\r\n\t
",isbn:"978-1-83968-727-3",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-726-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-728-0",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"625b869ee498e8ac2159ddaf9fb4a906",bookSignature:"Dr. Sonia Soloneski and Dr. Marcelo L. Larramendy",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10368.jpg",keywords:"Biomarkers, Safety Testing, Pesticides, Biomolecules, Medical Devices, Nanomaterials, Drugs, Radiation, Apoptosis, Autophagy, Cytotoxicity Testing, Standardized Procedures",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 7th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 5th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"December 4th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 22nd 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 23rd 2021",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"3 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"An Assistant Professor of Molecular Cell Biology at the National University of La Plata (Argentina) that authored more than 380 contributions in the field, including scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and research communications.",coeditorOneBiosketch:"Head of the Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics and Genotoxicology at the National University of La Plata (Argentina) and author of more than 450 contributions, including scientific publications, research communications, and conferences worldwide.A recipient of several national and international awards.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"14863",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia",middleName:null,surname:"Soloneski",slug:"sonia-soloneski",fullName:"Sonia Soloneski",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14863/images/system/14863.jpeg",biography:"Sonia Soloneski has a Ph.D. in Natural Sciences and is an Assistant Professor of Molecular Cell Biology at the School of Natural Sciences and Museum of La Plata, National University of La Plata, Argentina. She is a member of the National Scientific and Technological Research Council (CONICET) of Argentina in the genetic toxicology field, the Latin American Association of Environmental Mutagenesis, Teratogenesis, and Carcinogenesis (ALAMCTA), the Argentinean Society of Toxicology (ATA), the Argentinean Society of Genetics (SAG), the Argentinean Society of Biology (SAB), and the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC). She has authored more than 380 contributions in the field, including scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and research communications. She has served as a review member for more than 30 scientific international journals. She has been a plenary speaker in scientific conferences and a member of scientific committees. She is a specialist in issues related to genetic toxicology, mutagenesis, and ecotoxicology.",institutionString:"National University of La Plata",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"5",institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14764/images/system/14764.jpeg",biography:"Marcelo L. Larramendy, Ph.D., serves as a Professor of Molecular Cell Biology at the School of Natural Sciences and Museum (National University of La Plata, Argentina). He was appointed as Senior Researcher of the National Scientific and Technological Research Council of Argentina. He is a former member of the Executive Committee of the Latin American Association of Environmental Mutagenesis, Teratogenesis, and Carcinogenesis. He is the author of more than 450 contributions, including scientific publications, research communications, and conferences worldwide. He is the recipient of several national and international awards. Prof. Larramendy is a regular lecturer at the international A. Hollaender courses organized by the IAEMS and a former guest scientist at NIH (USA) and the University of Helsinki, (Finland). He is an expert in genetic toxicology and is, or has been, a referee for more than 20 international scientific journals. He was a member of the International Panel of Experts at the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC, WHO, Lyon, France) in 2015 for the evaluation of DDT, 2,4-D, and Lindane. Presently, Prof. Dr. Larramendy is Head of the Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics and Genotoxicology at the UNLP.",institutionString:"National University of La Plata",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"17",institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"6",title:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",slug:"biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"9699",firstName:"Iva",lastName:"Lipović",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/9699/images/4740_n.png",email:"iva.l@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"874",title:"Integrated Pest Management and Pest Control",subtitle:"Current and Future Tactics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f9bb193803d54978099900e0645e2637",slug:"integrated-pest-management-and-pest-control-current-and-future-tactics",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/874.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14863",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia",surname:"Soloneski",slug:"sonia-soloneski",fullName:"Sonia Soloneski"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3801",title:"Pesticides",subtitle:"Toxic Aspects",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e0e479dbebe7f25ae49495b3d6d22eb2",slug:"pesticides-toxic-aspects",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3801.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14863",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia",surname:"Soloneski",slug:"sonia-soloneski",fullName:"Sonia Soloneski"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2035",title:"Insecticides",subtitle:"Basic and Other Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a1a58545e043b9616c972a9eed86b0f1",slug:"insecticides-basic-and-other-applications",bookSignature:"Sonia Soloneski and Marcelo Larramendy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2035.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14863",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia",surname:"Soloneski",slug:"sonia-soloneski",fullName:"Sonia Soloneski"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3521",title:"Weed and Pest Control",subtitle:"Conventional and New Challenges",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"66ed4d91a67af8b180cb863d339021c1",slug:"weed-and-pest-control-conventional-and-new-challenges",bookSignature:"Sonia Soloneski and Marcelo Larramendy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3521.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14863",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia",surname:"Soloneski",slug:"sonia-soloneski",fullName:"Sonia Soloneski"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6644",title:"Emerging Pollutants",subtitle:"Some Strategies for the Quality Preservation of Our Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e03aeca8b09510ef11fcf3621a2a996",slug:"emerging-pollutants-some-strategies-for-the-quality-preservation-of-our-environment",bookSignature:"Sonia Soloneski and Marcelo L. Larramendy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6644.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14863",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia",surname:"Soloneski",slug:"sonia-soloneski",fullName:"Sonia Soloneski"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6694",title:"New Trends in Ion Exchange Studies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3de8c8b090fd8faa7c11ec5b387c486a",slug:"new-trends-in-ion-exchange-studies",bookSignature:"Selcan Karakuş",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6694.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"206110",title:"Dr.",name:"Selcan",surname:"Karakuş",slug:"selcan-karakus",fullName:"Selcan Karakuş"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"68011",title:"Introductory Chapter: Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease - What Should We Know?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88041",slug:"introductory-chapter-nonalcoholic-fatty-liver-disease-what-should-we-know-",body:'Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered a major challenge because of its prevalence, difficulties in diagnosis, complex pathogenesis, and lack of approved therapies. It will become the main cause of chronic liver disease in adults and children and the leading indication for liver transplantation (LT) in the next decades replacing hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection [1]. It is characterized by excessive hepatic fat accumulation, associated with insulin resistance (IR), where liver pathology shows steatosis in >5% of hepatocytes or a proton density fat fraction >5.6% assessed by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1HMRS) or quantitative fat/water selective magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) [2]. It represents a group of conditions ranging from simple asymptomatic liver steatosis (nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL)) (known by imaging or histology) to cirrhosis (nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) or cryptogenic), end stage liver disease (ESLD), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), passing through nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which is characterized by the presence of apoptosis, ballooning, inflammation, and fibrosis with the absence of secondary causes of hepatic fat accumulation such as significant alcohol consumption or viral infection [3]. In the majority of patients, NAFLD is commonly associated with metabolic comorbidities such as obesity, type 2 DM (T2DM), and dyslipidemia. So it became common after increased prevalence of these comorbidities [4].
Our book discusses some new topics related to NAFLD, where we divided it into four sectors: the first sector includes introductory chapter about NAFLD; the second sector contains experimental work related to the disease, while the third sector discusses diseases related to NAFLD; and finally the fourth sector includes a new noninvasive tool to diagnose NAFLD. The book gives hints regarding NAFLD prevalence, etiology, pathogenesis, pathology, diagnosis, and treatment.
This introductory chapter discusses the recent updated data on the prevalence, natural history, pathophysiology, pathology, diagnosis, and treatment of the disease.
NAFLD prevalence in general population ranges between 13.48 and 31.79% differing according to diagnostic method, age, sex, and ethnicity [5, 6], while NASH prevalence in the general population ranges between 1.5 and 6.45% [5]. It is a slowly progressive disease [7]. Patients with histological NASH, especially those with some degree of fibrosis, are at higher risk for disease progression and adverse outcomes such as decompensated cirrhosis, HCC, LT, or liver-related mortality [5, 8].
NAFLD is tightly associated with IR not only in the liver but also in muscle and adipose tissues and also with metabolic syndrome (MetS), defined as the cluster of any three of the following five features associated with IR: impaired fasting glucose (IFG) or T2DM, hypertriglyceridemia, low high-density lipoprotein (HDL), increased waist circumference (WC), and high blood pressure. So, the presence of MetS in any given patient should lead to an evaluation of the risk of NAFLD and vice versa [9].
A high-calorie diet, saturated fats, and a high fructose intake have been associated with obesity and NAFLD [10]. It is documented that visceral obesity is one of NASH predictors; it is associated with insulin resistance, oxidative stress, inflammatory cascade, and overflow of portal triglycerides [11, 12]. So, follow-up of the disease and its progression is mandatory in obese persons.
T2DM is associated with NAFLD severity, NASH development, advanced fibrosis, and HCC [13]. It is also related to IR, obesity, dyslipedemia, and elevated liver enzymes [14].
Recently, multiple parallel hits are responsible for NAFLD pathogenesis and progression (i.e., impaired mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) activity [15], depletion of mitochondrial glutathione [16, 17], hypoxia associated with impaired blood flow or obesity-related obstructive sleep apnea [18], dysregulated adipokine production [19], the effects of a high fructose diet [20], and rapid weight loss [21]).
However, hepatic iron is a source of oxidative stress and hepatocyte dysfunction; its role in NAFLD and NASH remains controversial [22].
Both animal and human studies support the concept that the hepatocellular injury in NAFL persons that lead to NASH is caused by overload of primary metabolic substrates (glucose, fructose, and fatty acids) in the liver, resulting in diversion of fatty acids into pathways that promote cellular injury and dysfunctional response to that injury [23, 24].
In human models and in the setting of established IR and a diet high in saturated fats, hepatic traffic of excess free fatty acids (FFA) induces hepatocyte injury via lipotoxicity, caused by oxidative stress through the generation of lipotoxic metabolites (such as ceramides, diacylglycerols, and lysophosphatidyl choline) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) [25]. However, in animal models, the oxidative stress that occurs in the setting of obesity-related IR and lipotoxicity is central to hepatocyte injury and is critical to the pathogenesis of NASH [26].
It is documented that lipotoxicity leads to hepatic cell injury and death, via apoptosis and/or necrosis, and this is an important driver of inflammation, NASH, and fibrosis [27, 28]. Oxidative stress is a major driver of hepatocyte senescence that represents a cellular stress response and an irreversible cell cycle arrest aimed to limit the proliferation of damaged cells and subsequent tumor development. Furthermore, senescent cells can mediate NAFLD progression via the active secretion of pro-inflammatory factors that affect the microenvironment, and this represents the adoption of a “senescence-associated secretory phenotype” (SASP) [26]. In NASH, the inflammatory response includes both the innate and adaptive immunity; the cascade begins with hepatocyte injury in the setting of IR and lipotoxicity and is propagated by cellular apoptosis, culminating with the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and ensuing fibrosis [26].
