Agro-industrial wastes and wastes produced in the EU [6].
\\n\\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-expands-to-all-global-amazon-channels-with-full-catalog-of-books-20210308",title:"IntechOpen Expands to All Global Amazon Channels with Full Catalog of Books"},{slug:"stanford-university-identifies-top-2-scientists-over-1-000-are-intechopen-authors-and-editors-20210122",title:"Stanford University Identifies Top 2% Scientists, Over 1,000 are IntechOpen Authors and Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-authors-included-in-the-highly-cited-researchers-list-for-2020-20210121",title:"IntechOpen Authors Included in the Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020"},{slug:"intechopen-maintains-position-as-the-world-s-largest-oa-book-publisher-20201218",title:"IntechOpen Maintains Position as the World’s Largest OA Book Publisher"},{slug:"all-intechopen-books-available-on-perlego-20201215",title:"All IntechOpen Books Available on Perlego"},{slug:"oiv-awards-recognizes-intechopen-s-editors-20201127",title:"OIV Awards Recognizes IntechOpen's Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-crossref-s-initiative-for-open-abstracts-i4oa-to-boost-the-discovery-of-research-20201005",title:"IntechOpen joins Crossref's Initiative for Open Abstracts (I4OA) to Boost the Discovery of Research"},{slug:"intechopen-hits-milestone-5-000-open-access-books-published-20200908",title:"IntechOpen hits milestone: 5,000 Open Access books published!"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"1035",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Type 1 Diabetes Complications",title:"Type 1 Diabetes",subtitle:"Complications",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book is a compilation of reviews about the complication of Type 1 Diabetes. T1D is a classic autoimmune disease. Genetic factors are clearly determinant but cannot explain the rapid, even overwhelming expanse of this disease. Understanding etiology and pathogenesis of this disease is essential. The complications associated with T1D cover a range of clinical obstacles. A number of experts in the field have covered a range of topics for consideration that are applicable to researcher and clinician alike. This book provides apt descriptions of cutting edge technologies and applications in the ever going search for treatments and cure for diabetes.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-788-8",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6584-2",doi:"10.5772/1539",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"type-1-diabetes-complications",numberOfPages:494,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,hash:"b7ba654e889d323762cc9fb4a014cdbf",bookSignature:"David Wagner",publishedDate:"November 25th 2011",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1035.jpg",numberOfDownloads:56421,numberOfWosCitations:28,numberOfCrossrefCitations:3,numberOfDimensionsCitations:14,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:45,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 9th 2010",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 7th 2010",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"April 13th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"May 13th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"July 12th 2011",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"45994",title:"Dr.",name:"David",middleName:"H",surname:"Wagner",slug:"david-wagner",fullName:"David Wagner",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/45994/images/1976_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. David Wagner, PhD is an Associate Professor in the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences at the University of Colorado, Denver. He is also the Immunology Section Head of the Webb-Waring Center at UCD. Training includes a PhD in Biomedical Sciences from The Quillen College of Medicine at East Tennessee State University and post doctoral fellowships at The National Jewish Medical Research Center in Immunology and Diabetes. Professional memberships include the American Diabetes Association, Immunology of Diabetes Society of the Federation of Clinical Immunological Societies (FOCIS) and American Association of Immunologists as well as a member of the Society for Luekocyte Biology. Invited Lectures include regular attendance at the Aegean Conferences: Mechanisms and Treatments for Autoimmunity. He has numerous publications in diabetes research and immunologic functions focusing on T cell development, TCR revision and pathogenic T cells.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of Denver",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1013",title:"Pediatric Endocrinology",slug:"pediatric-endocrinology"}],chapters:[{id:"23936",title:"Genetic Determinants of Microvascular Complications in Type 1 Diabetes",doi:"10.5772/22065",slug:"genetic-determinants-of-microvascular-complications-in-type-1-diabetes",totalDownloads:2503,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,signatures:"Constantina Heltianu, Cristian Guja and Simona-Adriana Manea",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/23936",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/23936",authors:[{id:"46072",title:"Dr.",name:"Constantina",surname:"Heltianu",slug:"constantina-heltianu",fullName:"Constantina Heltianu"},{id:"92625",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristian",surname:"Guja",slug:"cristian-guja",fullName:"Cristian Guja"},{id:"92628",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona Adriana",surname:"Manea",slug:"simona-adriana-manea",fullName:"Simona Adriana Manea"}],corrections:null},{id:"23937",title:"Early and Late Onset Type 1 Diabetes: One and the Same or Two Distinct Genetic Entities?",doi:"10.5772/23706",slug:"early-and-late-onset-type-1-diabetes-one-and-the-same-or-two-distinct-genetic-entities-",totalDownloads:5119,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Laura Espino-Paisan, Elena Urcelay, Emilio Gómez de la Concha and Jose Luis Santiago",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/23937",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/23937",authors:[{id:"53259",title:"MSc",name:"Laura",surname:"Espino-Paisan",slug:"laura-espino-paisan",fullName:"Laura Espino-Paisan"},{id:"54972",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",surname:"Urcelay",slug:"elena-urcelay",fullName:"Elena Urcelay"},{id:"54973",title:"Prof.",name:"Emilio",surname:"De La Concha",slug:"emilio-de-la-concha",fullName:"Emilio De La Concha"},{id:"54974",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Luis",surname:"Santiago",slug:"jose-luis-santiago",fullName:"Jose Luis Santiago"}],corrections:null},{id:"23938",title:"Islet Endothelium: Role in Type 1 Diabetes and in Coxsackievirus Infections",doi:"10.5772/24389",slug:"islet-endothelium-role-in-type-1-diabetes-and-in-coxsackievirus-infections",totalDownloads:1821,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Enrica Favaro, Ilaria Miceli, Elisa Camussi and Maria M. Zanone",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/23938",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/23938",authors:[{id:"46979",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria M.",surname:"Zanone",slug:"maria-m.-zanone",fullName:"Maria M. Zanone"},{id:"57067",title:"BSc.",name:"Enrica",surname:"Favaro",slug:"enrica-favaro",fullName:"Enrica Favaro"},{id:"57071",title:"BSc",name:"Ilaria",surname:"Miceli",slug:"ilaria-miceli",fullName:"Ilaria Miceli"},{id:"57072",title:"Prof.",name:"Giovanni",surname:"Camussi",slug:"giovanni-camussi",fullName:"Giovanni Camussi"}],corrections:null},{id:"23939",title:"Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and Co-Morbidities",doi:"10.5772/24457",slug:"type-1-diabetes-mellitus-and-co-morbidities",totalDownloads:3200,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Adriana Franzese, Enza Mozzillo, Rosa Nugnes, Mariateresa Falco and Valentina Fattorusso",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/23939",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/23939",authors:[{id:"57513",title:"Dr.",name:"Adriana",surname:"Franzese",slug:"adriana-franzese",fullName:"Adriana Franzese"},{id:"57679",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa",surname:"Nugnes",slug:"rosa-nugnes",fullName:"Rosa Nugnes"},{id:"57680",title:"Dr.",name:"Enza",surname:"Mozzillo",slug:"enza-mozzillo",fullName:"Enza Mozzillo"}],corrections:null},{id:"23940",title:"Hypoglycemia as a Pathological Result in Medical Praxis",doi:"10.5772/24754",slug:"hypoglycemia-as-a-pathological-result-in-medical-praxis",totalDownloads:3870,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"G. Bjelakovic, I. Stojanovic, T. Jevtovic-Stoimenov, Lj.Saranac, B. Bjelakovic, D. Pavlovic, G. Kocic and B.G. Bjelakovic",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/23940",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/23940",authors:[{id:"59264",title:"Dr.",name:"Gordana",surname:"Bjelakovic",slug:"gordana-bjelakovic",fullName:"Gordana Bjelakovic"},{id:"59346",title:"Prof.",name:"Dusica",surname:"Pavlovic",slug:"dusica-pavlovic",fullName:"Dusica Pavlovic"},{id:"59347",title:"Prof.",name:"Gordana",surname:"Kocic",slug:"gordana-kocic",fullName:"Gordana Kocic"},{id:"59348",title:"Prof.",name:"Bojko",surname:"Bjelakovic",slug:"bojko-bjelakovic",fullName:"Bojko Bjelakovic"},{id:"59350",title:"Prof.",name:"Tatjana",surname:"Jevtovic Stoimenov",slug:"tatjana-jevtovic-stoimenov",fullName:"Tatjana Jevtovic Stoimenov"},{id:"59351",title:"Prof.",name:"Goran",surname:"Bjelakovic",slug:"goran-bjelakovic",fullName:"Goran Bjelakovic"},{id:"61297",title:"Prof.",name:"Ivana",surname:"Stojanovic",slug:"ivana-stojanovic",fullName:"Ivana Stojanovic"},{id:"61300",title:"Dr.",name:"Ljiljana",surname:"Saranac",slug:"ljiljana-saranac",fullName:"Ljiljana Saranac"}],corrections:null},{id:"23941",title:"Autoimmune Associated Diseases in Pediatric Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus According to HLA-DQ Genetic Polymorphism",doi:"10.5772/22646",slug:"autoimmune-associated-diseases-in-pediatric-patients-with-type-1-diabetes-mellitus-according-to-hla-",totalDownloads:1309,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Miguel Ángel García Cabezas and Bárbara Fernández Valle",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/23941",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/23941",authors:[{id:"48544",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel Angel",surname:"Cabezas",slug:"miguel-angel-cabezas",fullName:"Miguel Angel Cabezas"},{id:"84368",title:"Dr",name:"Bárbara",surname:"Fernandez Valle",slug:"barbara-fernandez-valle",fullName:"Bárbara Fernandez Valle"}],corrections:null},{id:"23942",title:"Etiopathology of Type 1 Diabetes: Focus on the Vascular Endothelium",doi:"10.5772/20721",slug:"etiopathology-of-type-1-diabetes-focus-on-the-vascular-endothelium",totalDownloads:1122,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Petru Liuba and Emma Englund",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/23942",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/23942",authors:[{id:"40248",title:"Prof.",name:"Petru",surname:"Liuba",slug:"petru-liuba",fullName:"Petru Liuba"},{id:"57887",title:"Dr",name:"Emma",surname:"Englund",slug:"emma-englund",fullName:"Emma Englund"}],corrections:null},{id:"23943",title:"Cardiovascular Autonomic Dysfunction in Diabetes as a Complication: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms",doi:"10.5772/20890",slug:"cardiovascular-autonomic-dysfunction-in-diabetes-as-a-complication-cellular-and-molecular-mechanisms",totalDownloads:2009,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Yu-Long Li",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/23943",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/23943",authors:[{id:"40916",title:"Prof.",name:"Yu-Long",surname:"Li",slug:"yu-long-li",fullName:"Yu-Long Li"}],corrections:null},{id:"23944",title:"Microvascular and Macrovascular Complications in Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes",doi:"10.5772/22029",slug:"microvascular-and-macrovascular-complications-in-children-and-adolescents-with-type-1-diabetes",totalDownloads:6009,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Francesco Chiarelli and M. Loredana Marcovecchio",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/23944",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/23944",authors:[{id:"45943",title:"Dr.",name:"Francesco",surname:"Chiarelli",slug:"francesco-chiarelli",fullName:"Francesco Chiarelli"},{id:"57910",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Loredana",surname:"Marcovecchio",slug:"m.-loredana-marcovecchio",fullName:"M. Loredana Marcovecchio"}],corrections:null},{id:"23945",title:"Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Redefining the Future of Cardiovascular Complications with Novel Treatments",doi:"10.5772/22092",slug:"type-1-diabetes-mellitus-redefining-the-future-of-cardiovascular-complications-with-novel-treatments",totalDownloads:1924,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Anwar B. Bikhazi, Nadine S. Zwainy, Sawsan M. Al Lafi, Shushan B. Artinian and Suzan S. Boutary",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/23945",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/23945",authors:[{id:"46175",title:"Dr.",name:null,surname:"Bikhazi",slug:"bikhazi",fullName:"Bikhazi"},{id:"55732",title:"Mrs",name:"Suzan",surname:"Boutary",slug:"suzan-boutary",fullName:"Suzan Boutary"},{id:"55733",title:"MSc",name:"Shushan",surname:"Artinian",slug:"shushan-artinian",fullName:"Shushan Artinian"},{id:"55734",title:"MSc",name:"Sawsan",surname:"Al-Lafi",slug:"sawsan-al-lafi",fullName:"Sawsan Al-Lafi"},{id:"55735",title:"Ms",name:"Nadine",surname:"Zwainy",slug:"nadine-zwainy",fullName:"Nadine Zwainy"}],corrections:null},{id:"23946",title:"Diabetic Nephrophaty in Children",doi:"10.5772/22285",slug:"diabetic-nephrophaty-in-children",totalDownloads:2434,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Snezana Markovic-Jovanovic, Aleksandar N. Jovanovic and Radojica V. Stolic",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/23946",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/23946",authors:[{id:"47066",title:"Dr.",name:"Snezana",surname:"Markovic-Jovanovic",slug:"snezana-markovic-jovanovic",fullName:"Snezana Markovic-Jovanovic"},{id:"91272",title:"Prof.",name:"Aleksandar",surname:"Jovanovic",slug:"aleksandar-jovanovic",fullName:"Aleksandar Jovanovic"},{id:"91307",title:"Prof.",name:"Radojica",surname:"Stolic",slug:"radojica-stolic",fullName:"Radojica Stolic"}],corrections:null},{id:"23947",title:"Understanding Pancreatic Secretion in Type 1 Diabetes",doi:"10.5772/24329",slug:"understanding-pancreatic-secretion-in-type-1-diabetes",totalDownloads:1582,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Mirella Hansen De Almeida, Alessandra Saldanha De Mattos Matheus and Giovanna A. Balarini Lima",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/23947",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/23947",authors:[{id:"56719",title:"Dr.",name:null,surname:"De Almeida",slug:"de-almeida",fullName:"De Almeida"},{id:"61799",title:"Dr.",name:"Alessandra",surname:"Saldanha De Mattos Matheus",slug:"alessandra-saldanha-de-mattos-matheus",fullName:"Alessandra Saldanha De Mattos Matheus"},{id:"61800",title:"Prof.",name:"Giovanna A.",surname:"Balarini Lima",slug:"giovanna-a.-balarini-lima",fullName:"Giovanna A. Balarini Lima"}],corrections:null},{id:"23948",title:"Review of the Relationship Between Renal and Retinal Microangiopathy in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Patients",doi:"10.5772/20673",slug:"review-of-the-relationship-between-renal-and-retinal-microangiopathy-in-type-1-diabetes-mellitus-pat",totalDownloads:1933,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Pedro Romero-Aroca , Juan Fernández-Ballart, Nuria Soler, Marc Baget-Bernaldiz and Isabel Mendez-Marin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/23948",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/23948",authors:[{id:"40037",title:"Prof.",name:"Pedro",surname:"Romero",slug:"pedro-romero",fullName:"Pedro Romero"},{id:"89974",title:"Dr.",name:"Nuria",surname:"Soler",slug:"nuria-soler",fullName:"Nuria Soler"}],corrections:null},{id:"23949",title:"Ocular Complications of Type 1 Diabetes",doi:"10.5772/23782",slug:"ocular-complications-of-type-1-diabetes",totalDownloads:2828,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Daniel Rappoport, Yoel Greenwald, Ayala Pollack and Guy Kleinmann",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/23949",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/23949",authors:[{id:"53717",title:"Dr.",name:"Guy",surname:"Kleinmann",slug:"guy-kleinmann",fullName:"Guy Kleinmann"},{id:"55637",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Rappoport",slug:"daniel-rappoport",fullName:"Daniel Rappoport"},{id:"58067",title:"Dr.",name:"Yoel",surname:"Greenwald",slug:"yoel-greenwald",fullName:"Yoel Greenwald"},{id:"58068",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayala",surname:"Pollack",slug:"ayala-pollack",fullName:"Ayala Pollack"}],corrections:null},{id:"23950",title:"Perspectives of Cell Therapy in Type 1 Diabetes",doi:"10.5772/22261",slug:"perspectives-of-cell-therapy-in-type-1-diabetes",totalDownloads:1365,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Maria M. Zanone, Vincenzo Cantaluppi, Enrica Favaro, Elisa Camussi, Maria Chiara Deregibus and Giovanni Camussi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/23950",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/23950",authors:[{id:"46979",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria M.",surname:"Zanone",slug:"maria-m.