Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\n
We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
IntechOpen is proud to announce that 179 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\n
Throughout the years, the list has named a total of 252 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\n
We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
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Pacheco-Moisés, Mario A. Mireles-\nRamírez, L. Javier Flores-Alvarado, Héctor González-Usigli, Angélica\nL. Sánchez-López, Lorenzo Sánchez-Romero, Irma E. Velázquez-\nBrizuela, Erika Daniela González-Renovato and Erandis Dheni\nTorres-Sánchez",authors:[{id:"26109",title:"Dr.",name:"Genaro",middleName:"Gabriel",surname:"Ortiz",fullName:"Genaro Ortiz",slug:"genaro-ortiz"},{id:"166323",title:"Dr.",name:"Fermín",middleName:null,surname:"Pacheco-Moisés",fullName:"Fermín Pacheco-Moisés",slug:"fermin-pacheco-moises"},{id:"166326",title:"Dr.",name:"Irma E",middleName:null,surname:"Velázquez-Brizuela",fullName:"Irma E Velázquez-Brizuela",slug:"irma-e-velazquez-brizuela"},{id:"173290",title:"MSc.",name:"Erica Daniela",middleName:null,surname:"González-Renovato",fullName:"Erica Daniela González-Renovato",slug:"erica-daniela-gonzalez-renovato"},{id:"173292",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Angélica L.",middleName:"Lizeth",surname:"Sánchez López.",fullName:"Angélica L. Sánchez López.",slug:"angelica-l.-sanchez-lopez."},{id:"173295",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario",middleName:null,surname:"Mireles-Ramírez",fullName:"Mario Mireles-Ramírez",slug:"mario-mireles-ramirez"},{id:"173377",title:"Dr.",name:"J Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Flores-Alvarado",fullName:"J Luis Flores-Alvarado",slug:"j-luis-flores-alvarado"},{id:"178191",title:"Dr.",name:"Héctor",middleName:null,surname:"González-Usigli",fullName:"Héctor González-Usigli",slug:"hector-gonzalez-usigli"},{id:"178192",title:"BSc.",name:"Lorenzo",middleName:null,surname:"Sánchez-Romero",fullName:"Lorenzo Sánchez-Romero",slug:"lorenzo-sanchez-romero"}]},{id:"51096",title:"Nitroso-Redox Crosstalk in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy",slug:"nitroso-redox-crosstalk-in-diabetic-cardiomyopathy",signatures:"Daniel R González, Adriana V Treuer and Ulises Novoa",authors:[{id:"54305",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:"R",surname:"Gonzalez",fullName:"Daniel Gonzalez",slug:"daniel-gonzalez"},{id:"177979",title:"Dr.",name:"Ulises",middleName:null,surname:"Novoa",fullName:"Ulises Novoa",slug:"ulises-novoa"},{id:"177980",title:"Dr.",name:"Adriana",middleName:"V.",surname:"Treuer",fullName:"Adriana Treuer",slug:"adriana-treuer"}]},{id:"51146",title:"Ubiquinone, Ezetimibe/Simvastatin and Rosuvastatin Effects on Mitochondrial Function in Diabetic Polyneuropathy",slug:"ubiquinone-ezetimibe-simvastatin-and-rosuvastatin-effects-on-mitochondrial-function-in-diabetic-poly",signatures:"Luis M. Román-Pintos, Geannyne Villegas-Rivera, Ernesto G.\nCardona-Muñoz, Adolfo D. Rodríguez-Carrizalez, Fermín P.\nPacheco-Moisés and Alejandra G. Miranda-Díaz",authors:[{id:"166323",title:"Dr.",name:"Fermín",middleName:null,surname:"Pacheco-Moisés",fullName:"Fermín Pacheco-Moisés",slug:"fermin-pacheco-moises"},{id:"178033",title:"Dr.",name:"Alejandra Guillermina",middleName:null,surname:"Miranda-Diaz",fullName:"Alejandra Guillermina Miranda-Diaz",slug:"alejandra-guillermina-miranda-diaz"},{id:"184047",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Roman-Pintos",fullName:"Luis Miguel Roman-Pintos",slug:"luis-miguel-roman-pintos"},{id:"184049",title:"Dr.",name:"Geannyne",middleName:null,surname:"Villegas-Rivera",fullName:"Geannyne Villegas-Rivera",slug:"geannyne-villegas-rivera"},{id:"184050",title:"Dr.",name:"Adolfo Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Carrizalez",fullName:"Adolfo Daniel Rodriguez-Carrizalez",slug:"adolfo-daniel-rodriguez-carrizalez"},{id:"184051",title:"Dr.",name:"Ernesto German",middleName:null,surname:"Cardona-Muñoz",fullName:"Ernesto German Cardona-Muñoz",slug:"ernesto-german-cardona-munoz"}]},{id:"52065",title:"Involvement of Free Radicals in the Development and Progression of Alzheimer’s Disease",slug:"involvement-of-free-radicals-in-the-development-and-progression-of-alzheimer-s-disease",signatures:"Martha C. Rosales Hernández, Maricarmen Hernández Rodríguez,\nJessica E. Mendieta Wejebe and José Correa Basurto",authors:[{id:"177968",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Rosales Hernández",fullName:"Martha Cecilia Rosales Hernández",slug:"martha-cecilia-rosales-hernandez"},{id:"184168",title:"MSc.",name:"Maricarmen",middleName:null,surname:"Hernández-Rodriguez",fullName:"Maricarmen Hernández-Rodriguez",slug:"maricarmen-hernandez-rodriguez"},{id:"184169",title:"Dr.",name:"Jessica Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Mendieta-Wejebe",fullName:"Jessica Elena Mendieta-Wejebe",slug:"jessica-elena-mendieta-wejebe"},{id:"184170",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Correa Basurto",fullName:"Jose Correa Basurto",slug:"jose-correa-basurto"}]},{id:"51334",title:"Free Radicals and Biomarkers Related to the Diagnosis of Cardiorenal Syndrome",slug:"free-radicals-and-biomarkers-related-to-the-diagnosis-of-cardiorenal-syndrome",signatures:"Carolina B.A. Restini, Bruna F.M. Pereira and Tufik M. Geleilete",authors:[{id:"178144",title:"Dr.",name:"Carolina",middleName:null,surname:"Baraldi A. Restini",fullName:"Carolina Baraldi A. Restini",slug:"carolina-baraldi-a.-restini"},{id:"178387",title:"Ms.",name:"Bruna",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",fullName:"Bruna Pereira",slug:"bruna-pereira"},{id:"184159",title:"Dr.",name:"Tufik",middleName:null,surname:"Geleilete",fullName:"Tufik Geleilete",slug:"tufik-geleilete"}]},{id:"51914",title:"Subcellular ROS Signaling in Cardiovascular Disease",slug:"subcellular-ros-signaling-in-cardiovascular-disease",signatures:"M. Ruhul Abid and Frank W. Sellke",authors:[{id:"178147",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Ruhul",middleName:null,surname:"Abid",fullName:"Md. Ruhul Abid",slug:"md.