In short, the pathogenesis of NASH goes as follows: Hepatocytes are affected by lifestyle factors as a high saturated fatty acid (SFA) diet, obesity, IR, and hepatic steatosis; these multiple parallel metabolic hits lead to cellular damage, via a process called “lipotoxicity,” involving excessive oxidative stress principally driven by the lipotoxic metabolites of SFA. Injured hepatocytes release damage-associated metabolic patterns (DAMPs) that initiate an inflammatory response, predominantly via toll-like receptors (TLRs) and activate pro-inflammatory signaling pathways in the setting of increased adipokine levels. Furthermore, injured hepatocytes undergo necrosis, apoptosis, and senescence that have a great role in disease progression. Direct recruitment of Kupffer cells (KC) and other components of the innate immune response occurs with activation of the inflammasome and the coordinated release of pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrogenic cytokines and ligands (e.g., Hh, OPN). Also, KC promotes a pro-inflammatory microenvironment that initiates adaptive immune response. HSC are subsequently activated to produce extracellular matrix leading to progressive fibrosis, cirrhosis, and its complications (e.g., HCC). Engulfment of apoptotic bodies and factors produced by senescent cells (SASP) can also influence HSC activity directly [26].
NAFL encompasses (a) steatosis alone; (b) steatosis with lobular or portal inflammation, without ballooning; or (c) steatosis with ballooning but without inflammation. The diagnosis of NASH requires the joint presence of steatosis, ballooning, and lobular inflammation. So, liver biopsy is essential for its diagnosis [29]. Biopsy should give comment on steatosis severity (mild, moderate, or severe). Specific scoring systems such as NAFLD activity score (NAS) and/or steatosis activity fibrosis (SAF) may be appropriate. Moreover, the presence or absence of fibrosis should be described (stage 1 is zone 3 (perivenular or perisinusoidal fibrosis) or periportal fibrosis, stage 2 is both zone 3 and periportal fibrosis, stage 3 is bridging fibrosis with nodularity, and stage 4 is cirrhosis) [5]. Because of liver biopsy invasive nature, sampling errors, cost, and its related morbidity and mortality and noninvasive tools to detect NAFL and NASH were thoroughly studied and developed. They have the following advantages: (i) identification of the risk of NAFLD in people with high metabolic risk in primary care settings, (ii) identification of those with worse prognosis (i.e., severe NASH) in secondary and tertiary care settings, and (iii) disease progression and therapeutic response monitoring [2]. US, computed tomography (CT), and MRI are noninvasive diagnostic methods of moderate and severe steatosis, and they can provide additional hepatobiliary information; hence, they should be performed as first-line diagnostic tools for steatosis [2]. Moreover, MRI, either by spectroscopy (MRS) or by proton density fat fraction (PDFF), is a good noninvasive tool for quantifying steatosis [5]; furthermore, the best-validated steatosis scores are the fatty liver index (FLI) and the SteatoTest and the NAFLD liver fat score; they variably predict metabolic, hepatic, and cardiovascular outcomes [2]. Regarding NASH, clinical, biochemical, and imaging measures cannot distinguish it from steatosis. However, cytokeratin-18 fragments (CK-18), which are generated during cell death or apoptosis, have modest accuracy for the diagnosis of NASH (66% sensitivity, 82% specificity) [5, 30]. Clinical decision aids (e.g., NAFLD fibrosis score (NFS), FIB-4 index, aspartate aminotransferase [AST] to platelet ratio index [APRI]), serum biomarkers (enhanced liver fibrosis [ELF] panel, fibrometer, FibroTest, and Hepascore), or imaging (e.g., vibration controlled transient elastography (VCTE; FibroScan), MR elastography [MRE], acoustic radiation force impulse imaging, and supersonic shear wave elastography) are acceptable noninvasive procedures for the identification of cases with advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis; furthermore, their combination might confer additional diagnostic accuracy, and monitor disease progression, saving a number of diagnostic liver biopsies [5].
It is considered that NAFLD treatments are limited; as the pathogenesis of NASH (as discussed above) involves the complex interaction of cellular responses to chronic injury, furthermore, the development of the disease over many years cannot be easily repaired with short-term intervention (most updated studies have involved short-term treatment only); moreover, NAFLD is thought to be a heterogeneous disease [26]. The management of NAFLD should consist of treating liver disease as well as the associated metabolic comorbidities such as obesity, hyperlipidemia, IR, and T2DM [5].
NAFLD can be treated with lifestyle changes (i.e., healthy diet and habitual physical activity) as weight loss results in improvement of liver enzymes and histology (steatosis, hepatocyte ballooning, and necroinflammtion) and healthy diet improves IR; moreover, both aerobic exercise and resistance training reduce liver fat with no need for drug therapy if there is no NASH or fibrosis [31, 32]. However, successful treatment of NASH should improve outcomes, i.e., decrease NASH-related mortality, and reduce progression to cirrhosis or HCC [2]; this can be achieved with drug therapy that is indicated for progressive NASH (bridging fibrosis and cirrhosis), for early-stage NASH with increased risk of fibrosis progression (age > 50 years; diabetes, MetS, increased ALT) [33], and for active NASH with high necro-inflammatory activity [34].
The oxidative stress from lipotoxicity has a central role in disease progression, and therefore, the use of antioxidants and other approaches to limit this oxidative stress was considered. In some studies, vitamin E (800 IU/day) as an antioxidant improved steatosis, inflammation, and ballooning and induced resolution of NASH [35]. It may be used in non-cirrhotic nondiabetic NASH patients, but further studies are needed before making firm recommendations.
Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) has been investigated in several RCTs as a treatment for NASH at different doses for up to 2 years with some biochemical improvement without any histological effect [36, 37, 38]. Recently, a negative correlation was shown between the degree of coffee intake as antioxidant and fibrosis stage in NASH. However, the role of phlebotomy in management of NASH by decreasing hepatic iron overload and its oxidative stress effect is still controversial. On the other hand and despite being under study, newer approaches for managing NASH were developed (pentoxifylline, infliximab, NK inhibitors, STAT3 blockade, and anti-CD3 therapy); they aimed at affecting the intercellular mechanisms that have a role in the pathogenesis of NASH. Also, the use of specific medical therapies that are effective in patients with metabolic comorbidities (e.g., insulin sensitizing agents (pioglitazone), statins, angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors, and angiotensin-receptor blockers) has also been tried in patients with NASH with promising results [26].
Bariatric surgery decreases liver fat and NASH progression by treating obesity, IR, and diabetes; prospective data showed an improvement in histological NASH lesions, including fibrosis [39, 40, 41].
Lastly, LT is an accepted procedure in NASH patients with ESLD, liver failure, or HCC with comparable overall survival to other indications, despite a higher cardiovascular mortality [42, 43].
Finally, I think the book will give readers important knowledge regarding NAFLD.
The respiratory system consists of a series of organs responsible for performing a set of physical and chemical processes that aim to absorb the air oxygen (O2), essential for the oxidative phenomena that occur in the tissues, and the elimination of products resulting from these same oxidative phenomena, especially carbon dioxide (CO2) [1]. The airways begin in the nares or external nasal openings and end at the level of the terminal bronchi, already within the lungs. These airways include an upper respiratory tract (nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx, and larynx) and a lower respiratory tract (trachea and lung). This classification will be used to describe the respiratory disorders in this paper.
The development of effective health plans and the optimization of the use of drugs require an accurate diagnosis that assures that the treatment is addressed against the cause responsible for the pathological process. In this sense, diagnostic imaging is a useful tool based on noninvasive techniques that provide images for the correct diagnosis of the different disorders. Although there are a wide variety of diagnostic imaging techniques appropriate for the diagnosis of respiratory disorders, this article focusses only on infrared thermography and computed tomography. Others such as radiography or ultrasound are not described here because there is an extensive series of published papers on these techniques.
Infrared thermography is an innovative noninvasive tool that allows the remote measurement of the surface temperature of an animal. A thermal imaging camera captures and records the measurement and creates a color thermal image, where each color corresponds to a specified temperature [2]. A computer program, associated with the camera, allows measuring the temperature of each point in the image and thus compares the different areas. There are different patterns of colors that can be chosen; in our case we will use the pattern that associates cold temperatures with blue, turning to green, yellow, orange, red, and white as the temperature of the area rises. Colors are not directly associated with the degrees of temperature; simply, the coldest area of the image is related to the blue color and the hottest area to the white color, whatever those temperatures are.
These properties make it especially useful for diagnosing upper respiratory tract diseases, where the internal temperature of the affected structures in the nasal cavities and sinuses comes to modify the surface temperature of the face. The generated image allows comparison of the left and right side of the animal, detecting which side is affected and if it produces changes in the ventilation of the nostrils. In winter, the cold air that the sheep breathes cools down the nostrils, and the diagnosis of the different disorders that hinder the passage of air is straightforward; however, with external high temperatures, closer to body temperature, it is more difficult to detect these changes. Nevertheless, the immediacy and the current low prices of the thermal cameras make the use of thermography suitable as one of the first tests to be carried out to diagnose upper respiratory tract diseases in sheep.
Computed tomography, also known as CT scanner, is also based on the variable absorption of X-rays by different tissues. However, CT provides a different form of imaging known as cross-sectional imaging. Therefore, this system provides images that are similar to anatomical sections of the structure of the animal studied. Different computer programs associated with the scanner allow obtaining axial, sagittal, and coronal sections. Also, it is possible to make color three-dimensional reconstructions of the studied area and to be able to introduce or remove different densities, which is equivalent to being able to observe different structures. In the case of the respiratory system, these programs allow us to eliminate all the structures and only leave the image of the surface of the airways, which is equivalent to having the negative image of the respiratory tree. Currently, CT scanner is only used with research purposes or for complex diagnosis in sheep; however, it is very valuable to understand the different respiratory diseases and their pathogenesis and evolution.
This article shows comparative images obtained by CT scan and thermography with those taken later at the necropsies of the animals. More than 80 respiratory clinical cases affecting adult sheep received at the Ruminant Clinical Service of the Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza (SCRUM) have been studied using CT scan and thermography as imaging diagnostic tools. Subsequently, a postmortem examination was performed in all the cases. The final diagnosis was supported by histopathological, microbiological, and biomolecular analyses of the respiratory system of the studied animals.
To capture the images shown in this article, the used devices were the following:
Thermographic camera: FLIR E63900, T198547. Images were performed at the Ruminant Clinical Service of the Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, Spain.
Computed axial tomography: General Electric Healthcare. The CT scan model is: CT Brivo 325, General Electric. Images were performed at the Centro Clinico Veterinario of Zaragoza, Spain. The RadiAnt DICOM Viewer 4.6.9 program was used to analyze the images.
The upper airways provide an intricate space for filtration, tempering, and humidification of inspired air. There are a whole series of structures that can be affected by different pathological disorders. Dorsal, ventral, and medium turbinates and ethmoidal labyrinth are easily examined through thermography, this being of great relevance because there are several diseases that settle in these structures hindering or obstructing the passage of air.