-zanone",fullName:"Maria M. Zanone"},{id:"46966",title:"Prof.",name:"Giovanni",surname:"Camussi",slug:"giovanni-camussi",fullName:"Giovanni Camussi"},{id:"46980",title:"Dr.",name:"Vincenzo",surname:"Cantaluppi",slug:"vincenzo-cantaluppi",fullName:"Vincenzo Cantaluppi"},{id:"46982",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Chiara",surname:"Deregibus",slug:"maria-chiara-deregibus",fullName:"Maria Chiara Deregibus"},{id:"46991",title:"Dr.",name:"Elisa",surname:"Camussi",slug:"elisa-camussi",fullName:"Elisa Camussi"},{id:"87613",title:"Dr.",name:"Enrica",surname:"Favaro",slug:"enrica-favaro",fullName:"Enrica Favaro"}],corrections:null},{id:"23951",title:"Prevention of Diabetes Complications",doi:"10.5772/24324",slug:"prevention-of-diabetes-complications",totalDownloads:1847,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Nepton Soltani",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/23951",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/23951",authors:[{id:"56691",title:"Dr.",name:"Nepton",surname:"Soltani",slug:"nepton-soltani",fullName:"Nepton Soltani"}],corrections:null},{id:"23952",title:"The Enigma of β-Cell Regeneration in the Adult Pancreas: Self-Renewal Versus Neogenesis",doi:"10.5772/24421",slug:"the-enigma-of-946-cell-regeneration-in-the-adult-pancreas-self-renewal-versus-neogenesis",totalDownloads:3269,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"A. Criscimanna, S. Bertera, F. Esni, M. Trucco and R. Bottino",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/23952",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/23952",authors:[{id:"44182",title:"Prof.",name:"Massimo",surname:"Trucco",slug:"massimo-trucco",fullName:"Massimo Trucco"},{id:"57281",title:"Dr.",name:"Rita",surname:"Bottino",slug:"rita-bottino",fullName:"Rita Bottino"},{id:"91923",title:"Dr.",name:"Angela",surname:"Criscimanna",slug:"angela-criscimanna",fullName:"Angela Criscimanna"},{id:"91924",title:"Dr.",name:"Suzanne",surname:"Bertera",slug:"suzanne-bertera",fullName:"Suzanne Bertera"},{id:"92869",title:"Dr",name:"Farzad",surname:"Esni",slug:"farzad-esni",fullName:"Farzad Esni"}],corrections:null},{id:"23953",title:"Cell Replacement Therapy: The Rationale for Encapsulated Porcine Islet Transplantation",doi:"10.5772/24824",slug:"cell-replacement-therapy-the-rationale-for-encapsulated-porcine-islet-transplantation",totalDownloads:1916,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Stephen J. M. Skinner, Paul L. J. Tan, Olga Garkavenko, Marija Muzina, Livia Escobar and Robert B. Elliott",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/23953",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/23953",authors:[{id:"59809",title:"Dr.",name:"Stephen J M",surname:"Skinner",slug:"stephen-j-m-skinner",fullName:"Stephen J M Skinner"},{id:"60440",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert B",surname:"Elliott",slug:"robert-b-elliott",fullName:"Robert B Elliott"},{id:"60441",title:"Dr.",name:"Livia",surname:"Escobar",slug:"livia-escobar",fullName:"Livia Escobar"},{id:"71244",title:"Dr.",name:"Olga",surname:"Garkavenko",slug:"olga-garkavenko",fullName:"Olga Garkavenko"},{id:"119611",title:"Ms.",name:"Marija",surname:"Muzina",slug:"marija-muzina",fullName:"Marija Muzina"},{id:"119613",title:"Dr.",name:"Paul L J",surname:"Tan",slug:"paul-l-j-tan",fullName:"Paul L J Tan"}],corrections:null},{id:"23954",title:"Dental Conditions and Periodontal Disease in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus",doi:"10.5772/22260",slug:"dental-conditions-and-periodontal-disease-in-adolescents-with-type-1-diabetes-mellitus",totalDownloads:2426,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"S. Mikó and M. G. Albrecht",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/23954",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/23954",authors:[{id:"46965",title:"Dr.",name:"Sándor",surname:"Mikó",slug:"sandor-miko",fullName:"Sándor Mikó"},{id:"57762",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria",surname:"Albrecht",slug:"maria-albrecht",fullName:"Maria Albrecht"}],corrections:null},{id:"23955",title:"Impact of Hyperglycemia on Xerostomia and Salivary Composition and Flow Rate of Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus",doi:"10.5772/22321",slug:"impact-of-hyperglycemia-on-xerostomia-and-salivary-composition-and-flow-rate-of-adolescents-with-typ",totalDownloads:2964,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Ivana Maria Saes Busato, Maria Ângela Naval Machado, João Armando Brancher, Antônio Adilson Soares de Lima, Carlos Cesar Deantoni, Rosângela Réa and Luciana Reis Azevedo-Alanis",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/23955",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/23955",authors:[{id:"47236",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivana Maria",surname:"Saes Busato",slug:"ivana-maria-saes-busato",fullName:"Ivana Maria Saes Busato"},{id:"48532",title:"Dr.",name:"Luciana Reis",surname:"Azevedo-Alanis",slug:"luciana-reis-azevedo-alanis",fullName:"Luciana Reis Azevedo-Alanis"},{id:"48533",title:"MSc.",name:"Rosângela",surname:"Rëa",slug:"rosangela-rea",fullName:"Rosângela Rëa"},{id:"91256",title:"Mr.",name:"Carlos Cesar",surname:"Deantoni",slug:"carlos-cesar-deantoni",fullName:"Carlos Cesar Deantoni"},{id:"91423",title:"Dr.",name:"João Armando",surname:"Brancher",slug:"joao-armando-brancher",fullName:"João Armando Brancher"},{id:"91904",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Ângela",surname:"Naval Machado",slug:"maria-angela-naval-machado",fullName:"Maria Ângela Naval Machado"},{id:"104600",title:"Prof.",name:"Antônio Adilson",surname:"Lima",slug:"antonio-adilson-lima",fullName:"Antônio Adilson Lima"}],corrections:null},{id:"23956",title:"The Effect of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus on the Craniofacial Complex",doi:"10.5772/24104",slug:"the-effect-of-type-1-diabetes-mellitus-on-the-craniofacial-complex",totalDownloads:2620,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Mona Abbassy, Ippei Watari and Takashi Ono",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/23956",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/23956",authors:[{id:"55524",title:"Dr.",name:"Mona",surname:"Abbassy",slug:"mona-abbassy",fullName:"Mona Abbassy"},{id:"56962",title:"Dr.",name:"Ippei",surname:"Watari",slug:"ippei-watari",fullName:"Ippei Watari"},{id:"56963",title:"Prof.",name:"Takashi",surname:"Ono",slug:"takashi-ono",fullName:"Takashi Ono"}],corrections:null},{id:"23957",title:"The Role of Genetic Predisposition in Diagnosis and Therapy of Periodontal Diseases in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus",doi:"10.5772/24586",slug:"the-role-of-genetic-predisposition-in-diagnosis-and-therapy-of-periodontal-diseases-in-type-1-diabet",totalDownloads:2364,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"M.G.K. Albrecht",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/23957",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/23957",authors:[{id:"57762",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria",surname:"Albrecht",slug:"maria-albrecht",fullName:"Maria Albrecht"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"340",title:"Type 1 Diabetes",subtitle:"Pathogenesis, Genetics and Immunotherapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0b3ffa87d0c93e9104ffcc24e59c3199",slug:"type-1-diabetes-pathogenesis-genetics-and-immunotherapy",bookSignature:"David Wagner",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/340.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"45994",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Wagner",slug:"david-wagner",fullName:"David Wagner"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2666",title:"Diabetes Mellitus",subtitle:"Insights and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49a714ae0be8a338523befe4ffc9352f",slug:"diabetes-mellitus-insights-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Oluwafemi O. Oguntibeju",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2666.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"32112",title:"Prof.",name:"Oluwafemi",surname:"Oguntibeju",slug:"oluwafemi-oguntibeju",fullName:"Oluwafemi Oguntibeju"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3829",title:"Antioxidant-Antidiabetic Agents and Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"148f7976e4249aa1f0180cca370e36ce",slug:"antioxidant-antidiabetic-agents-and-human-health",bookSignature:"Oluwafemi Oguntibeju",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3829.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"32112",title:"Prof.",name:"Oluwafemi",surname:"Oguntibeju",slug:"oluwafemi-oguntibeju",fullName:"Oluwafemi Oguntibeju"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3857",title:"Glucose Homeostasis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6d19b59871b430fbcfc4bd297e242d",slug:"glucose-homeostasis",bookSignature:"Leszek Szablewski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3857.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"49739",title:"Dr.",name:"Leszek",surname:"Szablewski",slug:"leszek-szablewski",fullName:"Leszek Szablewski"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3266",title:"Type 1 Diabetes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"21684525ccb8c6acd89bc43ce177f90b",slug:"type-1-diabetes",bookSignature:"Alan P. Escher and Alice Li",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3266.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"46023",title:"Dr.",name:"Alan",surname:"Escher",slug:"alan-escher",fullName:"Alan Escher"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"665",title:"Global Perspective on Diabetic Foot Ulcerations",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b702efe619adff42227dadb5b4bda12b",slug:"global-perspective-on-diabetic-foot-ulcerations",bookSignature:"Thanh Dinh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/665.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"69737",title:"Dr.",name:"Thanh",surname:"Dinh",slug:"thanh-dinh",fullName:"Thanh Dinh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1036",title:"Type 1 Diabetes",subtitle:"Complications, Pathogenesis, and Alternative Treatments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ccb81d334cd838c9e80f3ebafb63eec0",slug:"type-1-diabetes-complications-pathogenesis-and-alternative-treatments",bookSignature:"Chih-Pin Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1036.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"47141",title:"Prof.",name:"Chih-Pin",surname:"Liu",slug:"chih-pin-liu",fullName:"Chih-Pin Liu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1038",title:"Topics in the Prevention, Treatment and Complications of Type 2 Diabetes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fedb4b227715729de998791e200ef56f",slug:"topics-in-the-prevention-treatment-and-complications-of-type-2-diabetes",bookSignature:"Mark B. Zimering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1038.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"39545",title:"Prof.",name:"Mark",surname:"Zimering",slug:"mark-zimering",fullName:"Mark Zimering"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3340",title:"Gestational Diabetes",subtitle:"Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc0e9aaba958dcee0b00d08175fe4f23",slug:"gestational-diabetes-causes-diagnosis-and-treatment",bookSignature:"Luis Sobrevia",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3340.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"159644",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",surname:"Sobrevia",slug:"luis-sobrevia",fullName:"Luis Sobrevia"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"814",title:"Steroids",subtitle:"Basic Science",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"74304f5d822f8f45d4b48a0e00ebd375",slug:"steroids-basic-science",bookSignature:"Hassan Abduljabbar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/814.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"68175",title:"Prof.",name:"Hassan",surname:"Abduljabbar",slug:"hassan-abduljabbar",fullName:"Hassan Abduljabbar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"69566",slug:"corrigendum-to-a-brief-overview-of-ophthalmic-ultrasound-imaging",title:"Corrigendum to: A Brief Overview of Ophthalmic Ultrasound Imaging",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/69566.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69566",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69566",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/69566",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/69566",chapter:{id:"65491",slug:"a-brief-overview-of-ophthalmic-ultrasound-imaging",signatures:"David B. Rosen, Mandi D. Conway, Charles P. Ingram, Robin D. Ross and Leonardo G. Montilla",dateSubmitted:"November 6th 2018",dateReviewed:"December 12th 2018",datePrePublished:"February 5th 2019",datePublished:"September 4th 2019",book:{id:"8633",title:"Novel Diagnostic Methods in Ophthalmology",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Novel Diagnostic Methods in Ophthalmology",slug:"novel-diagnostic-methods-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 4th 2019",bookSignature:"Anna Nowinska",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8633.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"261466",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:"Karolina",surname:"Nowinska",slug:"anna-nowinska",fullName:"Anna Nowinska"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null}},chapter:{id:"65491",slug:"a-brief-overview-of-ophthalmic-ultrasound-imaging",signatures:"David B. Rosen, Mandi D. Conway, Charles P. Ingram, Robin D. Ross and Leonardo G. Montilla",dateSubmitted:"November 6th 2018",dateReviewed:"December 12th 2018",datePrePublished:"February 5th 2019",datePublished:"September 4th 2019",book:{id:"8633",title:"Novel Diagnostic Methods in Ophthalmology",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Novel Diagnostic Methods in Ophthalmology",slug:"novel-diagnostic-methods-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 4th 2019",bookSignature:"Anna Nowinska",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8633.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"261466",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:"Karolina",surname:"Nowinska",slug:"anna-nowinska",fullName:"Anna Nowinska"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null},book:{id:"8633",title:"Novel Diagnostic Methods in Ophthalmology",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Novel Diagnostic Methods in Ophthalmology",slug:"novel-diagnostic-methods-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 4th 2019",bookSignature:"Anna Nowinska",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8633.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"261466",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:"Karolina",surname:"Nowinska",slug:"anna-nowinska",fullName:"Anna Nowinska"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"6729",leadTitle:null,title:"Economics of Lifestyles Applied to Health Economics",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tIt is well known that noncommunicable diseases are responsible for nearly 40% of premature deaths all over the world. One modifiable risk factor for such mortality rates is people's lifestyles such as unhealthy diets, physical inactivity, tobacco exposure and excess alcohol use. People of all ages are affected by these diseases and premature deaths. The World Health Organization and Governments have become more concerned with these increasing and worrying statistics and have set to reduce premature deaths from noncommunicable diseases by one third by 2030. The aim of this book is to provide the reader with an overview of the current empirical work on the topics concerning health economics and lifestyles from different perspectives including the socioeconomic determinants of lifestyles, the impacts and the costs of noncommunicable diseases due to unhealthy lifestyles, the effects of public programs to promote healthy lifestyles, health insurance coverage, lifestyles and noncommunicable diseases coverage, the socioeconomic inequity associated with unhealthy lifestyles, and a particular focus is placed on the economics of the four main lifestyle diseases: cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer and chronic respiratory diseases.
