sabban",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9271.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16889",title:"Dr.",name:"Albert",surname:"Sabban",slug:"albert-sabban",fullName:"Albert Sabban"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"71975",title:"Introductory Chapter: Introduction to Global Green Technologies",slug:"introductory-chapter-introduction-to-global-green-technologies",signatures:"Albert Sabban",authors:[{id:"16889",title:"Dr.",name:"Albert",middleName:null,surname:"Sabban",fullName:"Albert Sabban",slug:"albert-sabban"}]},{id:"69634",title:"Wideband Passive and Active Wearable Energy Harvesting Systems for Medical and IOT Applications",slug:"wideband-passive-and-active-wearable-energy-harvesting-systems-for-medical-and-iot-applications",signatures:"Albert Sabban",authors:[{id:"16889",title:"Dr.",name:"Albert",middleName:null,surname:"Sabban",fullName:"Albert Sabban",slug:"albert-sabban"}]},{id:"72016",title:"Optimum Efficiency Analysis of Ecofriendly WDM-POF Optical Coupler",slug:"optimum-efficiency-analysis-of-ecofriendly-wdm-pof-optical-coupler",signatures:"Hadi Guna, Mohammad Syuhaimi Ab-Rahman, Norhana Arsad, Roslan Shukor and Sahbudin Shaari",authors:[{id:"68525",title:"Dr.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Guna",fullName:"Hadi Guna",slug:"hadi-guna"},{id:"200955",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad Syuhaimi",middleName:null,surname:"Ab-Rahman",fullName:"Mohammad Syuhaimi Ab-Rahman",slug:"mohammad-syuhaimi-ab-rahman"},{id:"289588",title:"Dr.",name:"Norhana",middleName:null,surname:"Arsad",fullName:"Norhana Arsad",slug:"norhana-arsad"},{id:"321634",title:"Dr.",name:"Roslan",middleName:null,surname:"Shukor",fullName:"Roslan Shukor",slug:"roslan-shukor"},{id:"321635",title:"Dr.",name:"Sahbudin",middleName:null,surname:"Shaari",fullName:"Sahbudin Shaari",slug:"sahbudin-shaari"}]},{id:"69778",title:"Study on Designing and Manufacturing a Radio-Frequency Generator Used in Drying Technology and Efficiency of a Radio Frequency-Assisted Heat Pump Dryer in Drying of Ganoderma lucidum",slug:"study-on-designing-and-manufacturing-a-radio-frequency-generator-used-in-drying-technology-and-effic",signatures:"Nguyen Hay, Le Anh Duc and Pham Van Kien",authors:[{id:"303276",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Pham",middleName:null,surname:"Van Kien",fullName:"Pham Van Kien",slug:"pham-van-kien"},{id:"303277",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Le",middleName:null,surname:"Anh Duc",fullName:"Le Anh Duc",slug:"le-anh-duc"},{id:"308298",title:"Prof.",name:"Nguyen",middleName:null,surname:"Hay",fullName:"Nguyen Hay",slug:"nguyen-hay"}]},{id:"70214",title:"Auxiliary Strategies for Water Management in Industries: Minimization of Water Use and Possibility of Recycling and/or Reuse of Effluent",slug:"auxiliary-strategies-for-water-management-in-industries-minimization-of-water-use-and-possibility-of",signatures:"Fábio Henrique de Melo Ribeiro, Yeda dos Santos Silva and Liliana Pena Naval",authors:[{id:"233130",title:"Dr.",name:"Liliana",middleName:null,surname:"Naval",fullName:"Liliana Naval",slug:"liliana-naval"},{id:"309475",title:"Dr.",name:"Fábio",middleName:null,surname:"Ribeiro",fullName:"Fábio Ribeiro",slug:"fabio-ribeiro"},{id:"309476",title:"MSc.",name:"Yeda",middleName:null,surname:"Silva",fullName:"Yeda Silva",slug:"yeda-silva"}]},{id:"70521",title:"The Thermal Waste Treatment Plant in Kraków, Poland: A Case Study",slug:"the-thermal-waste-treatment-plant-in-krak-w-poland-a-case-study",signatures:"Dariusz Sala and Bogusław Bieda",authors:[{id:"115411",title:"Dr.",name:"Boguslaw",middleName:null,surname:"Bieda",fullName:"Boguslaw Bieda",slug:"boguslaw-bieda"},{id:"258743",title:"Dr.",name:"Dariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Sala",fullName:"Dariusz Sala",slug:"dariusz-sala"}]},{id:"69841",title:"Management of Coal Fly Ash in Remediation Process",slug:"management-of-coal-fly-ash-in-remediation-process",signatures:"Markandeya, S.P. Shukla and Devendra Mohan",authors:[{id:"223774",title:"Dr.",name:"Markandeya",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",fullName:"Markandeya Tiwari",slug:"markandeya-tiwari"},{id:"304501",title:"Prof.",name:"Devendra",middleName:null,surname:"Mohan",fullName:"Devendra Mohan",slug:"devendra-mohan"},{id:"304502",title:"Dr.",name:"S.P.",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",fullName:"S.P. Shukla",slug:"s.p.-shukla"}]},{id:"70404",title:"Circular Economy: The Strategies to Global Business Economics",slug:"circular-economy-the-strategies-to-global-business-economics",signatures:"Woodrow W. Clark II and Danilo Bonato",authors:[{id:"307958",title:"Dr.",name:"Woodrow",middleName:null,surname:"Clark",fullName:"Woodrow Clark",slug:"woodrow-clark"},{id:"321637",title:"Dr.",name:"Danilo",middleName:null,surname:"Bonato",fullName:"Danilo Bonato",slug:"danilo-bonato"}]},{id:"69632",title:"Green Technology Innovations Development in China: Trend and Application",slug:"green-technology-innovations-development-in-china-trend-and-application",signatures:"Xiaodong Lai",authors:[{id:"243488",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Xiaodong",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",fullName:"Xiaodong Lai",slug:"xiaodong-lai"}]},{id:"68969",title:"Politics of Renewable Energy in Africa: Nature, Prospects, and Challenges",slug:"politics-of-renewable-energy-in-africa-nature-prospects-and-challenges",signatures:"Samuel Adams and William Asante",authors:[{id:"12870",title:"Dr.",name:"Samuel",middleName:null,surname:"Adams",fullName:"Samuel Adams",slug:"samuel-adams"},{id:"305709",title:"Mr.",name:"William",middleName:null,surname:"Asante",fullName:"William Asante",slug:"william-asante"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"69157",title:"Harmonic Resonance Analysis for Wind Integrated Power System and Optimized Filter Design",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89167",slug:"harmonic-resonance-analysis-for-wind-integrated-power-system-and-optimized-filter-design",body:'\n
\n
1. Introduction
\n
Voltage source converter (VSC) is widely used in industrial, commercial and renewable power generation applications. Out of many possible configurations, the three-phase and three-wire is widely used. During the last decade, the penetration of renewable energy sources has increased around the world. This is due to the increased concern worldwide about the carbon emission [1, 2]. The utilisation of energy from uncertain and variable sources has become possible with the use of these converters only.
\n
For the purpose of this study, the analysis of VSCs is carried out assuming the ideal operating conditions of grid. But VSCs are never operating under such conditions in practical. In a relatively weak system, VSCs are subject to various power quality disturbances, such as unbalance voltage, voltage swell and swag, notches, etc. [3]. The occurrence of such disturbances causes various problems like ripple in torque of generator and motor, increased losses, abnormal tripping of protective devices, malfunction of sophisticated control system, reduction in the expected lifetime of equipment, etc. [4].
\n
There are two types of harmonics generated by VSCs. One is characteristics harmonics, which are related with the switching operations of the IGBTs inside the VSC. And second is non-characteristics harmonics. The voltage ripple on DC side of VSC generates harmonics on its AC side current. According to [5], the non-characteristics harmonics are generated by the unbalanced voltage in the AC side. However the quantification of magnitude of such harmonics is not simple and cannot be done with deterministic method. The non-characteristics harmonics are considered as the steady-state low-frequency components which would not appear if the grid voltage is balanced. The unbalance grid voltage has fundamental frequency negative sequence component and third-order positive sequence component.
\n
Though it is possible to eliminate zero sequence third harmonic component using transformer of proper vector group, the non-characteristics third-order positive sequence harmonics cannot eliminate transformers with delta-connected winding.
\n
In [6], the author has proposed DC voltage control to eliminate DC oscillating voltage when AC side is unbalanced. To achieve this, VSC has to operate with constant AC power control. However, the effect of control on AC current is not discussed. It is important to analyse the distorted and unbalanced AC side current, when such control is implemented. In this case, the currents of AC side of converter contain non-characteristics low-frequency component such as fundamental negative sequence and third harmonic components of positive and negative sequence.
\n
\n
\n
2. Modelling of the voltage source converter
\n
The total DC current Idc is flowing to the DC side of VSC. Vdc is the instantaneous voltage across the capacitor, and id is the instantaneous DC current. The quality factor of DC capacitor is assumed to be high, so the series resistance is neglected. The instantaneous power is supplied by the renewable energy source, i.e. wind turbine. The instantaneous current Is is supplied by the external source. It is equal to zero when VSC operates as a reactive power compensator.
\n
The block diagram of VSC control structure is depicted in Figure 1. The control system consists of (i) voltage control, (ii) a phase lock loop (PLL), (iii) current reference calculation block and (iv) current control. The real power reference is calculated by the PI controller, which considers the DC voltage and desired active power through the VSC to the grid. The instantaneous reactive power is calculated by the separate loop, which may consider either the desired power factor or the reference voltage. The dq frame is synchronised with the positive sequence fundamental voltage of the grid at PCC with the help of PLL. It converts three phase voltages Va, Vb and Vc into Vd+ and Vq+, which are converted in the alpha-beta reference frame voltages Vα and Vβ. Then current reference is obtained by the α-β to abc transformation. These reference currents are compared with actual current, and modulating signals md and mq are generated. These signals are finally transformed into ma, mb and mc to generate pulse width modulated (PWM) signal.
\n
Figure 1.
Control structure of grid-connected wind converters.
\n
Both switching frequency and grid voltage distortion can cause poor power quality. A filter design is a subject that requires trade-off between filter performance and the control bandwidth. Filters are required to meet power quality standard, avoid parallel resonance and improve power quality.
\n
Inverter for grid interfacing will need to incorporate interface filters to attenuate the injection of current harmonics.