Before starting with the description of the diseases that affect the upper respiratory tract, thermography and CT scan of these structures in a healthy animal will be shown. Therefore, the comparison between healthy and affected animals can be more easily understood.
In Figure 1, a zenith view of the head of a healthy sheep can be observed with air passing through the nostrils, cold in winter (Figure 1a) and warm in summer (Figure 1b). Figure 2 shows a cross section of the head at the level of the second molar, where the internal structure of the ventral and dorsal turbinates can be seen both at necropsy (Figure 2a) and with tomographic images with and without an Airways filter (Figure 2b and c). In Figure 3a sagittal cut of the head avoiding the nasal septum with the structures of all turbinates can be seen (Figure 3a–c). The spatial placement of the different airways within the bone structure of the skull is appreciated.
Zenith view of the head of a healthy ewe. (a) Picture of the ewe’s head and its thermographic image with symmetrical cooling of the nostrils with cold external temperature (cold colors = blue and green). (b) Ewe’s head picture and its thermography with symmetrical cooling of the nostrils with warm external temperature (warm colors = yellow and light green).
Nasal cavity of a healthy ewe. (a) Axial section of the head at the level of the second molar (dt dorsal turbinate, vt ventral turbinate, ns nasal septum). (b) CT axial view at maxillary sinus level (dt dorsal turbinate, vt ventral turbinate, ns nasal septum). (c) CT axial 3D view with airways filter. Surfaces view delimiting the air ducts or nasal meatus (cnm—common nasal meatus, dnm—dorsal nasal meatus, mnm—medium nasal meatus, vnm—ventral nasal meatus).
CT 3D sagittal views of a healthy ewe. (a) Sagittal cut of the head avoiding the nasal septum. The structures of all turbinates (dt dorsal turbinate, mt medium turbinate, vt ventral turbinate, and el ethmoidal labyrinth) are highlighted. (b) The same cut as 3a with airways filter to show the areas with air (blue). (c) Sagittal section with filter for airways (blue) and bone (green). The spatial placement of the different airways within the bone structure of the skull is appreciated.
Paranasal sinuses (maxillary, frontal, and lacrimal) and nasal septum have less diagnostic importance due to their low frequency of injury. Figure 4 shows an axial section of the head at the level of the ethmoidal turbinate where the lacrimal paranasal sinuses can be seen (Figure 4a and b). Sporadically, alterations of the pharynx and larynx are diagnosed.
Ethmoidal turbinate of a healthy ewe. (a) CT axial view of the head at ethmoidal turbinate level. (b) CT axial 3D view with airways filter. View of the aerial surfaces of the ethmoidal sinuses (es) and the paranasal lacrimal sinus (pls).
Below we will explain the different disorders that affect the upper respiratory tract in sheep and how imaging techniques can help in their diagnosis.
Chronic proliferative rhinitis (CPR) is an upper respiratory tract disease of sheep associated with Salmonella enterica subsp. diarizonae serovar 61:k:1,5,(7) (SED) which was described for the first time in the United States in 1992 [3] and, subsequently, in Spain [4, 5], again in the United States [6] and Switzerland [7]. In addition, it has also been diagnosed in the United Kingdom and Brazil (personal communications).
SED is a saprophytic microorganism in sheep; however, when this bacterium becomes intracellular, it produces an intense inflammatory reaction in the ventral turbinate, giving rise to the classical clinical signs of the disease [5]. This fatal prognosis disease causes loss of weight, no fever, snoring, seromucous nasal secretion, and nasal deformation. It can be unilateral or bilateral and regional lymph nodes are usually enlarged. Over time, these signs get worse, and, sometimes, it is possible to see inflammatory proliferative tissue at the nares [4, 5, 7]. Further, the inadequate flow of air in affected animals provides a better situation for opportunistic bacteria that lead to secondary pulmonary diseases that usually are responsible for the final death of the animals [5].
At postmortem examination, the ventral turbinates are presented swollen with a roughened surface (Figure 5a). The section of the turbinate shows a proliferative tissue that is usually composed of multiple small white or yellow polypoid structures covered by mucus, although, sometimes, only a thickening of the mucosa can be observed [4]. Occasionally, the dorsal and medium turbinates may also be affected [8].
Chronic proliferative rhinitis. (a) Sagittal cut of the head avoiding nasal septum. Enlarged ventral turbinate (vt) is appreciated. (b) Thermography of the right size of a CPR-affected sheep with a relevant increase in temperature in the swollen area.
Thermographic images of CPR cases detect high temperatures (white and red colors) in the nostril area corresponding to the swollen ventral turbinate, and the difficulty of ventilation of the nasal cavity can also be observed (Figure 5b).
Computed tomography enables to obtain a clear image of the damaged tissue and the different stages of development of the disease (Figure 6). It also shows the increase in size of swollen turbinates and the bone destruction in more advanced cases. Axial slides show uni- or bilateral lesions, while sagittal slides detect affected turbinates, generally the ventral and less frequently the dorsal (Figure 6a–d).
Chronic proliferative rhinitis. (a) CT axial view of the head with bilateral CPR, predominantly on the right side. Gray masses (*) are the swollen turbinates. (b) CT sagittal view of the head in right nasal turbinate. Ventral turbinate (vt) increased in size is appreciated. (c) CT axial 3D view with airways filter. Black spaces of the nasal cavity (+) are swollen, airless masses. (d) CT sagittal 3D view with airways filter. The large black surface (+) represents the swollen mass of CPR.
Enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma (ENA) is a contagious tumor of the ethmoid turbinate mucosa caused by a betaretrovirus known as enzootic nasal tumor virus 1 (ENTV-1), which only affects sheep [9]. Goats can also be affected by an enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma which is caused by an enzootic nasal tumor virus of goats (ENTV-2) [9, 10]. It is a contagious chronic disease of the upper airways that has been described in farms all over the world, except in New Zealand and Australia [9].
ENA prevalence in the affected flock is variable, ranging from 0.1 to 15% [9]. Preferentially, the virus affects young adults, and several cases are usually observed in the same flock. No genetic, breed, or sex predisposition has been observed [9, 11, 12, 13].
The most recognizable clinical sign of ENA is the unilateral serous nasal discharge that leads to a “washed nose” appearance, which is caused by the depilation of the area due to the continuous discharge. In advanced cases, the disease shows characteristic clinical signs such as snoring, coughing, and head shaking together with exophthalmos and softening and deformation of the skull bones (mainly frontal and maxillary) that can lead to the presentation of a skin fistula. Body condition is gradually lost, and animals eventually die due to bacterial complication of the tumor which ends with pneumonia or septicemia [9].
At necropsy, tumors are found in the nasal cavity arising from the ethmoidal mucosa and effacing the normal architecture of the ethmoidal conchae. Tumors are soft, gray, or reddish-white in color with a fine granular surface and covered with mucus (Figure 7a).
Enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma (ENA). (a) Postmortem findings of ENA with polyps (*) affecting the ethmoidal turbinate. (b) Thermography. Warmer area in the right side that matches the location of the tumor. (c) CT 3D view with soft tissue removal: skull with ENA and great bone rarefaction. The lithic process causing some holes in the nasal and lacrimal bones is shown.
In ENA cases, the thermography shows reddish or even white colors in the posterior segment of the nose, matching the hottest areas (white color) with the ethmoidal bone, where the ENA is located (Figure 7b). The nasal cavity presents also a red color because, due to the obstruction provoked by the tumor, air cooling the area cannot pass through the nose. In the case of fistulizing and pouring liquid through the hole, the wet area can present colder tones (green, yellow) due to the evaporation of this liquid.
The CT scan of ENA cases shows the destruction of the ethmoidal bone, the lithic curse of the nasal bone, and the soft tissues growing, sometimes with polyps in the distal part of the lesion (Figure 8), even before the nasal bone is destroyed and the face deformed (Figure 7c).
Enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma. CT axial and sagittal view of an ENA in the right side of the skull (red circles).
Oestrosis is a worldwide cavitary myiasis caused by the larvae of the fly Oestrus ovis (Linnaeus 1761, Diptera, Oestridae) that develops from the first- to the third-stage larvae, which are obligate parasites of the nasal and sinus cavities of sheep and goats [14, 15]. In areas with semiarid climatic conditions, as in the Mediterranean countries, oestrosis is the most important upper respiratory tract disease from a clinical and economic point of view [16].
Oestrosis is a collective disease with a high prevalence in which clinical signs have a seasonal variation, being more severe during hot and dry periods [15, 17]. The larvae produce chronic inflammatory rhinitis, and the affected animals present mucus, purulent, or even hemorrhagic nasal discharge [16, 18, 19]. Inspiratory dyspnea, frequent sneezing, head shaking, and emaciation are clinical signs that often accompany the mucopurulent nasal discharge [14, 15].
For the diagnosis of this disease, thermal images are not used unless the parasitation is very severe. CT images are only useful in the final stage of the larvae (L3). Tomographic pictures show the secretions, the swollen tissues of the turbinates, and even the segments of the larvae (Figure 9a–c), but its clinical use is not justified in this disease.
Oestrosis. (a) CT axial view of a sheep head affected by oestrosis. A larva cut crosswise between the ventral and dorsal turbinate is shown. Another small larva in the dorsal turbinate and mucus in the common nasal meatus is appreciated (red circle). (b) CT sagittal view with the presence of a crosswise cut larva in the cranial area of the ventral turbinate (red circle). (c) CT 3D view with airways filter. This technique shows the larvae-occupied areas and the mucus as black airless areas (white arrows).
As in other body areas, bacterial abscesses can be found inside the nasal cavity, causing distress and respiratory disorders [20, 21, 22]. These abscesses can even lead to facial deformation and fistulization (Figure 10a).
Intranasal abscess. (a) Postmortem findings of a circular abscess in nasal septum (red arrow) with a fistula draining into the common nasal meatus (blue arrow) are shown. (b) Thermography. A warmer area (whiter crossed zone) is seen in the projection of the abscess than in the surrounding tissues.
In thermographic images high temperatures (red and white colors) can be observed on the affected area (Figure 10b). Although the thermal camera will only provide useful images if the abscess is attached to the surface or if bone rarefaction has occurred. Nevertheless, CT delivers valuable images of abscess location, size, and content; likewise, the damage to the different surrounding tissues and the invasion to the nearby areas can be observed (Figure 11).
Intranasal abscess. (a) CT sagittal 3D view of a head with an intranasal abscess located in the nasal septum. An abscess full of air in the upper area and pus in the lower area is shown (red circle). (b) CT axial view of the same abscess (white arrow). (c) CT 3D view with airways filter. This technique shows a flat-bottomed bubble generated by emptying the part of the pus from the abscess through the fistula (white arrow).