-ruhul-abid"},{id:"178149",title:"Prof.",name:"M. Ruhul",middleName:null,surname:"Abid",fullName:"M. Ruhul Abid",slug:"m.-ruhul-abid"}]},{id:"50965",title:"Free Radicals and Neuronal Recovery from an Ischaemic Penumbra: A Review",slug:"free-radicals-and-neuronal-recovery-from-an-ischaemic-penumbra-a-review",signatures:"Cleva Villanueva, Robert D. Kross and Luis Pérez-Astudillo",authors:[{id:"178299",title:"Dr.",name:"Cleva",middleName:null,surname:"Villanueva",fullName:"Cleva Villanueva",slug:"cleva-villanueva"},{id:"178301",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Kross",fullName:"Robert Kross",slug:"robert-kross"},{id:"178302",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Perez-Astudillo",fullName:"Luis Perez-Astudillo",slug:"luis-perez-astudillo"}]},{id:"51903",title:"Role of Oxygen Free Radicals in Cancer Development and Treatment",slug:"role-of-oxygen-free-radicals-in-cancer-development-and-treatment",signatures:"Jalal Pourahmad, Ahmad Salimi and Enaytollah Seydi",authors:[{id:"172672",title:"Prof.",name:"Jalal",middleName:null,surname:"Pourahmad",fullName:"Jalal Pourahmad",slug:"jalal-pourahmad"}]},{id:"50851",title:"Role of Dietary Antioxidant Agents in Chronic Kidney Disease",slug:"role-of-dietary-antioxidant-agents-in-chronic-kidney-disease",signatures:"Dianelena Eugenio‐Pérez, Liliana Yazmín Medina‐Fernández,\nJennyfer Andrea Saldivar‐Anaya, Eduardo Molina‐Jijón and José\nPedraza‐Chaverri",authors:[{id:"178060",title:"Prof.",name:"José",middleName:null,surname:"Pedraza-Chaverri",fullName:"José Pedraza-Chaverri",slug:"jose-pedraza-chaverri"},{id:"184010",title:"Ms.",name:"Dianelena",middleName:null,surname:"Eugenio-Pérez",fullName:"Dianelena Eugenio-Pérez",slug:"dianelena-eugenio-perez"},{id:"184012",title:"BSc.",name:"Liliana Yazmín",middleName:null,surname:"Medina-Fernández",fullName:"Liliana Yazmín Medina-Fernández",slug:"liliana-yazmin-medina-fernandez"},{id:"184013",title:"Ms.",name:"Jennyfer Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Saldivar-Anaya",fullName:"Jennyfer Andrea Saldivar-Anaya",slug:"jennyfer-andrea-saldivar-anaya"},{id:"184014",title:"Dr.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Molina-Jijón",fullName:"Eduardo Molina-Jijón",slug:"eduardo-molina-jijon"}]},{id:"51172",title:"Novel Antioxidant Therapy Against Myocardial Ischemia– Reperfusion Injury During Percutaneous Coronary Angioplasty",slug:"novel-antioxidant-therapy-against-myocardial-ischemia-reperfusion-injury-during-percutaneous-coronar",signatures:"Pablo Parra and Ramón Rodrigo",authors:[{id:"178438",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramón",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",fullName:"Ramón Rodrigo",slug:"ramon-rodrigo"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"65388",title:"Climate Change and Uncharted Social Challenge in Existing Urban Setup in Bangladesh",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83409",slug:"climate-change-and-uncharted-social-challenge-in-existing-urban-setup-in-bangladesh",body:'\n
\n
1. Introduction
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The concept of climate change is understood as a gradual change in global physical conditions, encompassing changes in air and sea temperatures, sea level rise, changes in precipitation levels and seasonal climate variations [1]. Such changes, often manifested dramatically as sudden violent storms, are considered long-term processes with added latent risk factors. Their impacts are likely to undermine the essentials of human lives and social systems. These essentials include safe access to food, fresh water, health, home, land and employment. In current world it has been evidenced that human action is the greatest triggering force for global climate change trend. Therefore, onus is on us to identify the likely changes and to deal with the consequences. Expected climate changes are no longer limited within our scientific understanding, such as change of temperature and precipitation levels but also has long term social impacts which could also be addressed as slow-onset impact of climate change. Rising sea levels are believed to further increase the multiple risks from extreme climate events, including cyclones and frequent and prolonged floods, tidal surges and increasing salinity intrusion [2].
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Increasing sudden-onset natural hazards will result in substantial human displacement from different parts of the world by 2050, who will be known as climate migrants or climate refugee [3, 4, 5]. The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report [6] addresses natural hazards and resulting forced migration, suggesting such development could move migration to a new magnitude. In early 2008, another 15 million people in Sichuan, China, and 2.4 million in Myanmar were displaced because of natural disasters [7, 8]. It is widely predicted that this will increase poverty and provoke a crisis in fresh water supply, shelter, food and energy, leading to socioeconomic disparity and playing a pivotal role in significant changes to social justice.
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Urban slums are usually the first destination for displaced people. Approximately 1 billion people live in urban slums; another 50 million are likely to be displaced by climate factors and will add to urban slum populations in Asia, Africa and Latin America [9]. Here they have limited access to employment, water, shelter, sanitation and basic amenities. Often, such forced displacement trades physical safety for the basic human rights these people have previously enjoyed – namely, the right to development and the right to live in their own society and culture – until a point where survival is at stake [10].
