Self-confidence and sport participation among Japanese and foreign students.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"},{slug:"intechopen-identified-as-one-of-the-most-significant-contributor-to-oa-book-growth-in-doab-20210809",title:"IntechOpen Identified as One of the Most Significant Contributors to OA Book Growth in DOAB"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"8030",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Malnutrition",title:"Malnutrition",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Malnutrition is a major threat faced by the developing nations and it has caused a severe health care and economic burden. This menace causes severe structural and functional abnormalities that hinders the growth of the individual and nation. This book provides complete insight of the problem, pathophysiology, impact and rectifying strategies. Moreover, this book encompasses the different sections that highlight the problem in a sequential manner. Hopefully, this book will prove to be an aid for the reader to enlighten their knowledge regarding malnutrition and its tackling strategies.",isbn:"978-1-83880-517-3",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-516-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-156-0",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77861",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"malnutrition",numberOfPages:122,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!1,hash:"d8254ed8fa15ca6eb142607d145873df",bookSignature:"Muhammad Imran and Ali Imran",publishedDate:"November 11th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8030.jpg",numberOfDownloads:5346,numberOfWosCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitations:5,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:12,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:18,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 30th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"September 18th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 17th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 5th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 5th 2020",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"194146",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Imran",slug:"muhammad-imran",fullName:"Muhammad Imran",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194146/images/system/194146.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Muhammad Imran received his Ph. D from the University of Agriculture, Faisalabad in 2013 with distinction. His research interests are the preparation of cost-effective polyphenol based dietary interventions against metabolic syndromes and conversion of agro-waste materials into value-added products along with expertise in functional and nutraceuticals foods. He has more than 85 publications in impacted international and national journals with a cumulative impact factor of more than 200. He has also published 11 book chapters with international publishers such as Springer and Elsevier. Moreover, he is also working as section head of a Research Unit and has produced more than 14 M. Phil students within his research area. He has also served as a guest editor for international journals.",institutionString:"University of Lahore",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"235082",title:null,name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Imran",slug:"ali-imran",fullName:"Ali Imran",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/235082/images/system/235082.png",biography:"Dr. Ali Imran (Editor) earned his Ph. D from the Agriculture University, Faisalabad in 2013 with distinction. Currently, he is working as Assistant Professor/Deputy director industrial linkages in the department of food science government college university Faisalabad.His research expertise includes the formulation of the cost-effective polyphenol-based dietary interventions against human maladies. Being a researcher, he has published more than 74 articles in high impact international journals with a cumulative impact factor of more than 180. Further, he has also published 12 book chapters with international publishers. He is also working as an academic editor in Hindawi groups in the Journal of Biomedical Research International. He has assisted two Ph. Ds and 20 MPhil students within his research domain.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:null,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"323",title:"Food and Nutrition",slug:"food-and-nutrition"}],chapters:[{id:"73545",title:"Introductory Chapter: Malnutrition",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93763",slug:"introductory-chapter-malnutrition",totalDownloads:531,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Farhan Saeed, Muhammad Imran, Tabussam Tufail and Ali Imran",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73545",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73545",authors:[{id:"194146",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Imran",slug:"muhammad-imran",fullName:"Muhammad Imran"}],corrections:null},{id:"72387",title:"Biofortification of Crops Using Biotechnology to Alleviate Malnutrition",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92390",slug:"biofortification-of-crops-using-biotechnology-to-alleviate-malnutrition",totalDownloads:588,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Malnutrition affects millions of people around the world, and the vast majority are found in developing countries. Malnutrition increases childhood mortality, amplifies poor outcomes during pregnancy, and is responsible for a variety of health disorders ranging from anemia to blindness. Biofortification of crops using biotechnological approaches such as genetic modification and genome editing holds promise as a powerful tool to combat malnutrition. This chapter describes progress that has been made in the development of biofortified staple crops to address malnutrition.",signatures:"Kathleen Hefferon",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72387",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72387",authors:[{id:"274668",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kathleen",surname:"Hefferon",slug:"kathleen-hefferon",fullName:"Kathleen Hefferon"}],corrections:null},{id:"71862",title:"Vitamins",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92074",slug:"vitamins",totalDownloads:449,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter is going to explain a part of the nutrients the human body needs. They are organic compounds called vitamins. Those compounds will be clarified, as well as their benefits, deficiencies, chemical structure, and why the body needs them crucially. Vitamins is an exceptionally vital recognized name required in certain amounts in the body, some of them exist as a complicated natural compounds found in herbal meals. It plays a key function in regular metabolism, the absence of which in the diet causes deficiency and several diseases. Vitamins are differentiated from the trace elements, also found in the weight-reduction plan in small quantities for health, growth, replica, and other crucial metabolism.",signatures:"Mohanad Mousa Kareem and Majid S. Jabir",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71862",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71862",authors:[{id:"311755",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohanad",surname:"Kareem",slug:"mohanad-kareem",fullName:"Mohanad Kareem"},{id:"311944",title:"Prof.",name:"Majid S.",surname:"Jabir",slug:"majid-s.-jabir",fullName:"Majid S. Jabir"}],corrections:null},{id:"71767",title:"Malnutrition: Current Challenges and Future Perspectives",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92007",slug:"malnutrition-current-challenges-and-future-perspectives",totalDownloads:681,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Achievement of good nutrition is important in Universal Healthcare; hence, all stakeholders should be updated regarding management of malnutrition and challenges encountered, especially in resource-constrained societies of the world. Coexistence of multiple predisposing factors of malnutrition therefore compounds its diagnosis and management. It is of paramount importance therefore that the vulnerable population should be provided with adequate knowledge to alleviate the nutritional challenges they encounter. Capacity building of the healthcare personnel that are entrusted to serve such vulnerable societies should be improved appropriately. Healthy nutrition policy makers, implementers, and evaluators in all healthcare sectors should be conversant with new developments in management of malnutrition and challenges including those encountered in case studies, such as one recently encountered in Kenya, during the management of isoniazid induced pellagra (IPT) in a TB patient also on antiretroviral therapy. Food fortification, nixtamalization, provision of ready-to-use therapy foods (RUTFs), and innovative lipid-based nutrient supplements are relatively new areas whose nutrition policy makers, implementers, and evaluators should be well updated in. As part of nutrition optimization among those at risk, the nonadherence to exclusive breastfeeding for at least 6 months, which globally remains unacceptably high (59%), should urgently be addressed through appropriate and widespread counseling.",signatures:"Joseph Kiprop Choge",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71767",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71767",authors:[{id:"311387",title:"Dr.",name:"Joseph",surname:"Choge",slug:"joseph-choge",fullName:"Joseph Choge"}],corrections:null},{id:"69824",title:"Wernicke Encephalopathy in Elderly Related to Severe Malnutrition",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89997",slug:"wernicke-encephalopathy-in-elderly-related-to-severe-malnutrition",totalDownloads:644,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Wernicke encephalopathy (WE) is the main neurologic complication of thiamine deficiency. Thiamine is a cofactor for several key enzymes important in energy metabolism. WE is a little-recognised and underdiagnosed condition, and the prevalence in the elderly is unknown. The classic triad of WE includes encephalopathy, oculomotor dysfunction, and gait ataxia. Diagnosis is clinical, and early treatment with thiamine is fundamental in preventing coma and death. In the cases reported in the literature, the cause of WE was fasting or malnutrition in 10.2% of cases. WE may in some cases constitute a public health problem. Being the prevalence unknown, we alert clinicians to keep severe malnutrition in elderly as a form of precipitation of WE. We review the cases published in the literature.",signatures:"Francisco Javier Ros Forteza",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69824",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69824",authors:[{id:"306105",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Francisco Javier Ros",surname:"Forteza",slug:"francisco-javier-ros-forteza",fullName:"Francisco Javier Ros Forteza"}],corrections:null},{id:"71665",title:"Global Prevalence of Malnutrition: Evidence from Literature",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92006",slug:"global-prevalence-of-malnutrition-evidence-from-literature",totalDownloads:1974,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:11,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Malnutrition is a widespread problem, affecting the global population at some life stage. This public health epidemic targets everyone, but the most vulnerable groups are poverty-stricken people, young children, adolescents, older people, those who are with illness and have a compromised immune system, as well as lactating and pregnant women. Malnutrition includes both undernutrition (wasting, stunting, underweight, and mineral- and vitamin-related malnutrition) and overnutrition (overweight, obesity, and diet-related noncommunicable diseases). In combating malnutrition, healthcare costs increase, productivity is reduced, and economic growth is staggered, thus perpetuating the cycle of ill health and poverty. The best-targeted age for addressing malnutrition is the first 1000 days of life as this window period is ideal for intervention implementation and tracking for the improvement of child growth and development. There is an unprecedented opportunity to address the various forms of malnutrition, especially the 2016–2025 Decade of Action on Nutrition set by the United Nation. This aims to achieve the relevant targets of the Sustainable Development Goals that aim to end hunger and improve nutrition, as well as promote well-being and ensure healthy lives.",signatures:"Natisha Dukhi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71665",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71665",authors:[{id:"311182",title:"Dr.",name:"Natisha",surname:"Dukhi",slug:"natisha-dukhi",fullName:"Natisha Dukhi"}],corrections:null},{id:"72624",title:"Detection of Nutrient-Related SNP to Reveal Individual Malnutrition Risk",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92458",slug:"detection-of-nutrient-related-snp-to-reveal-individual-malnutrition-risk",totalDownloads:481,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Malnutrition is a result of complicated reasons from diet and food behavior and also related to genetic background which has been revealed by studies in recent decades. Traditionally, nutrition status are measured and expressed with indexes of anthropometric, diet survey, clinical symptom, biochemistry, behavior, etc. These measurement has been used in national nutrition monitoring, clinic nutrition therapy, mother and children nutrition care, nutrition intervention projects, and scientific studies. However, genetic and epigenetic information on nutrition explain malnutrition in a genetic view that would supply additional new theory and methodology for the growing requirement in terms of personalized and precise nutrition. In this chapter, an introduction on the detection of nutrient-related SNP to reveal individual malnutrition risk is discussed.",signatures:"Junsheng Huo and Chunhong Zhang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72624",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72624",authors:[{id:"313851",title:"Prof.",name:"Junsheng",surname:"Huo",slug:"junsheng-huo",fullName:"Junsheng Huo"},{id:"313864",title:"Dr.",name:"Chunhong",surname:"Zhang",slug:"chunhong-zhang",fullName:"Chunhong Zhang"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"497",title:"Soybean and Nutrition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"11aa0c9ed0f6ea8da765be93b50954bb",slug:"soybean-and-nutrition",bookSignature:"Hany El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/497.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"496",title:"Soybean and Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"66d40dbc031b2825ba95f7ac2bfae1b6",slug:"soybean-and-health",bookSignature:"Hany El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/496.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1018",title:"Milk Production",subtitle:"An Up-to-Date Overview of Animal Nutrition, Management and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0666bd242c21546d0c83c0290bd114ea",slug:"milk-production-an-up-to-date-overview-of-animal-nutrition-management-and-health",bookSignature:"Narongsak Chaiyabutr",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1018.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"76047",title:"Prof.",name:"Narongsak",surname:"Chaiyabutr",slug:"narongsak-chaiyabutr",fullName:"Narongsak Chaiyabutr"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2066",title:"Milk Production",subtitle:"Advanced Genetic Traits, Cellular Mechanism, Animal Management and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0bce9f57b06503666b182457b414a9de",slug:"milk-production-advanced-genetic-traits-cellular-mechanism-animal-management-and-health",bookSignature:"Narongsak Chaiyabutr",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2066.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"76047",title:"Prof.",name:"Narongsak",surname:"Chaiyabutr",slug:"narongsak-chaiyabutr",fullName:"Narongsak Chaiyabutr"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6678",title:"Antioxidants in Foods and Its Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"819eb2d8d2c889ef23affd7fd01e4e98",slug:"antioxidants-in-foods-and-its-applications",bookSignature:"Emad Shalaby and Ghada Mostafa Azzam",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6678.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63600",title:"Prof.",name:"Emad",surname:"Shalaby",slug:"emad-shalaby",fullName:"Emad Shalaby"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6669",title:"Meat Science and Nutrition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bca2d87ed258a60a9c92c5c6056d1465",slug:"meat-science-and-nutrition",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sajid Arshad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"192998",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Sajid",surname:"Arshad",slug:"muhammad-sajid-arshad",fullName:"Muhammad Sajid Arshad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6155",title:"Diabetes Food Plan",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b826ff12304ae270954a41210f4e1582",slug:"diabetes-food-plan",bookSignature:"Viduranga Waisundara",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6155.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Y.",surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-y.-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Y. 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\r\n\tHumans are social creatures. We need each other and so we have had to learn how to trust each other. What goes into developing trust? Are there certain elements that are required? Neural pathways? How do people manipulate another's trust? Are there tricks that they use? Are some individuals more at risk of having their trust betrayed? Once trust is betrayed can it be fully engaged again or is it damaged? Do animals trust similarly to humans or have aspects of trust changed as we have evolved?