Generally, primary sinusitis is caused by an upper respiratory tract infection of the paranasal sinuses, and secondary sinusitis is caused by a tooth root infection [23]; however, frontal sinusitis can be caused by an upper respiratory tract infection or by the breaking of a horn or an inappropriate dehorning [24, 25].
There is a close relationship of the maxillary posterior teeth to the maxillary sinus, so a periapical dental infection or the breaking of a tooth can cause a secondary infection of this sinus [26]. Also, inflammation and swelling in the nasal mucosa from a viral or bacterial infection could obstruct the nasomaxillary opening, blocking sinus drainage and predisposing to a sinusitis [23].
In sheep, there are a huge range of possible etiologies that can cause sinusitis: mycosis, such as those produced by Conidiobolus sp., as it has been described in sheep in Brazil and Uruguay causing necrotic sinusitis [27]; or due to the action of Oestrus ovis larvae [15, 28]; or by a wide variety of bacterial agents [23, 29].
The thermographic camera captures the focal heat that reaches the outside (Figure 12), since the sinuses are close to the surface of the animal’s face. Using CT scan, the modification of the different structures, dental problems, or horn disorders can be studied (Figure 13).
Maxillary sinusitis. (a) Bone rarefaction without fistulization (black arrow). (b) Thermography. Warmer area (white) compared to a normal point in the center of the image (white cross).
Maxillary sinusitis. (a) CT axial view with purulent material accumulation in palatine and maxillary sinus (*) which causes ventral turbinate and face deformation. No tooth pathology was found. (b) CT 3D view. Bone rarefaction without fistulization (white arrow).
The respiratory processes of the pharynx and larynx are scarcely diagnosed in sheep. Cases of pharyngeal abscess [22] or sarcocystis infestation in the larynx, causing laryngeal hemiplegia [30], have been reported but always as individual cases of very low prevalence. Further, laryngeal chondritis has been widely described in Texel and Southdown breeds in the UK and leads to breathing problems, with swelling and discharges in the larynx [31], but it has never been diagnosed in Spanish breeds.
Caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) is a common disease in sheep affecting lymph nodes. If Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, the etiological agent, infects the retropharyngeal or submandibular lymph nodes, these can press the pharynx and larynx producing deformation and respiratory distress [22].
Thermographic and tomographic images will not have a fixed pattern, depending on the affected structures. CT images contribute to clarify how the abscess is and in what structure the pressure causing respiratory distress is being produced (Figure 14).
Eight centimeter diameter larynx abscess caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. (a) Postmortem findings show a large abscess in pharyngeal area. (b) CT 3D view. Spatial location of the abscess in relation to pharynx and larynx. (c) CT axial view. Compression of larynx cartilage (red circle). (d) CT sagittal view. Pressure on the larynx and contact with the veil of the palate (red circle).
The trachea is a non-collapsible and about 25 cm long tube formed by incomplete 48–60 cartilaginous rings in the sheep and the goat (Figure 15). In sheep, the cross-sectional outline of the trachea differs from one region to another. In the larynx region, the outline is round, but with a low dorsal crest, whereas the middle-third of the trachea is U-shaped, as in the goat.
CT 3D view with airways filter. Trachea of a healthy animal with a depression caused by a tracheotomy (white arrow) performed a few hours before the CT scan and a small trace of extravasated air (yellow arrow).
The lungs are the respiratory organs responsible for performing several functions; the gas exchange is the most important. They are also accountable for the elimination of foreign bodies carried by air through the mucociliary clearance and alveolar macrophages, and finally, the lungs also perform metabolic and endocrine functions, activating the inactive prohormones or protecting the organism from potentially toxic vasoactive substances [32]. Each lung occupies a pleural cavity (pleural sacs), and between them lays the mediastinum, a complex area that divides the thorax into two symmetrical halves [33]. In sheep, respiratory diseases are the main described disorders, producing high morbidity and mortality [34].
In a healthy sheep, the lungs take the shape of a half cone, with an apex at the upper part and an oblique base applied against the diaphragm (diaphragmatic face) (Figure 16a). Their lobulation does not exactly coincide with the large appreciable fissures in the pulmonary surface and follows the division of the trachea in the lobular bronchi. Both lungs have a cranial lobe (apical) and a caudal lobe (diaphragmatic), respectively, ventilated by a cranial and caudal bronchus. In addition, the right lung has a middle lobe and an accessory lobe, ventilated each with its corresponding bronchus. The right cranial bronchus in ruminants rises directly from the trachea, and the accessory lobe is mainly attached to the middle lobe rather than to the caudal lobe as in other mammals [35]. Dorsal and ventral CT 3D images with Airways filter and dorsal and ventral view of a silicon mold of the lung are shown in Figure 16b–e.
(a) Healthy lung. (b and d) Dorsal and ventral CT 3D images with airways filter. (c and e) Dorsal and ventral view of a silicon mold of the lung.
The main lower respiratory tract disorders will be detailed here below taking into account the tomographic support in its diagnosis.
In intensive and semi-intensive production systems, tracheal crushing (Figure 17a) is a common disorder [35]. It seems clearly influenced by age, and recent surveys associate these lesions with management patterns when feeding animals. It is supposed that the type of feeders used during the periods of confinement can result in a key point to avoid this injury [35]. Some works relate this disorder to a worsening of animal welfare [36]. In addition, it has also been observed that these animals that presented tracheal crushing had a greater predisposition to suffer lower respiratory tract diseases [37].
Tracheal crushing. (a) Necropsy shows the trachea with different flattened rings. (b) CT 3D view with bones and skin 3 filter. Tracheal lumen view with obvious deformations. (c) CT sagittal view. Severe deformation of tracheal rings (yellow line area). (d) CT axial view. Crushed tracheal ring with deformation in ventral area (white arrow).
CT images allow assessing the lumen of the trachea and locating the injured tracheal rings, visualizing the internal surface of this airway (Figure 17b–d).
Verminous pneumonia is caused by the mechanical and irritant action of parasitic nematodes, belonging to the order of Strongylida. Sheep is host to several lungworm nematode species of the families Dictyocaulidae (Trichostrongyloidea) and Protostrongylidae (Metastrongyloidea) that induce verminous pneumonia, also called dictyocaulosis and protostrongylidosis. Dictyocaulus filaria, a thin white trichostrongylid-like nematode up to 10 cm long, is the largest sheep lungworm and affects caudal and diaphragmatic lung lobes. The most common protostrongylid species found in sheep are Muellerius capillaris, Protostrongylus rufescens, Protostrongylus brevispiculum, Cystocaulus ocreatus, and Neostrongylus linearis [38], which produce nodular pneumonic areas in the dorsal part of the lung.
Although, in endemic areas, lambs may show cough and unthriftiness during the first grazing season, in adults, clinical signs of pneumonia or other respiratory symptoms have rarely been observed, being pathological findings identified only at necropsy. Thus, two different types of subpleural nodules can be found: the verminous nodules containing a single worm that may be calcified and the breeding nodules, ranging from less than 1 mm to several centimeters in diameter, non-calcified, and containing mature reproducing adults and larvae. These nodules can be macroscopically observed as hard, slightly prominent, and greenish-gray due to the infiltration of eosinophils [39] (Figure 18a).
Verminous pneumonia. (a) Pathological findings of a lung affected with verminous pneumonia, especially appreciated on the right side (yellow arrows). (b) CT sagittal view of the right lung with higher density whitish nodules in the dorsal area (yellow arrows). (c) CT 3D sagittal view of the right lung. The gaps in the dorsal area correspond to the consolidated areas of the lung (yellow arrows). (d) CT 3D sagittal view with airways filter. Black areas (yellow arrows) show the location of the nodules.
In the case of dictyocaulosis, computed tomography images show an increased thickness of the caudal and diaphragmatic areas of the lung, whereas in protostrongylidosis, nodular pneumonic areas located in the dorsal part of the lung can be observed (Figure 18b–d).
The lungs are continuously exposed to air that contains dust, bacteria, fungi, viruses, and various noxious agents [40, 41], favoring the development of different diseases, including abscesses. These abscesses are often caused following previous lung damage, secondary to other lung injuries, or may follow an embolic spread from another focus of infection [42].
Abscess is a necrotizing lesion characterized by a pus-filled cavity that is encapsulated by fibrous tissue [43] that can be located anywhere in the lung, such as pleura and lung parenchyma (Figure 19a), or even in regional lymph nodes, as mediastinal lymph nodes.
Lung abscess. (a) Postmortem findings with large-size abscesses in both lungs. (b) CT axial view with whitish abscesses on both sides of the mediastinum (*). (c) CT sagittal view of the right lung with a large-size abscess in caudal lobe contacting the diaphragm (red-dashed line). (d) CT 3D image where bronchial division is shown until it disappears into the abscess.
There are a great variety of bacteria that can cause lung abscesses, such as Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, Trueperella pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Fusobacterium necrophorum, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, etc. [40, 44, 45].
Computed tomography provides a specific image of the abscesses, their location (Figure 19b and c), and injured tissues involved in the disease (Figure 19d) as well as non-air flow pulmonary parenchyma. Frequently, an enhanced area around the abscess and mineralization within the abscess due to caseous necrosis, especially in the case of C. pseudotuberculosis infection, can be observed.
As ovine respiratory complex (ORC) in lambs, in adults, ORC is a complex disease involving a range of host-pathogen-environment interactions, where host immunological and physiological mechanisms interact with multiple etiological agents including bacteria, plus environmental factors or stressors [46]. There are three clinical presentation forms of the disease: hyperacute or peracute, characterized by sudden deaths due to septicemia; acute and subacute forms, with the classical clinical signs of a pneumonic process, whose severity will vary depending on the degree of lung consolidation; and chronic pneumonia with mild or unapparent clinical signs and fibrous tissue increasing the severity of consolidation [46].
Several infectious agents have been associated with ORC: Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, Bibersteinia trehalosi, and Mycoplasma sp., which usually are found mixed in the isolates with more than one bacteria species implicated [47]. Moreover, most of these bacteria exist as commensal organisms of the nasopharynx, tonsil, and lungs of healthy sheep and under certain circumstances are able to produce disease [48].
Computed tomography images reveal a good view of the injured areas. Collapsed lung areas are more opaque and whitish, while healthy tissue remains the typical gray color of a lung full of air. It is interesting to highlight that air usually remains inside the thickest bronchia even when they are surrounded by pneumonic tissue (Figure 20a and b) and that the affected tissue usually occupies the cranioventral parts of the lung (Figure 20c and d). With the computer programme associated with the CT scanner, it is possible to measure the affected area of the lung, and based on this measurement, the progression of the disease can be followed.