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Among different social and economic adaptation approaches, involuntary migration is notable, especially for vulnerable coastal communities in the developing world [11]. Parvin and Shaw [12] also noted that climate migrants are usually poor, locating themselves in congested inner-city areas for easier access to jobs or on the urban fringes because of lower rents. Such unplanned and largely illegal and certainly perilous land occupancy changes urban land-uses, extending uncontrolled urban peripheral growth and increasing urban poverty and poor quality of living standard. Socioeconomic inequalities are increasing in urban areas. Migrants who have lost almost everything due to climate change can become trapped in a downward spiral of urban poverty in their migration destination and become a social threat.
\n
This study explores climate change as a potential trigger of new social challenge in existing urban setup and it is become a challenge for those vulnerable marginal communities, using Bangladesh as a case study. Bangladesh is a low-lying coastal zone, where internal migration has long served as an adaptive strategy, but where climate adaptation is seldom addressed in development policy.
\n
\n
\n
2. Research design
\n
South coast region of Bangladesh is home to 35 million people at a density of 738 persons/km2. It is also projected that by 2050 total population would be 40–50 million in the same area [13]. These coastal communities, mainly dependent on subsistence agriculture and fishing on the fertile plains along rivers and the coast, and they are the prime victims of extreme climate events. To gain a deeper understanding of climate migration and human life changes in Bangladesh, this study conducted a field investigation in Khulna, the capital city of south coast, with a jurisdiction of 4394.46 km2 and a home for 3 million growing at 3.8% per annum [14].
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Climate induced migrants are coming from the poor communities along the coastal areas have located themselves in the urban fringe and slums, where they seek cheap accommodation and unstable access to low-paid employment.
\n
With the support of local and national NGOs – namely, ‘Pothikkrreith’ – a mass-scale dialogue session with audio-visual presentation on climate change and displacement was conducted with such residents, around 700 people in Khulna. From that mass-scale dialogue and participant list, 200 respondents were purposely chosen as the targeted community. These targeted people had all migrated or been displaced – due to cyclones, flash floods, river erosion or drought – from different parts of the coastal districts, so that diversity could be reflected in the sample. Out of the 200 selected people, 100 respondents were then chosen through systematic random sampling, with every alternate person being chosen to provide answers to a questionnaire survey. \n\n\n\n\n
\n
This research reflects the migrants’ opinions about the challenges they face in an urban setting where they have very limited access to urban facilities and have encountered diminished social justice as an indirect impact of climate change, which has largely been overlooked under social crisis management strategies.
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\n
\n
3. Climate change and Bangladesh
\n
Bangladesh is located between 20°34′-26°-38’ N and 88°01′-92°41′ E. Bangladesh is bordered on the west, north and east by India, on the south-east by Myanmar and on the south by the Bay of Bengal [15]. The country is located at the unique juxtaposition of the composite, which makes Bangladesh highly exposed and vulnerable to extreme climate events. The impacts of changing temperatures, level of precipitation, more extreme weather events and rising sea level are already felt in Bangladesh and will continue to intensify [16, 17]. For example, hundreds of thousands of lives have been lost in Bangladesh due to recent catastrophic cyclones, notably Cyclone Sidr in November 2007, which caused almost 4000 deaths. Moreover, the frequency of cyclones in Bangladesh has increased more than five times over the last three decades [16]. Following Sidr, Cyclone Aila hit the coast on 25 May 2009 and about half a million people lost their land, homestead and livelihoods and had no option but to sail for a new life to an unknown place. Large areas of productive farmland were rendered useless as a result of inundation and subsequent salinity and in other cases were permanently flooded, forcing residents to migrate.
\n
In their search for alternative livelihoods, displaced communities generally opt for nearby urban destinations where they have opportunities to earn and livelihoods are perceived to be available. Hence, they can be labelled as climate migrants and are really a sub-category of internally displaced persons.
\n
It is estimated that each year between 300,000 and 400,000 people migrate to the country’s capital to improve their economic prospects [18]. The poor internal migrants usually end up in the urban slums. The proportion of internal migration within urban slum areas varies, ranging from 53% in Dhaka (the capital) to 70% in Khulna and Rajshahi districts. The proportion of migrants is higher in the coastal belt districts because of extreme climate events including cyclones and frequent surges [19].
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Figure 1 shows the number of natural disasters that have hit Bangladesh since 1993 and the total number of affected people. Concurrent natural disasters at high intensity have forced many victims to consider migration as their only viable adaptive response (data adapted from EM-DAT [20]).
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Figure 1.
Number of people affected by different natural disasters in Bangladesh since 1993.
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Since 1993, almost every year the country gets affected with different natural disasters including flood, storms and cyclone. With high population density each disaster affects a huge number of population and that act as a natural push for displacement.
\n
Figure 2 shows the migration trend and the underlying reasons for migration, based on results of a field survey of 100 heads of households who were identified as climate migrants.
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Figure 2.
Migration trend due to extreme climate events from 1980 to 2010 [21].
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Based on primary data, the largest numbers of migrants identified themselves as driven out by Cyclone Aila in May 2009, both by the cyclone itself and by subsequent salinity problems.
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\n
\n
4. Climate migration and social changes
\n
The suffering and hardship of the climate migrants is a never-ending challenge. They faced natural hardships and hazards at their point of origin, and these hardships do not end when they arrive at their urban destination. Here they experience multiple aspects of deprivation, which restrict their efforts to attain a decent standard of living. For example, more than 65% of residents in the urban slums of Khulna do not have any sanitation facilities, 45% of slum dwellers do not have any fixed place to dispose of their garbage, and 35% are outside the garbage collection system [22]. This increased influx of migrants, driven by extreme climate events, poses new burden for the existing urban services.