\r\n\r\n\tThis volume aims to help in understanding the psychology of trust. Trust is used to sell products and encourage investments. It can be abused and betrayed. Trust has moved from personal interactions to trusting machines and placing our trust in global concepts like the Internet. Does that affect how we view trust? Within circles of trust are there special considerations for certain relationships, such as for our leaders or mental health providers? How do we believe in unknowable concepts and find trust in Universal guidance and religion? This volume aims to provide an understanding of trust from its simple elements to its more profound effect on human society.
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She is Medical Director of the Eating Disorders Partial Hospitalization and Intensive Outpatient Programs at Penn State Health. In addition, she is Interim Director of the Office of Professional Mental Health at Penn State College of Medicine. Dr. Levine has spoken both nationally and internationally on many issues related to eating disorders and journaling. Much of her interest in the field of medical education relates to communication and professionalism. Dr. Levine has published several children’s books and believes in her roles as a psychiatrist, mother and friend, she demonstrates high emotional intelligence.",institutionString:"Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Penn State Milton S. 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It also helps to prevent hypertension, overweight and obesity, improve mental health, quality of life and well-being [1, 2] and substantially increase life expectancy [3]. Participation in regular physical activity such as recreational sport has positive effects on both physical (appearance, slimness, conditioned body) and psychological health and well-being (self-esteem, anxiety, depression, vitality, energy) [4, 5], enhanced self-concept [6], lower rates of suicidal ideation including both thoughts and intentions [7]. Leisure is psychological and social utilities that make it a significant influence to the quality of people’s lives, which connote how good, fulfilled, cheerful and comfortable they feel [8]. It has developed an increasingly anticipated and significant component of people’s lives in modern societies [8]. In addition to the multiple health benefits of physical activity, societies that are more active can generate additional returns on investment including a reduced use of fossil fuels, cleaner air and less congested safer roads [1].
Sport is a group of physical exercises that may be classified into individual or team games with specific rules [9, 10]. It is recreational in nature because it enables people to take part when they like and for entertainment for both the participants and spectators watching such performance. Sport is organized or unorganized recreation [10]. Sport develops individual physical fitness and health/wellbeing, aid mental growth, facilitates internal unity and boosts external prestige. Sports helps the participants stay in shape, improve endurance, boost self-esteem, provide guidance and aid weight control, organize their time, boost friendships, teamwork and build relationships with their peers and adults. Sports generally offers healthy decisions such as avoiding smoking or drinking and offer hidden health benefits such as lower chance of getting osteoporosis or breast cancer later in life [10, 11].
World Health Organization (WHO) recommended that in order to improve cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness, bone health, reduce the risk of non-communicable diseases and depression: adults aged 18–64 should do at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity throughout the week or do at least 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity throughout the week or an equivalent combination of moderate and vigorous-intensity activity; aerobic activity should be performed in bouts of at least 10 minutes duration; for additional health benefits, adults should increase their moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity to 300 minutes per week, or engage in 150 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity per week, or an equivalent combination of moderate and vigorous-intensity activity; muscle-strengthening activities should be done involving major muscle groups on 2 or more days a week [2].
It has been observed that there is an increasing decline in sport participation especially with the advent and excessive use of technology, academic workload coupled with the incidence of COVID-19, students become content with engaging more in sedentary leisure activities such as gaming, social network chatting, watching television and even sleeping. Worldwide, 1 in 4 adults, and 3 in 4 adolescents do not currently meet the global recommendations for physical activity [1]. Empirical evidence revealed that sports participation decreases as age increases [12]. In addition, both males and females’ sports participation declines as they move into adult life [13]. In Japan, large proportion of adults do not participate in regular leisure-time physical activity [14]. The National Health and Nutrition Surveys in Japan for 1997, 2004, and 2009 revealed that 70–80% of the working generation (aged 20–59 years) were not sufficiently active (i.e., were exercising less than 30 min twice a week) [15].
Usually, universities annually allocate funds for the development and/or maintenance of sport facilities to fulfill students’ needs and encourage sport participation of the university community. Particularly, in Japan universities, there are active and viable sport clubs however, participation in such clubs required high level of commitments, hard work, obedience, tolerance and selfless devotion. Student life of participants revolves primarily around membership, which indirectly discourages students who intend to participate solely for recreational purpose.
Sports clubs in Japan universities are military in nature because of the strict rules of the club. For example, new club recruits are required to do jobs such as cleaning, maintenance of sport equipment and facilities before and after practice sessions/day [16]. For foreign students in a relatively conservative city like Sendai, who readily have language barrier to contend with, adjusting to these customs could be challenging and discourage sport participation. More also, students without club engagement tend to engage or prefer to engage in part-time job prioritizing economic reason(s) of such engagement to health benefits inherent in sport participation. Comparatively, there are also limited studies on psychological factors predicting sport participation among university students. It is on this premise this study aims to investigate psychological factors as predictor of sport participation among Japanese and foreign students in Sendai, Japan.
Sport participation has been shown to be associated with many psychological and social benefits, beyond that derived from physical activity, including improvements to self-control and emotional regulation [6]. These distinct benefits are perhaps due to unique characteristics of sport participation, compared with other forms of physical activity [17]. Variables such as gender, age, time available to participate and motivational factors such as fun, slimness, fitness and competition have shown to increase participation [18]. Sport participation was positively related to self-assessments of physical appearance and physical competence, physical self-esteem and general self-esteem [19]. Athletes whose behavior suggested stronger psychological connections to sport engaged more in terms of frequency, depth and breadth of sport-related behaviors [20]. Organized sports activities may somewhat contribute to healthy body mass index (BMI) and while healthy BMI can lead to increased participation in organized sports, it is also possible that increased participation in physical activity can lead to healthy BMI [21]. However, all forms of physical activity can provide health benefits if undertaken regularly and is of sufficient duration and intensity [1].
Self-confidence is one of the most related variables to sport performance [22]. It has also been shown to influence behaviors, attitudes, and sporting attainment [23]. Self-confidence is simply defined to be a self-perceived measure of one’s belief in one’s own abilities which is dependent upon contextual background and setting [24]. It is one’s belief in his courage, power and ability to take action using his own abilities as a source for his values and purposes. Self-confidence was also conceptualized as self-efficacy. Self-confidence involves people’s belief to control themselves and their environment; a perceived ability that provides the possibility that athletes use their emotion appropriately to achieve sports aim [25]. Self-confidence is important in sportive performances as it affects performance positively especially in good feelings, behaviors, fast planning in competitions, undoubtedly giving the right decision in performance increase and in continuation of the competition [26]. Self-efficacy or confidence affects the choice of activities, effort expenditure, persistence in a given activity, and vulnerability to stress and depression [25].
Sport confidence influences performance through its effect on how athletes think about, feel about, and respond to everything that happens to them in sport [27]. Self-confidence is a judgment of one’s ability to perform at a certain level, whereas perceived success pertains to one’s judgment of the likely consequences of such a performance and or expected performance attainments [27]. This requires a detailed assessment of the level, strength, and generality of perceived self-confidence. Individuals who perceive themselves to be competent in sports should be more likely to participate, while those low in perceived physical competence should be more likely not to participate or to discontinue participation [28]. Challenges to identity such as having to show others an unfit body, lacking confidence and competence in core skills or appearing overly masculine were barriers to participation [29].
Young athletes who perceive themselves to be highly competent in a sport, who are oriented toward mastery in sport, and who identify themselves as primarily responsible for their performance persist longer at the sport and maintain interest in mastering the skills. In contrast, those who perceive themselves to have low competence in sport, who are oriented toward extrinsic mastery, and who believe that others are responsible for their performance do not maintain task performance and interest [28]. Physical benefits, weight control, independence and social, mental and emotional benefits as the main internal motivators [30]. Self-perception is incredibly important in motivating people to participate in all types of sport and physical activity [29]. The relationship between self-confidence and performance is likely to be somewhat different depending on the performer’s perception of the level of self-confidence he/she needs in order to perform the task successfully [31].
The influence that performance experiences/familiarity have on perceived success depends on the perceived difficulty of the task, the effort expended, the amount of physical guidance received, and the temporal patterns of success and failure. Task familiarity can also be obtained through observing or imagining others engaging in a task that observers themselves have never performed. Their influence on self-efficacy can be enhanced by a number of factors. Variables such as previous performance, affective self-evaluation, goal setting, and physiological states (mood or fitness) may exert a direct influence on sport performance [32]. Specifically, past experience plays a vital role with regard to participation in sport at university level [33].
Values are principles or standards considered worthwhile or desirable. They help people select and evaluate behavior, define goals, and set standards for acceptable behavior [34]. Personal values represent criteria by which people choose and assess subsequent actions, and apply to individual decision-making in virtually all compartments of our lives. Although research in mainstream psychology has attended to the concept of personal values and the role values play in resulting behaviors for over half a century, the lack of attention devoted to values and sport participation is surprising [35]. There is need to understand values associated with sport participation [34]. This is essential because variety of social, cultural and biological factors influence men and women’s decision to participate in sports [12]. For example, there is a negative impact of migration background on all sport participation [36]. Consequently, with such findings, one can possibly assume that culture, national traditions and values not only play a vital role on sports participation within a country but also when comparisons are made between different countries [12].
The descriptive research design was used in this study. The study population comprises of all students of tertiary institutions in Sendai. The sample for this study was two hundred and thirty-six (236) Japanese and foreign university students. Convenience sampling technique was used to select 44 foreign students who participated in the Tohoku University Foreign Student Association (TUFSA) soccer competitions prior to the declaration of state of emergency while a simple random sampling technique was used to select 192 Japanese students in Miyagi University of Education (MUE). The instrument for this study was a self-developed and modified questionnaire structured in line with the variables of this study and translated both in English and Japanese languages. For sport participation, Min-Haeng Cho five-item physical activity questionnaire was adapted [37]. Each item has a 5-point Likert-scale. While psychological factors are self-developed items which include four subscale of self-confidence, perceived success, task familiarity and values were in a 4-point likert-scale format. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics of frequency counts, percentages and pie charts.