Ovine respiratory complex. (a) CT axial view. Consolidation (red-dashed line) on the ventral area is appreciated, but the air remains inside the thickest bronchia (black arrow). (b) CT 3D view with airways filter. It is appreciated how the air disappears in the affected lobes, but it is kept inside the main bronchi (white arrow). (c) CT sagittal view of the right lung with iodine contrast. The peripheral area next to the heart (h) is affected and no air is found (white). (d) CT 3D image with iodine contrast and bones and skin 3 filter. It is appreciated that the air (blue) does not reach the cranioventral thoracic area (*). (h): Heart in red with its vessels.
Gangrenous pneumonia is a pulmonary infection commonly caused by inhalation of foreign materials, which produce inflammation and necrosis of the lung parenchyma. This is the reason why this pneumonia is also known as foreign body pneumonia, aspiration pneumonia, or necrotizing pneumonia [46, 49]. The aspirated material is usually inspired into the anteroventral lobes of the lung where it produces a moderate to severe, peracute or subacute, necrotizing bronchopneumonia, depending on the composition of the inhaled material, the microorganisms involved, and the host response [46].
Aspiration of foreign material into the lung can be due to a range of causes such as rumen content during choking or when the animal is under general anesthesia, the presence of a megaesophagus, after an inappropriately oral administration of treatments, or even as a result of another respiratory disorder that hinders breathing [20, 46, 49, 50, 51, 52].
Foreign bodies carry environmental bacteria that, when they reach the lungs, produce pulmonary necrosis foci with an accumulation of a foul-smelling exudate that sometimes could also be present in the main bronchus and trachea (Figure 21a), which generates a bad smell of exhaled air that is a clear clinical sign of these diseases [46].
Gangrenous pneumonia. (a) Pathological findings of a necrotizing bronchopneumonia and enlargement of the mediastinal lymph node (*). (b) CT axial view. Caverns full of air and purulent or necrotic material, more abundant on the right lung, and typical concentric layers of caseous lymphadenitis in the mediastinal lymph node (*). (c) CT sagittal view of the right lung where the big caverns are shown. (d) CT 3D view with airways filter. Air in the dorsal area and inside the multiple caverns is appreciated, with no air in the consolidated ventral area.
Computed tomography images show necrotic tissue (dark or black) with diffused edges. In the injured area, necrotic content caves are present (Figure 21b and c), which can reach a large size, disappearing the lung structure as the size of the necrotic areas progresses (Figure 21d).
Pulmonary affection is the most severe and widespread disease form caused by small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) in sheep. Although lentiviral infection can produce different clinical presentations in sheep and goats, in this article, only pulmonary lentivirus infection will be discussed.
This disease, formerly referred to as Maedi-Visna disease, is widespread in most of the countries in the world [53, 54] and generally affects adult animals. The respiratory form appears in an insidious and prolonged way, and animals show dyspnea, an increased respiratory rate, weakness, and loss of weight. If the case is uncomplicated, no cough, nasal discharge, or fever is observed. Pathological findings show an increased-size lung, both in volume and weight, and a general grayish discoloration with a myriad of gray dots in the pleural surface (Figure 22a). Mediastinal lymph nodes are increased in size, surpassing the limit of the diaphragmatic lobes [55].
Pulmonary lentivirus infection. (a) Increased-size lung with a general grayish discoloration and a myriad of gray dots in pleural surface. (b) CT axial view. Homogeneous light gray pulmonary parenchyma. (c) CT sagittal view of the right lung with the same homogeneous light gray parenchyma. (d) CT 3D view with airways filter. Less air is seen throughout the lung, except in the cranial and caudal area.
The widespread interstitial pneumonia caused by Maedi-Visna virus (VMV) creates enormous in vivo diagnostic difficulties due to the absence of clear clinical signs and the only presence of diffuse dyspnea that can be very confusing. For this reason, imaging techniques will be very useful tools for diagnosing this disease.
Computed tomography scanner provides a detailed image of the lesion, highlighting the increased opacity in all the parenchyma associated with the interstitial pneumonia caused by VMV (Figure 22b and c). The Airways filter allows us to see a lung with little amount of air in a generalized way (Figure 22d).
Pulmonary lentivirus infection is the disease generally associated with chronic, progressive, and diffuse interstitial pneumonia, as it is confirmed by most of the cases found in our daily clinical work; however, there are other interstitial pneumonias affecting adult sheep, such as those caused by Mycoplasma sp. Although sometimes it is not possible to distinguish these two types of interstitial pneumonia macroscopically, the CT scan let us detect some cases that were not of a diffuse type but had a zonal pattern.
The clinical case presented in this section is of a zonal pattern, and, once the histopathology and microbiology was carried out, it was associated with the presence of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae. Externally, the lung presented an interstitial pneumonia with a bicolor pattern, with some areas more reddened than others (Figure 23a).
Interstitial pneumonia associated with Mycoplasma sp. (a) Increased-size bicolor nonhomogeneous lung. (b) CT axial view. Homogeneous light gray pulmonary parenchyma in the ventral area and darker in the dorsal area are observed. (c) CT sagittal view with a similar pattern to that shown in (b). (d) CT 3D view with airways filter. The completely lack of air in the dorsal area is shown.
CT scan showed lighter areas in its axial and sagittal section, located mainly in the ventral zone, and darker areas in the dorsal zone, with an intermediate area of combination of both (Figure 23b and c). CT 3D view with Airways filter showed an almost total lack of air in the dorsal area of the lung (Figure 23d).
Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA) is a contagious lung neoplasm of sheep caused by Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JRSV). This disease has been reported in many of the sheep-rearing countries worldwide, being an important economic problem in the affected regions [56, 57, 58].
JSRV induces neoplastic transformation of alveolar and bronchiolar secretory epithelial cells of the distal respiratory tract, developing a tumor that can grow to occupy a significant portion of the lung [58, 59, 60].
OPA is considered as an “iceberg disease” because in OPA endemic-affected herds, the majority of animals of the flock are infected (up to 80%), but only a minority develops tumors during its productive life [58, 61, 62]. There are two pathologic forms of OPA currently recognized: classical and atypical [59].
The affected animals initially show less activity and delay in walking of the flock, followed by progressive respiratory distress, with an evidence of dyspnea and moist respiratory sounds, such as crackles and snoring, caused by the accumulation of fluid in the respiratory airways, which worsen with the increasing size of the lesions. In the final stages of the disease, variable amounts of frothy seromucous fluid are discharged from the nostrils when the sheep head is lowered [58, 59, 63]. At necropsy, neoplastic lesions are diffuse or nodular and gray or purple in color and have an increased consistency [58] (Figure 24a).
Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma. (a) Grayish cranioventral areas and satellite nodules of the tumor. (b) CT axial view. Grayish pulmonary parenchyma with white spots (metastasis) in the dorsal area and homogeneous clear white in the ventral area (main tumor) are shown. (c) CT sagittal view of the same lung with the same pattern as (b). (d) CT 3D view with airways filter. Air is appreciated in the back-caudal area, decreasing towards cranial and disappearing into the cranioventral area where main tumor mass is located. Multiple air rings can be seen surrounding the foci of metastasis.
Computed tomography scan delivers a clear image of the primary tumor and of the satellite nodules that are generated in the metastasis phase (Figure 24b and c). Serial scanners over time allow obtaining information on the evolution of the tumor or the possible regression after its experimental treatment.
The 3D view with Airways filter shows a total absence of air in the tumor mass and, dorsally, foci of different sizes (metastasis) also without air. These lesions are usually seen surrounded by a halo with more air than normal (Figure 24d).
Lung atelectasis can occur due to compression of lung tissue, absorption of alveolar air, or impaired pulmonary surfactant production or function [64]. Atelectasis by compression is what interests us from the point of view of imaging diagnosis, because with this technology, we can diagnose the cause of compression and the place where the pressures occur.
Compression atelectasis is secondary to increased pressure exerted on the lung causing the alveoli to collapse [64], and some disorders that can cause this compression atelectasis are tumors, such as mediastinal lymphosarcomas as described in horses [65] or mediastinal thymoma as described in goats [66]. The case here presented in Figure 25 is a large thymoma diagnosed in an adult ewe (Figure 25a). CT views show how the heart was displaced by the tumor to the back right side and atelectatic areas with less air near the dorsal costal wall (Figure 25b–d).
Compression atelectasis. (a) Large-size thymoma (*) causing lung atelectasis, especially in the right side (white arrow). (b) CT axial view. The heart has been displaced by the tumor to the back right side (h). Near the costal wall, atelectatic areas with less air can be seen (white arrows). (c) CT 3D sagittal view, right side. Thymoma (t and yellow line) and heart (h and red line) are shown. (d) CT 3D view with bones and skin 2 filter. Air is appreciated in the back-caudal area, behind the heart (yellow triangle).
Likewise, abscesses or pyogranulomas located in mediastinal lymph nodes or thoracic cavity, such as those of caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, can produce severe compression atelectasis (Figure 26a and b). The visceral form of CLA commonly causes lesions in the mediastinal lymph nodes and lung parenchyma, producing severe respiratory clinical signs [67]. In a study carried out in our service on 123 culled sheep, 32% of the animals had CLA lesions, of which 70% had the visceral form of the disease, with 80.9% having lesions in the thoracic cavity [46]. In Figure 26c and d, CT 3D views show the location and size of the affected lymph nodes and a small area of atelectasis without air. Lastly, compression atelectasis can be also caused by pleural abscesses, diaphragmatic hernias, megaesophagus, or even prolonged decubitus [51, 68].
Compression atelectasis. (a) Caseous lymphadenitis affecting mediastinal lymph node causing lung atelectasis in mediastinal and costal side (yellow arrows). (b) Lung atelectasis (a) in contact area with affected lymph nodes. (c) CT 3D view where the location and size of the affected lymph nodes can be seen (red circle). (d) CT coronal view, where it highlighted (white arrow) a small area of atelectasis without air.
CT scan is a very suitable tool to find the cause, the situation, and the size of compression; however, it is difficult to visualize the thin layer of atelectatic tissue that can be produced next to the pressing mass or in the projection on the rib area.
The health of a flock is based on a proper diagnosis of the main disorders that affect the farm. Imaging tools have improved the diagnostic process and are essential today.
Thermography has become a useful and inexpensive tool for approaching the diagnosis of upper respiratory tract diseases. However, the use of computed tomography is more expensive and specific, reserving for the detection of important herd problems that justify its expense. It is also necessary in the investigation and monitoring of processes or treatments that have not been proven. This tool helps in an interesting way to understand the pathogenesis and lesional location since we can study the different structures and the interrelation between them in the original position.
The diagnosis of respiratory disorders in ruminants has evolved significantly thanks to the application of different imaging diagnostic techniques, detecting some diseases that until recently were little known.