\n
Concerning climate migration and social challenges, it was found that the migration destination offered them little or no improvement in their housing, as they could not afford the cost of formal housing. Few migrant households could gain access to established urban slums. However, a big number of the migrant communities have no alternatives but to established themselves as squatters in urban fringe areas, on marginal agricultural land, along rail corridors, next to the highway, or even in the natural drainage network, as well as in low-lying flood-prone areas and on river banks, using very informal construction materials. These various forms of informal settlements provided immediate shelter for some of those migrants but failed to ensure social security and justice for them in an urban setup. Figure 3 shows the different land uses occupied by migrants in Khulna City, offering them some kind of shelter.
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Figure 3.
Location of climate migrants in urban areas [21].
\n
About half of the total respondents in Khulna located themselves in urban fringe areas. This urban fringe land has been preserved for further urban expansion or to support landless or homeless communities. Figure 4 portrays the informal settlements/housing of those migrants in urban fringe.
\n
Figure 4.
Typical informal settlements of migrant communities in urban fringe of Khulna [21].
\n
This research demonstrated that climate actions not only forced migrants to find a new place of residence, but also forced them to accept any kind of low-paid occupation to survive in the urban areas. Migrant communities were forced to become involved with different and often new economic activities to support themselves. Since they often have no experience beyond farming or fishing, the city does not offer them many options. For example, most of the jobs available in urban areas are basic daily service jobs. Migrants lack job security and are particularly vulnerable as they might not get work every day. Migrants also often needed to work longer hours to meet the cost of living in the city.
\n
Table 1, showing the migrants’ occupation at their origin and their current occupation in the city since they migrated. Following table, clearly indicates they have little-option but to accept whatever work they can find in the city to survive, and in most cases, those are labor-intensive occupations, even for the women.
\n
Table 1.
Occupation of migrant household heads in urban areas compared to their previous occupation at their place of origin [21].
\n
Table 1 indicates that almost half of the respondents working as a day labourer in the city were involved in different occupations at their place of origin. For example, they had been farmers, seasonal workers and small businessmen, but now forced to be a day labourer. Many of them have no experience about city life, earning and living style and standard in a complex urban system. That put them at the edge of vulnerability, when they are already displaced from their origin and vulnerable. Approximately 24 respondents were rickshaw pullers, and almost none of them had any previous experience in such labour-intensive jobs. Even the women who were housewives before migrating now forced to work as day labourers and domestic helpers to support their families to survive in the city. This change in economic status also affects social relations and self-esteem. The following case demonstrates how climate migration and occupational change can affect the social and family structures of migrant households.
\n\n
Mariam is a 32-year-old woman who migrated with her husband and two boys from Kyora to Khulna due to Cyclone Aila. Mariam’s family decided to migrate as they had lost everything, including their home and agricultural land at their place of origin. Her husband was working as a day labourer, her 8-year-old son worked in a shop and her 4-year-old son stayed at home with her. Her husband’s and son’s incomes were not enough to pay rent and buy food in the city, as they did not get work every day. Therefore, her husband forced her to try to earn extra income, but she failed, as she had never been to the city and was not skilled enough to fit into the urban job market. As she failed to support her family, her husband divorced her. Now Mariam is living on the urban fringe with her 4-year-old son and is serving as a housemaid. Forced migration has made her earn an income but has taken away her family.
\n\n
The lack of job security and opportunity or regular income for climate migrants in the informal sector has direct impacts on their household income.
\n
The housing conditions of migrant are proportionate to their income and their access to urban facilities. They do not have access to established urban slums and minimum standard of life, like fresh water supply, sanitation and waste management. Therefore, they try to build their own place which is very informal in nature, mostly made of mud, hard plastic, cardboard, dry leaves and bamboo. None of these materials are formally used as construction materials. Houses or structures in the existing slums are constructed with similar materials and provide shelter for the urban poor and migrants but have very limited facilities such as access to clean water and toilets. Figure 5 shows the typical condition of informal settlements of the migrants, which completely fail to meet the minimum standard of life of the residents.
\n
Figure 5.
Living standard and quality of life of the migrants [21].
\n
The typical size of a slum house is 14 m2 for a family of four. The average size of an individual squatter dwelling on urban public land and in fringe areas is 10 m2, and occupants are always under threat of eviction either by the government or local musclemen, if they fail to pay the required tolls.
\n
In Khulna, climate migrants clustered on the urban fringe are highly exposed and remain vulnerable to floods and waterlogged soil. At the same time, complex urban governance systems have no options or policy strategies to recognise and support them with basic service facilities beyond their service jurisdiction. Therefore, migrants who are living in urban fringe and city coasts are deprived of access to these facilities and consequently are exposed to risks of an unhygienic and unhealthy life.
\n
According to The Daily Star [23], Khulna WASA (Water Supply and Sewerage Authority) provided 90 million litres of water daily to meet the demand of 240 million litres per day – a daily shortage of about 150 million litres. The existing services are limited even to city residents, are uncommon in existing slum areas and are non-existent in the fringe areas. Tube wells are the main source of fresh water supply for migrants. Some migrants also use surface water, such as water from ponds, for everyday use, and obtain their drinking water from tube wells. Figure 6 presents the various sources of water supply used for both drinking and domestic use by respondents.
\n
Figure 6.
Water supply facilities for respondents for drinking and domestic use [21].
\n
More than 85 respondents obtained their drinking water from tube wells. For domestic use, most of the respondents used natural sources such as ponds, rivers and lakes. Those who were far from service facilities and could not afford a tube well had no choice but to drink from the natural sources such as ponds.
\n
Climate migrants are considered an isolated community; they are not only deprived economically but also socially. They lose their dignity and cannot achieve a minimum standard of living at the migration destination. A ranking model has been used to understand the key challenges faced by the climate migrants in urban societies. In Khulna, a total of 46 respondents identified five different problems they faced as migrants and a 5-degree ranking model identified the challenges faced by the migrants in this new social context.
here, V = value under the 5-degree scale; Ro = number of respondents; Rt = total number of respondents; and Di = 5, a value of common scale.
\n
Figure 7 presents the outcomes of the ranking model. According to the model, ‘eviction threat’ was one of the main problems faced by the migrant communities, hence, it is ranked 4.4 under the 5-degree scale.
\n
Figure 7.
Social challenges prioritised by the climate migrants in urban areas [21].