",isbn:null,printIsbn:null,pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:null,priceUsd:null,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef77e9a5ebf778a9feb96f1454554d50",bookSignature:"Ph.D. Aida Isabel Tavares",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6729.jpg",keywords:"Lifestyle economics, Health economics, Health policy, Lifestyle programs, Public health economics, Markets and regulation, Health demand,Health inequity, Preventive healthcare, Noncommunicable disease burden, Health insurance and lifestyles, Pharmaceutical industry and lifestyles, Socioeconomic determinants and impacts",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"December 1st 2017",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 20th 2017",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 20th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"May 11th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"July 10th 2018",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"3 years",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"196819",title:"Prof.",name:"Aida Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Tavares",slug:"aida-isabel-tavares",fullName:"Aida Isabel Tavares",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196819/images/system/196819.jfif",biography:"Aida Isabel Tavares holds a Ph.D. in Economic Analysis awarded by the Autonoma University of Barcelona in 2008. \r\nShe has been dedicated to research in Applied Health Economics and she published several articles in international peer-reviewed journals. She has also published one book in public economics. Her research areas include health economics and policy, health systems, socioeconomic determinants of health, regulation in health markets and economics evaluation. Dr. Tavares has also been teaching at different universities, specifically several courses related to microeconomics, public economics, and health economics. Currently, she collaborates with the Centre of Studies and Research in Health of the University of Coimbra in Portugal and she an Assistant Professor in Lisbon School of Economics and Management - University of Lisbon.",institutionString:"ISEG - Lisbon School of Economics & Management, University of Lisbon",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"7",title:"Business, Management and Economics",slug:"business-management-and-economics"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"220812",firstName:"Lada",lastName:"Bozic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/220812/images/6021_n.jpg",email:"lada@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7846",title:"Universal Health Coverage",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"03f74e6a4e925b7368b87e813bc29e1f",slug:"universal-health-coverage",bookSignature:"Aida Isabel Tavares",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7846.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196819",title:"Prof.",name:"Aida Isabel",surname:"Tavares",slug:"aida-isabel-tavares",fullName:"Aida Isabel Tavares"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"878",title:"Phytochemicals",subtitle:"A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec77671f63975ef2d16192897deb6835",slug:"phytochemicals-a-global-perspective-of-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/878.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4816",title:"Face Recognition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"146063b5359146b7718ea86bad47c8eb",slug:"face_recognition",bookSignature:"Kresimir Delac and Mislav Grgic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"56334",title:"Animal Models of Double Incontinence: “Fecal and Urinary”",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69962",slug:"animal-models-of-double-incontinence-fecal-and-urinary-",body:'The prevalence of female urinary incontinence (UI) in Europe ranges from 14.1 to 68.8% and increases with age [1]. Specifically, stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is highest among all types of UI and is estimated at 23.7% [2]. The prevalence of fecal incontinence (FI) ranges from 2.2 to 50% in women with urinary incontinence or pelvic organ prolapse [3]. FI and UI are pelvic floor disorders (PFD) which lead to social embarrassment and have poor impact on quality of life. Over $12 billion are spent annually for management of SUI in women [4]. The average annual total cost for fecal incontinence is estimated at $4110 per person [5]. Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) may be defined as involuntary loss of urine on effort or physical exertion (e.g., sporting activities), or on sneezing or coughing. Urgency urinary incontinence (UUI) relates to involuntary loss of urine associated with a desire to void, while anorectal incontinence (AI) is a complaint of involuntary loss of feces or flatus.
The ultimate success of long‐term management for double incontinence (DI) is based on an understanding of disease pathophysiology. Little is known about the degree to which UI and FI share risk factors. Animal models have been used to understand pathogenesis of these conditions in humans and for developing novel treatment alternatives. Even though many animal models have been developed to understand pathogenesis, yet many of etiological factors are not explained. Many animal models are used as simulators for teaching surgical skills but long‐term studies have not shown the desired improvement in surgical outcome [6]. The surgical procedures in humans were developed through the use and application of animal model as slings and trocar‐driven implants [7] for anti‐incontinence procedures.
Urinary incontinence is relatively easy to understand when compared to fecal incontinence as anal sphincter defects and FI are complicated surgical problems. Research on use of stem cell for treatment of FI was conducted on rabbits by an iatrogenic sphincter defect, created by cutting of anal sphincter. Human umbilical cord matrix (hUCM) and stem cells from rabbit femur and tibia were harvested and transplanted into injured sphincters which later showed an improvement in their function. Bone marrow‐derived stem cells and mesenchymal cells of animals have shown to enhance contractile function of anal sphincter without surgical repair [8]. The limitation of using animals is in their difference with anatomy and size of viscera, which affects the functional outcome. Human cadavers have been used for a long time for teaching anatomy, but due to ethical issues animals were introduced in medical teaching. Animal models were found quite effective, but because of major difference in functional anatomy, mannequins were introduced for medical teaching and learning. There are many centers for simulation‐based innovation for medical education (SIME), which probably would give similar results [9].
Most of the studies on new medical and surgical treatment involve the use of animal models for preclinical trials. In this chapter, we discussed use of animal models for relevant research, procedures on pathogenesis and surgical training techniques for DI. We have used standardized terminology for definitions as described by the International Continence Society (ICS) and International Urogynecological Association (IUGA) joint report on terminology [10, 11].
SUI is a clinical diagnosis mainly by history and physical examination. ICS has defined urodynamic stress incontinence as involuntary leakage of urine during filling cystometry, associated with increased intra‐abdominal pressure, in the absence of a detrusor contraction [10]. The role of urodynamic studies (UDS) is important in identifying types of SUI. Types of SUI can be determined with valsalva leak point pressure (VLPP) and urethral pressure profilometry (UPP). According to Blaivis, SUI types 1 and 2 are related to urethral hyper mobility with VLPP > 90 cm of water for type 1 and between 60 and 90 cm of water for type 2, respectively. Blaivis type 3 SUI is with VLPP < 60 cm water, also known as intrinsic sphincter deficiency (ISD). In addition, a urethral pressure profile (UPP which is urethral pressure–detrusor pressure) < 20 cm water is also seen in the cases of ISD [12]. Animal models that simulate SUI provide an assessment of the mechanism of risk factors, including childbirth injuries, preclinical testing of new treatments and therapies for SUI. Since animals cannot express intent, the use of these animal models has been focused on measuring decreased urethral resistance [13].
SUI is clinically assessed on humans as observation of involuntary leakage from the urethra with effort or physical exertion, or on sneezing or coughing [10]. Based on the urinary leak with a rise in abdominal pressure, sneeze test can be performed in female rat under anesthesia. A whisker cut from anesthetized rat was used to tickle its nose. Even under anesthesia the rat responded with a small sneeze, which transiently increased abdominal pressure. Karl et al. performed cystometry with methylene blue dye in bladder to detect urinary leak. The animal was diagnosed as incontinent if they leaked during the sneeze test and continent if no leak on sneezing was observed [13, 14].
The human bladder functions by storage and voiding of urine. Voiding is accompanied by an increase in detrusor pressure and a decrease in urethral pressure. In leak point pressure (LPP) testing [15], rats were anesthetized and a transperitoneal catheter implanted in the bladder dome was tunneled subcutaneously from the back of the bladder neck to an exit via the skin. The catheter was capped and the skin incision closed in two layers. The bladder catheter was connected to both a syringe pump and a pressure transducer. The bladder when filled with room‐temperature saline through the catheter, the bladder pressure was recorded via a microtip transducer urethral catheter. Pressure and force transducer signals were amplified and recorded on a chart recorder. All bladder pressures were referenced to air pressure at the level of the bladder very similar to LPP assessment in humans with use of external transducers. The three commonly used mechanisms are manual pressure/Crede’s LPP, electrical stimulation LPP and table tilt LPP [16, 17, 18].
To perform manual LPP testing in rats, they put supine on table and a passive/manual abdominal pressure is applied and increased gradually, thus increasing the vesical pressure until leakage is observed at the urethral meatus. The peak bladder pressure was taken as the LPP. After leak, the external pressure is rapidly removed and bladder pressure quickly returns to baseline [17].
Rat is mounted on a vertical tilt table to keep the bladder erect during UDS, similar to human studies. A saline reservoir is connected to a suprapubic catheter to passively increase bladder pressure by elevating it and maintaining it at a range of pressures (20, 40 and 60 cm H2O) [19]. In this method, the spinal cord is often transected usually at T8–T9. This transaction eliminates the supraspinal reflex voiding but preserves the urethral reflexes induced by bladder distention, which are predominantly organized in the lumbosacral spinal cord [20]. Studies have shown comparable results of LPP with sneeze test, manual pressure test and vertical tilt table test [21].
Electrical stimulation of abdominal muscles for 1 s induces sudden increase in both the intra‐abdominal and the intravesical pressure. The lowest intravesical pressure that induced fluid leakage from the urethral orifice (leak point pressure) and the maximal intravesical pressure without urine leakage were recorded and were used to evaluate urethral resistance. However, like tilt table testing, electrical stimulation LPP testing also requires spinal cord transection, suppressing supraspinal continence control [22].
Effects of stem cell transplantation in rats were evaluated through urodynamic testing, and morphologic changes of the urethra and surrounding tissues were studied [23] both before and after transplantation. The bladder catheter was used as an intraurethral pressure measurement catheter, connecting it to a three‐limb tube through a conversion joint. One end of that three‐limb tube was connected to the intraurethral pressure sensor, and the other end was connected to the micropump, maintaining the original intraurethral pressure measurement catheter. Pressure was set at 0, and infusion by micropump at rate of 0.25 ml/min was started. Urethral pressure profilometry (UPP) rod was used to pull the intraurethral pressure measurement catheter at 0.1 mm/s traction speed. Meanwhile, intraurethral pressure and intrabladder pressure were recorded. Maximum urethral closure pressure (MUCP) was intraurethral pressure minus intrabladder pressure. Functional urethra length (FUL) was also calculated. Transplantation of adipose‐derived stem cells significantly strengthened local urethral muscle layers and significantly improved the morphology and function of sphincters.
The childbirth injury leads to SUI due to musculofascial and neurovascular damage causing weakness in pelvic floor support [24]. Rodents are used to establish the vaginal injury as a leading cause of SUI which occur secondary to vaginal dilatation (VD) during childbirth in human. Several studies [25, 26] have demonstrated vaginal injury by VD which is induced by using a Foley catheter with cut tip and inflated with different fluid volumes from 2 to 4 ml. This creates pressure in vagina and iatrogenic injury to the urethra, bladder, vagina and levator muscles. Functionally, VD results in decreased urethral resistance, as evidenced by lowered leak point pressures on urodynamic testing done in most of the VD studies [27]. In a study by Lin et al., VD was created in mice by 0.1–0.3 ml balloon in comparison with sham distension. LPP was significantly lower in groups after VD with 0.2–0.3 ml as compared to sham [28]. Research has shown that this procedure has helped in understanding molecular factors like chemokines, neuro‐regenerative agents and pharmacological agents that contribute to functional recovery including stem cell mobilization following injury [27, 29]. It has also helped in evaluation of the impact of contributing/decompensating factors in the pathophysiology and recovery of continence.
Urinary urge incontinence is observed among patient of overactive bladder (OAB) which is called wet OAB. There are many pathophysiological bases for its explanation including neurogenic and myogenic theories. It has been established through animal studies that urge incontinence is predominantly due to a defect in bladder muscle [30]. In a study on pigs, unstable bladder contractions were produced against induced outflow obstruction, bladder distention and bladder transaction. In affected pigs, stimulation of the spinal roots could no longer alter detrusor contraction. Similarly, sectioning of the spinal roots in these animals did not eliminate the unstable pressure rise explaining myogenic basis of OAB [31]. These manipulations do not eliminate the possibility of increased neuronal firing at the ganglionic level. However, recently, it has been shown that both hexamethonium (which blocks ganglionic transmission) and tetrodotoxin (TTX, which abolishes all neuronal activity) inhibit micturition but do not abolish unstable contractions in the pigs or rats [32, 33], hence supporting myogenic theory. The majority of the structural changes seen were obtained with light microscopic techniques, and local detrusor changes were found similar to those among human with OAB.
The innervation of the external urethral sphincter (EUS) from the pudendal nerve is similar between rats and humans [34]. In female rats, the motor pudendal nerve bifurcates within Alcock’s canal into separate fascicles that innervate the external anal sphincter (EAS) and EUS. The pudendal nerve controls EUS activity, including tonic activity during continence, and activates to strengthen the guarding response to prevent urinary leakage [35]. It can be trapped and injured during vaginal childbirth because it passes through Alcock’s canal in the ischiorectal fossa, especially between the sacrospinous and the sacrotuberous ligaments [36]. Pudendal nerve crush (PNC) injury was induced in rats simulating childbirth injury, leading to deficiency of EUS and causing SUI [37]. Another rat study demonstrated the Pudendal nerve injury effects on external anal sphincter similar to injury during child birth in human affecting EAS and causing FI. In Healy et al.’s study [38], one group of rats used for the experiment had induced bilateral inferior rectal nerve crush (Group A) injury which then acted as a positive control and was observed for EAS effects. In another group (Group B), an intrapelvic retro‐uterine balloon inflation was performed, mimicking the pressure effects of child birth on the pelvic side wall and pelvic floor. Both groups of rats showed signs of EAS muscle atrophy and denervation, leading to FI. However, EMG signs of re‐innervation were seen in both groups and recovery of muscle mass at 4 weeks, mimicking human pathophysiology of fecal incontinence.
Since conservative management involves the use of medicine with many side effects, laboratory animals are used in preclinical drug trials. Several animal models have been used to evaluate the best possible conservative remedies for treating both urinary and fecal incontinence. Animal models were to test midurethral slings for surgical treatment of SUI which currently provides the best surgical cure. An outline of conservative management of double incontinence is shown in Figure 1.
Conservative management of double incontinence.
Conservative treatment of SUI includes lifestyle interventions, pelvic floor muscle training, electrical stimulation, vaginal cones, urethral plugs and the drug duloxetine. Medical treatment has been tried and tested on animal models to assess their safety and effects on nervous system in improving SUI.
Venlafaxine is a selective norepinephrine (NE) reuptake inhibitor, and it significantly decreases the contraction of bladder muscle and increases urethral resistance. This was initially tested on rabbits and rodents. Bladder and proximal urethral muscle strips were electrically stimulated, and their contractile responses were measured both pre‐ and posttreatment with venlafaxine. It was observed that it significantly increased the contraction of urethral strips (P = 0.008) tested by urethral pressure profilometry (UPP) [39].
Duloxetine, a norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5‐HT) reuptake inhibitor, can prevent SUI by facilitating noradrenergic and serotonergic systems in the spinal cord at S3 level (nucleus of Onuf) to enhance the sneeze‐induced active urethral closure mechanism. Based on this mechanism, duloxetine is currently being used in humans for conservative management of SUI. Before the human trials, it was tested on cat sphincter [40] and in rat models. Duloxetine caused urethral closing contractions and increased the urethral resistance (leak point pressure) measured using a microtip transducer catheter in the middle urethra of rat models [41].
One of the SUI causes includes urethral sphincter deficiency which is called type III SUI or intrinsic sphincter deficiency (ISD). This occurs usually due to inherent defects in the collagen and elastin of urethral sphincter. Many preclinical trials have investigated whether transplantation of patient’s own skeletal muscle‐derived cells (SkMDCs) can restore the sphincter musculature. The specific cell type of SkMDCs is myoblasts, satellite cells, muscle progenitor cells, or muscle‐derived stem cells. The other stem cell (SC) types used for urethral defects include those from the bone marrow, umbilical cord blood and adipose tissue. These cells are injected as periurethral injections. Herrera‐Imbroda et al. used rat models for SC injection, and rats were assessed by LPP testing for therapeutic efficacy of SC treatment [42]. The study also used histological assessment, which revealed the sphincter muscle content, existence of transplanted SCs and possible differentiation of these SCs.