\n
\n
\n
3. Impedance-based stability analysis
\n
This method was proposed in [7]. The system impedance is partitioned into source and grid impedance. The source impedance is either represented by Thevenin’s equivalent circuit or Norton equivalent circuit (Figures 2 and 3). Thevenin’s equivalent circuit consists of ideal voltage source in series with the series impedance (Zs), whereas the load impedance is modelled by series impedance (Zl). Since the converter circuit is non-linear, it is represented by the small signal circuit. This linear representation of circuit is valid only for the small perturbation of signal. With this assumption, the current (I) flowing from source to load is given by
System stability analysis is based on the assumption that the source voltage and load impedance remain stable. So, V(s) and 1/Z(s) are stable. So, the stability depends on the extreme right-hand side of Eq. (2). It is given by
The close observation of Eq. (3) reveals the important characteristics. It is a transfer function with unity gain and feedback equal to Zs(s)/Zl(s). According to the linear control theory, the H(s) is stable, if and if only, when ration Zs(s)/Zl(s) meets the requirement of Nyquist stability criterion [7].
\n
In the above analysis for stability, it is assumed that the source is ideal voltage source and it remains stable under unloaded condition. However, the grid-connected inverters are usually current controlled. Hence above analysis is not much useful. So, the source should be represented as current source. To arrive at the equivalent current source, the same small signal voltage source is modified. The voltage across load is given by
Similar to the above analysis, the current source is assumed to be stable under unloaded condition. The load is stable when connected to ideal current source. Under this condition, I(s) and 1/Yl(s) are stable. Under this condition, stability of V(s) depends on stability of second term of Eq. (5). This again resembles the closed-loop transfer function with negative feedback. The gain is unity and the feedback factor is Ys(s)/Yl(s). Therefore the system is stable, if, along with above conditions, it meets the Nyquist criterion. In Eq. (5) admittances are used instead of impedance, though the analysis still can be carried out in terms of the impedances. In this case, Eq. (5) becomes
It is important to note the requirement of stability. In the voltage source model, the output impedance of source should be as low as possible (ideally zero); whereas in the current source model, the output impedance should be as high as possible (ideally infinite).
\n
\n
\n
4. Grid-connected inverters
\n
The modelling of impedance of grid-connected VSC has very important use in analysis of stability and resonance phenomena when converter is integrated into the grid [5]. The grid-connected converter used in renewable sources is modelled as a current source in parallel with an impedance, i.e. Norton’s equivalent circuit [6]. The stability of grid-connected inverter can be determined by Nyquist criterion [8]. The control structure of most of the VSCs is developed in the rotating dq reference frame [7]. The phase lock loop is used to synchronise converter with grid [9]. The use of complex multiple-loop control structure introduces non-linearities. These are generally overlooked in the simplified low-order modelling [10]. On the flip side, the detailed model introduces complexity and cross-couplings between various terms, which makes the determination of output impedance cumbersome. The trade-off way suggested in some literatures is to linearise the model by small signal analysis technique.
\n
The impedance of converter-interconnected generator is affected by various factors such as control parameters, PLL, switching delays and converter harmonic filters. The converter is basically controlled by output current signal. In Figure 4, i1 is the converter current and i2 is the grid current. The converter is controlled either by i1 or i2. If the grid current is the control variable, then the current control loop is
where Y21 is the forward trans-admittance of the filter, \n\n\nG\nPI\n\n\ns\n\n\n is the proportional-integral-type current controller and \n\n\nG\nD\n\n\ns\n\n\n is the switching delay. Here, the converter output voltage is considered as pure sinusoidal; if there is a noise in the voltage, then it needs to be considered as a disturbance signal. If, the converter is controlled by taking converter current i1, then Y21 is replaced by output conductance Y11. The forward transconductance Y21 is given by
Higher-order controller also can be used for current control, but here simple PI controller is considered for the sake of simplicity. The delay, estimated by Pade’s approximation technique, is given by
The frequency response of output impedance is plotted here with the line impedance. The phase at the intersection of two curves gives the phase margin (PM).
\n
\n
\n
5. Phase lock loop
\n
\n
\n\n\nG\nPLL\n\n\ns\n\n=\nf\n\ns\nw\nk\n\n\nE11
\n
The phase lock loop is required for PI-based controller. So, the structure of PLL should be thoroughly assessed for stability. Proper structure of PLL and control scheme helps to mitigate adverse impact on the system. The purpose of PLL is to synchronise converter with grid. Harmonics in the grid may penetrate to the converter through the PI controller. If control parameters are not properly chosen, this may produce harmonics through circular effect. Figure 5 shows the block diagram of PLL. The detail block diagram is given in Figure 6.
\n
Figure 5.
Phase lock loop.
\n
Figure 6.
Block diagram of simple phase lock loop.
\n
Figure 6 is the traditional second-order generalised integrator–quadrature signal generator (SOGI-QSG) PLL. It can filter out higher-order harmonics, where ui is the input signal; ui′ and qui′ are two output signals, which are in quadrature; k is the damping coefficient; and ω′ is the output angular frequency of PLL. Eqs. (14) and (15) show the transfer function of PLL.
In traditional SOGI-QSG PLL, the DC component in the input signal is not suppressed by the PLL. To overcome this problem, a minor modification is made in above PLL. The modified PLL is shown in Figure 7.
\n
Figure 7.
Block diagram of modified phase lock loop.
\n
Transfer functions of modified PLL are given in Eqs. (16)–(18). This structure reduces the tracking error of PLL.
The bode plot of one of the PLL used in [12] is given here. The bandwidth of the PLL is 33 Hz. It attenuates harmonics of 1 kHz to −30 dB. However, the effect of PLL with other controllers and output filter needs to be investigated for crucial stability analysis (Figure 8).
\n
Figure 8.
Frequency response of simple phase lock loop.
\n
\n
\n
6. Damped passive filter topologies
\n
Different types of passive filters are used in converter-based renewable generation sources. The effectiveness of filter, particularly passive type, primarily depends on the grid strength and variation of grid impedance with time. LCL is the common type of filter used widely. The variation in grid impedance affects the performance of LCL filter. Hence, the design of LCL filter is a trade-off between robustness and damping of resonance. The effective impedance with simple PI controller is explained here with RL filter topology.
Equation (25) shows that there are two zeros and one pole. First, the output impedance decreases at −20 dB per decade up to first zero at α. At α, the impedance response becomes flat, and at β the impedance starts increasing at 20 dB per decade (Figure 9). So, the response of integrated filter becomes similar to that of series resonance filter. The selection of α and β depends on the parameter selection of Lfc, Rfc, kP and ki. Bode plot for RL filter without and with PI current controller is given in Figures 10 and 11, respectively.
\n
Figure 9.
Grid-connected inverter with filter.
\n
Figure 10.
Frequency response of impedance with RL filter without PI controller.
\n
Figure 11.
Frequency response of impedance with RL filter with PI controller.
\n
\n
\n
6.2 L-C filter
\n
LC filter is used in converters for industrial applications like variable frequency drive (VFD) and uninterrupted power supply (UPS). It is simple in construction and relatively less costly. The analysis of LC filter with PI controller is given here (Figure 12).
\n
Figure 12.
L-C filter.
\n
As per the standard practice, the value of L is selected such that its impedance at fundamental frequency should not drop by more than 3% of rated voltage. The capacitive reactance offers 1/5th of the fundamental inductive reactance at switching frequency of converter (around 3–4 kHz) to absorb harmonics effectively. Based on these criteria, LC filter is widely designed. The frequency response of LC filter with and without PI controller is given in Figures 13 and 14, respectively. It is clear from the difference in bode plot that PI controller changes the frequency response.
\n
Figure 13.
Frequency response of LC filter without PI controller.
\n
Figure 14.
Frequency response of LC filter with PI controller.
\n
\n
\n
6.3 L-C-L filter
\n
Initially LC filter was used for converter applications, but grid-connected inverter has unique requirements that LC filter may not provide. Properly designed LCL filter may overcome the drawbacks of LC filter (Figure 15).
Figure 16 shows the frequency response of LCL filter together with PI controller. It is clear from Eq. (29) and from Figure 16 that the PI controller increases the order of filter, so the frequency response of passive filter gets changed by the controller action.
\n
Figure 16.
Frequency response of LCL filter with PI controller.
\n
\n
\n
\n
7. Optimised filter design
\n
The design criterion for filter design should comply with the regulatory requirement. As per IEEE 519-1992 standard, the current harmonics for weak grid condition (Isc/IL) should be less than 0.3%. The ripple is caused by pulse width modulated signal. Output voltage varies from zero level to DC voltage level (Vdc). The modulated wave causes ripple in the current, which can be reduced by proper selection of output filter parameters. Typical L-C-L filter is used in most of the inverter. The L1-C-L2 filter has three unknowns. The selection of these parameters depends on various factors. Grid condition is one of them. The strength of the grid decides the effectiveness of filters. Typical grid impedance varies from 5 to 8% with X/R ratio in the range of 7–10 [13].
\n
The switching frequency decides the ripple level and ripple frequency. Generally, inverter switching frequency remains in the range of 3–5 kHz. The ripple current is reduced either by increasing switching frequency or by using passive filter at the inverter/converter output. Higher switching frequency is selected to reduce the ripple current at the generation point, but it adversely affects the converter (IGBT) losses [14]. The second option is to use large inductor at the output of converter, but this not only incurs high cost but also increases the core losses. Typically 20% ripple current is expected in the output current. Keeping this in consideration, the inductor L1 is given by [7]
The capacitor rating is selected such that the reactive power of capacitor is neither too high nor too low. Higher reactive power demands more power from converter, which causes more loss in reactor L1 and also more loss in converter switches. A lower value of capacitor will increase the inductor size. So, the capacitor is selected so that the reactive power should be in the range of 15–20% of the rated power.
In LCL filter, the damping can be achieved by simply adding series resistance in series with capacitor C. It is obvious that large value of damping resistance (Rd) gives large damping. But damping is effective around the resonance point only [15]. Above the resonance point, damping weakens. Also, the large value of resistance causes higher losses (Figure 17).
\n
Figure 17.
Type I LCL filter.
\n
Impedance of Type I LCL filter with damping resistance is given by
Frequency response of LCL filter with damping resistor is given in Figure 18. The grid parameters are Lg = 0.212 mH and Rg = 0.0095 Ohm, whereas the filter parameters are L1 = 0.450 mH, L2 = 0.300 mH and C = 270 uF. The damping resistance is varied from 0.05 to 0.8 Ohm. It is clear from the plot that the response of impedance is similar to inductive impedance. The notch is observed at the resonant frequency, which can be dampened by resistor in series with capacitor. The gain margin is −40 dB and phase margin is around 120°. So, as per the Nyquist criterion, the filter response is very stable.