\n
Most of the migrants are always afraid of eviction from their home, since they were occupying land without any land right or tenure ship. Though they were paying toll or protection money to the local leaders and muscleman, but that is not a formal land right. They know government could evict them without any notice and they would be on the road again.
\n
Respondents also ranked housing quality as and living standard another key problem. Water supply, employment and sanitation facilities were ranked third, fourth and fifth, respectively, based on the respondents’ opinions under the 5-degree scale, as shown in Figure 5. In view of such clear-cut evidence of precarious living conditions, it is important to develop and design innovative and effective rights-based domestic solutions to climate displacement in Bangladesh.
\n
\n
\n
5. Limitation to understand climate migration in urban governance
\n
The Bangladesh Government introduced the first National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) in 2005 to address climate change and a possible adaptation approach. However, NAPA treated migration as an undesirable outcome of climate change. Under the Programme of Action, Project No. 11 states: “Affected community would not migrate to cities for job and livelihood” [24] (p. 36), and “Social consequences of mass scale migration to cities would to some extent be halted” [24] (p. 36). Furthermore, internal migration due to climate change is addressed as a negative impact of livelihood in NAPA 2005 [25].
\n
In 2008, the Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (BCCSAP) was prepared to focus on long- and mid-term goals of NAPA. The revised BCCSAP 2009 documents predict that “hundreds of thousands of people” will be forced to migrate, especially from coastal zones, because of decreasing livelihood opportunities and lowering agricultural productivity. It estimates that globally 6–8 million people could be displaced by 2050 just because of climate change [25]. The slums in big cities have been referred to as a highly possible destination for those who migrate. Considering the fast and unplanned ongoing urbanisation in Bangladesh, this poses an impending problem [26]. Despite the acknowledgement of significant migration due to climate change, clear policy guidelines for migrants have not been addressed, neither in NAPA nor in BCCSAP. Also, there are no guidelines for the national and local government to face such long-term social consequences of climate change. It could be argued that the limitation of understanding about cumulative impacts of climate change on social and institutional systems and the lack of capacity to respond to cumulative impacts climate change (migration, change of social structure) are the main barriers to incorporating climate change adaptation within the mainstream development process.
\n
According to the Climate Investment Fund [27], adaptation policies that can address all the different impact levels should have three major components: (i) a coordination between local and national levels in order to understand impacts and vulnerabilities, (ii) a participatory approach where a broad range of stakeholders are involved rather than a single line ministry from the national level, and finally, (iii) an ongoing implementation of the adaptation process. Climate migrants have limited options to be noticed by the policy makers. At the same time the policy makers have limited understanding to differentiate the climate migrants from the traditional economic migrants. Stakeholder participation where victims such as climate migrants can also be incorporated, as well as NGOs who can be the voice of the vulnerable communities, is important as it can help to explain how the adaptation process should be implemented case-by-case or at policy level.
\n
The policy gap and lack of understanding of climate migration and its urban impacts is the key limitation of the government to address this emerging social challenge.
\n
\n
\n
6. Conclusions
\n
The Australia and Switzerland based International Organisation called Displacement Solutions [28] indicates “climate displacement in Bangladesh will only worsen as climate change increases the frequency of extreme natural hazards that are already leading to displacement across Bangladesh”. This research provides clear evidences in support of this statement. Climate events in Bangladesh induce forced migration from coastal areas towards urban areas. This research confirms that too little is being done in Bangladesh to address the negative socio-cultural and economic changes of such migration in urban areas. Furthermore, lack of active urban governance very limited initiatives has yet been taken by to ensure quality of life and social justice for those vulnerable communities. Those migrants suffer deprivation of basic rights—not because of some nasty state action, but following from adverse natural conditions, brought about by human actions [3]. TO address this proliferation social challenges and changes it is important to have a details climate risks reduction plan to cover such slow-onset impact of climate change and the rights of climate migrants. Climate migration is not an impossible problem to address, but it needs to be seen as more than increasing numbers of urban poor.
\n
\n
Acknowledgments
\n
I would like to express my deepest appreciation to all those who provided me the possibility to complete this report. A special gratitude I give to Mr. Mukto Quazi Chief Executive of Pothikkrreith, who organised the audio-visual presentation in urban slums in Khulna to identify my target respondents for this research. Without is support it would be hard to complete the field survey. Thank you.
\n
\n',keywords:"climate migration, urbanisation, impact levels, social changes, change of urban system",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/65388.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/65388.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65388",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65388",totalDownloads:317,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"September 7th 2018",dateReviewed:"December 9th 2018",datePrePublished:"September 27th 2019",datePublished:"November 6th 2019",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:"The impact of extreme climate events on human settlements has been startling, demonstrated by events such as Hurricane Katrina in the USA, Cyclone Nargis in Myanmar and Cyclones Sidr and Aila in Bangladesh. People, particularly those living in vulnerable coastal zones, face forced displacement due to such extreme climate events and need to search for alternative livelihoods. In most cases they ended up in nearest cities for income and livelihoods. Bangladesh represents a region where a complex set of climate-driven outcomes is already evident, as land is inundated, and populations migrate in large numbers in search of livelihoods. Using the region as an example, this research examines climate change impacts ranging from the primary impacts on natural systems, through secondary population displacement and migration, to the eventual outcomes of rapid urbanisation and urban poor. Tertiary impacts are defined as social changes in the urban system and deprivation of social justice for those migrants. The scope of this paper is to understand the issues and challenges associated with climate-induced displacement and policy applications to ensure social justice for those migrant communities.