Rodents were also used to explore the feasibility, safety and efficacy of cellular regimen to treat SUI. SUI was induced by vaginal dilatation (VD), and cystoscopic urethral injections of bone marrow or adipose tissue‐derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSC/ADSC) were given to rats. It was observed that MSCs restored the continence mechanism by improving vascular and connective tissue status of urethral tissues after VD [43]. In another study, human mesenchymal stromal cells were isolated, expanded and characterized. These cells were injected trans‐urethrally in immune‐suppressed Göttingen Minipigs. The study found this cellular sphincter therapy in Göttingen Minipigs as very safe and effective against SUI [44]. Some animal studies employed dogs with induced SUI and injected SCs therapy to test safety and efficacy for SUI treatment and found similar results [45].
Clinical observations as well as results from recent studies on murine showed that iatrogenic bladder outlet obstruction leads to a rise in detrusor pressure, mimicking leak in humans secondary to detrusor overactivity (DO) in cases of UUI. Murines were induced DO and then treated by the use of botulinum toxin A (BoNT‐A). The therapeutic effects of intramural injections of botulinum toxin A (BoNT‐A) into the bladder wall resulted in suppression of detrusor overactivity in murine as seen in human bladder, and the refractory cases of UUI secondary to DO have shown same results with botulinum toxin A (BoNT‐A) [46].
Modifying irregular bowel habits is often the first step to manage FI. Pelvic floor exercises with and without biofeedback therapy, reusable bodyworn products and antidiarrheal treatment all play some role in treatment of FI. Sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) and stem cell therapy for improving contractile function of anal sphincter have been studied on animal models.
Fecal incontinence is multifactorial in origin. Most of the human studies have focused on anal sphincter functions and its restoration for treatment of FI. There have been numerous animal studies which investigated direct effects of SNS on the muscles of continence. In one study, ten dogs received electrical stimulation of the sacral plexus. Histochemical analysis of the striated external anal sphincter following chronic electrical stimulation demonstrated hypertrophy of stimulated muscle fibers. However, these changes reverted to pre‐stimulation level 3 months after the stimulation. Anal tone and reflexes were measured before and during acute stimulation and demonstrated that SNS did not have any significant effect on internal anal sphincter or external anal sphincter force, the recto‐anal inhibitory or recto‐anal excitatory reflexes, internal anal sphincter slow wave frequency or wave amplitude [47]. The mechanism of action of SNS with the use of surgically implanted interstim is not very clear; however, it was found to be very effective in patients with FI [48].
Stem cell injection at the site of injury can enhance contractile function of the anal sphincter without surgical repair. Human umbilical cord matrix (hUCM) cells have been described as having the characteristics of myofibroblasts, which play a role in healing by producing a wide range of cytokines, growth factors, chemokines and inflammatory mediators. Rabbit bone marrow (rBM) cells are known to secrete many growth factors which contribute to cell propagation and differentiation. Harvested hUCM and rBM stem cells from rabbit femurs and tibias were injected in surgically incised external anal sphincter of the white New Zealand rabbits. Electromyography showed significant improvement in sphincter function 2 weeks after local injection of rBM stem cells, and histopathologic evaluation showed normal or muscle‐dominant sphincter structure in all animals receiving rBM and fibrous‐dominant sphincter structure in most animals receiving hUCM cells [8].
There are a variety of surgical treatment options for SUI. The two most effective procedures are Burch colposuspension and miduretheral slings (MUS), which are available in different synthetic material. Each material has been tested for its efficacy and safety. There are many animal studies regarding the use of mesh before its use in human.
Surgical management including the suburethral sling is one of the most common treatment options for SUI, with an overall objective cure rate of 82% [49]. Suburethral sling therapy provides stability to the supporting layer under the urethra and helps in leak of urine against the rise in abdominal pressure. The urethra remains compressed against the suburethral sling, and continence is maintained. While a sling procedure offers the highest success rate, it also results in the highest morbidity and complication rate among all anti‐incontinence procedures. In the last several years, a number of modifications to the sling procedure have been proposed to improve its safety and efficacy while decreasing morbidity. SUI in rats was induced by pudendal nerve transaction (PNT), they were treated by polypropylene suburethral sling and the efficacy of sling was assessed by an increase in LPP [50].
Tension‐free vaginal tape (TVT) with polypropylene was first introduced by Ulmsten for surgical treatment of SUI and has shown good success rate [51]. The tensile properties of polypropylene used in TVT were studied in rats and found to be significantly greater than cadaveric fascia lata [52]. There have been many other sling procedures using same material with different surgical approaches. Another study on white rabbits has evaluated tissue reactions to five sling materials used in five different procedures like tension‐free vaginal tape (TVT), intravaginal slingplasty (IVS) for SUI surgery and polypropylene mesh for hernia repair. The other two procedures to cure SUI included suprapubic approach using suburethral polypropylene tape and cadaveric fascia lata. Rabbit abdominal skin was incised, and a patch of all five sling material was attached with absorbable suture. Study compared the mesh‐to‐tissue attachment strength of four sling mesh materials on days 2, 7, 15 and 30 after implantation by electron microscopic studies. All five synthetic sling materials produced similar tissue reactions beginning soon after implantation. Cadaveric fascia lata persisted in tissue with remarkable perifascial fibrosis at day 30. When comparing the four polypropylene mesh materials, the attachment capacity of TVT was superior and that of IVS was the least of the four. TVT was statistically better than IVS at all data points. Suprapublic approach with polypropylene and hernia mesh provided results similar to those of TVT [53].
Obstetric anal sphincter trauma is the most common cause of fecal incontinence with a severe impact on quality of life. Anal sphincter rupture is reported in about 2.5% of vaginal deliveries in centers that practice mediolateral episiotomy and about 11% in centers that practice midline episiotomy [54]. The effect of anal sphincter laceration (with repair) at the time of parturition after term pregnancy on physiologic function of the external anal sphincter was studied on eighty rats [55]. Overall, anal sphincter laceration at time of delivery results in significantly impaired anal function. Rat anal sphincter neurophysiologic functions were assessed. Recovery of sphincter function was evident as early as three months and maintained at six months after injury. The diagnosis and repair of sphincter tear is very important. Unrepaired or badly repaired sphincter can lead to FI. Several simulator models have been developed to provide surgical training to consultants, midwives and trainees. The early diagnosis of anal sphincter injury is very important for effective surgical outcome. The pig model was introduced due to its similarity to both internal and external anal sphincters [56]. The model used cadaveric pig perineum with a clear demarcation between internal and external anal sphincters simulating human sphincters. Another study showed effective teaching of repair of perineal tears using goat perineum model (Figure 2), which mimics human female anatomy [57]. Both anal sphincter latex/plastic and cadaveric animal sphincter models have been effectively used for hands on training in different workshops.
Multiperous goat. Cut edge of external anal sphincter (E) held by Allis forceps, (I) internal anal sphincter between anal canal (A) and (E) external anal sphincter.
The artificial anal sphincter is used in cases where other treatment modalities fail. It includes an inflatable expander that compresses and flattens the bowel against a pillow. Before its experiment on humans, it was tried in 16 animals. In experimental animals, anal sphincters were destroyed and artificial sphincter device was implanted. The animals were observed for twenty weeks. The study concluded the safety of implanted sphincter against anal ischemia. Moreover, animals were continent during 85% of activation times [58].
During last decade, investigators have developed and tested animal models of SUI in the female rat, seeking to mimic the symptoms of SUI in female patients. Bilateral pudendal nerve crush injury or transection or sciatic nerve transection has been used to cause SUI in rats. The VD model was used by Lin et al. [28] to simulate the damage that occurs in the pelvic floor during vaginal delivery of children. They demonstrated the feasibility of creating a mouse model of acute SUI by VD. Distention volumes of 0.1–0.3 ml in 20 g female mice of strain C57BL/6 resulted in significant reductions of LP, possibly due to partial urethral denervation. This novel model of SUI in mice could be used in future mechanistic studies of female SUI treatment. The childbirth induced vaginal distension, and SUI can be correlated but women recover out of these transient changes with only few remaining symptomatic for SUI. There is a need to develop specific mouse genetic models for incontinence/SUI induced by VD. Further studies can be performed to know the spontaneous cure of incontinence.
The use of animal models has helped in understanding the pathogenesis and etiology of both urinary and fecal incontinence. Due to ethical issues related to human cadaveric studies, animal models are good substitute for research related to surgical innovations for treatment of double incontinence. Animal models like sheep, goat and pig have been validated for surgical training for perineal tears. The latest use of animal model is related to studies on mouse for simulated birth trauma‐induced SUI and stem cell treatment for double incontinence.
DI | Double incontinence |
FI | Fecal incontinence |
UI | Urinary incontinence |
SUI | Stress urinary incontinence |
UUI | Urgency urinary incontinence |
OAB | Overactive bladder |
LPP | Leak point pressure |
UPP | Urethral pressure profilometry |
UDS | Urodynamic studies |
VLPP | Valsalva leak point pressure |
ISD | Intrinsic sphincter deficiency |
PFD | Pelvic floor dysfunction |
ICS | International Continence Society |
IUGA | International Urogynecological Association |
VD | Vaginal dilatation |
PNC | Pudendal nerve crush |
NE | Norepinephrine |
EUS | External urethral sphincter |
EAS | External anal sphincter |
TTX | Tetrodotoxin |
SC | Stem cells |
SkMDCs | Skeletal muscle-derived cells |
SNS | Sacral nerve stimulation |
hUCM | Human umbilical cord matrix |
rBM | Rabbit bone marrow |
BoNT-A | Botulinum toxin A |
PNT | Pudendal nerve transaction |
TVT | Tension-free vaginal tape |
IVS | Intravaginal slingplasty |
BMSC | Bone marrow-derived stem calls |
ADSC | Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stromal cells |
In the textile industry, the utilization of low environmental impact technologies that are based on sustainable raw materials presents a novel possible way for the development of functional textiles on a large scale. By-products and wastes from different sources and industries such as proteins, vegetable, agroforestry, furniture, food, footwear and automotive industries are often used as biomass or sent to landfills. However, due to the interest in by-products as a substituent for the commercially aggressive chemicals used in the textile industry, research on the valorization of these materials has remarkably increased. In this sense, several studies were carried out to enhance the performance attributes of textile goods through finishing, coating and dipping technologies with by-products and residues, thus creating an opportunity for the establishment of partnerships and circular economy business models.
The dairy industry is characterized by a broad group of food products, such as milk, milk powder, butter, yoghurts, cream and cheese, but it is also a big source of solid and liquid by-products, but among those, whey is the one produced at the highest volumes in cheese industry. The world production of by-products in dairy industry is around 4–11 million tonnes per year, but Europe is the worldwide leader in cheese production and consequently the largest whey producer [1, 2]. This has a big environmental impact if they are disposed as wastes, so strategies to reuse these by-products are important, and there is a community pressure in this sense. Traditionally, some years ago, whey is used to be disposed of, but with environmental concerns and legislation to be implemented, the reuse appears with a prominent role [2]. Whey is considered one of the major pollutant by-products because of its high biological and chemical oxygen demands [2]. Whey is composed of 85–90% water, 10–15% lactose (carbohydrates), soluble vitamins, minerals (e.g. calcium, phosphorus, sodium and so on) and proteins (e.g. β-lactoglobulin, α-lactalbumin, bovine serum albumin (BSA), immunoglobulins and others) [1, 2]. Lactose is the main component, being responsible for most of the biological and chemical oxygen demands [2]. However, lactose and other nutrients essential for microbial growth confer whey a potential to produce several bioproducts. Whey proteins award health benefits such as high nutritional value, easy digestion and assimilation, which are interesting for the food industry too. It can be used for biotransformation feeds, bioproteins, prebiotics, and bioactive peptides after fermentation or enzymatic hydrolysis. On the other hand, the reduced-lactose whey, demineralized whey, and whey protein concentrates or isolates are used for food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries, especially for thier emulsifying, thickening, gelling, foaming and water-binding properties. More specific, these proteins of natural origin and with emulsifying capacity are used in the formulation of creams and shampoos as substitutes for synthetic surfactants. The whey protein hydrolysate also has this type of application for hair products. Another property of whey protein consists of gel formation, being used to produce protective films and coatings. These proteins, as they have low permeability to water vapour, are used in paper coating, providing good appearance and printability. β-Lactoglobulin and α-lactalbumin can be used as moisturizing and antiwrinkle agents. Lactoferrin is a good iron chelator, preventing the formation of free radicals. In the 1990s, whey protein, in the form of iron proteinate, was also used as an antianemic preparation [3]. Moreover, this by-product can be reused not only for its technological properties but also for its biological properties in terms of the body’s benefits.
Due to its biological and chemical properties, whey has several applications, depending on the biotechnological method applied to reuse this by-product. It can be used to obtain chemical products to produce functional formulations and for food, fuel health, pharmaceuticals, biomaterials and others.
Whey has been used in the food industry to produce functional food and drinks as an innovative product with health benefits. For example, whey can be used in dairy beverages: unfermented or fermented, probiotic, refreshing soft, alcoholic, diet and high protein sport [2]. Whey is also one of the main sources of the bioactive peptides that can be used as nutritional supplements because of its structure, rapid absorption and biological properties (antihypertensive activities and antioxidant properties). On the other hand, whey protein has been explored in the food industry in edible film or coating development for food preservation, for its biochemical properties, such as its edible nature and intrinsic biodegradability, suitable mechanical barrier, flexibility and the capacity to incorporate functional compounds [4].
The improvement of knowledge has also allowed the development of biomaterials from whey, for example, to produce biodegradable capsules for drug delivery. The whey protein isolates (WPI) have been used for bone regeneration to produce bioactive glasses with potential applications in bone tissue engineering.
These biomaterials have been explored for tissue engineering applications due to their chemical and biological properties, such as the ability to retain water, easy transport/entrapment of nutrients or cells, controlled biodegradability, mechanical properties and biocompatibility [5]. However, the field of action of whey is much wider and applied to other industries as an eco-friendly alternative to conventional chemicals.
Agro-industrial wastes include several different wastes from the food and agriculture industries. The amount of wastes from the food and forestry-based industries produced in the European Union (EU) is estimated to be in the order of 900 million tonnes per year. However, a large part of these wastes are considered low-value input materials instead of wastes, like sawdust that can be used to make products such as fibreboard or leaves and stalks of plants that can have other agricultural uses such as animal bedding [6]. If these wastes are released to the environment without a proper disposal procedure, they may worsen the environmental pollution and cause harmful effects on human and animal health. Table 1 shows the estimated sustainable availability of agro-industrial wastes.
Wastes | Current availability (Mtonnes/year) | 2030 availability (Mtonnes/year) |
---|---|---|
Paper industry | 17.5 | 12.3 |
Wood industry | 8 | 5.6 |
Food and garden industries | 37.6 | 26.3 |
Crop wastes | 122 | 139 |
Forestry wastes | 40 | 40 |
Agro-industrial wastes and wastes produced in the EU [6].
Recently, these wastes have been the focus of much attention due to their huge potential for exploration, not only for their wide availability and diversity but also for their intrinsic properties and functionalities, which make them an increasingly attractive feedstock for chemical, material and biofuel production [7]. Conscious consumption allied with ethical and sustainable values is increasing the consumers’ concern in the moment of purchase: “What is the nature of the raw material?”; “What is the life cycle of the product?”. This tendency has made the producers look for alternative raw material sources [8].