\n
Figure 18.
Nyquist plot of Type I LCL filter.
\n
\n
\n
7.1.2 Type II filter
\n
In Type II LCL filter (Figure 19), the damping can be achieved by simply adding a parallel combination of resistor and inductor in series with capacitor C. The effect of inductor is investigated using Nyquist plot. The value of Rf = 10 Ohm and Lf is varied from 50 to 500 μH. The effect of increase in Lf observed using Nyquist plot is given in Figure 20.
\n
Figure 19.
Type II LCL filter.
\n
Figure 20.
Nyquist plot of Type II LCL filter.
\n
Impedance of Type II LCL filter with damping inductor and resistance is given by
From the bode graph, it is observed that the gain margin is 70–100 dB for various values of Lf. Similarly, the phase margin is 270°. As the value of Lf is increased, there will be reduction in the gain margin.
\n
\n
\n
7.1.3 Type III filter
\n
In Type III LCL filter, the damping can be achieved by simply adding a parallel combination of resistor and inductor in series with capacitor C. The effect of inductor is investigated using Nyquist plot (Figure 21).
\n
Figure 21.
Type III LCL filter.
\n
Impedance of Type III LCL filter with damping inductor and resistance is given by
Impedance shows two resonance points: first is parallel resonance and second is series resonance (Figure 22). At first resonance point, the output impedance increases, and at series resistance it is at the minimum value. The phase margin of filter is around 210°. This ensures the stability of filter. The resonant frequency will shift with change in grid resistance, so the damping effect is difficult to predict.
\n
Figure 22.
Nyquist plot of Type III LCL filter.
\n
\n
\n
7.1.4 Type IV filter
\n
In Type IV LCL filter, the damping can be achieved by simply adding a parallel combination of resistor and capacitor Cf. The effect of resistor value is investigated using Nyquist plot (Figure 23).
\n
Figure 23.
Type IV LCL filter.
\n
Impedance of Type IV LCL filter with damping resistor Rf in series with capacitor Cf is given by
The response of Type IV filter is similar to the tuned filter. The notch in frequency response of impedance is observed at the resonant frequency (Figure 24). This notch can be damped by putting higher value of resistor in series with the capacitor Cf. The phase of impedance sharply changes from −90 to 90°, which means the nature of impedance turns from capacitive to inductive. The ratio of Cf/C decides the damping effectiveness. The larger the Cf/C ratio, the larger will be the damping. Also, with increasing value of Cf/C ratio, the loss in resistor Rf is also increases as more and more current tends to flow in it [16, 17, 18].
\n
Figure 24.
Nyquist plot of Type IV LCL filter.
\n
\n
\n
7.1.5 Type V filter
\n
In Type V LCL filter, the damping can be achieved by simply adding a parallel combination of resistor and inductor with capacitor C. The effect of inductor is investigated using Nyquist plot (Figure 25).
Type V filter response shows two resonance frequency (Figure 26). The first resonance creates high voltage distortion, while the second resonance point gives rise to current distortion. If converter generates harmonics equal to this resonance, then there will be high voltage distortion and current distortion. However, with lower value of resistance, damping can be achieved. An additional inductor Lf can reduce the resistive loss.
\n
Figure 26.
Nyquist plot of Type V LCL filter.
\n
\n
\n
\n
7.2 Active damping of filter
\n
Grid-connected converters may not function stably under the harmonic resonance condition. Harmonic resonance occurs when the converter impedance and grid impedance becomes equal in magnitude and 180° out of phase. The converter is generally connected to grid through filters, which is mostly LCL type. So, the parameters of LCL filters play an important role in keeping the successful functioning of converter. Also, the control structure of the converter shapes its output impedance. So, the control parameter should be selected such that it keeps the converter in the safe zone at all frequency. This is explained further here with analysis.
\n
The inverter output characteristics depend on several factors like parameter of LCL filter, grid impedance, type of controller and control parameters. By selecting the appropriate parameter, the inverter can be operated with resistive output impedance, inductive output impedance and capacitive output impedance. Most of the inverters are operated with inductive (L-type) output impedance. This inverter is known as the L-type inverter. Here it is explained how an inverter impedance can be made capacitive (C-type inverter) with selection of virtual current control loop.
\n
The output impedance of inverter is controlled by the virtual impedance. The single-line diagram of inverter with control loop is shown in Figures 27 and 28. The control is implemented with current loop and voltage loop, which gives good tracking behaviour and good output voltage. The feedback of current is taken from branch between the two capacitors. The first capacitor has a value of βC, and the second capacitor has a value of (1-β)C. Thus, the overall value of capacitor is C. The output impedance of system after adding virtual branch GV is given by
With the above value of GV, the output impedance becomes capacitive. So, by selection of proper control loop and control parameter, the shaping of inverter output impedance can be effectively done. Also, the desired value of damping can be achieved. This method is known as active damping method. Like this, the inverter can be made either L-type or R-type.
\n
\n
\n
\n
8. Conclusion
\n
The characteristics and response of impedance of grid-connected inverter depend on various factors like selection of output filter and its parameter, controller type and its parameters, structure of PLL, the delay in switching of converter, etc. In this chapter, using first-order PI controller and different controller types, it is explained in a simple way. The complexity of impedance increases with the order of the controller and its structure. Also, the reshaping of inverter impedance can be done by selection of suitable control structure. By adding virtual impedance, the output impedance can be made inductive, capacitive or reactive without adding any additional hardware. In this work different variants of passive filter are explained, and how their output impedance behaves at different frequency is also explained with the use of Nyquist plot. The active damping method is explained, whereby damping is achieved without using resistor in the filter, which is considered as a very energy-efficient method of achieving damping. The output impedance can be reshaped either by external hardware in the form of filter or by adding virtual control loop in the controller. The stability of converter depends on how converter output impedance interacts with the grid impedance. Numerous efforts have been made and can be found in literatures to achieve the stability only by reshaping the impedance. However, the stability region can be expanded by reshaping of impedance up to a certain extent only. Only reshaping of impedance does not guarantee the converter stability with changing grid condition. Also, the converter is more likely to fall in an unstable region with weak grid condition, but reshaping of impedance helps to prevent converter-based generation from going unstable. By analysing the output impedance in the frequency domain, the controller parameters can be adjusted to reshape the output impedance. By increasing the proportional gain of the PI controller, the magnitude of the output impedance can be increased and can enhance the ability of harmonic rejection. By increasing the integral gain of the PI controller, the phase of the output impedance can be increased to improve the stability of the system [19, 20] (Table 1).
\n
\n
\n
\n\n
\n
Switching frequency
\n
4 kHz
\n
\n
\n
Switching delay
\n
20 μS
\n
\n
\n
Lc
\n
4 mH
\n
\n
\n
Lg
\n
0.4 mH
\n
\n
\n
Cf
\n
5 μF
\n
\n
\n
kp
\n
1.2
\n
\n
\n
ki
\n
11.6
\n
\n\n
Table 1.
Converter parameter.
\n
\n\n',keywords:"voltage source converter (VSC), pulse width modulation (PWM), grid-connected converter, filter, harmonic resonance, doubly fed induction generator (DFIG), Nyquist criteria, damped filter",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/69157.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/69157.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69157",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69157",totalDownloads:239,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"May 8th 2019",dateReviewed:"August 13th 2019",datePrePublished:"November 27th 2019",datePublished:"February 26th 2020",dateFinished:"September 20th 2019",readingETA:"0",abstract:"As the contribution of renewable energy sources is increasing year over year, the effect of harmonics on power system becomes important, and it requires special attention. In conventional power sources, the harmonics is not generated at the source side; only load side is contributing in the harmonics. But renewable energy sources, particularly wind and solar, are based on power electronic devices, so it generates harmonics. This harmonics may have an adverse effect on the system. Harmonic resonance is one of the phenomena, due to which the harmonics are amplified and give rise to several trivial issues. Various methods are used to control the harmonics in the system. Harmonic filter is one of the simple ways to absorb the harmonics generated at load and generation side. Various filter designs have been found in literature as well as in the field. The filters are classified according to their design, construction and operation method. There are two main categories, active filters and passive filters. The passive filters are widely used due to its simplicity and lesser cost. However, to achieve the better performance, it is also used with active filters, and this combination is known as hybrid filter. The response of filters is modified as per the system requirement using various techniques. In this work, the impedance characteristics of various filters are discussed and analysed. Also, how the control structure of power electronic devices affects or modifies the output impedance of converter is also discussed.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/69157",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/69157",signatures:"Jignesh Pravinbhai Patel and Satish Kantilal Joshi",book:{id:"7636",title:"Wind Solar Hybrid Renewable Energy System",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Wind Solar Hybrid Renewable Energy System",slug:"wind-solar-hybrid-renewable-energy-system",publishedDate:"February 26th 2020",bookSignature:"Kenneth Eloghene Okedu, Ahmed Tahour and Abdel Ghani Aissaou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7636.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-78984-591-4",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-590-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-372-8",editors:[{id:"172580",title:"Dr.",name:"Kenneth Eloghene",middleName:null,surname:"Okedu",slug:"kenneth-eloghene-okedu",fullName:"Kenneth Eloghene Okedu"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"304472",title:"Mr.",name:"Jignesh Pravinbhai",middleName:null,surname:"Patel",fullName:"Jignesh Pravinbhai Patel",slug:"jignesh-pravinbhai-patel",email:"jignesh.pravinbhai@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"309509",title:"Dr.",name:"Satish Kantilal",middleName:null,surname:"Joshi",fullName:"Satish Kantilal Joshi",slug:"satish-kantilal-joshi",email:"skjoshi@ieee.org",position:null,institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Modelling of the voltage source converter",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Impedance-based stability analysis",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. Grid-connected inverters",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5",title:"5. Phase lock loop",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6",title:"6. Damped passive filter topologies",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"6.1 R-L filter",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"6.2 L-C filter",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"6.3 L-C-L filter",level:"2"},{id:"sec_10",title:"7. Optimised filter design",level:"1"},{id:"sec_10_2",title:"7.1 Passive damping of filter",level:"2"},{id:"sec_10_3",title:"7.1.1 Type I filter",level:"3"},{id:"sec_11_3",title:"7.1.2 Type II filter",level:"3"},{id:"sec_12_3",title:"7.1.3 Type III filter",level:"3"},{id:"sec_13_3",title:"7.1.4 Type IV filter",level:"3"},{id:"sec_14_3",title:"7.1.5 Type V filter",level:"3"},{id:"sec_16_2",title:"7.2 Active damping of filter",level:"2"},{id:"sec_18",title:"8. Conclusion",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Blaabjerg F, Zhe C, Kjaer SB. Power electronics as efficient interface in dispersed power generation systems. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics. 2004;19(5):1184-1194\n'},{id:"B2",body:'Ali MH, Wu B, Dougal RA. An overview of SMES applications in power and energy systems. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy. 2010;1(1):38-47\n'},{id:"B3",body:'Flourentzou N, Agelidis VG, Demetriades GD. VSC-based HVDC power transmission systems: An overview. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics. 2009;24(3):592-602\n'},{id:"B4",body:'Xia J, Fang X, Chow JH, Edris A, Uzunovic E, Parisi M, et al. A novel approach for modeling voltage-sourced converter-based FACTS controllers. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery. 2008;23(4):2591-2598\n'},{id:"B5",body:'He J, Li YW. Generalized closed-loop control schemes with embedded virtual impedances for voltage source converters with LC or LCL filters. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics. 2012;27(4):1850-1861\n'},{id:"B6",body:'Sun J. Impedance-based stability criterion for grid-connected inverters. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics. 2011;26(11):3075-3078\n'},{id:"B7",body:'Blaabjerg F, Teodorescu R, Liserre M, Timbus AV. Overview of control and grid synchronization for distributed power generation systems. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. 2006;53(5):1398-1409\n'},{id:"B8",body:'Middlebrook RD. Input filter considerations in design and application of switching regulators. In: Proceedings of the IEEE-IAS Annual Meeting; 1976. pp. 366-382\n'},{id:"B9",body:'Freijedo FD, Yepes AG, Lopez O, Vidal A, Doval-Gandoy J. Three-phase PLLs with fast postfault retracking and steady-state rejection of voltage unbalance and harmonics by means of lead compensation. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics. 2011;26(1):85-97\n'},{id:"B10",body:'Wang F, Duarte JL, Hendrix MAM, Ribeiro PF. Modeling and analysis of grid harmonic distortion impact of aggregated DG inverters. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics. 2011;26(3):786-797\n'},{id:"B11",body:'Beres RN, Wang X, Blaabjerg F, Liserre M, Bak CL. Optimal design of high-order passive-damped filters for grid-connected applications. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics. 2016. DOI: 10.1109/TPEL.2015.2441299\n'},{id:"B12",body:'Sun J. Small-signal methods for AC distributed power systems—A review. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics. 2009;24(11):2545-2554\n'},{id:"B13",body:'Li X-Q, Wu X-J, Geng Y-W, Zhang Q. Stability analysis of grid-connected inverters with an LCL filter considering grid impedance. Journal of Power Electronics. 2013;13(5)\n'},{id:"B14",body:'Jiao J, Nelms RM. Regulating output impedance using a PI controller to improve the stability of a single phase inverter under weak grid. In: 2016 IEEE 16th International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering (EEEIC); 2016\n'},{id:"B15",body:'Yang W, Wang M. Impedance modeling and output impedance coupling analysis of three-phase grid-connected inverters. In: 2018 IEEE International Power Electronics and Application Conference and Exposition (PEAC); 2018\n'},{id:"B16",body:'Zhong Q-C, Zeng Y. Control of inverters via a virtual capacitor to achieve capacitive output impedance. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics;29(10):5568-5578. DOI: 10.1109/tpel.2013.2294425\n'},{id:"B17",body:'He Y, Lai C-t, Chung S-h, Zhang X, Wu W. Use of series negative impedance to cancel the effect of equivalent grid impedance on the grid connected inverter in the DPGS. In: 2018 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC); 2018\n'},{id:"B18",body:'Zhong Q-C, Zeng Y. Universal droop control of inverters with different types of output impedance. IEEE Open Access. 2016. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2016.2526616\n'},{id:"B19",body:'Messo T, Luhtala R, Aapro A, Roinila T. Accurate impedance model of grid connected inverter for small signal stability assessment in high-impedance grid. In: 2018 International Power Electronics Conference (IPEC-Niigata 2018 -ECCE Asia); 2018\n'},{id:"B20",body:'Ling P, Peng Z, Chao G. An impedance reshaping control strategy to enhance adaptability to grid for grid-connected inverters. In: 2018 China International Conference on Electricity Distribution (CICED); 2018\n'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Jignesh Pravinbhai Patel",address:null,affiliation:'
Department of Electrical Engineering, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
Department of Electrical Engineering, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"7636",title:"Wind Solar Hybrid Renewable Energy System",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Wind Solar Hybrid Renewable Energy System",slug:"wind-solar-hybrid-renewable-energy-system",publishedDate:"February 26th 2020",bookSignature:"Kenneth Eloghene Okedu, Ahmed Tahour and Abdel Ghani Aissaou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7636.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-78984-591-4",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-590-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-372-8",editors:[{id:"172580",title:"Dr.",name:"Kenneth Eloghene",middleName:null,surname:"Okedu",slug:"kenneth-eloghene-okedu",fullName:"Kenneth Eloghene Okedu"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"176790",title:"Dr.",name:"Enio Nazaré",middleName:null,surname:"Oliveira Junior",email:"eniobio@ufsj.edu.br",fullName:"Enio Nazaré Oliveira Junior",slug:"enio-nazare-oliveira-junior",position:null,biography:null,institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalEditedBooks:"0",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:null},booksEdited:[],chaptersAuthored:[{title:"Fungal Growth Control by Chitosan and Derivatives",slug:"fungal-growth-control-by-chitosan-and-derivatives",abstract:"Chitin and chitosan are aminoglucopyranans composed of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) and glucosamine (GlcN) residues and are renewable resources currently being studied by academic and industrial groups owing to their attractive properties and biological activities. Chitosans have been indicated for the preservation of foods, juices and other material from microbial deterioration due their action against different groups of microorganisms, such as bacteria, yeast and fungi. Studies on coating of fruits and vegetables and defensive plant mechanism studies have been described in the literature. There is a worldwide trend to explore new alternatives that can control postharvest pathogenic diseases, giving priority to methods that reduce disease incidence and avoid negative and side effects on human health as a result of the excessive application of synthetic fungicides. Thus, alternative approaches are necessary to maintain the marketable quality of fresh fruits. The antifungal activities of chitosan and its derivatives in vitro, preharvest and postharvest studies are reviewed in this chapter. The abilities of chitosan and its derivatives to elicit resistance reactions in plants and its action in the production and viability of fungal spores is reported. Finally, the chapter is concluded, with the possible mechanisms, suggested in the literature for the antifungal activity of chitosan.",signatures:"Enio Nazaré De Oliveira Junior",authors:[{id:"176790",title:"Dr.",name:"Enio Nazaré",surname:"Oliveira Junior",fullName:"Enio Nazaré Oliveira Junior",slug:"enio-nazare-oliveira-junior",email:"eniobio@ufsj.edu.br"}],book:{title:"Fungal Pathogenicity",slug:"fungal-pathogenicity",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"177005",title:"Dr.",name:"Gerardo",surname:"Diaz-Godinez",slug:"gerardo-diaz-godinez",fullName:"Gerardo Diaz-Godinez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Tlaxcala",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"177089",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Semiramis",surname:"Monte",slug:"semiramis-monte",fullName:"Semiramis Monte",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal do Piauí",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"177097",title:"Dr.",name:"Rafael",surname:"Brandão",slug:"rafael-brandao",fullName:"Rafael Brandão",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"177098",title:"Prof.",name:"Liline",surname:"Martins",slug:"liline-martins",fullName:"Liline Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"177108",title:"Ms.",name:"Michelle",surname:"Pawlowski",slug:"michelle-pawlowski",fullName:"Michelle Pawlowski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"177125",title:"Dr.",name:"Glen",surname:"Hartman",slug:"glen-hartman",fullName:"Glen Hartman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"177431",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",surname:"Alvarez-Cervantes",slug:"jorge-alvarez-cervantes",fullName:"Jorge Alvarez-Cervantes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"177432",title:"Dr.",name:"Edna M.",surname:"Hernandez-Dominguez",slug:"edna-m.-hernandez-dominguez",fullName:"Edna M. Hernandez-Dominguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"177433",title:"Dr.",name:"Maura",surname:"Tellez-Tellez",slug:"maura-tellez-tellez",fullName:"Maura Tellez-Tellez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"177434",title:"MSc.",name:"Virginia",surname:"Mandujano-Gonzalez",slug:"virginia-mandujano-gonzalez",fullName:"Virginia Mandujano-Gonzalez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]},generic:{page:{slug:"OA-publishing-fees",title:"Open Access Publishing Fees",intro:"
The Open Access model is applied to all of our publications and is designed to eliminate subscriptions and pay-per-view fees. This approach ensures free, immediate access to full text versions of your research.
As a gold Open Access publisher, an Open Access Publishing Fee is payable on acceptance following peer review of the manuscript. In return, we provide high quality publishing services and exclusive benefits for all contributors. IntechOpen is the trusted publishing partner of over 128,000 international scientists and researchers.
\\n\\n
The Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) is payable only after your full chapter, monograph or Compacts monograph is accepted for publication.
\\n\\n
OAPF Publishing Options
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
1,400 GBP Chapter - Edited Volume
\\n\\t
10,000 GBP Monograph - Long Form
\\n\\t
4,000 GBP Compacts Monograph - Short Form
\\n
\\n\\n
*These prices do not include Value-Added Tax (VAT). Residents of European Union countries need to add VAT based on the specific rate in their country of residence. Institutions and companies registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state will not pay VAT as long as provision of the VAT registration number is made during the application process. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\\n\\n
Services included are:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
An online manuscript tracking system to facilitate your work
\\n\\t
Personal contact and support throughout the publishing process from your dedicated Author Service Manager
\\n\\t
Assurance that your manuscript meets the highest publishing standards
\\n\\t
English language copyediting and proofreading, including the correction of grammatical, spelling, and other common errors
\\n\\t
XML Typesetting and pagination - web (PDF, HTML) and print files preparation
\\n\\t
Discoverability - electronic citation and linking via DOI
\\n\\t
Permanent and unrestricted online access to your work
What isn't covered by the Open Access Publishing Fee?