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/65388",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/65388",signatures:"Reazul Ahsan",book:{id:"8298",title:"Climate Change and Agriculture",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Climate Change and Agriculture",slug:"climate-change-and-agriculture",publishedDate:"November 6th 2019",bookSignature:"Saddam Hussain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8298.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"247858",title:"Dr.",name:"Saddam",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"saddam-hussain",fullName:"Saddam Hussain"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"273471",title:"Dr.",name:"Reazul",middleName:null,surname:"Ahsan",fullName:"Reazul Ahsan",slug:"reazul-ahsan",email:"r.ahsan@unsw.edu.au",position:null,institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Research design",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Climate change and Bangladesh",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. Climate migration and social changes",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5",title:"5. Limitation to understand climate migration in urban governance",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6",title:"6. Conclusions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Bernstein L, Bosch P, Canziani O, Chen Z, Christ R, Riahi K, et al. Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report. Geneva: IPCC; 2007. p. 104'},{id:"B2",body:'Ahmed AF. Community based adaptation to climate change in Bangladesh: The global initiative at local level. In: Proceedings of the 5th Annual Community Based Adaptation to Climate Change; 14-15 December 2011; Melbourne. 2011. pp. 1-16'},{id:"B3",body:'Egeland J. Internal Displacement: Human Tide the Real Migration Crisis [Internet]. 2007. Available from: https://www.christianaid.org.uk/sites/default/files/2017-08/human-tide-the-real-migration-crisis-may-2007.pdf [Accessed: 2018-11-06]'},{id:"B4",body:'IOM Migration Research Series No. 31: Migration and Climate Change [Internet]. 2008. Available from: https://www.iom.int/news/iom-migration-research-series-no-31-migration-and-climate-change [Accessed: 2018-11-06]'},{id:"B5",body:'Mayers N. Environmental refugee: An emergent security issues. In: Proceedings of the 13th Economic Form; 23-27 May; 2005; Prague. 2005'},{id:"B6",body:'David J, Anton I, Chunzhen L, Annette M, Samuel R, Terry LR, et al. Assessment of observed changes and responses in natural and managed system. In: Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. 1st ed. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2007. pp. 80-132. ch 1'},{id:"B7",body:'IFRC Sichuan Earthquake. Emergency appeal [Internet]. 2010. Available from: http://www.ifrc.org/docs/appeals/08/MDRCN00329.pdf [Accessed: 2011-05-97]'},{id:"B8",body:'Lom C. IOM Feature Stories. Asia and Oceania. [Internet]. 2008. Available from: http://www.iom.int/jahia/Jahia/media/feature-stories/f [Accessed: 2011-09-20]'},{id:"B9",body:'UN-habitat cities and climate change adaptation. UN-habitat donors meetings [Internet]. 2008. Available from: http://mirror.unhabitat.org/downloads/docs/5883_19704_Cities%20and%20Climate%20Change%20Adaptation.pdf [Accessed: 2012-07-23]'},{id:"B10",body:'Dhar RL. Job search processes for tribal people from Jharkhand and West Bengal. South Asian Research. 2014;34:191-208. DOI: 10.1177/0262728014544932'},{id:"B11",body:'Gray CL, Mueller V. Natural disasters and population mobility in Bangladesh. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PAN). 2012;109(16):6000-6005. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1115944109'},{id:"B12",body:'Parvin GA, Shaw R. Climate disaster resilience of Dhaka City corporation: An empirical assessment at zone level. Risk, Hazards and Crisis in Public Policy. 2011;2(2):2-30. DOI: 10.2202/1944-4079.1069'},{id:"B13",body:'Hossain R. Climate change environmental forced migrants and rural-urban migration: Are big cities prepared in Bangladesh. In: Proceedings of the Urban Poverty and Climate Change-Infrastructures of Development Conference; 26-28 January 2009; BRAC University; Dhaka. 2009. pp. 12-18'},{id:"B14",body:'Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics District Population census [Internet]. 2014. Available from: http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/District%20Statistics/Khulna.pdf [Accessed: 2018-11-08]'},{id:"B15",body:'Agrawala S, Ota T, Ahmed AU, Smith J, Aalst MV. Climate change in Bangladesh: Focus on coastal flooding and the Sundarbans. In: Proceedings of the Environment Directorate Development Co-Operation. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD); 2003. pp. 1-70'},{id:"B16",body:'Haque A, Jahan S. Regional impact of cyclone Sidr in Bangladesh: A multi-sector analysis. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science. 2016;7:312-327. DOI: 10.1007/s13753-016-0100-y'},{id:"B17",body:'Ahsan R, Kellett J, Karuppannan S. A theoretical framework for analyzing climate impact. In: Proceedings of the World Planning Congress; 4-8 July 2011; Perth, Australia. 2011. pp. 2-17'},{id:"B18",body:'Rana MP. Urbanization and sustainability: Challenges and strategies for sustainable urban development in Bangladesh. Environment Development and Sustainability. 2010;3:237-256. DOI: 10.1007/s10668-010-9258-4'},{id:"B19",body:'Marshall R, Rahman S. Internal Migration in Bangladesh: Character, Drivers and Policy Issues. Dhaka: United Nations Development Programme (UNDP); 2013 [Internet]. Available from: http://www.bd.undp.org/content/dam/bangladesh/docs/Publications/Pub-2013/Internal%20Migration%20in%20Bangladesh%20UNDP%20Final.pdf [Accessed: 2018-07-28]'},{id:"B20",body:'EM-DAT Emergency Events Database. US Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA) and the Centre for Research into the Epidemiology [Internet]. 2010. Available from: https://www.emdat.be/classification#Climatological [Accessed: 2011-05-03]'},{id:"B21",body:'Ahsan R. Climate migration and urban changes: A study of adaptation in Bangladesh [thesis]. University of South Australia; 2013'},{id:"B22",body:'Nazrul I. Slums of Urban Bangladesh: Mapping and Census. 1st ed. Dhaka: USAID; 2006. pp. 11-54'},{id:"B23",body:'AFP. Fresh water supply demand in Khulna City. In: The Daily Star. 2011'},{id:"B24",body:'MoEF, editor. NAPA. National Adaptation Programme of Action. Dhaka: Ministry of Environment and Forest, Bangladesh Government; 2005. p. 36'},{id:"B25",body:'Martin M, Kang YH, Billah M, Siddiqui T, Black R, Kniveton D. Policy Analysis: Climate Change and Migration Bangladesh. Dhaka and Brighton: Sussex Centre for Migration Research; 2013'},{id:"B26",body:'Forest MoEa, editor. BCCSAP. Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan. Dhaka: Ministry of Environment and Forest; 2009'},{id:"B27",body:'CIF. Programming and Financing Modalities for the SCF Targeted Program, the Pilot Program for Climate Resilience (PPCR). Washington, DC: Climate Investment Fund. [Internet]; 2009 Available from: https://www.climateinvestmentfunds.org/sites/cif_enc/files/meeting-documents/ppcr_programming_and_financing_modalities.pdf [Accessed: 2013-04-12]'},{id:"B28",body:'DS. Climate Displacement in Bangladesh. Geneva and Sydney: Displacement Solution; 2012'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Reazul Ahsan",address:null,affiliation:'