This part presents, analyzes and discusses findings on the psychological factors as predictor of sport participation among Japanese and foreign students in Sendai.
The results from the pie chart above showed 46% of the respondents engaged in sedentary activities such as sport spectator, watching movies and television, 27% engaged in aerobic exercises and sports (running, cycling, swimming, jogging aerobics and ball games), 23% engaged in arts and cultural activities (reading, writing, playing cards, dance and music, painting), 4% in muscular exercise (weight training and lifting) and 0.4% engage in flexibility exercises (stretching, yoga, pilates, calisthenics). Chart on frequency of sport participation revealed 46% participated in their choice of sport almost every day, while 20% 1–2 days/week, 19% 3 days/week, 11% 4-5 days/week and 4% sometimes. On intensity of sport performance, 41% reported moderate, 21% hard, 19%very light, 12% light and 7% very hard. Duration of sport performance by respondents range from 30 to 60 minutes at 34%, 60-90 minutes 28%, 90-120 minutes 18%, more than 150 minutes 14% and less than 30 minutes 6%. Period of sport participation by respondents revealed 87% have been performing the activity for more than 5 months, while 6% for 3 months, 3% for 2 months and less than 1 month, and 1% 4 months. This result indicates that the common choice of recreational sport participation among respondents is sedentary activities with a high level of performance in terms of frequency, intensity and duration, and long period of participation. This finding is consistent several studies that revealed decreased sport participation and increase in sedentary activities among adults including university students [1, 12, 13].
The results from Table 1 above showed that 70% of the total respondents agree that self-confidence in choice of sport predicts participation while 30% disagree. Out of this, 58.5% Miyagi University of Education students agree and 41.5% disagree; and 81% of foreign students agree and 19% disagree. This implies that self-confidence significantly predicts sport participation among respondents especially among foreign students. This agrees with similar studies [25, 27, 38, 39]. For example, a study reported that self-confidence differs from athlete to athlete and event to event and that past experience, mastery in skills and the social support increases the self confidence in sports man [38]. Self-confidence plays a significant role in the success of athletes a such mental training and practicing programs should be included along with physical and skills practices on the agenda of sport coaches to create the degree of self-confidence necessary for peak performance [39].
Self-confidence | Agree | Disagree | 100% | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
70% | MUE 58.5% | 30% | MUE 41.5% | ||
FS 81% | FS 19% |
Self-confidence and sport participation among Japanese and foreign students.
Table 2 revealed that 47% of total respondents agree that perceived success predicts sport participation while 53% disagree. Out of this, 32.5%, 67.5% of Miyagi University of Education students and 61.4%, 38.6% of foreign students agree and disagree respectively. The result indicates that while perceived success does not significantly predict sport participation among Japanese students, it significantly predicts sport participation among foreign students. Performance is likely to be somewhat different depending on the performer’s perception of the level of self-confidence he/she needs in order to perform the task successfully [31].
Perceived Success | Agree | Disagree | 100% | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
47% | MUE 32.5% | 53% | MUE 67.5% | ||
FS 61.4% | FS 38.6% |
Perceived success and sport participation among Japanese and foreign students.
Table 3 showed that 74.5% of the total respondents agree that task familiarity predicts sport participation while 25.5% disagree. Out of this, 63.7% Miyagi University of Education students agree and 36.3% disagree; and 85% of foreign students agree and 15% disagree. This revealed that task familiarity significantly predicts sport participation among respondents. This result concurred other findings that the past experience plays a vital role in sport participation even in the university [33, 38].
Task Familiarity | Agree | Disagree | 100% | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
74.5% | MUE 63.7% | 25.5% | MUE 36.3% | ||
FS 85% | FS 15% |
Task familiarity and sport participation among Japanese and foreign students.
Table 4 showed that 72% of the total respondents agree that value predicts sport participation while 28% disagree. Out of this, 71% Miyagi University of Education students agree and 29% disagree; and 73% of foreign students agree and 27% disagree. This implies that psychological factor of value significantly predicts sport participation among respondents. Similar study also emphasized the need to understand values associated with sport participation [34].
Value | Agree | Disagree | 100% | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
72% | MUE 71% | 28% | MUE 29% | ||
FS 73% | FS 27% |
Value and sport participation among Japanese and foreign students.
The observed difference particularly in the psychological factors of self-confidence, perceived success and task familiarity and sport participation between Japanese and foreign students could be indicative that foreign students are more conscious and anxious of others perception or judgment of their sporting skills/ability due to variations in socio-cultural backgrounds.
Studies have shown psychological indices including perceived competence, self-efficacy, attitude, enjoyment, body image, self-esteem, beliefs influence students sport participation [40, 41, 42]. Thomas et al. [43] highlighted three barriers including intrapersonal (stress and perceived self-skill), interpersonal (lack of friends and peer influence), and structural (homework, class schedule, and overcrowded facilities) barriers to sport engagement among Canadian university students. Beliefs i.e. enjoyable, time consuming, friends, and family members predicted intention and behavior in sport participation [44]. Lack of confidence in performing a skill, low perceived competent and the need to feel worthy leads to withdrawal in sport [45]. Determination of the motivations that are active in sport participation increase individual participation [46]. In a survey of 1350 university students in southwestern Nigeria [47] identified the positive effects of love for sport, famous athletes as role model and family support in sport participation and stressed the need to adopt tangible and intangible motivating measures to encourage continuous participation. Time is a major reason why students do not involve in sports [48, 49]. Because student lifestyles including balancing academic life with paid work, volunteering and social activities all compete with sport participation [50]. However, [51] opined that lack of willpower could be the main reason behind lack of time. A study of college and university students sport participation in China revealed that individual preferences and economic factors influence participation [52]. Multivariate analysis revealed that the number of hours in student part-time work has a strong negative effect on sport participation [53]. Kerry [49] established that that increase in tuition fee had an impact on sports participation and consequently suggested that universities should device a means to address cost and time. In addition, ethnicity, gender, as well as religiosity, should be taken into consideration when offering sport programmes [54]. A three-year national survey report in England revealed that Black and Asian students are less likely to participate in sport [55]. Values, task familiarity, perceived success and self-confidence are majorly reflective of barriers and concerns predicting sport participation among students. Peer encouragement could help check and overcome these concerns [50].
Based on the findings, it is concluded that psychological factors of self-confidence, perceived success, task familiarity and value significantly predict sport participation among Japanese and foreign students in Sendai. More also, there is a low level of sport participation among Japanese and foreign students in Sendai. Therefore, it is recommended that stakeholders in sports and health within the university such as physical and health, and medical science departments and university health center should collaborate more effectively for advocacy to increase awareness on benefit of sport participation and development of attractive recreational sports considering the psychological process that leads to participation. There should also be an improved reconciliation between academic and physical education programs. To allay concerns during pandemic, non-contact and outdoor sports should be encouraged with adequate preventive measures in place.
Utmost appreciation to almighty God. Our profound gratitude goes to Associate Professor Kurokawa Naoyuki of the Department of Health and Physical Education, Miyagi university of Education. All the foreign and Japanese students who participated in this research, your cooperation and understanding is immensely appreciated. Also we appreciate the Japanese government through the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sport, Science and Technology (MEXT), Miyagi University of Education and Tohoku University for providing both a welcoming and conducive study environment. Thank you all.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
This chapter analyses the main trends in the development of an aviation multi-mode gas turbine engine (GTE) of direct reaction, examines its thermodynamic cycle and determines the influence of the multi-mode GTE on its efficiency, analyses the multi-mode operation of a multi-purpose aircraft and analyses ways to improve operation of the thermodynamic cycle in non-design modes of GTE operation. The energy capabilities of traditional aviation fuels for the implementation of high thermodynamic characteristics in non-design gas turbine engine operation are studied. The adaptive approach is determined as the main one in the creation of promising aviation GTEs. The concept of an adaptive approach is given. There are two main directions for improving the characteristics of the promising aviation GTE.
One is the sophistication of the schematic diagrams of aircraft engines and the second one is an increase in the parameters of the working process, the temperature of the gases in front of the turbine (
It is shown how the principles of adaptation are used in these areas. The application of the adaptation principle in resolving the contradiction of the possibility of obtaining the optimal characteristics of the high-temperature combustion chamber (CC) of the GTE under the design (optimal) conditions of operation and the impossibility of their implementation when these conditions change in the range of permissible (non-design) operating modes of the GTE are considered in detail. The use of an adaptive approach in the development of promising gas turbine engines will significantly improve their characteristics and take into account unknown challenges.
The world leaders in aircraft engine manufacturing prefer the traditional (“soft”) direction of the development of aircraft gas turbine engines. In accordance with the theory of aircraft engines, the development of the traditional direction of aircraft gas turbine engines occurs in accordance with the following priorities:
ensuring high efficiency;
stable operation in a wide range of speeds and flight altitudes of the aircraft;
ensuring high dynamic characteristics;
reliable high-altitude and ground launch;
ensuring high environmental performance (reducing harmful emissions and reducing noise levels);
ensuring acceptable performance under icing conditions and other difficult climatic conditions;
widening of the range of work due to ensuring the operation of the engine with a minimum degree of stability;
the ability to operate on various fuels (alternative).
At present, aviation GTEs has reached a high level of development and has:
a high level of thermodynamic perfection;
high aerodynamic loading of blades (compressors, turbines);
marginal combustion intensity and ecological perfection of combustion chambers;
effective thermal protection of the elements of the hot path of the engine;
low specific gravity;
multi-mode operation;
new materials in engine design (steel and composite materials);
highly efficient constructive and technological solutions.
The main regularity in the development of aviation GTEs is the consistent improvement of the indicators of technical perfection and the efficiency of their use on aircraft. This pattern is continuous and progressive, reflecting the need to accumulate the required amount of knowledge, understanding the experience of previous developments and operation, mastering new technologies for creating highly efficient units and elements of aviation GTE.
The traditional way to improve the efficiency and traction characteristics of a GTE is to increase the efficiency of the thermodynamic cycle of the engine:
increase in the total degree of pressure increase in the cycle (1):
where:
(
increase in turbine intake temperature(
reduction of total pressure losses in the air intake and outlet devices.
Within the framework of the traditional approach of improving the efficiency of aircraft gas turbine engines, there is also some reserve associated with improving the main components of the aircraft engine.
However, it should be stated that further improvement of the characteristics of aviation GTEs within the framework of traditional layouts is associated with ever-increasing difficulties.
The main qualitative changes, in accordance with thermodynamics and heat exchange, are associated with the creation of turbines and combustion chambers capable of operating at turbine intake temperature which is at the level of 2100–2400 K, bringing the turbine inlet temperature closer to the maximum energy potential of aviation fuel, and requiring new solutions for realization of such temperatures in aircraft gas turbine engines.
As noted earlier, the development of aircraft gas turbine engines follows the path of a constant increase in the parameters of the working process, an increase in the turbine inlet temperature (Т*G) and an increase in the total of pressure increase degree in the engine (
An increase in Т*G with a simultaneous increase in
The higher RF, the smaller the frontal dimensions of the engine and the specific gravity of the engine
An increase in the values of T*G and π*C lead to an increase in the work of the thermodynamic cycle and efficiency. Table 1 shows the growth trend of Т*G and π*CΣ for different generations of aviation gas turbine engines [1].