\\n\\n
If your manuscript:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Exceeds 20 pages (for chapters in Edited Volumes), an additional fee of 40 GBP per page will be required
\\n\\t
If a manuscript requires Heavy Editing or Language Polishing, this will incur additional fees.
\\n
\\n\\n
Your Author Service Manager will inform you of any items not covered by the OAPF and provide exact information regarding those additional costs before proceeding.
\\n\\n
Open Access Funding
\\n\\n
To explore funding opportunities and learn more about how you can finance your IntechOpen publication, go to our Open Access Funding page. IntechOpen offers expert assistance to all of its Authors. We can support you in approaching funding bodies and institutions in relation to publishing fees by providing information about compliance with the Open Access policies of your funder or institution. We can also assist with communicating the benefits of Open Access in order to support and strengthen your funding request and provide personal guidance through your application process. You can contact us at oapf@intechopen.com for further details or assistance.
\\n\\n
For Authors who are still unable to obtain funding from their institutions or research funding bodies for individual projects, IntechOpen does offer the possibility of applying for a Waiver to offset some or all processing feed. Details regarding our Waiver Policy can be found here.
\\n\\n
Added Value of Publishing with IntechOpen
\\n\\n
Choosing to publish with IntechOpen ensures the following benefits:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Indexing and listing across major repositories, see details ...
\\n\\t
Long-term archiving
\\n\\t
Visibility on the world's strongest OA platform
\\n\\t
Live Performance Metrics to track readership and the impact of your chapter
\\n\\t
Dissemination and Promotion
\\n
\\n\\n
Benefits of Publishing with IntechOpen
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Proven world leader in Open Access book publishing with over 10 years experience
\\n\\t
+5,200 OA books published
\\n\\t
Most competitive prices in the market
\\n\\t
Fully compliant with OA funding requirements
\\n\\t
Optimized processes, enabling publication between 8 and 12 months
\\n\\t
Personal support during every step of the publication process
\\n\\t
+146,150 citations in Web of Science databases
\\n\\t
Currently strongest OA platform with over 150 million downloads
As a gold Open Access publisher, an Open Access Publishing Fee is payable on acceptance following peer review of the manuscript. In return, we provide high quality publishing services and exclusive benefits for all contributors. IntechOpen is the trusted publishing partner of over 128,000 international scientists and researchers.
\n\n
The Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) is payable only after your full chapter, monograph or Compacts monograph is accepted for publication.
\n\n
OAPF Publishing Options
\n\n
\n\t
1,400 GBP Chapter - Edited Volume
\n\t
10,000 GBP Monograph - Long Form
\n\t
4,000 GBP Compacts Monograph - Short Form
\n
\n\n
*These prices do not include Value-Added Tax (VAT). Residents of European Union countries need to add VAT based on the specific rate in their country of residence. Institutions and companies registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state will not pay VAT as long as provision of the VAT registration number is made during the application process. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\n\n
Services included are:
\n\n
\n\t
An online manuscript tracking system to facilitate your work
\n\t
Personal contact and support throughout the publishing process from your dedicated Author Service Manager
\n\t
Assurance that your manuscript meets the highest publishing standards
\n\t
English language copyediting and proofreading, including the correction of grammatical, spelling, and other common errors
\n\t
XML Typesetting and pagination - web (PDF, HTML) and print files preparation
\n\t
Discoverability - electronic citation and linking via DOI
\n\t
Permanent and unrestricted online access to your work
What isn't covered by the Open Access Publishing Fee?
\n\n
If your manuscript:
\n\n
\n\t
Exceeds 20 pages (for chapters in Edited Volumes), an additional fee of 40 GBP per page will be required
\n\t
If a manuscript requires Heavy Editing or Language Polishing, this will incur additional fees.
\n
\n\n
Your Author Service Manager will inform you of any items not covered by the OAPF and provide exact information regarding those additional costs before proceeding.
\n\n
Open Access Funding
\n\n
To explore funding opportunities and learn more about how you can finance your IntechOpen publication, go to our Open Access Funding page. IntechOpen offers expert assistance to all of its Authors. We can support you in approaching funding bodies and institutions in relation to publishing fees by providing information about compliance with the Open Access policies of your funder or institution. We can also assist with communicating the benefits of Open Access in order to support and strengthen your funding request and provide personal guidance through your application process. You can contact us at oapf@intechopen.com for further details or assistance.
\n\n
For Authors who are still unable to obtain funding from their institutions or research funding bodies for individual projects, IntechOpen does offer the possibility of applying for a Waiver to offset some or all processing feed. Details regarding our Waiver Policy can be found here.
\n\n
Added Value of Publishing with IntechOpen
\n\n
Choosing to publish with IntechOpen ensures the following benefits:
\n\n
\n\t
Indexing and listing across major repositories, see details ...
\n\t
Long-term archiving
\n\t
Visibility on the world's strongest OA platform
\n\t
Live Performance Metrics to track readership and the impact of your chapter
\n\t
Dissemination and Promotion
\n
\n\n
Benefits of Publishing with IntechOpen
\n\n
\n\t
Proven world leader in Open Access book publishing with over 10 years experience
\n\t
+5,200 OA books published
\n\t
Most competitive prices in the market
\n\t
Fully compliant with OA funding requirements
\n\t
Optimized processes, enabling publication between 8 and 12 months
\n\t
Personal support during every step of the publication process
\n\t
+146,150 citations in Web of Science databases
\n\t
Currently strongest OA platform with over 150 million downloads
\n
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5822},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5289},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1761},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10546},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:909},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15938}],offset:12,limit:12,total:119319},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasnoeditors:"0"},books:[{type:"book",id:"8969",title:"Deserts and Desertification",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"4df95c7f295de7f6003e635d9a309fe9",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Yajuan Zhu, Dr. Qinghong Luo and Dr. Yuguo Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8969.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"180427",title:"Dr.",name:"Yajuan",surname:"Zhu",slug:"yajuan-zhu",fullName:"Yajuan Zhu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9667",title:"Neuroimmunology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9cf0e8203ce088c0b84add014fd8d382",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Robert Weissert",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9667.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"79343",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",surname:"Weissert",slug:"robert-weissert",fullName:"Robert Weissert"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9816",title:"Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"365bb9762ba33db2d07e677690af1772",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Salim Surani and Dr. Venkat Rajasurya",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9816.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"15654",title:"Dr.",name:"Salim",surname:"Surani",slug:"salim-surani",fullName:"Salim Surani"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10218",title:"Flagellar Motility in Cells",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5fcc15570365a82d9f2c4816f4e0ee2e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Yusuf Bozkurt",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10218.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"90846",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",surname:"Bozkurt",slug:"yusuf-bozkurt",fullName:"Yusuf Bozkurt"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10223",title:"Obesity and Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c202a2b74cd9a2c44b1c385f103ac65d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Venketeshwer Rao and Dr. Leticia Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10223.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10231",title:"Proton Therapy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f4a9009287953c8d1d89f0fa9b7597b0",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10231.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10343",title:"Ocular Hypertension",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0ff71cc7e0d9f394f41162c0c825588a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Michele Lanza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10343.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"240088",title:"Prof.",name:"Michele",surname:"Lanza",slug:"michele-lanza",fullName:"Michele Lanza"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10370",title:"Advances in Fundamental and Applied Research on Spatial Audio",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f16232a481c08a05cc191ac64cf2c69e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Brian FG Katz and Dr. Piotr Majdak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10370.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"278731",title:"Dr.",name:"Brian FG",surname:"Katz",slug:"brian-fg-katz",fullName:"Brian FG Katz"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10504",title:"Crystallization",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3478d05926950f475f4ad2825d340963",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Youssef Ben Smida and Dr. Riadh Marzouki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10504.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"311698",title:"Dr.",name:"Youssef",surname:"Ben Smida",slug:"youssef-ben-smida",fullName:"Youssef Ben Smida"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10557",title:"Elaeis guineensis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"79500ab1930271876b4e0575e2ed3966",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Hesam Kamyab",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10557.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"225957",title:"Dr.",name:"Hesam",surname:"Kamyab",slug:"hesam-kamyab",fullName:"Hesam Kamyab"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10568",title:"Hysteresis in Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"6482387993b3cebffafe856a916c44ce",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Giuseppe Viola",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10568.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"173586",title:"Dr.",name:"Giuseppe",surname:"Viola",slug:"giuseppe-viola",fullName:"Giuseppe Viola"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:28},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:26},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:49},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:218},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9154",title:"Spinal Deformities in Adolescents, Adults and Older Adults",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"313f1dffa803b60a14ff1e6966e93d91",slug:"spinal-deformities-in-adolescents-adults-and-older-adults",bookSignature:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov and Gokulakannan Kandasamy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9154.jpg",editors:[{id:"94802",title:"Dr.",name:"Josette",middleName:null,surname:"Bettany-Saltikov",slug:"josette-bettany-saltikov",fullName:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7030",title:"Satellite Systems",subtitle:"Design, Modeling, Simulation and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9db6d2645ef248ceb1b33ea75f38e88",slug:"satellite-systems-design-modeling-simulation-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Tien Nguyen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7030.jpg",editors:[{id:"210657",title:"Dr.",name:"Tien M.",middleName:"Manh",surname:"Nguyen",slug:"tien-m.