We would like to thank the collaboration of veterinarians and farmers who send their interesting clinical cases to the Ruminant Clinical Service of the Veterinary Hospital (SCRUM). In addition, we would like to acknowledge the use of Servicio General de Apoyo a la Investigación-SAI, Universidad de Zaragoza.
This study was supported by the Aragón Government and the European Social Fund (Construyendo Aragón 2016–2020).
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Authors are listed below with their open access chapters linked via author name:
",metaTitle:"IntechOpen authors on the Global Highly Cited Researchers 2018 list",metaDescription:null,metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:null,contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"New for 2018 (alphabetically by surname).
\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\nJocelyn Chanussot (chapter to be published soon...)
\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\nYuekun Lai
\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\nPrevious years (alphabetically by surname)
\\n\\nAbdul Latif Ahmad 2016-18
\\n\\nKhalil Amine 2017, 2018
\\n\\nEwan Birney 2015-18
\\n\\nFrede Blaabjerg 2015-18
\\n\\nGang Chen 2016-18
\\n\\nJunhong Chen 2017, 2018
\\n\\nZhigang Chen 2016, 2018
\\n\\nMyung-Haing Cho 2016, 2018
\\n\\nMark Connors 2015-18
\\n\\nCyrus Cooper 2017, 2018
\\n\\nLiming Dai 2015-18
\\n\\nWeihua Deng 2017, 2018
\\n\\nVincenzo Fogliano 2017, 2018
\\n\\nRon de Graaf 2014-18
\\n\\nHarald Haas 2017, 2018
\\n\\nFrancisco Herrera 2017, 2018
\\n\\nJaakko Kangasjärvi 2015-18
\\n\\nHamid Reza Karimi 2016-18
\\n\\nJunji Kido 2014-18
\\n\\nJose Luiszamorano 2015-18
\\n\\nYiqi Luo 2016-18
\\n\\nJoachim Maier 2014-18
\\n\\nAndrea Natale 2017, 2018
\\n\\nAlberto Mantovani 2014-18
\\n\\nMarjan Mernik 2017, 2018
\\n\\nSandra Orchard 2014, 2016-18
\\n\\nMohamed Oukka 2016-18
\\n\\nBiswajeet Pradhan 2016-18
\\n\\nDirk Raes 2017, 2018
\\n\\nUlrike Ravens-Sieberer 2016-18
\\n\\nYexiang Tong 2017, 2018
\\n\\nJim Van Os 2015-18
\\n\\nLong Wang 2017, 2018
\\n\\nFei Wei 2016-18
\\n\\nIoannis Xenarios 2017, 2018
\\n\\nQi Xie 2016-18
\\n\\nXin-She Yang 2017, 2018
\\n\\nYulong Yin 2015, 2017, 2018
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'New for 2018 (alphabetically by surname).
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJocelyn Chanussot (chapter to be published soon...)
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nYuekun Lai
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPrevious years (alphabetically by surname)
\n\nAbdul Latif Ahmad 2016-18
\n\nKhalil Amine 2017, 2018
\n\nEwan Birney 2015-18
\n\nFrede Blaabjerg 2015-18
\n\nGang Chen 2016-18
\n\nJunhong Chen 2017, 2018
\n\nZhigang Chen 2016, 2018
\n\nMyung-Haing Cho 2016, 2018
\n\nMark Connors 2015-18
\n\nCyrus Cooper 2017, 2018
\n\nLiming Dai 2015-18
\n\nWeihua Deng 2017, 2018
\n\nVincenzo Fogliano 2017, 2018
\n\nRon de Graaf 2014-18
\n\nHarald Haas 2017, 2018
\n\nFrancisco Herrera 2017, 2018
\n\nJaakko Kangasjärvi 2015-18
\n\nHamid Reza Karimi 2016-18
\n\nJunji Kido 2014-18
\n\nJose Luiszamorano 2015-18
\n\nYiqi Luo 2016-18
\n\nJoachim Maier 2014-18
\n\nAndrea Natale 2017, 2018
\n\nAlberto Mantovani 2014-18
\n\nMarjan Mernik 2017, 2018
\n\nSandra Orchard 2014, 2016-18
\n\nMohamed Oukka 2016-18
\n\nBiswajeet Pradhan 2016-18
\n\nDirk Raes 2017, 2018
\n\nUlrike Ravens-Sieberer 2016-18
\n\nYexiang Tong 2017, 2018
\n\nJim Van Os 2015-18
\n\nLong Wang 2017, 2018
\n\nFei Wei 2016-18
\n\nIoannis Xenarios 2017, 2018
\n\nQi Xie 2016-18
\n\nXin-She Yang 2017, 2018
\n\nYulong Yin 2015, 2017, 2018
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5681},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5161},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1683},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10200},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:886},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15610}],offset:12,limit:12,total:117095},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"25"},books:[{type:"book",id:"8737",title:"Rabies Virus",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"49cce3f548da548c718c865feb343509",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Sergey Tkachev",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8737.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"61139",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Tkachev",slug:"sergey-tkachev",fullName:"Sergey Tkachev"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b6091426454b1c484f4d38efc722d6dd",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10496",title:"Feed Additives in Animal Nutrition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8ffe43a82ac48b309abc3632bbf3efd0",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. László Babinszky",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10496.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"53998",title:"Prof.",name:"László",surname:"Babinszky",slug:"laszlo-babinszky",fullName:"László Babinszky"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:60},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:3},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7769",title:"Medical Isotopes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f8d3c5a6c9a42398e56b4e82264753f7",slug:"medical-isotopes",bookSignature:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi and Muhammad Babar Imrani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7769.jpg",editors:[{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9376",title:"Contemporary Developments and Perspectives in International Health Security",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9a00b84cd04aae458fb1d6c65795601",slug:"contemporary-developments-and-perspectives-in-international-health-security-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki, Michael S. Firstenberg, Sagar C. Galwankar, Ricardo Izurieta and Thomas Papadimos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9376.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9279",title:"Concepts, Applications and Emerging Opportunities in Industrial Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9bfa87f9b627a5468b7c1e30b0eea07a",slug:"concepts-applications-and-emerging-opportunities-in-industrial-engineering",bookSignature:"Gary Moynihan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9279.jpg",editors:[{id:"16974",title:"Dr.",name:"Gary",middleName:null,surname:"Moynihan",slug:"gary-moynihan",fullName:"Gary Moynihan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7807",title:"A Closer Look at Organizational Culture in Action",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"05c608b9271cc2bc711f4b28748b247b",slug:"a-closer-look-at-organizational-culture-in-action",bookSignature:"Süleyman Davut Göker",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7807.jpg",editors:[{id:"190035",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Süleyman Davut",middleName:null,surname:"Göker",slug:"suleyman-davut-goker",fullName:"Süleyman Davut Göker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7796",title:"Human 4.0",subtitle:"From Biology to Cybernetic",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5ac5c052d3a593d5c4f4df66d005e5af",slug:"human-4-0-from-biology-to-cybernetic",bookSignature:"Yves Rybarczyk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7796.jpg",editors:[{id:"72920",title:"Prof.",name:"Yves",middleName:"Philippe",surname:"Rybarczyk",slug:"yves-rybarczyk",fullName:"Yves Rybarczyk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9711",title:"Pests, Weeds and Diseases in Agricultural Crop and Animal Husbandry Production",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"12cf675f1e433135dd5bf5df7cec124f",slug:"pests-weeds-and-diseases-in-agricultural-crop-and-animal-husbandry-production",bookSignature:"Dimitrios Kontogiannatos, Anna Kourti and Kassio Ferreira Mendes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9711.jpg",editors:[{id:"196691",title:"Dr.",name:"Dimitrios",middleName:null,surname:"Kontogiannatos",slug:"dimitrios-kontogiannatos",fullName:"Dimitrios Kontogiannatos"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10178",title:"Environmental Emissions",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"febf21ec717bfe20ae25a9dab9b5d438",slug:"environmental-emissions",bookSignature:"Richard Viskup",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10178.jpg",editors:[{id:"103742",title:"Dr.",name:"Richard",middleName:null,surname:"Viskup",slug:"richard-viskup",fullName:"Richard Viskup"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8511",title:"Cyberspace",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8c1cdeb133dbe6cc1151367061c1bba6",slug:"cyberspace",bookSignature:"Evon Abu-Taieh, Abdelkrim El Mouatasim and Issam H. Al Hadid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8511.jpg",editors:[{id:"223522",title:"Dr.",name:"Evon",middleName:"M.O.",surname:"Abu-Taieh",slug:"evon-abu-taieh",fullName:"Evon Abu-Taieh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9534",title:"Banking and Finance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"af14229738af402c3b595d7e124dce82",slug:"banking-and-finance",bookSignature:"Razali Haron, Maizaitulaidawati Md Husin and Michael Murg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9534.jpg",editors:[{id:"206517",title:"Prof.",name:"Razali",middleName:null,surname:"Haron",slug:"razali-haron",fullName:"Razali Haron"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5126},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7769",title:"Medical Isotopes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f8d3c5a6c9a42398e56b4e82264753f7",slug:"medical-isotopes",bookSignature:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi and Muhammad Babar Imrani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7769.jpg",editors:[{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9376",title:"Contemporary Developments and Perspectives in International Health Security",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9a00b84cd04aae458fb1d6c65795601",slug:"contemporary-developments-and-perspectives-in-international-health-security-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki, Michael S. Firstenberg, Sagar C. Galwankar, Ricardo Izurieta and Thomas Papadimos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9376.