GTE generation | I | II | III | IV | V | VI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TG*, K | 1000–1150 | 1150–1250 | 1300–1450- | 1500–1650 | 1700–1900 | 2100–2200 |
3–5 | 7–13 | 14–20 | 20–35 | 20–50 | 60–80 |
The growth trend of Т*G and π*CΣ for different generations of aviation gas turbine engines.
One important feature of a promising multi-mode aircraft is flight at supersonic cruising modes, which should be carried out at non-boosted engine operating modes.
A promising direction for meeting this requirement is the creation of the so-called stoichiometric motors. In these engines, all of the oxygen in the air entering the gasifier is used to burn fuel in the main combustion chamber to obtain a high T*G.
Obtaining Т*G = 2000–2200 K in the combustion chamber of a promising gas turbine engine requires that the excess air ratio of the combustion chamber αCC = GА/GFLO (GA - the air flow rate entering the combustion chamber, GF - the fuel flow rate entering the combustion chamber, Lo - the theoretically required amount of air for complete combustion of 1 kg of fuel, for aviation kerosene LO = 14.8) was αCC = 1.1–1.2 (to describe the fuel composition a description of the following dependence is used: air / fuel ratio).
The urgency of creating high-temperature (stoichiometric) gas turbine engines, in the direction of increasing the efficiency of the thermodynamic cycle and ensuring their multimodality, poses a number of new problems. These tasks are associated with the peculiarities of the organization of the fuel combustion workflow to obtain high turbine inlet temperature and the efficient use of the energy potential of the fuel in the entire range of the GTE operation.
As mentioned above, the parameters of the working process of aviation GTE
a heat engine operating according to a thermodynamic cycle with heat supply to the working fluid (implementing the Brighton cycle);
propulsion device - a device for converting the available work, obtained as a result of the thermodynamic cycle, into thrust, depending on the type of gas turbine engine;
automatic control system (ACS), which ensures the maintenance of the necessary engine operating modes.
Based on the basic provisions of the theory of aircraft engines, the energy balance of aviation GTE of a direct reaction can be represented in a simplified way by a diagram that displays all stages of the process of converting the chemical energy of fuel into useful work.
In a direct reaction GTE, atmospheric oxygen is used to convert the chemical energy of the fuel into thermal energy. Air serves as the main component of the working fluid for the thermodynamic cycle, in which thermal energy is converted into mechanical energy. Receiving acceleration in the propulsion system, it creates a thrust force, i.e. serves as a propulsion device. Direct reaction engines are turbojet engines and turbofan engines. Figure 1 shows a simplified diagram of the energy balance of a direct reaction GTE.
Simplified diagram of the energy balance of a direct reaction GTE: 1- heat engine; 2 - propulsion device; ACS - automatic control system.
In the diagram on the Figure 1:
The real process of heat release is accompanied by losses and is characterized by the fuel combustion efficiency (
where:
e =
The operation of the actual thermodynamic cycle of a GTE depends both on the parameters of the working process
The internal efficiency of the GTE thermodynamic cycle takes into account the inevitable heat losses associated with the costs of overcoming hydraulic losses, as well as heat losses due to incomplete fuel combustion and recoil to the engine walls.
where:
V – flight speed.
(1 + m)
where: m =
ACS - automatic engine control system that regulates the operation of the GTE of both the heat engine and the propulsion unit in various flight modes of the aircraft, in order to obtain maximum performance.
Figure 2 shows the values of the level of efficiency of GTE for some engines of civil aviation, considering the degree of bypass (m) [2, 3].
Commercial aircraft gas turbine engine efficiency trend BPR, bypass ratio. Reproduced with the permission of United Technologies Corporation, Pratt & Whitney [
Figure 3 shows the dependence of the cycle
Dependence of the cycle
As a rule, aviation GTEs are designed for the maximum power mode, which provides the maximum parameters of the thermodynamic cycle and which are optimal. The geometry of the gas-turbine engine flow path also optimally corresponds to this mode and the parameters of the thermodynamic cycle. Other modes of GTE operation, which have their own optimal parameters of the thermodynamic cycle and which must correspond to their own geometry of the GTE flow path, are taken as compromises with the engine flow path unchanged. Engines of multipurpose supersonic aircraft differ from engines of subsonic aircraft in the requirement of multimode.
In a certain sense, any aircraft is multimode, but the most multimode is typical for military aircraft, the aircraft which must perform a wide range of varied tasks, which are characterized by a wide range of speeds and flight altitudes. Thus, the fighter’s engine must provide high thrust when accelerating and intercepting supersonic targets at high altitudes and when conducting air combat at medium altitudes in a wide range of aircraft flight speeds, as well as having high efficiency when flying at subsonic speeds at high altitudes and near the ground. Since each flight mode of an aircraft is characterized by its own optimal parameters of the thermodynamic cycle, compromise decisions are made in the design of the engine and its control systems.
The provision of supersonic flight in non-afterburner mode is especially acute for engines of military multipurpose aircraft. Provision of supersonic cruise flight in non-afterburner mode requires the creation of a large thrust from the engine. One of the ways to solve this problem is to increase the turbine inlet temperature (
Areas of the main flight modes of a multi-mode aircraft: 1- on the bearing properties of the wing, 2- on the thrust capabilities of the engine (static ceiling), 3- on kinetic heating, 4- on the strength of the aircraft (high-speed head); flight modes: 5- subsonic maneuverable combat, 6- interception, 7- attacks of ground targets, 8- supersonic cruising flight, 9- subsonic cruising flight.
The engines of multi-mode aircraft have high values of the parameters of the working process. This is due to gaining an advantage over a potential enemy. Engines of civil aircraft with high parameters of the working process have an advantage in the combat, because their efficiency will be better. It becomes important to create aviation gas turbine engines that work effectively in all flight modes of aircraft, i.e. adapt the engine to the appropriate operating mode. The higher the thrust-to-weight ratio of the aircraft, the more it is necessary to throttle the engine in cruise mode, especially for stoichiometric engines.
When the engine is throttled, its internal efficiency decreases sharply due to a strong decline
To increase
Increasing the efficiency of the GTE of direct reaction in off-design modes is achieved by regulating the elements of its flow path. To increase the efficiency of compression (
air intake device for supersonic aircraft;
rotation of the engine fan blades with a high bypass ratio;
rotation of the guide vanes of the compressors of individual stages or a group of stages;
the use of a bypass GTE scheme, which makes it possible to redistribute the air flow between the gas generator by the second or third circuits (regulation of the degree of bypass (m));
the use of two or three compressor stages in the design of a gas turbine engine, while there is a spontaneous change in the rotational speed of individual stages;
the use of a slotted air bypass above the rotor blades of the first compressor stages;
regulation of the radial clearance in the last stages of the compressor;
bypassing air from individual sections of the compressor flow path to the atmosphere, the second circuit, or into any section of the gas-air duct with reduced pressure (as a rule, it is not used in advanced engines).
A characteristic feature of promising aircraft gas turbine engines is the use of complex schemes with high parameters of the working process, in which several methods of compressor control are used. To increase the efficiency enlargement (
regulation of gas turbines GTE by turning the nozzle apparatus;
regulation of radial clearances of working blades of gas turbines;
regulation of mixing chambers (for gas turbine engines with mixing flows);
regulation of output devices.
It should be noted that in modern and promising gas-turbine engines, the regulation of the flow path occurs in a complex manner according to regulation programs, depending on the properties of the joint operation of the elements of the flow path of the aviation GTE. At the same time, the greatest effect of obtaining high values of efficiency of compression and expansion processes at non-design modes of GTE operation is observed.
The source of thermal energy for the implementation of the thermodynamic cycle of aviation GTE is aviation fuel. In connection with the aforesaid, there is an acute issue of the efficiency of fuel use, reduction of its consumption while obtaining the maximum possible thermal energy. The main aviation fuel, today, for jet aviation is aviation kerosene, obtained from oil. Despite the development of alternative fuels, aviation kerosene will remain the main fuel for jet aircraft in the near future. The most common brands of aviation kerosene used in civil and military aviation, and their main characteristics, are presented in the source [6, 7].
An important parameter characterizing the energy capabilities of fuel for a multi-mode GTE is the fuel heat output. Heating capacity characterizes the energy capabilities of the fuel-air mixture, taking into account the efficiency of the organization of the working process in the engine combustion chamber. Fuel heating capacity (
where:
From formula (3) it follows that the fuel heat output depends on the operating mode of the gas turbine engine.
Thus in non-design modes
The results of previous research in the field of changes in
Range of αCC variation in GTE multi-mode (maneuverable) aircraft.
A typical change in the excess air ratio can be shown schematically in the following form in Figure 6. It shows a typical change in the excess air ratio in the combustion chamber when changing the operating mode of the gas turbine engine. Point 2 corresponds to the maximum operating mode of the engine (design mode), point 1 corresponds to the operating mode of the minimum power, which is characterized by increased values of the excess air factor in the engine compressor, 3- steady-state modes of GTE operation, 4- throttle response, 5- gas discharge, 6- lean flameout in the combustion chamber, 7- rich flameout in the combustion chamber,
Typical change in excess air ratio
As it can be seen from Figure 6, a change in the operation of a gas turbine engine leads to a strong change in the excess air ratio in the combustion chamber, which greatly affects the efficiency of fuel combustion efficiency (
At the design operating mode of the GTE (maximum power mode),
For promising high-temperature (stoichiometric) aviation GTEs in the design mode (maximum power mode),
Flight technical and operational characteristics of an aircraft to the greatest extent depend on such fuel properties as density (
From the Eq. (4) it follows that
As follows from Figure 7, the maximum gas temperature
Calculated dependence of the temperature of fuel oil combustion products on the excess air ratio: ---- at
Figure 8 shows a typical characteristic of the combustion chamber from which it follows that in the entire range of variation of the excess air coefficient in the combustion chamber (
Typical characteristic of the combustion chamber is represented in the following way: The dependence of the fuel combustion efficiency (
Thus, it follows from the above analysis that the maximum energy characteristics of jet fuel can be obtained in a very narrow range of operation of traditional (non-regulated) combustion chambers. And the optimal operating mode of the compressor station at which the maximum heat release occurs corresponds only to a single value of the excess air coefficient (
To evaluate the operation of the compressor station with control elements in the multi-mode GTE system, we introduce the coefficient of fuel heat output
where:
The coefficient of fuel heat output shows the use of the thermal capabilities of the fuel depending on the operating mode of the GTE. Each mode of GTE operation corresponds to its own excess air ratio in the combustion chamber
The above analysis shows that, aviation kerosene still has a sufficient reserve for the implementation of high thermodynamic characteristics for promising GTEs for the near future. However, in order to realize the great thermodynamic capabilities of fuel in a multi-mode GTE, a new approach to the development of promising GTEs is required.
The essence of the approach for realizing the large thermodynamic capabilities of the GTE should be based on the fact that each operating mode of the engine should be optimal (calculated). This means that the gas path of the GTE and the engine automatics must correspond to obtaining the maximum engine characteristics in these modes. In other words, the gas path of the GTE and the automatic engine control system must adjust (adapt) to each operating mode of the engine in order to increase the work of the thermodynamic cycle in these modes, i.e. increase in total efficiency of GTE.