Ujigawa Open Laboratory, Research Center for Fluvial and Coastal Disaster, Disaster Prevention Research Institute (DPRI), Kyoto University, Japan
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as Associate Professor of Nuclear Physics at the Department of Physics, University of Calabria; from 2004 as Full Professor of Physics Applied to Medicine in the Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro.\nThe scientific activity of Prof. Ernesto Lamanna was carried out inside the research activities of the \\'Institute of Nuclear Physics’ since 1976 to the study of sub-nuclear particles and their use for the knowledge of the microcosm (experiments at the European Center for Nuclear Research, CERN, and the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, SLAC), to the knowledge of the macrocosm (astro-particle at the Gran Sasso Laboratories), to diagnostics and therapy in Medical Physics since 1998.\nHe is currently working on:\n• completing a research project under the National Institute of Nuclear Physics (DOSIORT) for the construction of a scintillating fiber dosimeter for the dosimetry of electron beams at high intensity as those produced by accelerators dedicated to IORT;\n• conducting a feasibility study of hadron beams for hadron therapy and for the production of thermal and epithermal beams for BNCT therapy;\n• working on a low radiation tomograph for the study of defects due to the variation of small anatomic components in the inner ear;\n• researching the most effective approaches for teaching the physics applied to the medicine ;\n\nMain technologies used in scientific work in which he has acquired skills:\nDosimetry (Dosimetry internal, external, and characterization of therapeutic beams);\nVisualization detectors (nuclear emulsions, bubble chamber; scintillating microfibers);\nCalorimetry detectors (Uranium calorimeter, plastics scintillator, liquid scintillator, scintillating fibers);\nElectronic tracer detectors (proportional, drift and streamer chambers; drift tubes);\nData Acquisition (Design and production of data acquisition systems, reconstruction and management online of images);\nData analysis (Simulation of hadronic and weak interactions; simulation of experimental apparatus; simulation of drift chambers; spatial reconstruction, offline image reconstruction);\nParticle Accelerators (Experiments in which he participated, except the passive experiment MACRO, were carried out using particle beams).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Magna Graecia University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"103129",title:"Ms.",name:"Kaoru",surname:"Tanaka",slug:"kaoru-tanaka",fullName:"Kaoru Tanaka",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"103130",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasuharu",surname:"Ninomiya",slug:"yasuharu-ninomiya",fullName:"Yasuharu Ninomiya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"103131",title:"Dr.",name:"Kouichi",surname:"Maruyama",slug:"kouichi-maruyama",fullName:"Kouichi Maruyama",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"104912",title:"Dr.",name:"Lidia",surname:"Strigari",slug:"lidia-strigari",fullName:"Lidia Strigari",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/104912/images/2892_n.png",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istituti Fisioterapici Ospitalieri",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"173416",title:"Dr.",name:"Takanori",surname:"Katsube",slug:"takanori-katsube",fullName:"Takanori Katsube",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"176144",title:"Prof.",name:"Cataldo",surname:"Bianco",slug:"cataldo-bianco",fullName:"Cataldo Bianco",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"176146",title:"Dr.",name:"Giulia",surname:"Marvaso",slug:"giulia-marvaso",fullName:"Giulia Marvaso",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]},generic:{page:{slug:"our-story",title:"Our story",intro:"
The company was founded in Vienna in 2004 by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic, two PhD students researching robotics. While completing our PhDs, we found it difficult to access the research we needed. So, we decided to create a new Open Access publisher. A better one, where researchers like us could find the information they needed easily. The result is IntechOpen, an Open Access publisher that puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers.
",metaTitle:"Our story",metaDescription:"The company was founded in Vienna in 2004 by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic, two PhD students researching robotics. While completing our PhDs, we found it difficult to access the research we needed. So, we decided to create a new Open Access publisher. A better one, where researchers like us could find the information they needed easily. The result is IntechOpen, an Open Access publisher that puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/our-story",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"
We started by publishing journals and books from the fields of science we were most familiar with - AI, robotics, manufacturing and operations research. Through our growing network of institutions and authors, we soon expanded into related fields like environmental engineering, nanotechnology, computer science, renewable energy and electrical engineering, Today, we are the world’s largest Open Access publisher of scientific research, with over 4,200 books and 54,000 scientific works including peer-reviewed content from more than 116,000 scientists spanning 161 countries. Our authors range from globally-renowned Nobel Prize winners to up-and-coming researchers at the cutting edge of scientific discovery.
\\n\\n
In the same year that IntechOpen was founded, we launched what was at the time the first ever Open Access, peer-reviewed journal in its field: the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems (IJARS).
\\n\\n
The IntechOpen timeline
\\n\\n
2004
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Intech Open is founded in Vienna, Austria, by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic, two PhD students, and their first Open Access journals and books are published.
\\n\\t
Alex and Vedran launch the first Open Access, peer-reviewed robotics journal and IntechOpen’s flagship publication, the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems (IJARS).
\\n
\\n\\n
2005
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
IntechOpen publishes its first Open Access book: Cutting Edge Robotics.
\\n
\\n\\n
2006
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
IntechOpen publishes a special issue of IJARS, featuring contributions from NASA scientists regarding the Mars Exploration Rover missions.
\\n
\\n\\n
2008
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Downloads milestone: 200,000 downloads reached
\\n
\\n\\n
2009
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Publishing milestone: the first 100 Open Access STM books are published
\\n
\\n\\n
2010
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Downloads milestone: one million downloads reached
\\n\\t
IntechOpen expands its book publishing into a new field: medicine.
\\n
\\n\\n
2011
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Publishing milestone: More than five million downloads reached
\\n\\t
IntechOpen publishes 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry winner Harold W. Kroto’s “Strategies to Successfully Cross-Link Carbon Nanotubes”. Find it here.