-nguyen",fullName:"Tien M. Nguyen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10201",title:"Post-Transition Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cc7f53ff5269916e3ce29f65a51a87ae",slug:"post-transition-metals",bookSignature:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman, Abdullah Mohammed Asiri, Anish Khan, Inamuddin and Thamer Tabbakh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10201.jpg",editors:[{id:"24438",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed Muzibur",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",slug:"mohammed-muzibur-rahman",fullName:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10413",title:"A Collection of Papers on Chaos Theory and Its Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900b71b164948830fec3d6254b7881f7",slug:"a-collection-of-papers-on-chaos-theory-and-its-applications",bookSignature:"Paul Bracken and Dimo I. Uzunov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10413.jpg",editors:[{id:"92883",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Bracken",slug:"paul-bracken",fullName:"Paul Bracken"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9515",title:"Update in Geriatrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"913e16c0ae977474b283bbd4269564c8",slug:"update-in-geriatrics",bookSignature:"Somchai Amornyotin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9515.jpg",editors:[{id:"185484",title:"Prof.",name:"Somchai",middleName:null,surname:"Amornyotin",slug:"somchai-amornyotin",fullName:"Somchai Amornyotin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8148",title:"Investment Strategies in Emerging New Trends in Finance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3b714d96a68d2acdfbd7b50aba6504ca",slug:"investment-strategies-in-emerging-new-trends-in-finance",bookSignature:"Reza Gharoie Ahangar and Asma Salman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8148.jpg",editors:[{id:"91081",title:"Dr.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Gharoie Ahangar",slug:"reza-gharoie-ahangar",fullName:"Reza Gharoie Ahangar"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"206443",title:"Prof.",name:"Asma",middleName:null,surname:"Salman",slug:"asma-salman",fullName:"Asma Salman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/206443/images/system/206443.png",biography:"Professor Asma Salman is a blockchain developer and Professor of Finance at the American University in the Emirates, UAE. An Honorary Global Advisor at the Global Academy of Finance and Management, USA, she completed her MBA in Finance and Accounting and earned a Ph.D. in Finance from an AACSB member, AMBA accredited, School of Management at Harbin Institute of Technology, China. Her research credentials include a one-year residency at the Brunel Business School, Brunel University, UK. Prof. Salman also served as the Dubai Cohort supervisor for DBA students under the Nottingham Business School, UK, for seven years and is currently a Ph.D. supervisor at the University of Northampton, UK, where she is a visiting fellow. She also served on the Board of Etihad Airlines during 2019–2020. One of her recent articles on “Bitcoin and Blockchain” gained wide visibility and she is an active speaker on Fintech, blockchain, and crypto events around the GCC. She holds various professional certifications including Chartered Fintech Professional (USA), Certified Financial Manager (USA), Women in Leadership and Management in Higher Education, (UK), and Taxation GCC VAT Compliance, (UK). She recently won an award for “Blockchain Trainer of the Year” from Berkeley Middle East. Other recognitions include the Women Leadership Impact Award by H.E First Lady of Armenia, Research Excellence Award, and the Global Inspirational Women Leadership Award by H.H Sheikh Juma Bin Maktoum Juma Al Maktoum.",institutionString:"American University in the Emirates",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"American University in the Emirates",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9959",title:"Biomedical Signal and Image Processing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"22b87a09bd6df065d78c175235d367c8",slug:"biomedical-signal-and-image-processing",bookSignature:"Yongxia Zhou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9959.jpg",editors:[{id:"259308",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongxia",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"yongxia-zhou",fullName:"Yongxia Zhou"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9685",title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:"Very Complex Environmental Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44f7b43a9f9610c243dc32300d37df6",slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9685.jpg",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9161",title:"Frailty in the Elderly",subtitle:"Understanding and Managing Complexity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a4f0f2fade8fb8ba35c405f5ad31a823",slug:"frailty-in-the-elderly-understanding-and-managing-complexity",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9161.jpg",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5330},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9154",title:"Spinal Deformities in Adolescents, Adults and Older Adults",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"313f1dffa803b60a14ff1e6966e93d91",slug:"spinal-deformities-in-adolescents-adults-and-older-adults",bookSignature:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov and Gokulakannan Kandasamy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9154.jpg",editors:[{id:"94802",title:"Dr.",name:"Josette",middleName:null,surname:"Bettany-Saltikov",slug:"josette-bettany-saltikov",fullName:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7030",title:"Satellite Systems",subtitle:"Design, Modeling, Simulation and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9db6d2645ef248ceb1b33ea75f38e88",slug:"satellite-systems-design-modeling-simulation-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Tien Nguyen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7030.jpg",editors:[{id:"210657",title:"Dr.",name:"Tien M.",middleName:"Manh",surname:"Nguyen",slug:"tien-m.-nguyen",fullName:"Tien M. Nguyen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10201",title:"Post-Transition Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cc7f53ff5269916e3ce29f65a51a87ae",slug:"post-transition-metals",bookSignature:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman, Abdullah Mohammed Asiri, Anish Khan, Inamuddin and Thamer Tabbakh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10201.jpg",editors:[{id:"24438",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed Muzibur",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",slug:"mohammed-muzibur-rahman",fullName:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10413",title:"A Collection of Papers on Chaos Theory and Its Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900b71b164948830fec3d6254b7881f7",slug:"a-collection-of-papers-on-chaos-theory-and-its-applications",bookSignature:"Paul Bracken and Dimo I. Uzunov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10413.jpg",editors:[{id:"92883",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Bracken",slug:"paul-bracken",fullName:"Paul Bracken"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9515",title:"Update in Geriatrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"913e16c0ae977474b283bbd4269564c8",slug:"update-in-geriatrics",bookSignature:"Somchai Amornyotin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9515.jpg",editors:[{id:"185484",title:"Prof.",name:"Somchai",middleName:null,surname:"Amornyotin",slug:"somchai-amornyotin",fullName:"Somchai Amornyotin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8148",title:"Investment Strategies in Emerging New Trends in Finance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3b714d96a68d2acdfbd7b50aba6504ca",slug:"investment-strategies-in-emerging-new-trends-in-finance",bookSignature:"Reza Gharoie Ahangar and Asma Salman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8148.jpg",editors:[{id:"91081",title:"Dr.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Gharoie Ahangar",slug:"reza-gharoie-ahangar",fullName:"Reza Gharoie Ahangar"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"206443",title:"Prof.",name:"Asma",middleName:null,surname:"Salman",slug:"asma-salman",fullName:"Asma Salman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/206443/images/system/206443.png",biography:"Professor Asma Salman is a blockchain developer and Professor of Finance at the American University in the Emirates, UAE. An Honorary Global Advisor at the Global Academy of Finance and Management, USA, she completed her MBA in Finance and Accounting and earned a Ph.D. in Finance from an AACSB member, AMBA accredited, School of Management at Harbin Institute of Technology, China. Her research credentials include a one-year residency at the Brunel Business School, Brunel University, UK. Prof. Salman also served as the Dubai Cohort supervisor for DBA students under the Nottingham Business School, UK, for seven years and is currently a Ph.D. supervisor at the University of Northampton, UK, where she is a visiting fellow. She also served on the Board of Etihad Airlines during 2019–2020. One of her recent articles on “Bitcoin and Blockchain” gained wide visibility and she is an active speaker on Fintech, blockchain, and crypto events around the GCC. She holds various professional certifications including Chartered Fintech Professional (USA), Certified Financial Manager (USA), Women in Leadership and Management in Higher Education, (UK), and Taxation GCC VAT Compliance, (UK). She recently won an award for “Blockchain Trainer of the Year” from Berkeley Middle East. Other recognitions include the Women Leadership Impact Award by H.E First Lady of Armenia, Research Excellence Award, and the Global Inspirational Women Leadership Award by H.H Sheikh Juma Bin Maktoum Juma Al Maktoum.",institutionString:"American University in the Emirates",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"American University in the Emirates",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9959",title:"Biomedical Signal and Image Processing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"22b87a09bd6df065d78c175235d367c8",slug:"biomedical-signal-and-image-processing",bookSignature:"Yongxia Zhou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9959.jpg",editors:[{id:"259308",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongxia",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"yongxia-zhou",fullName:"Yongxia Zhou"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9685",title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:"Very Complex Environmental Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44f7b43a9f9610c243dc32300d37df6",slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9685.jpg",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8564",title:"Cell Interaction",subtitle:"Molecular and Immunological Basis for Disease Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98d7f080d80524285f091e72a8e92a6d",slug:"cell-interaction-molecular-and-immunological-basis-for-disease-management",bookSignature:"Bhawana Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8564.jpg",editors:[{id:"315192",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhawana",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"bhawana-singh",fullName:"Bhawana Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9515",title:"Update in Geriatrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"913e16c0ae977474b283bbd4269564c8",slug:"update-in-geriatrics",bookSignature:"Somchai Amornyotin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9515.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185484",title:"Prof.",name:"Somchai",middleName:null,surname:"Amornyotin",slug:"somchai-amornyotin",fullName:"Somchai Amornyotin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9021",title:"Novel Perspectives of Stem Cell Manufacturing and Therapies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"522c6db871783d2a11c17b83f1fd4e18",slug:"novel-perspectives-of-stem-cell-manufacturing-and-therapies",bookSignature:"Diana Kitala and Ana Colette Maurício",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9021.