Adaptation refers to the ability of technical devices or systems to adapt to changing environmental conditions or to their internal changes, which leads to an increase in the efficiency of their functioning. For promising aircraft gas turbine engines, this is expressed in the application of regulation of the elements of its flow path, depending on the mode of its operation, as well as the use of an adaptive control system for its operation. The means of adaptation are the adjustable elements of the GTE flow path (part 5) and the engine control system. Continuous increasing requirements for the flight performance of maneuverable aircraft necessitate continuous improvement of the characteristics of the aviation GTE. As already noted, the improvement of the characteristics of the aviation GTE goes along two” soft “directions.
The first is the complication of the schematic diagrams of aviation GTEs, with the simultaneous implementation of regulation of the elements of its flow path, in accordance with the operating mode of the engine, that is, the use of its adaptation.
The second is to increase the parameters of the GTE working process, the turbine inlet temperature
Moreover, in these areas of development of aviation GTE, the adaptation process is widely used in order to obtain high performance in all modes of GTE operation.
If the adaptation of promising aircraft GTEs is carried out mainly by adjusting the elements of the flow path of the engine, as is customary, according to rigidly specified programs, depending on the operating mode, then it is clear that automatic control according to a given rigid program does not implement extensive adaptation and automation capabilities. In other words, there is a shortage of potential capabilities of the characteristics of the GTE, from this it follows that the evolution of the means of adaptation of the GTE comes into conflict with the control methods.
The operational ranges of changes in the characteristics of promising multi-mode aircraft are so wide that the control of the GTE without adaptation means becomes more and more difficult.
The rigidity of the program for regulating the elements of the GTE reduces the achievable effect of automation of maintaining the constraints. With tough regulation programs, the engine does not pick up its potential capabilities, i.e. its potential for gas-dynamic stability in the area of possible operation is not fully used.
The contradictions between the completeness of using the capabilities of the GTE and its limitations can be resolved only on the basis of the use of adaptive multi-parameter control systems with the simultaneous development of regulation of the elements of the GTE flow path in accordance with the mode of its operation, i.e. engine adaptation.
Figure 9 shows a hypothetical adaptive GTE with control elements for its flow part, where: 1-rotary guide vanes of the fan; 2- air bypass into the second circuit; 3-rotary guide vanes of the compressor; 4-adjustable radial clearances in the last stages of the compressor; 5-fuel supply to the adaptive combustion chamber; 6-adjustable third circuit; 7- adjustment of the compressor turbine (rotary blades of the nozzle apparatus and adjustable radial clearance of the impeller); 8-rotary blades of the nozzle apparatus of the fan turbine; 9-adjustable radial clearances of the fan turbine; 10- adjustable mixing chamber; 11-fuel supply to the afterburner; 12-adjustable nozzle.
Hypothetical adaptive GTE: Source [
The overall goal of the programs is to create a promising GTE, which consumes 25% less fuel, creates 10–20% more traction than existing GTEs.
Such a significant improvement in the parameters is achieved due to the complexity of the concept of a GTE and the use of various adaptation mechanisms.
The bypass turbofan engine provides for the availability of an adjustable third circuit (Figure 9, item 6), which is included in the operation only in the cruise (economic) flight mode, while significantly increasing the overall bypass ratio (m).
At high and maximum power modes, the circuit switches to low bypass levels, which allow increasing the traction characteristics of the engine in these modes.
Analyzing changes in specific thrust (RS) and specific fuel consumption (CR) depending on the bypass ratio, we calculate (from the basic aviation engine technology theory) (6):
where:
where:
Eqs. (6) and (7) show that an increase in the bypass ratio (m) in the cruise aircraft flight modes leads to a decrease in specific fuel consumption (CR), while a decrease in the bypass ratio at the maximum power modes leads to an increase in specific thrust (RS).
This example also shows that the use of an adaptive approach to increasing the complexity of the schematics of an aircraft GTE provides a significant boost to improving the performance of promising engines.
The above mentioned graph also shows that, to ensure the possibility of a stable and efficient operation of high-temperature stoichiometric combustion chamber (CC) and T*G = 2000–2200 K in a multi-mode GTE, it is necessary to use elements of the control of the combustion chamber (from the previous information analysis).
In [6] various methods of regulating the main CC of a multimode GTE are described. Although these methods of regulating the main CC were mainly aimed at obtaining better characteristics for the emission of pollutants, they can also be used to improve the characteristics of the high-temperature main CC.
Adjustment in the main CC is aimed at maintaining the specified composition of the fuel-air mixture in the combustion zone. Maintaining the required composition of the mixture in the CC can be facilitated by the supply of fuel, distributing it to the combustion zones. Several combustion zones are created that operate on the corresponding GTE operation modes. Figure 10 shows the sample CC by the [6, 7] with two zones of combustion chamber areas. The main drawback of such burning is the inefficient use of the volume of the CC. In some modes of operation, the GTE of the zone type uses only half of its working volume.
Double zone CC [
Another way to maintain a given composition of the mixture in the CC is the redistribution of air entering the CC, depending on the mode of operation of the GTE. Air is distributed by using, for example, an adjustable front device. Figure 11 shows CC with an adjustable head.
The possible CC scheme with an adjustable head.
By means of changing the flow area of the holes in the flame tube, it is possible to vary the air supply to the combustion zone in various combinations to maintain a given αCC [7].
Currently, the adjustability of the elements of the CC is sufficiently broadly developed.
Various adjustable nozzles, swirlers with adjustable blade installation angle and a change in the cross-sectional area, heads with preliminary organization of the air mixture fuel and control of its supply, adjustment of the CC volume with redistribution of air throughout the flame tube, etc., may be applied [10].
Based on the above, it is possible to schematically present a hypothetical high-temperature CC for a multi-mode perspective GTE. Figure 12 shows a hypothetical high-temperature CC with workflow control element or adaptive type CC (ATCC). A combustion chamber in which elements of adjustable geometric dimensions are used in accordance with the operation mode of the GTE, as a rule, the volume of CC and, accordingly, redistribution of air supply to the combustion and mixing zone, is called an adaptive type CC (ATCC).
Diagram of a hypothetical adaptive type combustion chamber (ATCC).
An obstacle for use of effective control of multi-mode CC of the GTE is the design complexity of the controlled CC, high-temperature GTE operation modes and limitations in the level of development of modern materials science and technology.
The application of adjustability in a high-temperature ATCC is aimed at maintaining a given αCC, at which the combustion chamber operates quite efficiently, with a high fuel combustion efficiency (ηg) and a high coefficient of fuel heat output (
Table 2 shows the adjustable parameters, control actions and the achievable control goals for a hypothetical ATCC multi-mode GTE. The implementation of the ATCC control is an adaptive control system.
No | Adjustable parameter | Designation | Control action | The purpose of regulating GTE modes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Air supply to the fuel injector | The area of the orifices of the air flow through the nozzle | Coordination of the spray angle of the geometry of the CC | |
2. | Spinning the air in the head | Swirl blade installation angle | Coordination of the sizes of the zone of processing currents of the geometry of the CC | |
3. | Air flow through the head | The area of the orifices of the flow sections of the air supply through the swirler | Maintaining a given αCC in the primary combustion zone | |
4. | Changing the geometric dimensions of the CC | The volume of the flame tube CC (change in length- L and height - H) | Coordination of the volume of the flame tube CC and its dimensions to the mode of operation of the GTE | |
5. | Supply of secondary air flow along the length of the CC | The area of the orifices of the flow areas of the secondary air supply to the flame tube | The distribution of the secondary air supply throughout the volume of the CC to maintain a given αCC | |
6. | Fuel supply to the CC | Adjustable fuel supply through the nozzle | Specified fuel supply, depending on the mode of operation of the GTE |
The adjustable parameters, the control actions and the achieved adjustment objectives for the hypothetical ATCC of multimode GTE.
An adaptive control system for a high-temperature CC of a multi-mode GTE can be implemented in two directions:
First - an adaptive choice of options, as the simplest [11].
Second - a self-adjusting adaptive system, as a more complex [12].
Adjustment by the method of adaptive choice of options is a choice of control actions (variant of the CC) under conditions of a priori uncertainty.
In this direction, the ATCC has several fixed positions of all control actions distributed over the GTE operation modes. Where for each range of GTE operation mode there is “its own” version of the CC, which in these conditions realizes the best performance. Each variant of the CC corresponds to a fixed position of the control action. In this way (8):
Graphically the characterization of the relative fuel combustion efficiency
Graphical characteristic of the ATCC with an adaptive choice of options.
The generalized characteristic of the ATCC is the curve of the peaks of the options. Thus, given the formula (7) we get (9):
When using the self-regulated adaptive system ATCC, the rule for determining the control actions changes in the course of GTE operation. In this case, the adaptive control algorithm will be a combination of adjustment and adaptation algorithms. The adaptive control system will be a dynamic system consisting of an ATCC and a device implementing an adaptive control algorithm, with the control algorithm to be determined over the entire range of operation of a multimode GTE. In this case, the ATCC characteristic will appear as follows, see Figure 14.
The characteristic of the ATCC with a self-adjusted adaptive system of regulation, where
In this way:
where:
It is necessary to clarify the definition of CC of the adaptive type (ATCC). Based on the above, the ATCC of a multi-mode GTE is a CC with a large number of control actions on the organization of the working process (developed control) and an adaptive control system.
Figures 13 and 14 show that, the use of ATCC in a high-temperature multi-mode GTE will significantly reduce its specific fuel consumption СR in all operating modes. Since an increase in the fuel combustion efficiency (ηg) and the coefficient of thermal performance of fuel (
To meet the requirements for promising aviation GTEs, it is necessary to increase the parameters of the thermodynamic cycle of the engine, while simultaneously applying complications of the GTE concept and its elements. This will make it possible to apply the principles of adaptation of the engine in non-design modes of operation, and to obtain the best characteristics of the GTE in these modes.
The use of adaptation principles in the development of future-generation aviation GTEs makes it possible to quite effectively resolve the contradictions of the possible obtaining of the best (optimal) characteristics under certain (calculated) conditions of GTE functioning and the impossibility of their implementation when these conditions change (non-design modes) in the range of permissible (or necessary) engine operating modes.