\\n\\t
IntechOpen and TBI collaborate on a project to explore the changing needs of researchers and the evolving ways that they discover, publish and exchange information. The result is the survey “Author Attitudes Towards Open Access Publishing: A Market Research Program”.
\\n\\t
IntechOpen hosts SHOW - Share Open Access Worldwide; a series of lectures, debates, round-tables and events to bring people together in discussion of open source principles, intellectual property, content licensing innovations, remixed and shared culture and free knowledge.
\\n
\\n\\n
2012
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Publishing milestone: 10 million downloads reached
\\n\\t
IntechOpen holds Interact2012, a free series of workshops held by figureheads of the scientific community including Professor Hiroshi Ishiguro, director of the Intelligent Robotics Laboratory, who took the audience through some of the most impressive human-robot interactions observed in his lab.
\\n
\\n\\n
2013
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
IntechOpen joins the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) as part of a commitment to guaranteeing the highest standards of publishing.
\\n
\\n\\n
2014
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
IntechOpen turns 10, with more than 30 million downloads to date.
\\n\\t
IntechOpen appoints its first Regional Representatives - members of the team situated around the world dedicated to increasing the visibility of our authors’ published work within their local scientific communities.
\\n
\\n\\n
2015
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Downloads milestone: More than 70 million downloads reached, more than doubling since the previous year.
\\n\\t
Publishing milestone: IntechOpen publishes its 2,500th book and 40,000th Open Access chapter, reaching 20,000 citations in Thomson Reuters ISI Web of Science.
\\n\\t
40 IntechOpen authors are included in the top one per cent of the world’s most-cited researchers.
\\n\\t
Thomson Reuters’ ISI Web of Science Book Citation Index begins indexing IntechOpen’s books in its database.
\\n
\\n\\n
2016
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
IntechOpen is identified as a world leader in Simba Information’s Open Access Book Publishing 2016-2020 report and forecast. IntechOpen came in as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\\n
\\n\\n
2017
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Downloads milestone: IntechOpen reaches more than 100 million downloads
\\n\\t
Publishing milestone: IntechOpen publishes its 3,000th Open Access book, making it the largest Open Access book collection in the world
We started by publishing journals and books from the fields of science we were most familiar with - AI, robotics, manufacturing and operations research. Through our growing network of institutions and authors, we soon expanded into related fields like environmental engineering, nanotechnology, computer science, renewable energy and electrical engineering, Today, we are the world’s largest Open Access publisher of scientific research, with over 4,200 books and 54,000 scientific works including peer-reviewed content from more than 116,000 scientists spanning 161 countries. Our authors range from globally-renowned Nobel Prize winners to up-and-coming researchers at the cutting edge of scientific discovery.
\n\n
In the same year that IntechOpen was founded, we launched what was at the time the first ever Open Access, peer-reviewed journal in its field: the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems (IJARS).
\n\n
The IntechOpen timeline
\n\n
2004
\n\n
\n\t
Intech Open is founded in Vienna, Austria, by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic, two PhD students, and their first Open Access journals and books are published.
\n\t
Alex and Vedran launch the first Open Access, peer-reviewed robotics journal and IntechOpen’s flagship publication, the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems (IJARS).
\n
\n\n
2005
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen publishes its first Open Access book: Cutting Edge Robotics.
\n
\n\n
2006
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen publishes a special issue of IJARS, featuring contributions from NASA scientists regarding the Mars Exploration Rover missions.
\n
\n\n
2008
\n\n
\n\t
Downloads milestone: 200,000 downloads reached
\n
\n\n
2009
\n\n
\n\t
Publishing milestone: the first 100 Open Access STM books are published
\n
\n\n
2010
\n\n
\n\t
Downloads milestone: one million downloads reached
\n\t
IntechOpen expands its book publishing into a new field: medicine.
\n
\n\n
2011
\n\n
\n\t
Publishing milestone: More than five million downloads reached
\n\t
IntechOpen publishes 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry winner Harold W. Kroto’s “Strategies to Successfully Cross-Link Carbon Nanotubes”. Find it here.
\n\t
IntechOpen and TBI collaborate on a project to explore the changing needs of researchers and the evolving ways that they discover, publish and exchange information. The result is the survey “Author Attitudes Towards Open Access Publishing: A Market Research Program”.
\n\t
IntechOpen hosts SHOW - Share Open Access Worldwide; a series of lectures, debates, round-tables and events to bring people together in discussion of open source principles, intellectual property, content licensing innovations, remixed and shared culture and free knowledge.
\n
\n\n
2012
\n\n
\n\t
Publishing milestone: 10 million downloads reached
\n\t
IntechOpen holds Interact2012, a free series of workshops held by figureheads of the scientific community including Professor Hiroshi Ishiguro, director of the Intelligent Robotics Laboratory, who took the audience through some of the most impressive human-robot interactions observed in his lab.
\n
\n\n
2013
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen joins the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) as part of a commitment to guaranteeing the highest standards of publishing.
\n
\n\n
2014
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen turns 10, with more than 30 million downloads to date.
\n\t
IntechOpen appoints its first Regional Representatives - members of the team situated around the world dedicated to increasing the visibility of our authors’ published work within their local scientific communities.
\n
\n\n
2015
\n\n
\n\t
Downloads milestone: More than 70 million downloads reached, more than doubling since the previous year.
\n\t
Publishing milestone: IntechOpen publishes its 2,500th book and 40,000th Open Access chapter, reaching 20,000 citations in Thomson Reuters ISI Web of Science.
\n\t
40 IntechOpen authors are included in the top one per cent of the world’s most-cited researchers.
\n\t
Thomson Reuters’ ISI Web of Science Book Citation Index begins indexing IntechOpen’s books in its database.
\n
\n\n
2016
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen is identified as a world leader in Simba Information’s Open Access Book Publishing 2016-2020 report and forecast. IntechOpen came in as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n
\n\n
2017
\n\n
\n\t
Downloads milestone: IntechOpen reaches more than 100 million downloads
\n\t
Publishing milestone: IntechOpen publishes its 3,000th Open Access book, making it the largest Open Access book collection in the world
\n
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). 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