It was found that the typology of vegetable wastes most produced varies from year to year, with the most abundant being materials unsuitable for consumption or processing, biodegradable wastes and vegetable textile wastes [9]. The most promising vegetable and agroforestry wastes for textile application are, for example, sawdust, coffee grounds, pine bark, eucalyptus bark and others. Sawdust and composites of sawdust (in powder and in pieces) are very abundant wastes as a result of the wood processing industry such as furniture industry. Coffee grounds are highly abundant because the cultural habit of people is drinking a lot of coffee. Pine bark is a highly abundant waste that is very easy to adapt for textile coating applications, which can result in a brown powder that gives rise to coatings with a dark colour and a very attractive shade. Olive stones are also abundant, resulting from the production of olive oil or from the ginning of the olives. Almond or nutshell wastes can create coatings with very attractive colours and visual effects. Rice husk, due to its low nutritional value, is not a viable resource as food for animals, and the burning or landfill deposition of this type of waste has important environmental impacts, as it has a slow biological degradation (high silica content). Eucalyptus bark is also abundant, resulting from the paper and wood processing industries [7].
The transformation of animal skins into leather allows for the recycling of what would be an organic waste from the food industry into added-value products. In this context, the animal skin is considered a by-product, as it is not reintroduced in the same productive cycle and its reuse contributes to a more sustainable and a circular economy.
There are several applications for leather, and the manufacture of leather upholstery for furniture, airplanes and automobiles has been one of the main markets in the last two decades. Although leather waste recycling has been the subject of hundreds of studies, landfilling remains the most frequent option, wasting all resources contained in leather. Also, due to environmental restrictions, the study and development of sustainable alternatives for the recovery of this waste for the manufacture of new, more sustainable materials are urgent [10].
The valorization of leather wastes such as leather shavings aims to the reduction of the presence and usage of Cr (VI), oil, hydrocarbon, and solvent absorber; adsorbent of chlorides, fats, tannins, surfactants, and dyes, used in the tanning process. Leather powder has already been applied as an oil and crude absorber, while carding powder has been used as an adsorbent for textile dyes (more anionic than cationic) [10].
This type of waste can be physically processed by crushing and grinding methods. For certain uses, its mixture with resins and catalysts for subsequent pressing between metal moulds with various configurations and sizes can produce multilayer or composite structures. Final products are obtained with a very good appearance, without the need for any additional finishing, with good sound insulation and even good thermal insulation [11]. Applications in furniture, floors and footwear components are some of the examples. Through these processes leather wastes have been used in leather-like materials and construction materials, as additives for thermoplastic composites and as filler materials for reinforcing rubbers [10].
Leather waste can also be processed chemically (alkaline or acid hydrolysis) or enzymatically, in order to obtain collagen (by-product) for application in added-value products. Collagen consists of a fibrous, insoluble and inert protein, which after alkaline/acid/enzymatic hydrolysis is divided into gelatine and hydrolysed (soluble) collagen, by breaking the chromium-collagen bond established during the tanning phase and breaking non-covalent bonds in the protein’s structure that lead to its swelling and solubilization [12, 13].
The chemical processing of leather wastes also results in Cr (VI), which can be reintroduced upstream into the leather tanning process. Another type of chemical processing reported for the recovery of Cr (VI) involves the incineration of tanned chips and blue chips and later transformation of the ashes by converting chromium (III) oxide into sodium chromate [Cr (VI)] [14, 15].
Given that the present method of recovering collagen from leather wastes is free of complex installations and equipment, its implementation in the productive cycle of companies is economically attractive [14].
Whey exhibits many unique functional properties such as antibacterial and antioxidant activity and odour and water vapour absorber, among others. Therefore, whey has become an attractive product for its versatile applications in different fields, including textile industry. Many of these applications are also reported in the development of new functional products in the food and pharmaceutical fields, due to the properties (such as antimicrobials, antioxidants, and anticancer drugs) and structures of whey protein and its fractions. Table 2 shows some examples of applying these fractions to obtain the functionalities described.
Functionality | Description | Ref. |
---|---|---|
Antioxidant | Several studies show that whey has antioxidant properties. It is maximized with an enzymatic treatment of whey, milk or cheese and with the hydrolysate’s valorization (microbial proteases, β-lactoglobulin and α-lactalbumin). This evaluation was done with ABTS or ORAC-FL method | [16, 17, 18, 19] |
Deodorant property | Milk and whey proteins are effective in the absorption of odours, given their composition in proteins and lipids. Lactose is described by its ability to retain odours, absorbing them on its surface as the crystals form | [20, 21] |
Antimicrobial | Two of the whey fractions, lactoferrin and lactoperoxidase, present an antimicrobial activity. Lactoferrin has several antimicrobial peptides that are released after hydrolysis by proteases. Lactoperoxidase has a high antimicrobial capacity through catalytic and chemical processes | [22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27] |
Whey, protein fraction and dairy by-product functionalities.
Another application for whey or milk fractions is related to the production of microcapsules. In fact, globular proteins had been used as a vehicle for the micro-/nanoencapsulation of bioactive compounds. Milk proteins, namely, whey protein, have been used for the microencapsulation of aromas. Using serum protein isolate and gum arabic, it is possible to encapsulate β-carotene. The same gum arabic had already been shown to be effective in promoting self-aggregation, and consequent capsule formation, of β-lactoglobulin [28, 29, 30]. Another aspect is the microencapsulation of β-lactoglobulin with another polysaccharide, chitosan, and this has a stabilizing effect on serum proteins, protecting them from denaturation at temperatures up to 90°C. Due to its structure, β-lactoglobulin can also form complexes with vitamins and nutraceuticals, such as folic acid. β-Lactoglobulin/folic acid complexes exhibit particle sizes below 10 nm and exhibit stability over a wide range of pH values [31, 32, 33].
The passage of traditional industrial processes to more sustainable patterns and a circular economy model are mandatory given the limited resources and adverse environmental effects that are noticeable today. In this sense, the establishment of bio-based economies and industrial processes, such as the textile industry, will contribute directly to substitute emission-intensive and non-renewable resources with renewable resources, as well as create innovative and functional added-value solutions [9]. Some wastes or natural additives can provide a wide range of functional properties to textiles, opening an opportunity for the development of new and innovative textile solutions. Some potential functionalities of some vegetable and agroforestry wastes and by-products are presented in Table 3.
Waste/by-product | Source | Functionalities | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Coffee grounds | Coffee production process | Anti-odour, antimicrobial, aromatic; UV radiation protection | [34, 35] |
Rice husks | Rice processing | Thermal insulation potential | [36] |
Eucalyptus bark | Wood processing industry | Antimicrobial, aromatic | [37, 38] |
Pine bark | To feed | Antioxidant, antimicrobial, aromatic | [39, 40] |
Pine sawdust, composite sawdust, powder and pieces | Wood processing industry | Absorbent, mechanical and structural properties | [41, 42] |
Vegetable and agroforestry wastes and by-products and functionalities.
The manufacture of leather upholstery for furniture, airplanes and automobiles has been one of the main markets in the last two decades. Currently, in Europe, 14% of all new cars have leather coverings, and an additional 4% are made in combinations of leather, textiles, composite materials and imitation leather. The world’s leading car manufacturers have focused on looking for renewable materials, recycling materials in manufacturing processes and using less toxic materials to improve car recyclability [43]. In the European footwear industry, the production of about 1–2 × 105 tonnes of leather waste per year is estimated, with the annual cost associated with its management between 4 and 10 × 106 € [44]. In the manufacture of footwear, more than 70% of the leather used is leather tanned with chromium [10].
Despite the many methodologies and systems studied and implemented in the last decades, which allowed the minimization of waste production during the manufacture of leather and its processing by user industries, such as the automotive and footwear industries, these production processes inevitably generate waste leather which can be disposed or valorized as it is or by chemical conversion into other added-value products (collagen) [10].
Native collagen and its derivatives are widely applied in the food, agrarian (fertilizer), cosmetic and biomedical industries, as well as in the textile industry, due to their biodegradability, biocompatibility, etc. [15]. In addition, collagen and its derivatives have also another set of properties that enhance their potential, not only for the direct functionalization of textile substrates but also for the development of the coating formulations (Table 4) [15, 45, 46].
Functionality | Description | Ref. |
---|---|---|
Gelling and dilating | Aggregation of molecules at 30°C to form hydrolysed collagen gels and gelatine; swelling in the presence of water | [45, 46, 47] |
Foaming | The presence of hydrophobic and hydrophilic amino acids provides excellent foaming properties, even in the absence of gelling | |
Antimicrobial | Hydrophobic amino acids penetrate the peptide chains that make up bacterial membranes, acting as a natural fungicide and bactericide | |
Antioxidant/anti-ageing | Inhibition of lipid peroxidation, elimination of free radicals and acting as transition metal ion chelating agents, protecting cells from damage caused by oxidation and helping to improve skin firmness |
Different functionalities of collagen and its derivatives and respective area of application.
The consumer demand for more environmentally responsible products with better sustainability credentials is increasingly growing, in addition to progressively more restrictive legislation regarding the environmental impact of industrial activity. Additionally, other increasingly important factors are the search for textile products with differentiated technical and functional properties and with better sustainability credentials, without compromising the appearance, touch, and comfort of the article.
These facts have led companies in the textile and clothing sector to gradually invest in an investigation strategy that leads to the adoption of sustainable policies and reduction of environmental impacts, based on the valorization of wastes and by-products of industries that are geographically close. In this scenario, the reuse of these natural by-products and wastes as a bio-resource in the demanding textile sector presents itself as an alternative.
The use of milk proteins for fibre production and application in textile industry remotes back to the beginning of the twentieth century. The conventional fibre production method consists in dissolving 20–25% milk proteins, including whey protein and its fractions, in a 2% NaOH solution to obtain a solution of adequate viscosity for fibre production by wet spinning extrusion (10–30% solid material) [48, 49]. In this process, the protein solution is pumped through a spinneret into an acid bath with a pH below the isoelectric point of the protein (4.5–4.6) to cause its coagulation [48, 50, 51]. The coagulate is afterwards stretched and drawn to increase polymer chain orientation and tensile strength of the fibre. Coagulation baths, containing aluminium salts of formaldehyde, may further increase the fibre stretching and enhance its physical properties [48, 51].
There are already several studies and patents on the production of fibres from whey proteins aiming to obtain fibres with improved mechanical properties and to use of more ecological productive processes. Kamada et al. produced fibres from β-lactoglobulin nanofibrils in the presence of alcohols, low pH and elevated temperature (hydrolysis of the protein in low molecular weight peptides for the formation of nanofibrils) [52]. Sullivan et al. produced nanofibres, by electrospinning, from WPI solutions (75%) and polyethylene oxide (PEO) (4%) and solutions of β-lactoglobulin (75%) and PEO (10%) in water [53]. Drosou et al. [54] studied the possibility to make whey protein fibres by electrospinning. However, electrospinning of nanofibres from proteins has proven to be quite challenging due to their globular nature, in most cases, the low viscosity of their aqueous solutions and potential lack of intermolecular entanglements [54]. To overcome these challenges, blends of proteins and other bio-based materials have been used. Drosou also tested some WPI/pullulan blends and was able to obtain continuous and uniform fibres [54]. The presence of the pullulan increased the viscosity of the solution, having a big impact in the process parameters. Zhong et al. adopted a similar strategy to obtain also whey protein nanofibres through electrospinning [55]. In this case the authors blended the whey protein with PEO and were not able to produce pure protein fibres. The ability of the whey protein solutions to produce fibres changed over time after dissolution [55]. Oktar et al. produced fibres from WPC blended with poly-ε-caprolactone (80 kDa) [56]. The obtained fibres showed improved mechanical properties to higher WPC concentrations (3–8% w/v). Kutzli et al. produced whey protein fibres by electrospinning, blending the proteins with enzymatically treated starch (maltodextrin) [57]. Using two different maltodextrins, with different molecular weights, the authors found that the spinnability of the solution is heavily dependent on the average size of the maltodextrin. Aman Mohammadi et al. obtained whey protein fibres by electrospinning, mixing WPI and guar gum [58].
As already mentioned, fibres resulting from these processes usually fail to have the mechanical properties for weaving and textile production. For this reason, whey protein fibres are often mixed with other fibres with appropriate mechanical properties (mostly cotton, silk and wool, with tensile strengths) [59].
The valorization of by-products of the dairy industry by wet spinning generates corrosive effluents rich in metal salts. This type of effluent requires appropriate conditioning and downstream steps of neutralization and precipitation of metals, which may entail large costs for its treatment and disposal (in order to avoid acidification of soils and water resources, increase of the dissolved salt content and the appearance of health problems in animals and humans resulting from untreated discards in water bodies used to supply populations) [60].
Whey proteins have also been studied for their applicability as coatings and additives in the textile industry. Pisitsak et al. (2015) studied the dyeability increase of cotton for a tannin-rich dye extracted from Xylocarpus granatum bark. Cotton fabrics were pretreated with WPI by a padding technique. The improvement in the dye absorption after protein pretreatment is ascribed to the insoluble complex formation between the tannin and the proteins present in the fabric, stabilized through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions, which makes it easy to be coloured. Besides that, both protein treatment and dyeing improved the ultraviolet (UV) shielding efficiency of the cotton fabrics [61].
Proteins are not the only milk component able to facilitate the dyeing process. Dyes are generally applied in an aqueous solution, and some of them require chemical auxiliaries to improve their water solubility and to improve the dyeing process. Bianchini et al. [62] reported a study to naturalize two synthetic azadyes through their linkage with lactose to induce their water solubility. In this study, a chromophore was transformed into a hydrosoluble species through glycol conjugation with a sugar, and a preliminary tinctorial test was carried out with polyester, cotton, acetate, wool and acrylic fabrics. Results showed several benefits since the modification of the dyes with lactose, as this improved their water solubility, allowing the elimination of surfactants and mordants, making the dyeing process easier and avoiding high temperatures and high pressures. Besides that, the new hydrosoluble dyes showed a better affinity towards different fabrics (synthetic, natural, artificial), improving efficacy and reducing waste [62].
These developments brought benefits not only in terms of textile valorization but also in terms of the use and recovery of wastes and by-products. The utilization of carbohydrates largely and cheaply available, such as D-glucose, D-galactose and lactose, normally discarded in huge quantities in the environment, with no negligible impact, brings new possibilities for efficient and more selective waste treatment by using, for instance, live micro-organisms to attack the sugar moiety and consequently the covalently bonded chromophore, or the use of enzymes able to destroy dyes [62].
In the past years, novel and innovative solutions for flame retardant systems, for replacing the traditional additives, have been explored. In particular, the availability of a formaldehyde-free flame retardant system based on natural macromolecules such as proteins could be extremely interesting for a possible industrial application [63]. Considering the environmental concern, more ecological and effective solutions have been studied, in the field of flame retardancy, since the solutions mostly used are based on halogenates or phosphorus, being persistent and bioaccumulating in the soil and even carcinogenic and/or toxic for animals and humans. In this sense, biomacromolecules have aroused interest as a green solution in this field, particularly whey proteins and caseins. In addition to being biological additives, they can have added value, as they can be considered by-products or even wastes from the agro-food industry and their recoveries and subsequent use as flame retardants may comply with the current needs of valorization of agro-food crops, avoiding their landfill confinement [57, 58].
Therefore, different novel strategies have been designed in order to enable the use of green flame retardant systems. Due to the ability of whey proteins to act as water vapour absorbers and as oxygen barriers, textiles treated with this by-product have been exploited in order to increase their thermal stability and flame retardancy [63]. For this, folded and unfolded whey protein isolates were deposited on cotton fabrics. Through thermogravimetric analysis it was observed that whey protein coatings significantly affected the thermal degradation of cotton in an inert and oxidative atmosphere. Specifically, the application of whey protein coating contributed to the delay of the thermal degradation of the textile, also resulting in a smaller total mass loss. Besides that, the treated fabrics have shown a decrease of burning rate and an increase of total burning time, determined by the flammability tests in horizontal configuration [63].