The use of an adaptive approach in the development of promising aviation GTEs will allow to take into account many uncertainties of the challenges of the future, which at the time of the start of work are not known or only assumed. This is due to the fact that the creation of an engine is characterized by a significant time interval within which various influencing factors can appear or change, and the adaptive approach takes into account the uncertainty and limited information of many influencing factors.
nozzle flow rate
specific heat of heat supply at constant pressure
specific fuel consumption
the area of the orifices of the air flow through the nozzle
the area of the mid-section of the engine
the area of the orifices of the flow sections of the air supply through the swirler
the area of the orifices of the flow areas of the secondary air supply to the flame tube
air flow through the engine
air flow through the gas generator
air flow through the second engine circuit
air flow rate entering the combustion chamber
engine mass
fuel flow rate entering the combustion chamber
adjustable fuel supply through the nozzle
lower calorific value of fuel
theoretically required amount of air for complete combustion of 1 kg of fuel
work of the thermodynamic cycle of the engine, which results in an increase in the kinetic energy of the exhaust gases, for a real cycle has the following form
inner loop operation
bypass ratio
coefficient taking into account the difference in the physical properties of air and gas
engine entrance pressure
pressure behind the compressor
the actual amount of heat energy received during fuel combustion
the amount of thermal energy introduced into the engine with fuel per 1 kg of working body
fuel heating capacity
fuel heating capacity at the i-th mode of GTE operation
heating capacity of fuel at the design (maximum) mode of operation of the GTE
the amount of heat supplied to the primary circuit (core engine circuit)
the coefficient of fuel heat output
engine thrust
frontal thrust
specific engine thrust
engine thrust at takeoff
air temperature behind the compressor (at the inlet to the combustion chamber)
gas temperature in front of the turbine
the maximum possible theoretical turbine inlet temperature
ambient air temperature
vector of control actions
flight speed
the volume of the flame tube CC
the specific gravity of the engine
air ratio of the combustion chamber
the calculated excess air ratio for a given combustion chamber
the calculated excess air ratio for the current position of the control elements of the adaptive type combustion chamber
working body heating degree
the efficiency of the expansion processes
the efficiency of the compression
the fuel combustion efficiency
internal coefficient efficiency of the GTE thermodynamic cycle
the maximum fuel combustion efficiency
propulsive efficiency
the overall efficiency of the direct reaction GTE
the relative fuel combustion efficiency
compressor pressure rise
cumulative pressure rise in the engine
density
swirl blade installation angle
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",metaTitle:"About Open Access",metaDescription:"Open access contributes to scientific excellence and integrity. It opens up research results to wider analysis. It allows research results to be reused for new discoveries. And it enables the multi-disciplinary research that is needed to solve global 21st century problems. Open access connects science with society. It allows the public to engage with research. To go behind the headlines. And look at the scientific evidence. And it enables policy makers to draw on innovative solutions to societal challenges.\n\nCarlos Moedas, the European Commissioner for Research Science and Innovation at the STM Annual Frankfurt Conference, October 2016.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"about-open-access",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"The Open Access publishing movement started in the early 2000s when academic leaders from around the world participated in the formation of the Budapest Initiative. They developed recommendations for an Open Access publishing process, “which has worked for the past decade to provide the public with unrestricted, free access to scholarly research—much of which is publicly funded. Making the research publicly available to everyone—free of charge and without most copyright and licensing restrictions—will accelerate scientific research efforts and allow authors to reach a larger number of readers” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
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\\n\\nIntechOpen is committed to ensuring the long-term preservation and the availability of all scholarly research we publish. We employ a variety of means to enable us to deliver on our commitments to the scientific community. Apart from preservation by the Croatian National Library (for publications prior to April 18, 2018) and the British Library (for publications after April 18, 2018), our entire catalogue is preserved in the CLOCKSS archive.
\\n\\nOpen Science is transparent and accessible knowledge that is shared and developed through collaborative networks.
\\n\\nOpen Science is about increased rigour, accountability, and reproducibility for research. It is based on the principles of inclusion, fairness, equity, and sharing, and ultimately seeks to change the way research is done, who is involved and how it is valued. It aims to make research more open to participation, review/refutation, improvement and (re)use for the world to benefit.
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The Open Access publishing movement started in the early 2000s when academic leaders from around the world participated in the formation of the Budapest Initiative. They developed recommendations for an Open Access publishing process, “which has worked for the past decade to provide the public with unrestricted, free access to scholarly research—much of which is publicly funded. Making the research publicly available to everyone—free of charge and without most copyright and licensing restrictions—will accelerate scientific research efforts and allow authors to reach a larger number of readers” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\n\nIntechOpen’s co-founders, both scientists themselves, created the company while undertaking research in robotics at Vienna University. Their goal was to spread research freely “for scientists, by scientists’ to the rest of the world via the Open Access publishing model. The company soon became a signatory of the Budapest Initiative, which currently has more than 1000 supporting organizations worldwide, ranging from universities to funders.
\n\nAt IntechOpen today, we are still as committed to working with organizations and people who care about scientific discovery, to putting the academic needs of the scientific community first, and to providing an Open Access environment where scientists can maximize their contribution to scientific advancement. By opening up access to the world’s scientific research articles and book chapters, we aim to facilitate greater opportunity for collaboration, scientific discovery and progress. We subscribe wholeheartedly to the Open Access definition:
\n\n“By “open access” to [peer-reviewed research literature], we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\n\nOAI-PMH
\n\nAs a firm believer in the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the Open Access Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH Version 2.0). Read more
\n\nLicense
\n\nBook chapters published in edited volumes are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (CC BY 3.0). IntechOpen upholds a very flexible Copyright Policy. There is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their work. All Monographs/Compacts are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). Read more
\n\nPeer Review Policies
\n\nAll scientific works are Peer Reviewed prior to publishing. Read more
\n\nOA Publishing Fees
\n\nThe Open Access publishing model employed by IntechOpen eliminates subscription charges and pay-per-view fees, enabling readers to access research at no cost. In order to sustain operations and keep our publications freely accessible we levy an Open Access Publishing Fee for manuscripts, which helps us cover the costs of editorial work and the production of books. Read more
\n\nDigital Archiving Policy
\n\nIntechOpen is committed to ensuring the long-term preservation and the availability of all scholarly research we publish. We employ a variety of means to enable us to deliver on our commitments to the scientific community. Apart from preservation by the Croatian National Library (for publications prior to April 18, 2018) and the British Library (for publications after April 18, 2018), our entire catalogue is preserved in the CLOCKSS archive.
\n\nOpen Science is transparent and accessible knowledge that is shared and developed through collaborative networks.
\n\nOpen Science is about increased rigour, accountability, and reproducibility for research. It is based on the principles of inclusion, fairness, equity, and sharing, and ultimately seeks to change the way research is done, who is involved and how it is valued. It aims to make research more open to participation, review/refutation, improvement and (re)use for the world to benefit.
\n\nOpen Science refers to doing traditional science with more transparency involved at various stages, for example by openly sharing code and data. It implies a growing set of practices - within different disciplines - aiming at:
\n\nWe aim at improving the quality and availability of scholarly communication by promoting and practicing:
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His main focus now is to unravel the mechanism of drought and heat stress response in plants to tackle climate change related threats in agriculture.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Council of Agricultural Research",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",middleName:"P",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4782/images/system/4782.jpg",biography:"Bishnu P. Pal is Professor of Physics at Mahindra École\nCentrale Hyderabad India since July 1st 2014 after retirement\nas Professor of Physics from IIT Delhi; Ph.D.’1975 from IIT\nDelhi; Fellow of OSA and SPIE; Senior Member IEEE;\nHonorary Foreign Member Royal Norwegian Society for\nScience and Arts; Member OSA Board of Directors (2009-\n11); Distinguished Lecturer IEEE Photonics Society (2005-\n07).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Delhi",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"69653",title:"Dr.",name:"Chusak",middleName:null,surname:"Limsakul",slug:"chusak-limsakul",fullName:"Chusak Limsakul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Prince of Songkla University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"23804",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamzah",middleName:null,surname:"Arof",slug:"hamzah-arof",fullName:"Hamzah Arof",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/23804/images/5492_n.jpg",biography:"Hamzah Arof received his BSc from Michigan State University, and PhD from the University of Wales. Both degrees were in electrical engineering. His current research interests include signal processing and photonics. 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Due to their reactivity, their concentration is tightly regulated inside the cells, and abnormal concentrations are associated with many disorders, such as cancer. As such metal complexes turned out to be very attractive as potential anticancer agents. The discovery of cisplatin was a crucial moment, which prompted the interest in Pt(II) and other metal complexes as potential anticancer agents. This chapter highlights the state of the art on metal complexes in cancer therapy, highlighting their uptake mechanisms, biological targets, toxicity, and drug resistance. Finally, based on the importance of selective target of cancer cells, drug delivery systems will also be discussed.",book:{id:"7549",slug:"basic-concepts-viewed-from-frontier-in-inorganic-coordination-chemistry",title:"Basic Concepts Viewed from Frontier in Inorganic Coordination Chemistry",fullTitle:"Basic Concepts Viewed from Frontier in Inorganic Coordination Chemistry"},signatures:"Pedro Pedrosa, Andreia Carvalho, Pedro V. Baptista and Alexandra R. Fernandes",authors:[{id:"253664",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexandra R",middleName:null,surname:"Fernandes",slug:"alexandra-r-fernandes",fullName:"Alexandra R Fernandes"}]},{id:"55951",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69588",title:"Sol-Gel Processes of Functional Powders and Films",slug:"sol-gel-processes-of-functional-powders-and-films",totalDownloads:1645,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"The key principles of sol-gel process and its characteristics are outlined and its major control parameters are summarized. Different samples of functional powders and films with magnetic, optical, and dielectric properties prepared by the sol-gel method are described. To determine the relationship between microstructure and properties, the effects of preparation conditions on the size and microstructure and electric properties, dielectric properties, optical properties, and magnetic properties are analyzed.",book:{id:"5879",slug:"chemical-reactions-in-inorganic-chemistry",title:"Chemical Reactions in Inorganic Chemistry",fullTitle:"Chemical Reactions in Inorganic Chemistry"},signatures:"Chao-Qun Ye",authors:[{id:"198716",title:"Dr.",name:"Chaoqun",middleName:null,surname:"Ye",slug:"chaoqun-ye",fullName:"Chaoqun Ye"}]},{id:"54947",doi:"10.5772/68132",title:"Voltammetric Analysis of Platinum Group Metals Using a Bismuth-Silver Bimetallic Nanoparticles Sensor",slug:"voltammetric-analysis-of-platinum-group-metals-using-a-bismuth-silver-bimetallic-nanoparticles-senso",totalDownloads:1464,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"This study dealt with the development of a bismuth-silver bimetallic nanosensor for differential pulse adsorptive stripping voltammetry of platinum group metals (PGMs) in environmental samples. The nanosensor was fabricated by drop coating a thin bismuth-silver bimetallic film onto the active area of the screen-printed carbon electrodes. Optimization parameters such as pH, dimethylglyoxime (DMG) concentration, deposition potential and deposition time, stability test and interferences were also studied. In 0.2 M acetate buffer (pH = 4.7) solution and DMG as the chelating agent, the reduction signal for PGMs ranged from 0.2 to 1.0 ng L−1. In the study of possible interferences, the results have shown that Ni(II), Co(II), Fe(III), Na+, SO42−, and PO43− do not interfere with Pd(II), Pt(II), and Rh(III) in the presence of DMG with sodium acetate buffer as the supporting electrolyte solution. The limit of detection for Pd(II), Pt(II), and Rh(III) was found to be 0.07, 0.06 and 0.2 ng L−1, respectively. Good precision for the sensor application was obtained with a reproducibility of 7.58% for Pd(II), 6.31% for Pt(II), and 5.37% for Rh(III) (n = 10).",book:{id:"5848",slug:"recent-progress-in-organometallic-chemistry",title:"Recent Progress in Organometallic Chemistry",fullTitle:"Recent Progress in Organometallic Chemistry"},signatures:"Charlton van der Horst, Bongiwe Silwana, Emmanuel Iwuoha and\nVernon S. Somerset",authors:[{id:"6648",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Vernon",middleName:null,surname:"Somerset",slug:"vernon-somerset",fullName:"Vernon Somerset"}]},{id:"62661",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79472",title:"Mechanism of Interactions of Zinc(II) and Copper(II) Complexes with Small Biomolecules",slug:"mechanism-of-interactions-of-zinc-ii-and-copper-ii-complexes-with-small-biomolecules",totalDownloads:2007,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Over the past few decades, transition metal complexes