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9279",title:"Concepts, Applications and Emerging Opportunities in Industrial Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9bfa87f9b627a5468b7c1e30b0eea07a",slug:"concepts-applications-and-emerging-opportunities-in-industrial-engineering",bookSignature:"Gary Moynihan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9279.jpg",editors:[{id:"16974",title:"Dr.",name:"Gary",middleName:null,surname:"Moynihan",slug:"gary-moynihan",fullName:"Gary Moynihan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7807",title:"A Closer Look at Organizational Culture in Action",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"05c608b9271cc2bc711f4b28748b247b",slug:"a-closer-look-at-organizational-culture-in-action",bookSignature:"Süleyman Davut Göker",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7807.jpg",editors:[{id:"190035",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Süleyman Davut",middleName:null,surname:"Göker",slug:"suleyman-davut-goker",fullName:"Süleyman Davut Göker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7796",title:"Human 4.0",subtitle:"From Biology to Cybernetic",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5ac5c052d3a593d5c4f4df66d005e5af",slug:"human-4-0-from-biology-to-cybernetic",bookSignature:"Yves Rybarczyk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7796.jpg",editors:[{id:"72920",title:"Prof.",name:"Yves",middleName:"Philippe",surname:"Rybarczyk",slug:"yves-rybarczyk",fullName:"Yves Rybarczyk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9711",title:"Pests, Weeds and Diseases in Agricultural Crop and Animal Husbandry Production",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"12cf675f1e433135dd5bf5df7cec124f",slug:"pests-weeds-and-diseases-in-agricultural-crop-and-animal-husbandry-production",bookSignature:"Dimitrios Kontogiannatos, Anna Kourti and Kassio Ferreira Mendes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9711.jpg",editors:[{id:"196691",title:"Dr.",name:"Dimitrios",middleName:null,surname:"Kontogiannatos",slug:"dimitrios-kontogiannatos",fullName:"Dimitrios Kontogiannatos"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10178",title:"Environmental Emissions",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"febf21ec717bfe20ae25a9dab9b5d438",slug:"environmental-emissions",bookSignature:"Richard Viskup",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10178.jpg",editors:[{id:"103742",title:"Dr.",name:"Richard",middleName:null,surname:"Viskup",slug:"richard-viskup",fullName:"Richard Viskup"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8511",title:"Cyberspace",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8c1cdeb133dbe6cc1151367061c1bba6",slug:"cyberspace",bookSignature:"Evon Abu-Taieh, Abdelkrim El Mouatasim and Issam H. Al Hadid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8511.jpg",editors:[{id:"223522",title:"Dr.",name:"Evon",middleName:"M.O.",surname:"Abu-Taieh",slug:"evon-abu-taieh",fullName:"Evon Abu-Taieh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8468",title:"Sheep Farming",subtitle:"An Approach to Feed, Growth and Sanity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"838f08594850bc04aa14ec873ed1b96f",slug:"sheep-farming-an-approach-to-feed-growth-and-sanity",bookSignature:"António Monteiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8468.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"190314",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"Cardoso",surname:"Monteiro",slug:"antonio-monteiro",fullName:"António Monteiro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9523",title:"Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5eb6ec2db961a6c8965d11180a58d5c1",slug:"oral-and-maxillofacial-surgery",bookSignature:"Gokul Sridharan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9523.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82453",title:"Dr.",name:"Gokul",middleName:null,surname:"Sridharan",slug:"gokul-sridharan",fullName:"Gokul Sridharan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9785",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f457ca61f29cf7e8bc191732c50bb0ce",slug:"endometriosis",bookSignature:"Courtney Marsh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9785.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"255491",title:"Dr.",name:"Courtney",middleName:null,surname:"Marsh",slug:"courtney-marsh",fullName:"Courtney Marsh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9018",title:"Some RNA Viruses",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a5cae846dbe3692495fc4add2f60fd84",slug:"some-rna-viruses",bookSignature:"Yogendra Shah and Eltayb Abuelzein",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9018.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"278914",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yogendra",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"yogendra-shah",fullName:"Yogendra Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8816",title:"Financial Crises",subtitle:"A Selection of Readings",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f2f49fb903656e4e54280c79fabd10c",slug:"financial-crises-a-selection-of-readings",bookSignature:"Stelios Markoulis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"237863",title:"Dr.",name:"Stelios",middleName:null,surname:"Markoulis",slug:"stelios-markoulis",fullName:"Stelios Markoulis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9585",title:"Advances in Complex Valvular Disease",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef64f11e211621ecfe69c46e60e7ca3d",slug:"advances-in-complex-valvular-disease",bookSignature:"Michael S. Firstenberg and Imran Khan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9585.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64343",title:null,name:"Michael S.",middleName:"S",surname:"Firstenberg",slug:"michael-s.-firstenberg",fullName:"Michael S. Firstenberg"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10150",title:"Smart Manufacturing",subtitle:"When Artificial Intelligence Meets the Internet of Things",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"87004a19de13702d042f8ff96d454698",slug:"smart-manufacturing-when-artificial-intelligence-meets-the-internet-of-things",bookSignature:"Tan Yen Kheng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10150.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"78857",title:"Dr.",name:"Tan Yen",middleName:null,surname:"Kheng",slug:"tan-yen-kheng",fullName:"Tan Yen Kheng"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9386",title:"Direct Numerical Simulations",subtitle:"An Introduction and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"158a3a0fdba295d21ff23326f5a072d5",slug:"direct-numerical-simulations-an-introduction-and-applications",bookSignature:"Srinivasa Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9386.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6897",title:"Dr.",name:"Srinivasa",middleName:"P",surname:"Rao",slug:"srinivasa-rao",fullName:"Srinivasa Rao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"25",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",slug:"veterinary-medicine-and-science",parent:{title:"Health Sciences",slug:"health-sciences"},numberOfBooks:29,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:718,numberOfWosCitations:352,numberOfCrossrefCitations:312,numberOfDimensionsCitations:723,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"veterinary-medicine-and-science",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"8468",title:"Sheep Farming",subtitle:"An Approach to Feed, Growth and Sanity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"838f08594850bc04aa14ec873ed1b96f",slug:"sheep-farming-an-approach-to-feed-growth-and-sanity",bookSignature:"António Monteiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8468.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"190314",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"Cardoso",surname:"Monteiro",slug:"antonio-monteiro",fullName:"António Monteiro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9081",title:"Equine Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ac415ef2f5450fa80fdb9cf6cf32cd2d",slug:"equine-science",bookSignature:"Catrin Rutland and Albert Rizvanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9081.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8460",title:"Reproductive Biology and Technology in Animals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"32ef5fe73998dd723d308225d756fa1e",slug:"reproductive-biology-and-technology-in-animals",bookSignature:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi and Katy Satué Ambrojo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8460.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón Poggi",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon-poggi",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8524",title:"Lactation in Farm Animals",subtitle:"Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2aa2a9a0ec13040bbf0455e34625504e",slug:"lactation-in-farm-animals-biology-physiological-basis-nutritional-requirements-and-modelization",bookSignature:"Naceur M'Hamdi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8524.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73376",title:"Dr.",name:"Naceur",middleName:null,surname:"M'Hamdi",slug:"naceur-m'hamdi",fullName:"Naceur M'Hamdi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8793",title:"Owls",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8df7a192b3300e2640a0e1c530f4e259",slug:"owls",bookSignature:"Heimo Mikkola",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8793.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"144330",title:"Dr.",name:"Heimo",middleName:"Juhani",surname:"Mikkola",slug:"heimo-mikkola",fullName:"Heimo Mikkola"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8288",title:"Bacterial Cattle Diseases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f45b8b4974eb0d7de8719ef6b9146200",slug:"bacterial-cattle-diseases",bookSignature:"Hussein Abdel hay El-Sayed Kaoud",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8288.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"265070",title:"Dr.",name:"Hussein Abdelhay",middleName:null,surname:"Essayed Kaoud",slug:"hussein-abdelhay-essayed-kaoud",fullName:"Hussein Abdelhay Essayed Kaoud"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6898",title:"Comparative Endocrinology of Animals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1c615706c8e4220ea5a24d231947ac7a",slug:"comparative-endocrinology-of-animals",bookSignature:"Edward Narayan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6898.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"259298",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward J",middleName:null,surname:"Narayan",slug:"edward-j-narayan",fullName:"Edward J Narayan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7144",title:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"75cdacb570e0e6d15a5f6e69640d87c9",slug:"veterinary-anatomy-and-physiology",bookSignature:"Catrin Sian Rutland and Valentina Kubale",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7144.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6993",title:"Bovine Science",subtitle:"A Key to Sustainable Development",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fe7bdc1a2e1aa960e1f51dae7c705002",slug:"bovine-science-a-key-to-sustainable-development",bookSignature:"Sadashiv S. O. and Sharangouda J. Patil",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6993.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"176334",title:"Dr.",name:"Sadashiv",middleName:null,surname:"S. O.",slug:"sadashiv-s.-o.",fullName:"Sadashiv S. O."}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6647",title:"Animal Genetics",subtitle:"Approaches and Limitations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8c7e69892d305f7231a5600de2acdc16",slug:"animal-genetics-approaches-and-limitations",bookSignature:"Dana Liana Pusta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6647.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"90748",title:"Prof.",name:"Dana Liana",middleName:null,surname:"Pusta",slug:"dana-liana-pusta",fullName:"Dana Liana Pusta"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9356",title:"European Local Pig Breeds - Diversity and Performance",subtitle:"A study of project TREASURE",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"182fe65256f9a0bbc25b0b7576412b0e",slug:"european-local-pig-breeds-diversity-and-performance-a-study-of-project-treasure",bookSignature:"Marjeta Candek-Potokar and Rosa M. Nieto Linan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"23161",title:"Dr.",name:"Marjeta",middleName:null,surname:"Čandek-Potokar",slug:"marjeta-candek-potokar",fullName:"Marjeta Čandek-Potokar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"3",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Authored by"}},{type:"book",id:"7233",title:"New Insights into Theriogenology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"74f4147e3fb214dd050e5edd3aaf53bc",slug:"new-insights-into-theriogenology",bookSignature:"Rita Payan-Carreira",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7233.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"38652",title:"Dr.