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"203598",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Diana",middleName:null,surname:"Kitala",slug:"diana-kitala",fullName:"Diana Kitala"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7030",title:"Satellite Systems",subtitle:"Design, Modeling, Simulation and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9db6d2645ef248ceb1b33ea75f38e88",slug:"satellite-systems-design-modeling-simulation-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Tien Nguyen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7030.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"210657",title:"Dr.",name:"Tien M.",middleName:"Manh",surname:"Nguyen",slug:"tien-m.-nguyen",fullName:"Tien M. Nguyen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10413",title:"A Collection of Papers on Chaos Theory and Its Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900b71b164948830fec3d6254b7881f7",slug:"a-collection-of-papers-on-chaos-theory-and-its-applications",bookSignature:"Paul Bracken and Dimo I. Uzunov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10413.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92883",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Bracken",slug:"paul-bracken",fullName:"Paul Bracken"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9154",title:"Spinal Deformities in Adolescents, Adults and Older Adults",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"313f1dffa803b60a14ff1e6966e93d91",slug:"spinal-deformities-in-adolescents-adults-and-older-adults",bookSignature:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov and Gokulakannan Kandasamy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9154.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"94802",title:"Dr.",name:"Josette",middleName:null,surname:"Bettany-Saltikov",slug:"josette-bettany-saltikov",fullName:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8148",title:"Investment Strategies in Emerging New Trends in Finance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3b714d96a68d2acdfbd7b50aba6504ca",slug:"investment-strategies-in-emerging-new-trends-in-finance",bookSignature:"Reza Gharoie Ahangar and Asma Salman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8148.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"91081",title:"Dr.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Gharoie Ahangar",slug:"reza-gharoie-ahangar",fullName:"Reza Gharoie Ahangar"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"206443",title:"Prof.",name:"Asma",middleName:null,surname:"Salman",slug:"asma-salman",fullName:"Asma Salman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/206443/images/system/206443.png",biography:"Professor Asma Salman is a blockchain developer and Professor of Finance at the American University in the Emirates, UAE. An Honorary Global Advisor at the Global Academy of Finance and Management, USA, she completed her MBA in Finance and Accounting and earned a Ph.D. in Finance from an AACSB member, AMBA accredited, School of Management at Harbin Institute of Technology, China. Her research credentials include a one-year residency at the Brunel Business School, Brunel University, UK. Prof. Salman also served as the Dubai Cohort supervisor for DBA students under the Nottingham Business School, UK, for seven years and is currently a Ph.D. supervisor at the University of Northampton, UK, where she is a visiting fellow. She also served on the Board of Etihad Airlines during 2019–2020. One of her recent articles on “Bitcoin and Blockchain” gained wide visibility and she is an active speaker on Fintech, blockchain, and crypto events around the GCC. She holds various professional certifications including Chartered Fintech Professional (USA), Certified Financial Manager (USA), Women in Leadership and Management in Higher Education, (UK), and Taxation GCC VAT Compliance, (UK). She recently won an award for “Blockchain Trainer of the Year” from Berkeley Middle East. Other recognitions include the Women Leadership Impact Award by H.E First Lady of Armenia, Research Excellence Award, and the Global Inspirational Women Leadership Award by H.H Sheikh Juma Bin Maktoum Juma Al Maktoum.",institutionString:"American University in the Emirates",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"American University in the Emirates",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10201",title:"Post-Transition Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cc7f53ff5269916e3ce29f65a51a87ae",slug:"post-transition-metals",bookSignature:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman, Abdullah Mohammed Asiri, Anish Khan, Inamuddin and Thamer Tabbakh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10201.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"24438",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed Muzibur",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",slug:"mohammed-muzibur-rahman",fullName:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9959",title:"Biomedical Signal and Image Processing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"22b87a09bd6df065d78c175235d367c8",slug:"biomedical-signal-and-image-processing",bookSignature:"Yongxia Zhou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9959.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"259308",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongxia",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"yongxia-zhou",fullName:"Yongxia Zhou"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8760",title:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8974840985ec3652492c83e20233bf02",slug:"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah and Min Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8760.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"637",title:"Spatial Analysis",slug:"spatial-analysis",parent:{title:"Geography",slug:"geography"},numberOfBooks:7,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:184,numberOfWosCitations:13,numberOfCrossrefCitations:34,numberOfDimensionsCitations:62,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"spatial-analysis",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"9381",title:"Geographic Information Systems in Geospatial Intelligence",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"069b444029eceaad8ff557eca7bd713e",slug:"geographic-information-systems-in-geospatial-intelligence",bookSignature:"Rustam B. Rustamov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9381.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"59174",title:"Dr.",name:"Rustam B.",middleName:null,surname:"Rustamov",slug:"rustam-b.-rustamov",fullName:"Rustam B. Rustamov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9846",title:"Spatial Variability in Environmental Science",subtitle:"Patterns, Processes, and Analyses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cfa4fa7b982bbff46ffbe6fbdbffbdf1",slug:"spatial-variability-in-environmental-science-patterns-processes-and-analyses",bookSignature:"John P. Tiefenbacher and Davod Poreh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9846.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73876",title:"Dr.",name:"John P.",middleName:null,surname:"Tiefenbacher",slug:"john-p.-tiefenbacher",fullName:"John P. Tiefenbacher"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9246",title:"Satellites Missions and Technologies for Geosciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f23d04613b089dae40f81342c3e7c7f4",slug:"satellites-missions-and-technologies-for-geosciences",bookSignature:"Vladislav Demyanov and Jonathan Becedas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9246.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"154597",title:"Prof.",name:"Vladislav",middleName:null,surname:"Demyanov",slug:"vladislav-demyanov",fullName:"Vladislav Demyanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7304",title:"Geospatial Analyses of Earth Observation (EO) data",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e90c7cda0e7f94a6620d6ec83db808ae",slug:"geospatial-analyses-of-earth-observation-eo-data",bookSignature:"Antonio Pepe and Qing Zhao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7304.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"99269",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Pepe",slug:"antonio-pepe",fullName:"Antonio Pepe"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7362",title:"Geographic Information Systems and Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b0ac3aa0063d6a10dd3fe90ff78cddd7",slug:"geographic-information-systems-and-science",bookSignature:"Jorge Rocha and Patrícia Abrantes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7362.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145918",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Rocha",slug:"jorge-rocha",fullName:"Jorge Rocha"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7262",title:"Spatial Analysis, Modelling and Planning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ed7c7f4193e3951e715569ca454f7077",slug:"spatial-analysis-modelling-and-planning",bookSignature:"Jorge Rocha and José António Tenedório",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7262.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145918",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Rocha",slug:"jorge-rocha",fullName:"Jorge Rocha"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5241",title:"Applications of Spatial Statistics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"acc5941907640ecc7a3e350c5fe3df19",slug:"applications-of-spatial-statistics",bookSignature:"Ming-Chih Hung",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5241.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"184413",title:"Dr.",name:"Ming",middleName:"Chih",surname:"Hung",slug:"ming-hung",fullName:"Ming Hung"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:7,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"52704",doi:"10.5772/65996",title:"Comparison of Spatial Interpolation Techniques Using Visualization and Quantitative Assessment",slug:"comparison-of-spatial-interpolation-techniques-using-visualization-and-quantitative-assessment",totalDownloads:2589,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:9,book:{slug:"applications-of-spatial-statistics",title:"Applications of Spatial Statistics",fullTitle:"Applications of Spatial Statistics"},signatures:"Yi-Hwa (Eva) Wu and Ming-Chih Hung",authors:[{id:"181853",title:"Dr.",name:"Yi-Hwa",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",slug:"yi-hwa-wu",fullName:"Yi-Hwa Wu"}]},{id:"69962",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90039",title:"Nanosatellites and Applications to Commercial and Scientific Missions",slug:"nanosatellites-and-applications-to-commercial-and-scientific-missions",totalDownloads:819,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:8,book:{slug:"satellites-missions-and-technologies-for-geosciences",title:"Satellites Missions and Technologies for Geosciences",fullTitle:"Satellites Missions and Technologies for Geosciences"},signatures:"Adriano Camps",authors:[{id:"299991",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:null,surname:"Camps",slug:"adriano-camps",fullName:"Adriano Camps"}]},{id:"67619",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86109",title:"Application of Topographic Analyses for Mapping Spatial Patterns of Soil Properties",slug:"application-of-topographic-analyses-for-mapping-spatial-patterns-of-soil-properties",totalDownloads:767,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"geospatial-analyses-of-earth-observation-eo-data",title:"Geospatial Analyses of Earth Observation (EO) data",fullTitle:"Geospatial Analyses of Earth Observation (EO) data"},signatures:"Xia Li and Gregory W. McCarty",authors:[{id:"55106",title:"Dr.",name:"Gregory",middleName:null,surname:"McCarty",slug:"gregory-mccarty",fullName:"Gregory McCarty"},{id:"286359",title:"Dr.",name:"Xia",middleName:null,surname:"Li",slug:"xia-li",fullName:"Xia Li"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"52704",title:"Comparison of Spatial Interpolation Techniques Using Visualization and Quantitative Assessment",slug:"comparison-of-spatial-interpolation-techniques-using-visualization-and-quantitative-assessment",totalDownloads:2602,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:9,book:{slug:"applications-of-spatial-statistics",title:"Applications