have attracted considerable attention in medicinal inorganic chemistry, especially as synthetic metallonucleases and metal-based anticancer drugs that are able to bind to DNA under physiological conditions. The use of metal-based drugs presents the most important strategy in the development of new anticancer and antimicrobial agents. Negative side effects during treatment (such as vomiting, resistance, nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, neurotoxicity and cardiotoxicity) prompted researchers to design new classes of DNA and protein targeting metal-based anticancer agents with potential in vitro selectivity and less toxicity. Knowledge of mechanism of the interaction zinc(II) and copper (II) ions with biomolecules and other relevant ligands is essential for understanding the cellular biology of delivery complexes to DNA and proteins. Results obtained from investigations provide useful information for the future design of potential zinc- and copper-based anticancer drugs. Different mechanism of interactions with selected biomolecules compared to platinum-based drugs has been observed.",book:{id:"7549",slug:"basic-concepts-viewed-from-frontier-in-inorganic-coordination-chemistry",title:"Basic Concepts Viewed from Frontier in Inorganic Coordination Chemistry",fullTitle:"Basic Concepts Viewed from Frontier in Inorganic Coordination Chemistry"},signatures:"Tanja Soldatović",authors:[{id:"256260",title:"Dr.",name:"Tanja",middleName:"V.",surname:"Soldatovic",slug:"tanja-soldatovic",fullName:"Tanja Soldatovic"}]},{id:"54684",doi:"10.5772/68071",title:"Physicochemical Properties and Catalytic Applications of Iron Porphyrazines and Phthalocyanines",slug:"physicochemical-properties-and-catalytic-applications-of-iron-porphyrazines-and-phthalocyanines",totalDownloads:1719,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Porphyrazines and phthalocyanines belong to porphyrinoids, which are macrocyclic compounds consisting of four pyrrole or indole rings, respectively. The aromatic rings of porphyrazines and phthalocyanines are fused together by azamethine bridges (meso nitrogen atoms) in place of methine bridges present in porphyrins. The physicochemical properties of these macrocycles can be modified in two ways. The first is by substitution of metal cation in the core, whereas the second relies on peripheral modification with various substituents. Porphyrazines and phthalocyanines can be modified inside the macrocyclic core with various transition metal cations, including iron(II/III), which impacts their electrochemical properties and influences potential applications in redox reactions. Due to their unique optical and electrochemical properties, porphyrazines and phthalocyanines found many potential and practical applications in medicine and technology. They were mainly researched as photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy, as sensors in biomedical and analytical applications or as building blocks for materials chemistry. This chapter presents physicochemical properties and catalytic applications of iron porphyrazines and phthalocyanines. The first part summarizes the influence of peripheral and axial substituents of iron(II/III) porphyrazines and phthalocyanines on their spectral properties, whereas the second focuses on the electrochemical properties of these molecules. The third part covers the activity of selected iron(II/III) porphyrazines and phthalocyanines of potential value for diverse applications including catalytic reactions.",book:{id:"5848",slug:"recent-progress-in-organometallic-chemistry",title:"Recent Progress in Organometallic Chemistry",fullTitle:"Recent Progress in Organometallic Chemistry"},signatures:"Tomasz Koczorowski, Wojciech Szczolko and Tomasz Goslinski",authors:[{id:"194381",title:"Prof.",name:"Tomasz",middleName:null,surname:"Goslinski",slug:"tomasz-goslinski",fullName:"Tomasz Goslinski"},{id:"196559",title:"MSc.",name:"Tomasz",middleName:null,surname:"Koczorowski",slug:"tomasz-koczorowski",fullName:"Tomasz Koczorowski"},{id:"199685",title:"Dr.",name:"Wojciech",middleName:null,surname:"Szczolko",slug:"wojciech-szczolko",fullName:"Wojciech Szczolko"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"62941",title:"Inorganic Coordination Chemistry: Where We Stand in Cancer Treatment?",slug:"inorganic-coordination-chemistry-where-we-stand-in-cancer-treatment-",totalDownloads:2070,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"Metals have unique characteristics such as variable coordination modes, redox activity, and reactivity being indispensable for several biochemical processes in cells. Due to their reactivity, their concentration is tightly regulated inside the cells, and abnormal concentrations are associated with many disorders, such as cancer. As such metal complexes turned out to be very attractive as potential anticancer agents. The discovery of cisplatin was a crucial moment, which prompted the interest in Pt(II) and other metal complexes as potential anticancer agents. This chapter highlights the state of the art on metal complexes in cancer therapy, highlighting their uptake mechanisms, biological targets, toxicity, and drug resistance. Finally, based on the importance of selective target of cancer cells, drug delivery systems will also be discussed.",book:{id:"7549",slug:"basic-concepts-viewed-from-frontier-in-inorganic-coordination-chemistry",title:"Basic Concepts Viewed from Frontier in Inorganic Coordination Chemistry",fullTitle:"Basic Concepts Viewed from Frontier in Inorganic Coordination Chemistry"},signatures:"Pedro Pedrosa, Andreia Carvalho, Pedro V. Baptista and Alexandra R. Fernandes",authors:[{id:"253664",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexandra R",middleName:null,surname:"Fernandes",slug:"alexandra-r-fernandes",fullName:"Alexandra R Fernandes"}]},{id:"62661",title:"Mechanism of Interactions of Zinc(II) and Copper(II) Complexes with Small Biomolecules",slug:"mechanism-of-interactions-of-zinc-ii-and-copper-ii-complexes-with-small-biomolecules",totalDownloads:2007,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Over the past few decades, transition metal complexes have attracted considerable attention in medicinal inorganic chemistry, especially as synthetic metallonucleases and metal-based anticancer drugs that are able to bind to DNA under physiological conditions. The use of metal-based drugs presents the most important strategy in the development of new anticancer and antimicrobial agents. Negative side effects during treatment (such as vomiting, resistance, nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, neurotoxicity and cardiotoxicity) prompted researchers to design new classes of DNA and protein targeting metal-based anticancer agents with potential in vitro selectivity and less toxicity. Knowledge of mechanism of the interaction zinc(II) and copper (II) ions with biomolecules and other relevant ligands is essential for understanding the cellular biology of delivery complexes to DNA and proteins. Results obtained from investigations provide useful information for the future design of potential zinc- and copper-based anticancer drugs. Different mechanism of interactions with selected biomolecules compared to platinum-based drugs has been observed.",book:{id:"7549",slug:"basic-concepts-viewed-from-frontier-in-inorganic-coordination-chemistry",title:"Basic Concepts Viewed from Frontier in Inorganic Coordination Chemistry",fullTitle:"Basic Concepts Viewed from Frontier in Inorganic Coordination Chemistry"},signatures:"Tanja Soldatović",authors:[{id:"256260",title:"Dr.",name:"Tanja",middleName:"V.",surname:"Soldatovic",slug:"tanja-soldatovic",fullName:"Tanja Soldatovic"}]},{id:"63759",title:"Modern Techniques in Synthesis of Organometallic Compounds of Germanium",slug:"modern-techniques-in-synthesis-of-organometallic-compounds-of-germanium",totalDownloads:1198,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Germanium is one of the most significant semiconductors to be used for electronic devices due to small bandgap and high intrinsic mobility of holes and electrons. Germanium has received a large attention due to its extraordinary reactivity and properties. It is commonly used in fluorescent lamps and as catalyst as well to produce various types of plastic. Germanium nanomaterials have broad range of applications from photovoltaic devices to phase-change memory materials. Germanium forms complexes by reacting with numerous elements such as carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, and phosphorous as a part of several organic compounds. Germanium coordinates with these elements by single, double, and triple linkages. Interestingly, all such reactions occur at ambient temperature usually in tetrahydrofuran under vacuum. Germanium may also react directly with primary and secondary nitrogen in the presence of a suitable base, whereas with tertiary nitrogen, it may react directly even in the absence of a base. Nevertheless, this chapter describes the modern techniques in synthesis of organometallic compounds of germanium.",book:{id:"7549",slug:"basic-concepts-viewed-from-frontier-in-inorganic-coordination-chemistry",title:"Basic Concepts Viewed from Frontier in Inorganic Coordination Chemistry",fullTitle:"Basic Concepts Viewed from Frontier in Inorganic Coordination Chemistry"},signatures:"Hina Hayat and Muhammad Adnan Iqbal",authors:[{id:"253633",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Adnan",middleName:null,surname:"Iqbal",slug:"muhammad-adnan-iqbal",fullName:"Muhammad Adnan Iqbal"},{id:"253635",title:"Ms.",name:"Hina",middleName:null,surname:"Hayat",slug:"hina-hayat",fullName:"Hina Hayat"}]},{id:"55634",title:"Concerning Organometallic Compounds in Environment: Occurrence, Fate, and Impact",slug:"concerning-organometallic-compounds-in-environment-occurrence-fate-and-impact",totalDownloads:1892,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Organometallic compounds can be found in our surrounding environmental compartments either because of human extensive activities or their existence as natural products in the environment. Since organometallic species of trace metals were found often more worrying than their parent compounds, intensive research on their properties, pathways of transformation in different environmental compartment as well as their fate and interactions between different environmental compartments (under different external and internal conditions), and not finally their end-up and disposal, has become a requirement from many public health and environmental protection agencies.",book:{id:"5848",slug:"recent-progress-in-organometallic-chemistry",title:"Recent Progress in Organometallic Chemistry",fullTitle:"Recent Progress in Organometallic Chemistry"},signatures:"Kovacs Melinda Haydee and Kovacs Emoke Dalma",authors:[{id:"197543",title:"Dr.",name:"Melinda",middleName:null,surname:"Kovacs",slug:"melinda-kovacs",fullName:"Melinda Kovacs"},{id:"199573",title:"MSc.",name:"Emoke Dalma",middleName:null,surname:"Kovacs",slug:"emoke-dalma-kovacs",fullName:"Emoke Dalma Kovacs"}]},{id:"54684",title:"Physicochemical Properties and Catalytic Applications of Iron Porphyrazines and Phthalocyanines",slug:"physicochemical-properties-and-catalytic-applications-of-iron-porphyrazines-and-phthalocyanines",totalDownloads:1719,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Porphyrazines and phthalocyanines belong to porphyrinoids, which are macrocyclic compounds consisting of four pyrrole or indole rings, respectively. The aromatic rings of porphyrazines and phthalocyanines are fused together by azamethine bridges (meso nitrogen atoms) in place of methine bridges present in porphyrins. The physicochemical properties of these macrocycles can be modified in two ways. The first is by substitution of metal cation in the core, whereas the second relies on peripheral modification with various substituents. Porphyrazines and phthalocyanines can be modified inside the macrocyclic core with various transition metal cations, including iron(II/III), which impacts their electrochemical properties and influences potential applications in redox reactions. Due to their unique optical and electrochemical properties, porphyrazines and phthalocyanines found many potential and practical applications in medicine and technology. They were mainly researched as photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy, as sensors in biomedical and analytical applications or as building blocks for materials chemistry. This chapter presents physicochemical properties and catalytic applications of iron porphyrazines and phthalocyanines. The first part summarizes the influence of peripheral and axial substituents of iron(II/III) porphyrazines and phthalocyanines on their spectral properties, whereas the second focuses on the electrochemical properties of these molecules. The third part covers the activity of selected iron(II/III) porphyrazines and phthalocyanines of potential value for diverse applications including catalytic reactions.",book:{id:"5848",slug:"recent-progress-in-organometallic-chemistry",title:"Recent Progress in Organometallic Chemistry",fullTitle:"Recent Progress in Organometallic Chemistry"},signatures:"Tomasz Koczorowski, Wojciech Szczolko and Tomasz Goslinski",authors:[{id:"194381",title:"Prof.",name:"Tomasz",middleName:null,surname:"Goslinski",slug:"tomasz-goslinski",fullName:"Tomasz Goslinski"},{id:"196559",title:"MSc.",name:"Tomasz",middleName:null,surname:"Koczorowski",slug:"tomasz-koczorowski",fullName:"Tomasz Koczorowski"},{id:"199685",title:"Dr.",name:"Wojciech",middleName:null,surname:"Szczolko",slug:"wojciech-szczolko",fullName:"Wojciech Szczolko"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"491",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:285,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:101,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. 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\r\n\tGlobally, the ecological footprint is growing at a faster rate than GDP. This phenomenon has been studied by scientists for many years. However, clear strategies and actions are needed now more than ever. Every day, humanity, from individuals to businesses (public and private) and governments, are called to change their mindset in order to pursue a virtuous combination for sustainable development. Reasoning in a sustainable way entails, first and foremost, managing the available resources efficiently and strategically, whether they are natural, financial, human or relational. In this way, value is generated by contributing to the growth, improvement and socio-economic development of the communities and of all the players that make up its value chain. In the coming decades, we will need to be able to transition from a society in which economic well-being and health are measured by the growth of production and material consumption, to a society in which we live better while consuming less. In this context, digitization has the potential to disrupt processes, with significant implications for the environment and sustainable development. There are numerous challenges associated with sustainability and digitization, the need to consider new business models capable of extracting value, data ownership and sharing and integration, as well as collaboration across the entire supply chain of a product. In order to generate value, effectively developing a complex system based on sustainability principles is a challenge that requires a deep commitment to both technological factors, such as data and platforms, and human dimensions, such as trust and collaboration. Regular study, research and implementation must be part of the road to sustainable solutions. Consequently, this topic will analyze growth models and techniques aimed at achieving intergenerational equity in terms of economic, social and environmental well-being. It will also cover various subjects, including risk assessment in the context of sustainable economy and a just society.