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:29,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"41563",doi:"10.5772/53504",title:"Fish Cytokines and Immune Response",slug:"fish-cytokines-and-immune-response",totalDownloads:4939,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:38,book:{slug:"new-advances-and-contributions-to-fish-biology",title:"New Advances and Contributions to Fish Biology",fullTitle:"New Advances and Contributions to Fish Biology"},signatures:"Sebastián Reyes-Cerpa, Kevin Maisey, Felipe Reyes-López, Daniela Toro-Ascuy, Ana María Sandino and Mónica Imarai",authors:[{id:"92841",title:"Dr.",name:"Mónica",middleName:null,surname:"Imarai",slug:"monica-imarai",fullName:"Mónica Imarai"},{id:"153780",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Reyes-Cerpa",slug:"sebastian-reyes-cerpa",fullName:"Sebastian Reyes-Cerpa"},{id:"157025",title:"Dr.",name:"Kevin",middleName:null,surname:"Maisey",slug:"kevin-maisey",fullName:"Kevin Maisey"},{id:"157026",title:"Dr.",name:"Felipe",middleName:"Esteban",surname:"Reyes-López",slug:"felipe-reyes-lopez",fullName:"Felipe Reyes-López"},{id:"157027",title:"MSc.",name:"Daniela",middleName:null,surname:"Toro-Ascuy",slug:"daniela-toro-ascuy",fullName:"Daniela Toro-Ascuy"},{id:"157028",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana",middleName:null,surname:"Sandino",slug:"ana-sandino",fullName:"Ana Sandino"}]},{id:"39623",doi:"10.5772/50192",title:"Use of Yeast Probiotics in Ruminants: Effects and Mechanisms of Action on Rumen pH, Fibre Degradation, and Microbiota According to the Diet",slug:"use-of-yeast-probiotics-in-ruminants-effects-and-mechanisms-of-action-on-rumen-ph-fibre-degradation-",totalDownloads:7240,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:29,book:{slug:"probiotic-in-animals",title:"Probiotic in Animals",fullTitle:"Probiotic in Animals"},signatures:"Frédérique Chaucheyras-Durand, Eric Chevaux, Cécile Martin and Evelyne Forano",authors:[{id:"151065",title:"Dr.",name:"Frederique",middleName:null,surname:"Chaucheyras-Durand",slug:"frederique-chaucheyras-durand",fullName:"Frederique Chaucheyras-Durand"},{id:"151068",title:"Mr.",name:"Eric",middleName:null,surname:"Chevaux",slug:"eric-chevaux",fullName:"Eric Chevaux"},{id:"151069",title:"Dr.",name:"Evelyne",middleName:null,surname:"Forano",slug:"evelyne-forano",fullName:"Evelyne Forano"},{id:"160177",title:"Dr.",name:"Cécile",middleName:null,surname:"Martin",slug:"cecile-martin",fullName:"Cécile Martin"}]},{id:"28679",doi:"10.5772/32100",title:"Values of Blood Variables in Calves",slug:"values-of-blood-variables-in-calves",totalDownloads:9169,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:27,book:{slug:"a-bird-s-eye-view-of-veterinary-medicine",title:"A Bird's-Eye View of Veterinary Medicine",fullTitle:"A Bird's-Eye View of Veterinary Medicine"},signatures:"Martina Klinkon and Jožica Ježek",authors:[{id:"90171",title:"Prof.",name:"Martina",middleName:null,surname:"Klinkon",slug:"martina-klinkon",fullName:"Martina Klinkon"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"56697",title:"Nutritional and Health Profile of Goat Products: Focus on Health Benefits of Goat Milk",slug:"nutritional-and-health-profile-of-goat-products-focus-on-health-benefits-of-goat-milk",totalDownloads:2367,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"goat-science",title:"Goat Science",fullTitle:"Goat Science"},signatures:"Maria João Reis Lima, Edite Teixeira-Lemos, Jorge Oliveira, Luís P.\nTeixeira-Lemos, António M.C. Monteiro and José M. Costa",authors:[{id:"190314",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"Cardoso",surname:"Monteiro",slug:"antonio-monteiro",fullName:"António Monteiro"},{id:"203680",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria João",middleName:null,surname:"Lima",slug:"maria-joao-lima",fullName:"Maria João Lima"},{id:"203681",title:"Prof.",name:"Edite",middleName:null,surname:"Teixeira-Lemos",slug:"edite-teixeira-lemos",fullName:"Edite Teixeira-Lemos"},{id:"203682",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",middleName:"Belarmino Ferreira",surname:"Oliveira",slug:"jorge-oliveira",fullName:"Jorge Oliveira"},{id:"203683",title:"MSc.",name:"José Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Costa",slug:"jose-manuel-costa",fullName:"José Manuel Costa"}]},{id:"58486",title:"Quality of Chicken Meat",slug:"quality-of-chicken-meat",totalDownloads:2078,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:7,book:{slug:"animal-husbandry-and-nutrition",title:"Animal Husbandry and Nutrition",fullTitle:"Animal Husbandry and Nutrition"},signatures:"Gordana Kralik, Zlata Kralik, Manuela Grčević and Danica Hanžek",authors:[{id:"207236",title:"Dr.",name:"Gordana",middleName:null,surname:"Kralik",slug:"gordana-kralik",fullName:"Gordana Kralik"},{id:"227281",title:"Prof.",name:"Zlata",middleName:null,surname:"Kralik",slug:"zlata-kralik",fullName:"Zlata Kralik"},{id:"227283",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuela",middleName:null,surname:"Grčević",slug:"manuela-grcevic",fullName:"Manuela Grčević"},{id:"227284",title:"BSc.",name:"Danica",middleName:null,surname:"Hanžek",slug:"danica-hanzek",fullName:"Danica Hanžek"}]},{id:"16102",title:"Sperm Preparation Techniques for Artificial Insemination - Comparison of Sperm Washing, Swim Up, and Density Gradient Centrifugation Methods",slug:"sperm-preparation-techniques-for-artificial-insemination-comparison-of-sperm-washing-swim-up-and-den",totalDownloads:28922,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"artificial-insemination-in-farm-animals",title:"Artificial Insemination in Farm Animals",fullTitle:"Artificial Insemination in Farm Animals"},signatures:"Ilaria Natali",authors:[{id:"27026",title:"Dr.",name:"Ilaria",middleName:null,surname:"Natali",slug:"ilaria-natali",fullName:"Ilaria Natali"}]},{id:"56453",title:"Goat System Productions: Advantages and Disadvantages to the Animal, Environment and Farmer",slug:"goat-system-productions-advantages-and-disadvantages-to-the-animal-environment-and-farmer",totalDownloads:2838,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"goat-science",title:"Goat Science",fullTitle:"Goat Science"},signatures:"António Monteiro, José Manuel Costa and Maria João Lima",authors:[{id:"190314",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"Cardoso",surname:"Monteiro",slug:"antonio-monteiro",fullName:"António Monteiro"},{id:"203680",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria João",middleName:null,surname:"Lima",slug:"maria-joao-lima",fullName:"Maria João Lima"},{id:"203683",title:"MSc.",name:"José Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Costa",slug:"jose-manuel-costa",fullName:"José Manuel Costa"}]},{id:"39665",title:"The Use of Probiotic Strains as Silage Inoculants",slug:"the-use-of-probiotic-strains-as-silage-inoculants",totalDownloads:3939,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"probiotic-in-animals",title:"Probiotic in Animals",fullTitle:"Probiotic in Animals"},signatures:"Yunior Acosta Aragón",authors:[{id:"150255",title:"Dr.",name:"Yunior",middleName:null,surname:"Acosta Aragón",slug:"yunior-acosta-aragon",fullName:"Yunior Acosta Aragón"}]},{id:"57876",title:"Carcass and Meat Quality in Goat",slug:"carcass-and-meat-quality-in-goat",totalDownloads:1334,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"goat-science",title:"Goat Science",fullTitle:"Goat Science"},signatures:"Ana Guerrero, María del Mar Campo, José Luis Olleta and Carlos\nSañudo",authors:[{id:"219572",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana",middleName:null,surname:"Guerrero",slug:"ana-guerrero",fullName:"Ana Guerrero"},{id:"225349",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Sañudo",slug:"carlos-sanudo",fullName:"Carlos Sañudo"},{id:"225350",title:"Dr.",name:"María Del Mar",middleName:null,surname:"Campo",slug:"maria-del-mar-campo",fullName:"María Del Mar Campo"},{id:"228171",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Olleta",slug:"jose-luis-olleta",fullName:"Jose Luis Olleta"}]},{id:"58095",title:"The Innovative Techniques in Animal Husbandry",slug:"the-innovative-techniques-in-animal-husbandry",totalDownloads:2498,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"animal-husbandry-and-nutrition",title:"Animal Husbandry and Nutrition",fullTitle:"Animal Husbandry and Nutrition"},signatures:"Serap Göncü and Cahit Güngör",authors:[{id:"215579",title:"Prof.",name:"Serap",middleName:null,surname:"Goncu",slug:"serap-goncu",fullName:"Serap Goncu"},{id:"218971",title:"Dr.",name:"Cahit",middleName:null,surname:"Güngör",slug:"cahit-gungor",fullName:"Cahit Güngör"}]},{id:"57341",title:"Probiotic Bacteria as an Healthy Alternative for Fish Aquaculture",slug:"probiotic-bacteria-as-an-healthy-alternative-for-fish-aquaculture",totalDownloads:3390,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:15,book:{slug:"antibiotic-use-in-animals",title:"Antibiotic Use in Animals",fullTitle:"Antibiotic Use in Animals"},signatures:"Camila Sayes, Yanett Leyton and Carlos Riquelme",authors:[{id:"208614",title:"Mrs.",name:"Camila",middleName:null,surname:"Sayes",slug:"camila-sayes",fullName:"Camila Sayes"},{id:"208939",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanett",middleName:null,surname:"Leyton",slug:"yanett-leyton",fullName:"Yanett Leyton"},{id:"208940",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Riquelme",slug:"carlos-riquelme",fullName:"Carlos Riquelme"}]},{id:"43169",title:"Dermatology in Dogs and Cats",slug:"dermatology-in-dogs-and-cats",totalDownloads:9186,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"insights-from-veterinary-medicine",title:"Insights from Veterinary Medicine",fullTitle:"Insights from Veterinary Medicine"},signatures:"Elisa Bourguignon, Luciana Diegues Guimarães, Tássia Sell Ferreira and Evandro Silva Favarato",authors:[{id:"124361",title:"Mrs.",name:"Elisa",middleName:null,surname:"Bourguignon",slug:"elisa-bourguignon",fullName:"Elisa Bourguignon"}]},{id:"56672",title:"Rate of Passage of Digesta in Ruminants; Are Goats Different?",slug:"rate-of-passage-of-digesta-in-ruminants-are-goats-different-",totalDownloads:1281,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"goat-science",title:"Goat Science",fullTitle:"Goat Science"},signatures:"Mehluli Moyo and Ignatius V. Nsahlai",authors:[{id:"201527",title:"Prof.",name:"Ignatius V.",middleName:null,surname:"Nsahlai",slug:"ignatius-v.-nsahlai",fullName:"Ignatius V. Nsahlai"},{id:"203798",title:"Mr.",name:"Mehluli",middleName:null,surname:"Moyo",slug:"mehluli-moyo",fullName:"Mehluli Moyo"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"veterinary-medicine-and-science",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"73979",title:"Troubled Process of Parturition of the Domestic Pig",slug:"troubled-process-of-parturition-of-the-domestic-pig",totalDownloads:98,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94547",book:{title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine"},signatures:"Claudio Oliviero and Olli Peltoniemi"},{id:"73371",title:"Reproduction in Small Ruminants (Goats)",slug:"reproduction-in-small-ruminants-goats-",totalDownloads:90,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93481",book:{title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine"},signatures:"Fernando Sánchez Dávila and Gerardo Pérez Muñoz"},{id:"73658",title:"Current Status of Antimicrobial Resistance and Prospect for New Vaccines against Major Bacterial Bovine Mastitis Pathogens",slug:"current-status-of-antimicrobial-resistance-and-prospect-for-new-vaccines-against-major-bacterial-bov",totalDownloads:159,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94227",book:{title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine"},signatures:"Oudessa Kerro Dego"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:12},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/176456/darda-bayraktar",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"176456",slug:"darda-bayraktar"},fullPath:"/profiles/176456/darda-bayraktar",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()