The antibacterial properties of some of the whey components have also been studied. Through the cross-linking between microbial transglutaminase (mTGase) and lactoferrin, the antibacterial properties of wool were improved to E. coli (Gram-negative) and S. aureus (Gram-positive) bacteria. It was observed that the amount of lactoferrin deposited on the wool fabric was improved with the cross-linking reaction with mTGase, when compared to the control sample. The wool fabrics immobilized with lactoferrin exhibited approximately 70 and 60% inhibition for E. coli and S. aureus, respectively, showing a good antibacterial property [64].
The same was observed in a recent study developed by Srisod et al. [65]. It was described the utilization of WPI as reducing and stabilizing agent in a green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNps) from silver nitrate. In addition, a natural tannin-rich extract was applied to cross-link the WPI/AgNps to cotton fabric through the formation of an insoluble binder. The cotton fabric treated showed an excellent antibacterial performance against S. aureus, even after 50 washing cycles, showing no toxicity to L929 cell changes to the intrinsic properties of the substrate (drapeability and tearing strength) [65].
Regarding the globular structure of whey proteins, due to their properties and structures, they have been used as a vehicle for active substances such as antimicrobials, antioxidants and drugs, among others, for the development of new functional products [66, 67, 68, 69]. This approach is widely used in several industrial sectors, providing the possibility of a controlled release of bioactive compounds. It can easily be applied to the textile industry, with the possibility to add functionality to textiles.
The antioxidant effects of vitamin E encapsulated in BSA nanoparticles in cotton have already been studied [70]. The nanoparticles, produced by ultrasonic emulsification, have a size between 200 and 300 nm and have the capacity to encapsulate 99% of the vitamin. After impregnation onto cotton fabrics, they present an antioxidant activity and wash resistance up to ten cycles [71].
Microspheres of BSA have also been tested as encapsulation agents of an antibiotic, tetracycline, in order to obtain an antibacterial coating for cotton and polyester fabrics [72]. These capsules demonstrated not only good encapsulation capacity but also gave the textiles antimicrobial properties [72].
Nonetheless, these types of applications at an industrial level have some limitations since the cost-effectiveness ratio of these biomacromolecules may not compensate until now. In addition, the durability to the laundering was not yet achieved in an effectively sustainable and long-lasting way, since these biomacromolecules have a waterborne character and these coatings come off from the textile when subjected to washing. When adding binding agents to biomacromolecules, a balance must be sought between their green characteristics and the use of chemicals that do not eradicate the sustainability of the process. In this sense, exploitation of biologically derived chemical treatments, or at least chemicals with a low environmental impact, which could make the proposed biomacromolecules more durable than they are today, while maintaining their effective functionalities, is being carried out [73, 74].
Genuine leather is made of animal skin, namely, bovine leather, tanned and finished with products of synthetic origin (chromium). It is used as a noble material for the manufacture of various products with applications in various industries, such as fashion, fashion accessories, footwear, decoration, automobiles, etc., and is the one that has the greatest expression in the market due to its excellent properties such as porosity, breathability, softness, comfort and fall, among others [75, 76]. Ecological leather refers to a leather tanning process that does not use metals such as chromium but in alternative recurs to substances of natural origin (vegetable, animal or mineral), such as vegetable tannins (polyphenols of plant origin) [77]. Though ecological leather has a lesser environmental impact than genuine leather, it still does not have the same properties of thermal resistance, colour fixation and versatility as the leather resulting from the treatment of tanning with chromium [75]. In addition, there are several ethical and environmental concerns involved in the use of genuine and ecological leather, such as the killing of animals and the high environmental impact resulting from their processing, which have triggered the growing interest on the part of the consumer in more sustainable alternative solutions to leather of animal origin ethically and environmentally. This generated a search for alternative solutions with the same performance of genuine leather, which catapulted textile industries towards sustainable innovation as a means of answering the markets’ demands.
Vegetable leather is a sustainable product of plant origin resulting from the use of vegetable wastes or by-products. There are already some alternatives of vegetable leather on the market to replace animal leather, although they do not fully reproduce the characteristics of animal leather. Of the solutions on the market, the main examples are presented.
Latex-based leather is the name given to a fabric made up of two renewable raw materials, the latex extracted from the rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) from the Amazonian forests and cotton. The cotton is impregnated with latex, natural rubber (primary product of the smoking of latex extracted from the rubber tree). These can be used in the production of bags, wallets, clothing, footwear and other objects usually produced in leather. The commercialization of these products has become a reason for hope for the improvement of the life of rubber tappers, their permanence in the forest and the sustainable development of the Amazon, generating work and income in indigenous and traditional communities [78, 79, 80].
The company Ananas Anam has developed an innovative, natural and sustainable non-woven leather called Piñatex™, produced from pineapple leaf fibres, considered as a vegan alternative to traditional leather. From the pineapple leaf fibres, screens are obtained, which can be dyed, printed and treated to obtain different textures [81]. The material is strong, versatile (different colours, patterns, textures, thicknesses), breathable, smooth, light, flexible, sewable, resistant to water and abrasion and resistant to ignition by cigarettes [82, 83, 84].
Products based on thin sheets of cork, laminated with a textile substrate that gives it resistance, are increasingly being introduced to the market as a sustainable vegan alternative to traditional/synthetic leather. They have characteristics equivalent to leather, such as resistance, lightness, breathability, malleability, thermal insulation and impermeability, adding the properties of low density and thermal conductivity. There are several products based on cork leather (cork sheet) on the market, created and launched by designers/brands and national reference companies, such as Bleed—We bleed for nature, Pelcor, and Artelusa, and international, such as Chanel, inter Louboutin, Stella McCartney, Yves Saint Laurent, Prada, Dior, Manolo Blahnik, Dolce & Gabbana and Gucci. These products are based on fashion accessories (wallets, belts, etc.), clothing, umbrellas, footwear, sports goods, furniture, car upholstery lining, etc. [76, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90].
Wood-based leather is similar to cork but made from wood from fast-growing trees, such as oak bark, treated with non-toxic chemicals to make it durable, flexible and malleable. Wood leather can be as thick as genuine leather. Dolce & Gabbana is a market reference that has already used this material in a recent collection of bags and shoes [41]. The German shoe brand nat-2TM also recently launched a line of shoes in which up to 90% of the upper surface of the shoe is covered with wood, which is applied over an organic cotton, in order to become a flexible, soft material that allows to smell the wood and observe its natural texture [91]. Another solution is Wooden Textiles, created by Elisa Strozyk. These materials, which also bear some resemblance to leather, are obtained after cutting thin sheets of wood into pieces and adhering them to a textile substrate. The result is a material that smells like wood, but with some flexibility and softness. There are applications in decoration and furniture [92].
Vegea® is a biomaterial produced by the Italian company Vegea, founded by Gianpiero Tessitore and Francesco Merlino [86, 87]. This material, with a similar aspect to leather, valorizes residues from bagasse (skins and tales from grapes), and does not use water in its production [74]. This leather, also known as WineLeather, is already available in several colors, and it can be used for studying or obtaining different thicknesses, strengths, finishes, and textures. It is already applied in the production of clothing, bags and shoes, furniture, packaging, and automobile and transport accessories [93]. It is used to coat a textile substrate with a polymeric mixture, consisting of a cake residue flour and a derived polymer of oil extracted from grapes [94].
The German company nat-2™ developed a material similar to leather, obtained from coffee bean wastes [95, 96]. With this material a line of unisex sneakers was created, whose upper part contains recycled coffee, coffee beans and coffee plant, which constitutes up to 50% of the footwear surface, according the model. The coffee is applied in a layer, giving a soft touch and a coffee aroma. Two Mexican inventors, Adrian Lopez and Marte Cazarez, recently created a laminate based on nopal cactus (or figs), which resembles animal leather, that is breathable, environmentally sustainable and totally plant-based (cotton and Nopal blend), lasts at least 10 years and has the chemical and physical properties required by the fashion industries, furniture, leather goods and automobiles [97, 98]. The material is obtained by coating a cotton substrate with a mixture of dry (in the sun) and crushed cactus powder and protein extracted from the cactus, which serves as a natural binder [99].
Another leather-like material example is bonded leather or reconstituted leather. This consists of the preparation of a paste with ground leather wastes and binding agents, which is extruded, using a process similar to the production of paper [100]. This paste can be applied on a textile support, coated with a PU film and embossed to gain a leather-like texture [101]. The colour and pattern are checked by a surface treatment. The amount of leather fibres in bonded leather can vary, which is reflected in the quality of the material. This product is usually used in furniture, bookbinding and fashion accessories. Depending on the quality of the product, it can be a durable material, with flame retardancy, and does not develop a patina. The number of patents on reconstituted or recycled leather is extensive, without, however, mentioning the use of textile support for the application of the paste with leather wastes [102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124].
RecycLeather™ is a green technology company that produces recycled materials with the look and feel of leather, highly durable, resistant and light. The materials are obtained from leather waste, in particular, cut pieces from gloves. It consists of 60% leather waste, 30% latex (a natural binder) and 10% synthetic products, such as water and pigments [125].
EcoDomo also has some collections with recycled leather [126]. This is obtained by pulverized leather fibres, obtaining materials with a leather content of up to 70%. It is available for different applications, such as furniture, panels, flooring, etc. EmbraceTM also has different materials, similar to leather, obtained from leather waste (43–58%), blended with cotton and polyester, and a PU topcoat [127].
Hydrolysed collagen has recently been applied in the leather manufacturing process, and in the production of flexible composite sheets, with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and cellulose derivatives, for application products in the area of footwear, clothing, etc. [128, 129, 130]. The application of collagen hydrolysates in leather produc-tion consisted of its mixture with oxazolidines before application, but the obtained results were not as good as those attained by tanning [45, 46]. The application of this by-product, without chromium separation, in the manufacture of flexible composite sheets with both PVP and cellulose allowed the obtaining of composites with improved mechanical properties (composites with PVP and cellulose) and greater thermal stability (cellulose composites) [47, 131].
Gelatex is a non-woven fabric (with nanofibres) made from gelatine derived from waste from the meat and leather industries, developed by Gelatex Technologies, a start-up from Estonia [132]. It is a material with a touch similar to leather and is breathable, durable and customizable (texture, thickness, water resistance, etc.). This material won the The Green Alley Award 2019 [133].
The mobilizing project TexBoost—less Commodities more Specialties is a structuring project of the Textile Cluster: Technology and Fashion, which aims to include a set of R&D initiatives with a strong collective character and high inductor and demonstrator effect, with the central involvement of companies of the textile and clothing sector, but also of other complementary sectors of the economy [134]. TexBoost consortium, led by RIOPELE and under the technical coordination of CITEVE, involves a total of 43 entities, of which 23 are industrial companies of the entire textile industry and 15 are non-corporate entities of the research and innovation system.
The project is organized into six PPS—products, processes and services—of which it is worth highlighting the PPS5, sustainability and circular economy. This PPS5 aims the development of materials and solutions using wastes and by-products of other industries (footwear, automobile, cork, forest and milk industry) in new and innovative textile solutions.
For the first nuclear activity, vegan leather, the R&D work was focused in the development of a new generation of coated textile solutions that could be used as an alternative to natural and/or synthetic leather, using wastes and by-products of vegetable origin with new multifunctional properties combined with design and special fashion effects form the basis of this activity. The aim of this work were also to respond to one of the major trends in consumption, related to ethically and environmentally sustainable attitudes, developing products with a high potential for application in technical and functional areas, such as technofashion, eco-design, clothing, decoration, home textiles, footwear, fashion accessories, sport and protection, among others.
During the project, several agro-industrial wastes were studied, and from them, eco-friendly and Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH)-compliant coating formulations were developed, and 100% cotton textile substrates were coated by knife coating (Figure 1).
Vegan leather solutions based on sawdust (left) and coffee grounds (right).
The mechanical performance of the developed solutions was assessed through a series of normalized tests, namely, Veslic friction resistance (ISO 11640: 2012), Martindale abrasion resistance (ISO 17704:2004), Crockmeter friction resistance (ISO 20433:2012), colour fastness (ISO 105-B02) and coating peeling (ISO 11644:2009) (N/cm). The obtained results are summarized in Table 5. In a general way, it is possible to conclude that the developed solutions pass the performance norms and specifications.
Normative test | Coffee ground-based vegan leather | Sawdust-based vegan leather |
---|---|---|
Veslica,b | 5 | 5 |
Martindalec | 3200 rev.: A 6400 rev.: B 51,200 rev.: B | 3200 rev.: A 6400 rev.: B 12,800 rev.: B 25,600 rev.: C 51,200 rev.: C |
Crockmeterd | 5 | 5 |
Colour fastnesse | 3–4 | 3 |
Coating peeling (dry)/(N/cm) | 30 | 31.2 |
Mechanical performance evaluation of the coffee ground-based vegan leather and of the sawdust vegan leather samples.
Veslic friction resistance: flower side, degree of staining; dry skin/wet felt—50/100 cycles.
Veslic friction resistance: flower side, degree of colour change; dry skin/wet felt—50/100 cycles.
Martindale abrasion resistance: dry, abrasion degree.
Crockmeter friction resistance: flower side, degree of staining; wet and dry—ten cycles.
Light fastness: xenon lamp, flower side; colour fastness.
Regarding the second nuclear activity—alternative leather solutions—the R&D activities focused on the development of a new generation of coated textile solutions by using wastes and by-products resulting from industrial operations, such as the tanning industry, natural leather cutting (for indoor automotive) and EVA (for shoe components), here highlighting the leather wastes, with new multifunctional properties combined with fashion design and special effects. The aim was also to meet one of the major trends of current consumption, which is related to ethically and environmentally sustainable behaviour, developing products with high potential for application in technical and functional areas and in rapid expansion: technofashion, eco-design, clothing, decoration, home textiles, footwear, fashion accessories, sport and protection, among others.
During the project, leather waste was studied, eco-friendly and REACH-compliant coating formulations were developed, and 100% cotton textile substrates were coated by knife coating (Figure 2).
Alternative leather solutions based on leather waste (left) and hydrolysed collagen (right).
The mechanical performance of the developed solutions was assessed through a series of normalized tests, namely, Veslic friction resistance (ISO 11640: 2012), Martindale abrasion resistance (ISO 17704:2004), Crockmeter fiction resistance (ISO 20433:2012), and colour fastness (ISO 105-B02). The obtained results are summarized in Table 6. In a general way, it is possible to conclude that the developed solutions pass the performance norms and specifications.
Normative test | Leather waste-based alternative leather | Hydrolysed collagen-based vegan leather |
---|---|---|
Veslica,b | 3–5 | 3–5 |
Martindalec | 1600 rev.: A 3200 rev.: B 12,800 rev:B 25,600 rev:C 51,200 rev:C | 1600–3200 rev.: A 6400–51,200 rev.: B |
Crockmeterd | 2–5 | 3–5 |
Colour fastnesse | 3–4 | 4–5 |
Mechanical performance evaluation of the alternative leather samples.
Veslic friction resistance: flower side, degree of staining; dry skin/wet felt—50/100 cycles.
Veslic friction resistance: flower side, degree of colour change; dry skin/wet felt—50/100 cycles.
Martindale abrasion resistance: dry, abrasion degree.
Crockmeter friction resistance: flower side, degree of staining; wet and dry—ten cycles.