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In addition to a number of research articles, he has written two books, Computational Intelligence: An Introduction and Fundamentals of Computational Swarm Intelligence.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Stellenbosch University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},subseries:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",keywords:"Machine Learning, Intelligence Algorithms, Data Science, Artificial Intelligence, Applications on Applied Intelligence",scope:"This field is the key in the current industrial revolution (Industry 4.0), where the new models and developments are based on the knowledge generation on applied intelligence. The motor of the society is the industry and the research of this topic has to be empowered in order to increase and improve the quality of our lives.",annualVolume:11418,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"13633",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdelhamid",middleName:null,surname:"Mellouk",fullName:"Abdelhamid Mellouk",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/13633/images/1567_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Paris 12 Val de Marne University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"109268",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Ataby",fullName:"Ali Al-Ataby",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/109268/images/7410_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Liverpool",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"3807",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmelo",middleName:"Jose Albanez",surname:"Bastos-Filho",fullName:"Carmelo Bastos-Filho",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/3807/images/624_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Pernambuco",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"38850",title:"Dr.",name:"Efren",middleName:null,surname:"Gorrostieta Hurtado",fullName:"Efren Gorrostieta Hurtado",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/38850/images/system/38850.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"239041",title:"Prof.",name:"Yang",middleName:null,surname:"Yi",fullName:"Yang Yi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/239041/images/system/239041.jpeg",institutionString:"Virginia Tech",institution:{name:"Virginia Tech",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",keywords:"Single-Neuron Modeling, Sensory Processing, Motor Control, Memory and Synaptic Pasticity, Attention, Identification, Categorization, Discrimination, Learning, Development, Axonal Patterning and Guidance, Neural Architecture, Behaviours and Dynamics of Networks, Cognition and the Neuroscientific Basis of Consciousness",scope:"Computational neuroscience focuses on biologically realistic abstractions and models validated and solved through computational simulations to understand principles for the development, structure, physiology, and ability of the nervous system. This topic is dedicated to biologically plausible descriptions and computational models - at various abstraction levels - of neurons and neural systems. This includes, but is not limited to: single-neuron modeling, sensory processing, motor control, memory, and synaptic plasticity, attention, identification, categorization, discrimination, learning, development, axonal patterning, guidance, neural architecture, behaviors, and dynamics of networks, cognition and the neuroscientific basis of consciousness. Particularly interesting are models of various types of more compound functions and abilities, various and more general fundamental principles (e.g., regarding architecture, organization, learning, development, etc.) found at various spatial and temporal levels.",annualVolume:11419,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"13818",title:"Dr.",name:"Asim",middleName:null,surname:"Bhatti",fullName:"Asim Bhatti",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/13818/images/system/13818.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Deakin University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},{id:"151889",title:"Dr.",name:"Joao Luis Garcia",middleName:null,surname:"Rosa",fullName:"Joao Luis Garcia Rosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/151889/images/4861_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",keywords:"Image Analysis, Scene Understanding, Biometrics, Deep Learning, Software Implementation, Hardware Implementation, Natural Images, Medical Images, Robotics, VR/AR",scope:"The scope of this topic is to disseminate the recent advances in the rapidly growing field of computer vision from both the theoretical and practical points of view. Novel computational algorithms for image analysis, scene understanding, biometrics, deep learning and their software or hardware implementations for natural and medical images, robotics, VR/AR, applications are some research directions relevant to this topic.",annualVolume:11420,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"1177",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:"J. R.",surname:"Neves",fullName:"Antonio Neves",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1177/images/system/1177.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"220565",title:"Dr.",name:"Jucheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",fullName:"Jucheng Yang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/220565/images/5988_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tianjin University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"29299",title:"Prof.",name:"Serestina",middleName:null,surname:"Viriri",fullName:"Serestina Viriri",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYOalQAG/Profile_Picture_1620817405517",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of KwaZulu-Natal",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"315933",title:"Dr.",name:"Yalın",middleName:null,surname:"Baştanlar",fullName:"Yalın Baştanlar",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002qpr7hQAA/Profile_Picture_1621430127547",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",keywords:"Genetic Algorithms, Genetic Programming, Evolutionary Programming, Evolution Strategies, Hybrid Algorithms, Bioinspired Metaheuristics, Ant Colony Optimization, Evolutionary Learning, Hyperparameter Optimization",scope:"Evolutionary computing is a paradigm that has grown dramatically in recent years. This group of bio-inspired metaheuristics solves multiple optimization problems by applying the metaphor of natural selection. It so far has solved problems such as resource allocation, routing, schedule planning, and engineering design. Moreover, in the field of machine learning, evolutionary computation has carved out a significant niche both in the generation of learning models and in the automatic design and optimization of hyperparameters in deep learning models. This collection aims to include quality volumes on various topics related to evolutionary algorithms and, alternatively, other metaheuristics of interest inspired by nature. For example, some of the issues of interest could be the following: Advances in evolutionary computation (Genetic algorithms, Genetic programming, Bio-inspired metaheuristics, Hybrid metaheuristics, Parallel ECs); Applications of evolutionary algorithms (Machine learning and Data Mining with EAs, Search-Based Software Engineering, Scheduling, and Planning Applications, Smart Transport Applications, Applications to Games, Image Analysis, Signal Processing and Pattern Recognition, Applications to Sustainability).",annualVolume:11421,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"111683",title:"Prof.",name:"Elmer",middleName:"P.",surname:"Dadios",fullName:"Elmer Dadios",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/111683/images/system/111683.jpg",institutionString:"De La Salle University",institution:{name:"De La Salle University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Philippines"}}},{id:"106873",title:"Prof.",name:"Hongwei",middleName:null,surname:"Ge",fullName:"Hongwei Ge",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"171056",title:"Dr.",name:"Sotirios",middleName:null,surname:"Goudos",fullName:"Sotirios Goudos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9IuQAK/Profile_Picture_1622623673666",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"15895",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Takashi",middleName:null,surname:"Kuremoto",fullName:"Takashi Kuremoto",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLrqQAG/Profile_Picture_1625656196038",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nippon Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"125844",title:"Prof.",name:"Wellington",middleName:"Pinheiro Dos",surname:"Santos",fullName:"Wellington Santos",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/125844/images/4878_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Pernambuco",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",keywords:"Intelligent Systems, Machine Learning, Data Science, Data Mining, Artificial Intelligence",scope:"The scope of machine learning and data mining is immense and is growing every day. It has become a massive part of our daily lives, making predictions based on experience, making this a fascinating area that solves problems that otherwise would not be possible or easy to solve. This topic aims to encompass algorithms that learn from experience (supervised and unsupervised), improve their performance over time and enable machines to make data-driven decisions. It is not limited to any particular applications, but contributions are encouraged from all disciplines.",annualVolume:11422,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"43680",title:"Prof.",name:"Ciza",middleName:null,surname:"Thomas",fullName:"Ciza Thomas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/43680/images/system/43680.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government of Kerala",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"16614",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan Ignacio",middleName:null,surname:"Guerrero Alonso",fullName:"Juan Ignacio Guerrero Alonso",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6HB8QAM/Profile_Picture_1627901127555",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/3095/images/1592_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Chicago",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"214067",title:"Dr.",name:"W. David",middleName:null,surname:"Pan",fullName:"W. David Pan",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSEI9QAO/Profile_Picture_1623656213532",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alabama in Huntsville",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"72920",title:"Prof.",name:"Yves",middleName:"Philippe",surname:"Rybarczyk",fullName:"Yves Rybarczyk",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72920/images/system/72920.jpeg",institutionString:"Dalarna University, Faculty of Data and Information Sciences",institution:{name:"Dalarna University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}}]},{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",keywords:"Collaborative Intelligence, Learning, Distributed Control System, Swarm Robotics, Decision Science, Software Engineering",scope:"Multi-agent systems are recognised as a state of the art field in Artificial Intelligence studies, which is popular due to the usefulness in facilitation capabilities to handle real-world problem-solving in a distributed fashion. The area covers many techniques that offer solutions to emerging problems in robotics and enterprise-level software systems. Collaborative intelligence is highly and effectively achieved with multi-agent systems. Areas of application include swarms of robots, flocks of UAVs, collaborative software management. Given the level of technological enhancements, the popularity of machine learning in use has opened a new chapter in multi-agent studies alongside the practical challenges and long-lasting collaboration issues in the field. It has increased the urgency and the need for further studies in this field. We welcome chapters presenting research on the many applications of multi-agent studies including, but not limited to, the following key areas: machine learning for multi-agent systems; modeling swarms robots and flocks of UAVs with multi-agent systems; decision science and multi-agent systems; software engineering for and with multi-agent systems; tools and technologies of multi-agent systems.",annualVolume:11423,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the West of England",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"275140",title:"Dr.",name:"Dinh Hoa",middleName:null,surname:"Nguyen",fullName:"Dinh Hoa Nguyen",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRbnKQAS/Profile_Picture_1622204093453",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kyushu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"20259",title:"Dr.",name:"Hongbin",middleName:null,surname:"Ma",fullName:"Hongbin Ma",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRhDJQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-05-02T08:25:21.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"28640",title:"Prof.",name:"Yasushi",middleName:null,surname:"Kambayashi",fullName:"Yasushi Kambayashi",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYOQxQAO/Profile_Picture_1625660525470",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nippon Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/175705",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"175705"},fullPath:"/profiles/175705",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()