of Spatial Statistics",fullTitle:"Applications of Spatial Statistics"},signatures:"Yi-Hwa (Eva) Wu and Ming-Chih Hung",authors:[{id:"181853",title:"Dr.",name:"Yi-Hwa",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",slug:"yi-hwa-wu",fullName:"Yi-Hwa Wu"}]},{id:"67895",title:"The Impact of Land Use and Land Cover Changes on the Nkula Dam in the Middle Shire River Catchment, Malawi",slug:"the-impact-of-land-use-and-land-cover-changes-on-the-nkula-dam-in-the-middle-shire-river-catchment-m",totalDownloads:670,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"geospatial-analyses-of-earth-observation-eo-data",title:"Geospatial Analyses of Earth Observation (EO) data",fullTitle:"Geospatial Analyses of Earth Observation (EO) data"},signatures:"Maureen Kapute Mzuza, Weiguo Zhang, Fanuel Kapute and Xiaodao Wei",authors:[{id:"286469",title:"Dr.",name:"Maureen",middleName:null,surname:"Kapute Mzuza",slug:"maureen-kapute-mzuza",fullName:"Maureen Kapute Mzuza"},{id:"288469",title:"Prof.",name:"Weiguo",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"weiguo-zhang",fullName:"Weiguo Zhang"},{id:"288470",title:"Prof.",name:"Fanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Kapute",slug:"fanuel-kapute",fullName:"Fanuel Kapute"},{id:"288471",title:"Mr.",name:"Xiaodao",middleName:null,surname:"Wei",slug:"xiaodao-wei",fullName:"Xiaodao Wei"}]},{id:"69962",title:"Nanosatellites and Applications to Commercial and Scientific Missions",slug:"nanosatellites-and-applications-to-commercial-and-scientific-missions",totalDownloads:830,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:8,book:{slug:"satellites-missions-and-technologies-for-geosciences",title:"Satellites Missions and Technologies for Geosciences",fullTitle:"Satellites Missions and Technologies for Geosciences"},signatures:"Adriano Camps",authors:[{id:"299991",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:null,surname:"Camps",slug:"adriano-camps",fullName:"Adriano Camps"}]},{id:"64204",title:"GIS and Remote Sensing for Mangroves Mapping and Monitoring",slug:"gis-and-remote-sensing-for-mangroves-mapping-and-monitoring",totalDownloads:1567,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"geographic-information-systems-and-science",title:"Geographic Information Systems and Science",fullTitle:"Geographic Information Systems and Science"},signatures:"Hamdan Omar, Muhamad Afizzul Misman and Samsudin Musa",authors:[{id:"264176",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamdan",middleName:null,surname:"Omar",slug:"hamdan-omar",fullName:"Hamdan Omar"},{id:"272549",title:"Mr.",name:"Muhamad Afizzul",middleName:null,surname:"Misman",slug:"muhamad-afizzul-misman",fullName:"Muhamad Afizzul Misman"},{id:"272550",title:"Dr.",name:"Samsudin",middleName:null,surname:"Musa",slug:"samsudin-musa",fullName:"Samsudin Musa"}]},{id:"52302",title:"Application of Spatial Statistics in Transportation Engineering",slug:"application-of-spatial-statistics-in-transportation-engineering",totalDownloads:1822,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"applications-of-spatial-statistics",title:"Applications of Spatial Statistics",fullTitle:"Applications of Spatial Statistics"},signatures:"Uday R.R. Manepalli and Ghulam H. Bham",authors:[{id:"182804",title:"Dr.",name:"Ghulam H.",middleName:null,surname:"Bham",slug:"ghulam-h.-bham",fullName:"Ghulam H. Bham"},{id:"188145",title:"Mr.",name:"Uday",middleName:null,surname:"Manepalli",slug:"uday-manepalli",fullName:"Uday Manepalli"}]},{id:"63765",title:"Introductory Chapter: Spatial Analysis, Modelling, and Planning",slug:"introductory-chapter-spatial-analysis-modelling-and-planning",totalDownloads:2245,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"spatial-analysis-modelling-and-planning",title:"Spatial Analysis, Modelling and Planning",fullTitle:"Spatial Analysis, Modelling and Planning"},signatures:"José António Tenedório and Jorge Rocha",authors:[{id:"145918",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Rocha",slug:"jorge-rocha",fullName:"Jorge Rocha"},{id:"242032",title:"Dr.",name:"José António",middleName:null,surname:"Tenedório",slug:"jose-antonio-tenedorio",fullName:"José António Tenedório"}]},{id:"70180",title:"The Impact of Space Radiation Environment on Satellites Operation in Near-Earth Space",slug:"the-impact-of-space-radiation-environment-on-satellites-operation-in-near-earth-space",totalDownloads:487,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"satellites-missions-and-technologies-for-geosciences",title:"Satellites Missions and Technologies for Geosciences",fullTitle:"Satellites Missions and Technologies for Geosciences"},signatures:"Victor U. J. Nwankwo, Nnamdi N. Jibiri and Michael T. Kio",authors:[{id:"94563",title:"Dr.",name:"Nnamdi",middleName:null,surname:"Jibiri",slug:"nnamdi-jibiri",fullName:"Nnamdi Jibiri"},{id:"300878",title:"Dr.",name:"Victor",middleName:null,surname:"Nwankwo",slug:"victor-nwankwo",fullName:"Victor Nwankwo"},{id:"310318",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Kio",slug:"michael-kio",fullName:"Michael Kio"}]},{id:"73592",title:"A Review of the Machine Learning in GIS for Megacities Application",slug:"a-review-of-the-machine-learning-in-gis-for-megacities-application",totalDownloads:301,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"geographic-information-systems-in-geospatial-intelligence",title:"Geographic Information Systems in Geospatial Intelligence",fullTitle:"Geographic Information Systems in Geospatial Intelligence"},signatures:"Nasim Tohidi and Rustam B. Rustamov",authors:[{id:"59174",title:"Dr.",name:"Rustam B.",middleName:null,surname:"Rustamov",slug:"rustam-b.-rustamov",fullName:"Rustam B. Rustamov"},{id:"317547",title:"Dr.",name:"Nasim",middleName:null,surname:"Tohidi",slug:"nasim-tohidi",fullName:"Nasim Tohidi"}]},{id:"67619",title:"Application of Topographic Analyses for Mapping Spatial Patterns of Soil Properties",slug:"application-of-topographic-analyses-for-mapping-spatial-patterns-of-soil-properties",totalDownloads:770,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"geospatial-analyses-of-earth-observation-eo-data",title:"Geospatial Analyses of Earth Observation (EO) data",fullTitle:"Geospatial Analyses of Earth Observation (EO) data"},signatures:"Xia Li and Gregory W. McCarty",authors:[{id:"55106",title:"Dr.",name:"Gregory",middleName:null,surname:"McCarty",slug:"gregory-mccarty",fullName:"Gregory McCarty"},{id:"286359",title:"Dr.",name:"Xia",middleName:null,surname:"Li",slug:"xia-li",fullName:"Xia Li"}]},{id:"70862",title:"Earth Observation Technologies: Low-End-Market Disruptive Innovation",slug:"earth-observation-technologies-low-end-market-disruptive-innovation",totalDownloads:397,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"satellites-missions-and-technologies-for-geosciences",title:"Satellites Missions and Technologies for Geosciences",fullTitle:"Satellites Missions and Technologies for Geosciences"},signatures:"Silvia Rodriguez-Donaire, Miquel Sureda, Daniel Garcia-Almiñana, Eloi Sierra, Jose S. Perez, Peter C.E. Roberts, Jonathan Becedas, Georg H. Herdrich, Dhiren Kataria, Ronald Outlaw, Leonardo Ghizoni, Rachel Villain, Alexis Conte, Badia Belkouchi, Kate Smith, Steve Edmondson, Sarah Haigh, Nicholas H. Crisp, Vitor T.A. Oiko, Rachel E. Lyons, Stephen D. Worral, Sabrina Livadiotti, Claire Huyton, Luciana A. Sinpetru, Rosa M. Domínguez, David González, Francesco Romano, Yung-An Chan, Adam Boxberger, Stefanos Fasoulas, Constantin Traub, Victor Jungnell, Kristian Bay, Jonas Morsbøl, Ameli Schwalber and Barbara Heißerer",authors:[{id:"29453",title:"Dr.",name:"Silvia",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Donaire",slug:"silvia-rodriguez-donaire",fullName:"Silvia Rodriguez-Donaire"},{id:"43527",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia-Almiñana",slug:"daniel-garcia-alminana",fullName:"Daniel Garcia-Almiñana"},{id:"213157",title:"Dr.",name:"Jonathan",middleName:null,surname:"Becedas",slug:"jonathan-becedas",fullName:"Jonathan Becedas"},{id:"213159",title:"MSc.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"González",slug:"david-gonzalez",fullName:"David González"},{id:"300754",title:"Dr.",name:"Miquel",middleName:null,surname:"Sureda",slug:"miquel-sureda",fullName:"Miquel Sureda"},{id:"300755",title:"Mr.",name:"Santiago",middleName:null,surname:"Perez",slug:"santiago-perez",fullName:"Santiago Perez"},{id:"301368",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Eloi",middleName:null,surname:"Sierra Salvadó",slug:"eloi-sierra-salvado",fullName:"Eloi Sierra Salvadó"},{id:"307268",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Roberts",slug:"peter-roberts",fullName:"Peter Roberts"},{id:"307269",title:"Dr.",name:"Georg",middleName:null,surname:"Herdrich",slug:"georg-herdrich",fullName:"Georg Herdrich"},{id:"307270",title:"Dr.",name:"Dhiren",middleName:null,surname:"Kataria",slug:"dhiren-kataria",fullName:"Dhiren Kataria"},{id:"307271",title:"Mr.",name:"Leonardo",middleName:null,surname:"Ghizoni",slug:"leonardo-ghizoni",fullName:"Leonardo Ghizoni"},{id:"307272",title:"Mr.",name:"Rachel",middleName:null,surname:"Villain",slug:"rachel-villain",fullName:"Rachel Villain"},{id:"307273",title:"Ms.",name:"Barbara",middleName:null,surname:"Heißerer",slug:"barbara-heisserer",fullName:"Barbara Heißerer"},{id:"307274",title:"Ms.",name:"Ameli",middleName:null,surname:"Schwalber",slug:"ameli-schwalber",fullName:"Ameli Schwalber"},{id:"307275",title:"Mr.",name:"Jonas",middleName:null,surname:"Morsbøl",slug:"jonas-morsbol",fullName:"Jonas Morsbøl"},{id:"307276",title:"Mr.",name:"Kristian",middleName:null,surname:"Bay",slug:"kristian-bay",fullName:"Kristian Bay"},{id:"307277",title:"Mr.",name:"Victor",middleName:null,surname:"Jungnell",slug:"victor-jungnell",fullName:"Victor Jungnell"},{id:"307278",title:"Dr.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Traub",slug:"constantin-traub",fullName:"Constantin Traub"},{id:"307279",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefanos",middleName:null,surname:"Fasoulas",slug:"stefanos-fasoulas",fullName:"Stefanos Fasoulas"},{id:"307281",title:"Dr.",name:"Adam",middleName:null,surname:"Boxberger",slug:"adam-boxberger",fullName:"Adam Boxberger"},{id:"307283",title:"Dr.",name:"Francesco",middleName:null,surname:"Romano",slug:"francesco-romano",fullName:"Francesco Romano"},{id:"307285",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicholas",middleName:null,surname:"Crisp",slug:"nicholas-crisp",fullName:"Nicholas Crisp"},{id:"307286",title:"Dr.",name:"Vitor",middleName:null,surname:"Oiko",slug:"vitor-oiko",fullName:"Vitor Oiko"},{id:"307415",title:"Mr.",name:"Alexis",middleName:null,surname:"Conte",slug:"alexis-conte",fullName:"Alexis Conte"},{id:"307417",title:"Ms.",name:"Badia",middleName:null,surname:"Belkouchi",slug:"badia-belkouchi",fullName:"Badia Belkouchi"},{id:"307419",title:"Dr.",name:"Steve",middleName:null,surname:"Edmondson",slug:"steve-edmondson",fullName:"Steve Edmondson"},{id:"307420",title:"Dr.",name:"Sarah",middleName:null,surname:"Haigh",slug:"sarah-haigh",fullName:"Sarah Haigh"},{id:"307421",title:"Ms.",name:"Kate",middleName:null,surname:"Smith",slug:"kate-smith",fullName:"Kate Smith"},{id:"307422",title:"Ms.",name:"Rachel",middleName:null,surname:"Lyons",slug:"rachel-lyons",fullName:"Rachel Lyons"},{id:"307423",title:"Dr.",name:"Stephen",middleName:null,surname:"Worrall",slug:"stephen-worrall",fullName:"Stephen Worrall"},{id:"307424",title:"Ms.",name:"Sabrina",middleName:null,surname:"Livadiotti",slug:"sabrina-livadiotti",fullName:"Sabrina Livadiotti"},{id:"307425",title:"Ms.",name:"Claire",middleName:null,surname:"Huyton",slug:"claire-huyton",fullName:"Claire Huyton"},{id:"307426",title:"Ms.",name:"Luciana",middleName:null,surname:"Sinpetru",slug:"luciana-sinpetru",fullName:"Luciana Sinpetru"},{id:"307428",title:"Ms.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Domínguez",slug:"rosa-maria-dominguez",fullName:"Rosa María Domínguez"},{id:"307430",title:"Dr.",name:"Yung-An",middleName:null,surname:"Chan",slug:"yung-an-chan",fullName:"Yung-An Chan"},{id:"307431",title:"Mr.",name:"Ron",middleName:null,surname:"Outlaw",slug:"ron-outlaw",fullName:"Ron Outlaw"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"spatial-analysis",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/176790/enio-nazare-oliveira-junior",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"176790",slug:"enio-nazare-oliveira-junior"},fullPath:"/profiles/176790/enio-nazare-oliveira-junior",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var m;(m=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(m)}()