Light fastness: xenon lamp, flower side; colour fastness.
Finally, the other approach of the PPS was research and development of a new generation of coated textile solutions, using wastes and by-products of the dairy industry, with new multifunctional properties combined with design and special fashion effects. Specifically, the two main goals were functionalization of textiles with milk proteins to improve UV protection and use of milk proteins to encapsulate bioactive compounds (such as antioxidants) and subsequent functionalization of textiles.
So, in the present project, 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) method was used for the evaluation of antioxidant activity of a whey protein fraction impregnated in textile substrate. This spectrophotometric method assesses the stabilization capacity of the ABTS radical formed from certain compounds. In other words, it indicates the percentage of inhibition of the ABTS radical after contact with the compounds.
For this, microcapsules of a milk fraction were prepared with and without an antioxidant compound. These microcapsules were used to functionalize a textile substrate and analysed by ABTS method. To the textile substrate, the relative antioxidant ability to scavenge the radical ABTS+ was compared to the textile control, without functionalization. It was possible to verify that all the protein fraction gave the substrates significantly higher ABTS inhibition percentages than the controls, with a slight increase when the antioxidant is present.
Since textiles had a high antioxidant potential, the capacity of this potential was verified in terms of protecting the colours of textiles when exposed to UV radiation. In this way, the textiles were stained with a dye and exposed for 12 hours to UV radiation. It was found that after 12 hours of exposure to UV radiation, the control showed a high degradation of the stain colour. On the other hand, the functionalization of textiles delayed the process of colour photodegradation, since after 12 hours of exposure, none of the stains had yet reached the same colour reduction.
The potential for reusing natural by-products and wastes from different sources was reviewed in this chapter, describing their most attractive properties and characteristics. The most recent innovations and developments in this area were listed and presented, showing a novel possible way for the development of technical and functional textiles. The main potential applications for the valorization of whey protein by the production of textile fibres have been described, as well as by its application as a textile finish. The different applications already tested and the main products already available on the market for sustainable alternatives to produce genuine leather were also listed. Although these types of applications at an industrial level have some limitations, as cost-effectiveness ratio, permanence of the intrinsic properties of the substrates and durability to the laundering, for example, the reuse of these natural by-products and wastes as a bio-resource in the demanding textile sector presents itself as an attractive alternative.
The mobilizing project TexBoost—less Commodities more Specialties (no 24523), in PPS 5, sustainability and circular economy, a project co-financed by COMPETE 2020—Operational Program for Competitiveness and Internationalization—and in Portugal 2020 through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF).
IntechOpen publishes different types of publications
",metaTitle:"Types of publications",metaDescription:"IntechOpen publishes different types of publications",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:null,contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"IntechOpen Edited Volumes are integrated collections of chapters about particular topics that present new areas of research or novel syntheses of existing research and, as such, represent perspectives from various authors.
\\n\\nEdited Volumes can be comprised of different types of chapters:
\\n\\nRESEARCH CHAPTER – A research chapter reports the results of original research thus contributing to the body of knowledge in a particular area of study.
\\n\\nREVIEW CHAPTER – A review chapter analyzes or examines research previously published by other scientists, rather than reporting new findings thus summarizing the current state of understanding on a topic.
\\n\\nCASE STUDY – A case study involves an in-depth, and detailed examination of a particular topic.
\\n\\nPERSPECTIVE CHAPTER – A perspective chapter offers a new point of view on existing problems, fundamental concepts, or common opinions on a specific topic. Perspective chapters can propose or support new hypotheses, or discuss the significance of newly achieved innovations. Perspective chapters can focus on current advances and future directions on a topic and include both original data and personal opinion.
\\n\\nINTRODUCTORY CHAPTER – An introductory chapter states the purpose and goals of the book. The introductory chapter is written by the Academic Editor.
\\n\\nMonographs is a self-contained work on a particular subject, or an aspect of it, written by one or more authors. Monographs usually have between 130 and 500 pages.
\\n\\nTYPES OF MONOGRAPHS:
\\n\\nSingle or multiple author manuscript
\\n\\nCompacts provide a mid-length publishing format that bridges the gap between journal articles, book chapters, and monographs, and cover content across all scientific disciplines.
\\n\\nCompacts are the preferred publishing option for brief research reports on new topics, in-depth case studies, dissertations, or essays exploring new ideas, issues, or broader topics on the research subject. Compacts usually have between 50 and 130 pages.
\\n\\nCollection of papers presented at conferences, workshops, symposiums, or scientific courses, published in book format
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"IntechOpen Edited Volumes are integrated collections of chapters about particular topics that present new areas of research or novel syntheses of existing research and, as such, represent perspectives from various authors.
\n\nEdited Volumes can be comprised of different types of chapters:
\n\nRESEARCH CHAPTER – A research chapter reports the results of original research thus contributing to the body of knowledge in a particular area of study.
\n\nREVIEW CHAPTER – A review chapter analyzes or examines research previously published by other scientists, rather than reporting new findings thus summarizing the current state of understanding on a topic.
\n\nCASE STUDY – A case study involves an in-depth, and detailed examination of a particular topic.
\n\nPERSPECTIVE CHAPTER – A perspective chapter offers a new point of view on existing problems, fundamental concepts, or common opinions on a specific topic. Perspective chapters can propose or support new hypotheses, or discuss the significance of newly achieved innovations. Perspective chapters can focus on current advances and future directions on a topic and include both original data and personal opinion.
\n\nINTRODUCTORY CHAPTER – An introductory chapter states the purpose and goals of the book. The introductory chapter is written by the Academic Editor.
\n\nMonographs is a self-contained work on a particular subject, or an aspect of it, written by one or more authors. Monographs usually have between 130 and 500 pages.
\n\nTYPES OF MONOGRAPHS:
\n\nSingle or multiple author manuscript
\n\nCompacts provide a mid-length publishing format that bridges the gap between journal articles, book chapters, and monographs, and cover content across all scientific disciplines.
\n\nCompacts are the preferred publishing option for brief research reports on new topics, in-depth case studies, dissertations, or essays exploring new ideas, issues, or broader topics on the research subject. Compacts usually have between 50 and 130 pages.
\n\nCollection of papers presented at conferences, workshops, symposiums, or scientific courses, published in book format
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5774},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5240},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1721},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10411},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:897},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15812}],offset:12,limit:12,total:118381},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"6,5"},books:[{type:"book",id:"9662",title:"Vegetation Index and Dynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0abf2a59ee63fc1ba4fb64d77c9b1be7",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Eusebio Cano Carmona, Dr. Ricardo Quinto Canas, Dr. Ana Cano Ortiz and Dr. Carmelo Maria Musarella",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9662.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"87846",title:"Dr.",name:"Eusebio",surname:"Cano Carmona",slug:"eusebio-cano-carmona",fullName:"Eusebio Cano Carmona"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9659",title:"Fibroblasts - Advances in Cancer, Autoimmunity and Inflammation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"926fa6446f6befbd363fc74971a56de2",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Mojca Frank Bertoncelj and Ms. Katja Lakota",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9659.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"328755",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mojca",surname:"Frank Bertoncelj",slug:"mojca-frank-bertoncelj",fullName:"Mojca Frank Bertoncelj"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8977",title:"Protein Kinase - New Opportunities, Challenges and Future Perspectives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"6d200cc031706a565b554fdb1c478901",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Rajesh Kumar Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8977.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-singh",fullName:"Rajesh Singh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10557",title:"Elaeis guineensis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"79500ab1930271876b4e0575e2ed3966",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Hesam Kamyab",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10557.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"225957",title:"Dr.",name:"Hesam",surname:"Kamyab",slug:"hesam-kamyab",fullName:"Hesam Kamyab"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10218",title:"Flagellar Motility in Cells",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5fcc15570365a82d9f2c4816f4e0ee2e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Yusuf Bozkurt",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10218.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"90846",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",surname:"Bozkurt",slug:"yusuf-bozkurt",fullName:"Yusuf Bozkurt"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10750",title:"Solanum tuberosum - a Promising Crop for Starvation Problem",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"516eb729eadf0d1a9d1d2e6bf31e8e9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Mustafa Yildiz and Dr. Yasin Ozgen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10750.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"141637",title:"Prof.",name:"Mustafa",surname:"Yildiz",slug:"mustafa-yildiz",fullName:"Mustafa Yildiz"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10797",title:"Cell Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2c628f4757f9639a4450728d839a7842",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Xianquan Zhan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10797.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10772",title:"Parasitic Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"31abd439b5674c91d18ad77dbc52500f",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ana Maria Gonzalez and Dr. Hector Sato",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10772.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"281854",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Maria",surname:"Gonzalez",slug:"ana-maria-gonzalez",fullName:"Ana Maria Gonzalez"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10737",title:"Equus",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"258ffafc92a7c9550bb85f004d7402e7",slug:null,bookSignature:"Associate Prof. Adriana Pires Neves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10737.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"188768",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Adriana",surname:"Pires Neves",slug:"adriana-pires-neves",fullName:"Adriana Pires Neves"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10777",title:"Plant Reproductive Ecology - Recent Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3fbf391f2093649bcf3bd674f7e32189",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Balkrishna Ghimire",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10777.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"206647",title:"Dr.",name:"Balkrishna",surname:"Ghimire",slug:"balkrishna-ghimire",fullName:"Balkrishna Ghimire"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10749",title:"Legumes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"49d3123cde96adbe706adadebebc5ebb",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Jose Carlos Jimenez-Lopez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10749.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"33993",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Carlos",surname:"Jimenez-Lopez",slug:"jose-carlos-jimenez-lopez",fullName:"Jose Carlos Jimenez-Lopez"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10751",title:"Bovine Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9e3eb325f9fce20e6cefbce1c26d647a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Muhammad Abubakar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10751.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"112070",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Abubakar",slug:"muhammad-abubakar",fullName:"Muhammad Abubakar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:19},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:21},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:1}],offset:12,limit:12,total:24},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9521",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",subtitle:"A One Health Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30949e78832e1afba5606634b52056ab",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-one-health-perspective",bookSignature:"Mihai Mareș, Swee Hua Erin Lim, Kok-Song Lai and Romeo-Teodor Cristina",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9521.jpg",editors:[{id:"88785",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihai",middleName:null,surname:"Mares",slug:"mihai-mares",fullName:"Mihai Mares"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"190224",title:"Dr.",name:"Swee Hua Erin",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"swee-hua-erin-lim",fullName:"Swee Hua Erin Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190224/images/system/190224.png",biography:"Dr. Erin Lim is presently working as an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates and is affiliated as an Associate Professor to Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Selangor, Malaysia. She obtained her Ph.D. from Universiti Putra Malaysia in 2010 with a National Science Fellowship awarded from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia and has been actively involved in research ever since. Her main research interests include analysis of carriage and transmission of multidrug resistant bacteria in non-conventional settings, besides an interest in natural products for antimicrobial testing. She is heavily involved in the elucidation of mechanisms of reversal of resistance in bacteria in addition to investigating the immunological analyses of diseases, development of vaccination and treatment models in animals. She hopes her work will support the discovery of therapeutics in the clinical setting and assist in the combat against the burden of antibiotic resistance.",institutionString:"Abu Dhabi Women’s College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Perdana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"221544",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok-Song",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",slug:"kok-song-lai",fullName:"Kok-Song Lai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221544/images/system/221544.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Lai Kok Song is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. He obtained his Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan in 2012. Prior to his academic appointment, Dr. Lai worked as a Senior Scientist at the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia. His current research areas include antimicrobial resistance and plant-pathogen interaction. His particular interest lies in the study of the antimicrobial mechanism via membrane disruption of essential oils against multi-drug resistance bacteria through various biochemical, molecular and proteomic approaches. Ultimately, he hopes to uncover and determine novel biomarkers related to antibiotic resistance that can be developed into new therapeutic strategies.",institutionString:"Higher Colleges of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Higher Colleges of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10020",title:"Operations Management",subtitle:"Emerging Trend in the Digital Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"526f0dbdc7e4d85b82ce8383ab894b4c",slug:"operations-management-emerging-trend-in-the-digital-era",bookSignature:"Antonella Petrillo, Fabio De Felice, Germano Lambert-Torres and Erik Bonaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10020.jpg",editors:[{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9560",title:"Creativity",subtitle:"A Force to Innovation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"58f740bc17807d5d88d647c525857b11",slug:"creativity-a-force-to-innovation",bookSignature:"Pooja Jain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9560.jpg",editors:[{id:"316765",title:"Dr.",name:"Pooja",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"pooja-jain",fullName:"Pooja Jain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10192",title:"Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca24028d89912b5efea56e179dff089",slug:"background-and-management-of-muscular-atrophy",bookSignature:"Julianna Cseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10192.jpg",editors:[{id:"135579",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianna",middleName:null,surname:"Cseri",slug:"julianna-cseri",fullName:"Julianna Cseri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9243",title:"Coastal Environments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e05e5f631e935eef366980f2e28295d",slug:"coastal-environments",bookSignature:"Yuanzhi Zhang and X. San Liang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9243.jpg",editors:[{id:"77597",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuanzhi-zhang",fullName:"Yuanzhi Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7847",title:"Medical Toxicology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db9b65bea093de17a0855a1b27046247",slug:"medical-toxicology",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Tomohisa Ogawa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7847.jpg",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoglu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8558",title:"Aerodynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db7263fc198dfb539073ba0260a7f1aa",slug:"aerodynamics",bookSignature:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy and Aly-Mousaad Aly",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8558.jpg",editors:[{id:"35542",title:"Prof.",name:"Mofid",middleName:null,surname:"Gorji-Bandpy",slug:"mofid-gorji-bandpy",fullName:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5252},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9521",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",subtitle:"A One Health Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30949e78832e1afba5606634b52056ab",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-one-health-perspective",bookSignature:"Mihai Mareș, Swee Hua Erin Lim, Kok-Song Lai and Romeo-Teodor Cristina",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9521.jpg",editors:[{id:"88785",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihai",middleName:null,surname:"Mares",slug:"mihai-mares",fullName:"Mihai Mares"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"190224",title:"Dr.",name:"Swee Hua Erin",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"swee-hua-erin-lim",fullName:"Swee Hua Erin Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190224/images/system/190224.png",biography:"Dr. Erin Lim is presently working as an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates and is affiliated as an Associate Professor to Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Selangor, Malaysia. She obtained her Ph.D. from Universiti Putra Malaysia in 2010 with a National Science Fellowship awarded from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia and has been actively involved in research ever since. Her main research interests include analysis of carriage and transmission of multidrug resistant bacteria in non-conventional settings, besides an interest in natural products for antimicrobial testing. She is heavily involved in the elucidation of mechanisms of reversal of resistance in bacteria in addition to investigating the immunological analyses of diseases, development of vaccination and treatment models in animals. She hopes her work will support the discovery of therapeutics in the clinical setting and assist in the combat against the burden of antibiotic resistance.",institutionString:"Abu Dhabi Women’s College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Perdana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"221544",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok-Song",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",slug:"kok-song-lai",fullName:"Kok-Song Lai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221544/images/system/221544.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Lai Kok Song is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. He obtained his Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan in 2012. Prior to his academic appointment, Dr. Lai worked as a Senior Scientist at the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia. His current research areas include antimicrobial resistance and plant-pathogen interaction. His particular interest lies in the study of the antimicrobial mechanism via membrane disruption of essential oils against multi-drug resistance bacteria through various biochemical, molecular and proteomic approaches. Ultimately, he hopes to uncover and determine novel biomarkers related to antibiotic resistance that can be developed into new therapeutic strategies.",institutionString:"Higher Colleges of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Higher Colleges of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10020",title:"Operations Management",subtitle:"Emerging Trend in the Digital Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"526f0dbdc7e4d85b82ce8383ab894b4c",slug:"operations-management-emerging-trend-in-the-digital-era",bookSignature:"Antonella Petrillo, Fabio De Felice, Germano Lambert-Torres and Erik Bonaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10020.jpg",editors:[{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9560",title:"Creativity",subtitle:"A Force to Innovation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"58f740bc17807d5d88d647c525857b11",slug:"creativity-a-force-to-innovation",bookSignature:"Pooja Jain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9560.jpg",editors:[{id:"316765",title:"Dr.",name:"Pooja",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"pooja-jain",fullName:"Pooja Jain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10192",title:"Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca24028d89912b5efea56e179dff089",slug:"background-and-management-of-muscular-atrophy",bookSignature:"Julianna Cseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10192.jpg",editors:[{id:"135579",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianna",middleName:null,surname:"Cseri",slug:"julianna-cseri",fullName:"Julianna Cseri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9243",title:"Coastal Environments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e05e5f631e935eef366980f2e28295d",slug:"coastal-environments",bookSignature:"Yuanzhi Zhang and X. San Liang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9243.jpg",editors:[{id:"77597",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuanzhi-zhang",fullName:"Yuanzhi Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7847",title:"Medical Toxicology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db9b65bea093de17a0855a1b27046247",slug:"medical-toxicology",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Tomohisa Ogawa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7847.jpg",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoglu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9243",title:"Coastal Environments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e05e5f631e935eef366980f2e28295d",slug:"coastal-environments",bookSignature:"Yuanzhi Zhang and X. San Liang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9243.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"77597",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuanzhi-zhang",fullName:"Yuanzhi Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10020",title:"Operations Management",subtitle:"Emerging Trend in the Digital Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"526f0dbdc7e4d85b82ce8383ab894b4c",slug:"operations-management-emerging-trend-in-the-digital-era",bookSignature:"Antonella Petrillo, Fabio De Felice, Germano Lambert-Torres and Erik Bonaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10020.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9521",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",subtitle:"A One Health Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30949e78832e1afba5606634b52056ab",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-one-health-perspective",bookSignature:"Mihai Mareș, Swee Hua Erin Lim, Kok-Song Lai and Romeo-Teodor Cristina",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9521.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88785",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihai",middleName:null,surname:"Mares",slug:"mihai-mares",fullName:"Mihai Mares"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"190224",title:"Dr.",name:"Swee Hua Erin",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"swee-hua-erin-lim",fullName:"Swee Hua Erin Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190224/images/system/190224.png",biography:"Dr. Erin Lim is presently working as an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates and is affiliated as an Associate Professor to Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Selangor, Malaysia. She obtained her Ph.D. from Universiti Putra Malaysia in 2010 with a National Science Fellowship awarded from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia and has been actively involved in research ever since. Her main research interests include analysis of carriage and transmission of multidrug resistant bacteria in non-conventional settings, besides an interest in natural products for antimicrobial testing. She is heavily involved in the elucidation of mechanisms of reversal of resistance in bacteria in addition to investigating the immunological analyses of diseases, development of vaccination and treatment models in animals. She hopes her work will support the discovery of therapeutics in the clinical setting and assist in the combat against the burden of antibiotic resistance.",institutionString:"Abu Dhabi Women’s College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Perdana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"221544",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok-Song",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",slug:"kok-song-lai",fullName:"Kok-Song Lai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221544/images/system/221544.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Lai Kok Song is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. He obtained his Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan in 2012. Prior to his academic appointment, Dr. Lai worked as a Senior Scientist at the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia. His current research areas include antimicrobial resistance and plant-pathogen interaction. His particular interest lies in the study of the antimicrobial mechanism via membrane disruption of essential oils against multi-drug resistance bacteria through various biochemical, molecular and proteomic approaches. Ultimately, he hopes to uncover and determine novel biomarkers related to antibiotic resistance that can be developed into new therapeutic strategies.",institutionString:"Higher Colleges of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Higher Colleges of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9560",title:"Creativity",subtitle:"A Force to Innovation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"58f740bc17807d5d88d647c525857b11",slug:"creativity-a-force-to-innovation",bookSignature:"Pooja Jain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9560.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"316765",title:"Dr.",name:"Pooja",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"pooja-jain",fullName:"Pooja Jain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9669",title:"Recent Advances in Rice Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"12b06cc73e89af1e104399321cc16a75",slug:"recent-advances-in-rice-research",bookSignature:"Mahmood-ur- Rahman Ansari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-Ur-",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-Ur- Rahman Ansari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10192",title:"Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca24028d89912b5efea56e179dff089",slug:"background-and-management-of-muscular-atrophy",bookSignature:"Julianna Cseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10192.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"135579",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianna",middleName:null,surname:"Cseri",slug:"julianna-cseri",fullName:"Julianna Cseri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9550",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Contemporary Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b4ac1ee5b743abf6f88495452b1e5e7",slug:"entrepreneurship-contemporary-issues",bookSignature:"Mladen Turuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"319755",title:"Prof.",name:"Mladen",middleName:null,surname:"Turuk",slug:"mladen-turuk",fullName:"Mladen Turuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine",parent:{title:"Health Sciences",slug:"health-sciences"},numberOfBooks:1511,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:39573,numberOfWosCitations:21767,numberOfCrossrefCitations:11544,numberOfDimensionsCitations:29307,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"medicine",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10192",title:"Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca24028d89912b5efea56e179dff089",slug:"background-and-management-of-muscular-atrophy",bookSignature:"Julianna Cseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10192.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"135579",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianna",middleName:null,surname:"Cseri",slug:"julianna-cseri",fullName:"Julianna Cseri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9406",title:"Clinical Implementation of Bone Regeneration and Maintenance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"875a140c01518fa7a9bceebd688b0147",slug:"clinical-implementation-of-bone-regeneration-and-maintenance",bookSignature:"Mike Barbeck, Nahum Rosenberg, Patrick Rider, Željka Perić Kačarević and Ole Jung",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9406.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"204918",title:"Dr.",name:"Mike",middleName:null,surname:"Barbeck",slug:"mike-barbeck",fullName:"Mike Barbeck"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9122",title:"Cosmetic Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"207026ca4a4125e17038e770d00ee152",slug:"cosmetic-surgery",bookSignature:"Yueh-Bih Tang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9122.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"202122",title:"Prof.",name:"Yueh-Bih",middleName:null,surname:"Tang",slug:"yueh-bih-tang",fullName:"Yueh-Bih Tang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9134",title:"Recent Advances in Digital System Diagnosis and Management of Healthcare",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ff00a5718f23cb880b7337b1c36b5434",slug:"recent-advances-in-digital-system-diagnosis-and-management-of-healthcare",bookSignature:"Kamran Sartipi and Thierry Edoh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9134.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"29601",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamran",middleName:null,surname:"Sartipi",slug:"kamran-sartipi",fullName:"Kamran Sartipi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9569",title:"Methods in Molecular Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"691d3f3c4ac25a8093414e9b270d2843",slug:"methods-in-molecular-medicine",bookSignature:"Yusuf Tutar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9569.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9157",title:"Neurodegenerative Diseases",subtitle:"Molecular Mechanisms and Current Therapeutic Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc8be577966ef88735677d7e1e92ed28",slug:"neurodegenerative-diseases-molecular-mechanisms-and-current-therapeutic-approaches",bookSignature:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9157.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82778",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Nagehan",middleName:null,surname:"Ersoy Tunalı",slug:"nagehan-ersoy-tunali",fullName:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9839",title:"Outdoor Recreation",subtitle:"Physiological and Psychological Effects on Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f5a0d64267e32567daffa5b0c6a6972",slug:"outdoor-recreation-physiological-and-psychological-effects-on-health",bookSignature:"Hilde G. Nielsen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9839.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"158692",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Hilde G.",middleName:null,surname:"Nielsen",slug:"hilde-g.-nielsen",fullName:"Hilde G. Nielsen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9785",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f457ca61f29cf7e8bc191732c50bb0ce",slug:"endometriosis",bookSignature:"Courtney Marsh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9785.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"255491",title:"Dr.",name:"Courtney",middleName:null,surname:"Marsh",slug:"courtney-marsh",fullName:"Courtney Marsh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9018",title:"Some RNA Viruses",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a5cae846dbe3692495fc4add2f60fd84",slug:"some-rna-viruses",bookSignature:"Yogendra Shah and Eltayb Abuelzein",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9018.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"278914",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yogendra",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"yogendra-shah",fullName:"Yogendra Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9523",title:"Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5eb6ec2db961a6c8965d11180a58d5c1",slug:"oral-and-maxillofacial-surgery",bookSignature:"Gokul Sridharan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9523.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82453",title:"Dr.",name:"Gokul",middleName:null,surname:"Sridharan",slug:"gokul-sridharan",fullName:"Gokul Sridharan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:1511,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"19013",doi:"10.5772/21983",title:"Cell Responses to Surface and Architecture of Tissue Engineering Scaffolds",slug:"cell-responses-to-surface-and-architecture-of-tissue-engineering-scaffolds",totalDownloads:9697,totalCrossrefCites:109,totalDimensionsCites:230,book:{slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",fullTitle:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering - Cells and Biomaterials"},signatures:"Hsin-I Chang and Yiwei Wang",authors:[{id:"45747",title:"Dr.",name:"Hsin-I",middleName:null,surname:"Chang",slug:"hsin-i-chang",fullName:"Hsin-I Chang"},{id:"53659",title:"Ms.",name:"Yiwei",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"yiwei-wang",fullName:"Yiwei Wang"}]},{id:"46479",doi:"10.5772/57353",title:"Floating Drug Delivery Systems for Eradication of Helicobacter pylori in Treatment of Peptic Ulcer Disease",slug:"floating-drug-delivery-systems-for-eradication-of-helicobacter-pylori-in-treatment-of-peptic-ulcer-d",totalDownloads:1995,totalCrossrefCites:79,totalDimensionsCites:180,book:{slug:"trends-in-helicobacter-pylori-infection",title:"Trends in Helicobacter pylori Infection",fullTitle:"Trends in Helicobacter pylori Infection"},signatures:"Yousef Javadzadeh and Sanaz Hamedeyazdan",authors:[{id:"94276",title:"Prof.",name:"Yousef",middleName:null,surname:"Javadzadeh",slug:"yousef-javadzadeh",fullName:"Yousef Javadzadeh"},{id:"98229",title:"Dr.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Hamedeyazdan",slug:"sanaz-hamedeyazdan",fullName:"Sanaz Hamedeyazdan"}]},{id:"25512",doi:"10.5772/30872",title:"Epidemiology of Psychological Distress",slug:"epidemiology-of-psychological-distress",totalDownloads:8066,totalCrossrefCites:57,totalDimensionsCites:145,book:{slug:"mental-illnesses-understanding-prediction-and-control",title:"Mental Illnesses",fullTitle:"Mental Illnesses - Understanding, Prediction and Control"},signatures:"Aline Drapeau, Alain Marchand and Dominic Beaulieu-Prévost",authors:[{id:"84582",title:"Dr.",name:"Aline",middleName:null,surname:"Drapeau",slug:"aline-drapeau",fullName:"Aline Drapeau"},{id:"84605",title:"Dr.",name:"Alain",middleName:null,surname:"Marchand",slug:"alain-marchand",fullName:"Alain Marchand"},{id:"84606",title:"Dr.",name:"Dominic",middleName:null,surname:"Beaulieu-Prévost",slug:"dominic-beaulieu-prevost",fullName:"Dominic Beaulieu-Prévost"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"43758",title:"Anxiety Disorders in Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period",slug:"anxiety-disorders-in-pregnancy-and-the-postpartum-period",totalDownloads:39763,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:20,book:{slug:"new-insights-into-anxiety-disorders",title:"New Insights into Anxiety Disorders",fullTitle:"New Insights into Anxiety Disorders"},signatures:"Roberta Anniverno, Alessandra Bramante, Claudio Mencacci and Federico Durbano",authors:[{id:"157077",title:"Dr.",name:"Federico",middleName:null,surname:"Durbano",slug:"federico-durbano",fullName:"Federico Durbano"},{id:"166382",title:"Dr.",name:"Roberta",middleName:null,surname:"Anniverno",slug:"roberta-anniverno",fullName:"Roberta Anniverno"}]},{id:"70711",title:"Fetal Growth Restriction",slug:"fetal-growth-restriction",totalDownloads:1706,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"growth-disorders-and-acromegaly",title:"Growth Disorders and Acromegaly",fullTitle:"Growth Disorders and Acromegaly"},signatures:"Edurne Mazarico Gallego, Ariadna Torrecillas Pujol, Alex Joan Cahuana Bartra and Maria Dolores Gómez Roig",authors:[{id:"202446",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Maria Dolores",middleName:null,surname:"Gómez Roig",slug:"maria-dolores-gomez-roig",fullName:"Maria Dolores Gómez Roig"},{id:"311835",title:"Dr.",name:"Edurne",middleName:null,surname:"Mazarico",slug:"edurne-mazarico",fullName:"Edurne Mazarico"}]},{id:"70405",title:"Hemostasis in Cardiac Surgery: How We Do it with Limited Resources",slug:"hemostasis-in-cardiac-surgery-how-we-do-it-with-limited-resources",totalDownloads:2694,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:null,title:"Contemporary Applications of Biologic Hemostatic Agents across Surgical Specialties - Volume 1",fullTitle:"Contemporary Applications of Biologic Hemostatic Agents across Surgical Specialties - Volume 1"},signatures:"Fevzi Sarper Türker",authors:null},{id:"64851",title:"Herbal Medicines in African Traditional Medicine",slug:"herbal-medicines-in-african-traditional-medicine",totalDownloads:9954,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:17,book:{slug:"herbal-medicine",title:"Herbal Medicine",fullTitle:"Herbal Medicine"},signatures:"Ezekwesili-Ofili Josephine Ozioma and Okaka Antoinette Nwamaka\nChinwe",authors:[{id:"191264",title:"Prof.",name:"Josephine",middleName:"Ozioma",surname:"Ezekwesili-Ofili",slug:"josephine-ezekwesili-ofili",fullName:"Josephine Ezekwesili-Ofili"},{id:"211585",title:"Prof.",name:"Antoinette",middleName:null,surname:"Okaka",slug:"antoinette-okaka",fullName:"Antoinette Okaka"}]},{id:"59779",title:"Effective Communication in Nursing",slug:"effective-communication-in-nursing",totalDownloads:6504,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"nursing",title:"Nursing",fullTitle:"Nursing"},signatures:"Maureen Nokuthula Sibiya",authors:[{id:"73330",title:"Dr.",name:"Nokuthula",middleName:null,surname:"Sibiya",slug:"nokuthula-sibiya",fullName:"Nokuthula Sibiya"}]},{id:"64858",title:"The Neurobiology of Anorexia Nervosa",slug:"the-neurobiology-of-anorexia-nervosa",totalDownloads:892,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"anorexia-and-bulimia-nervosa",title:"Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa",fullTitle:"Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa"},signatures:"Ashley Higgins",authors:null},{id:"63771",title:"The Role of Catheter Reshaping at the Angiographic Success",slug:"the-role-of-catheter-reshaping-at-the-angiographic-success",totalDownloads:536,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"angiography",title:"Angiography",fullTitle:"Angiography"},signatures:"Yakup Balaban",authors:[{id:"252647",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Yakup",middleName:null,surname:"Balaban",slug:"yakup-balaban",fullName:"Yakup Balaban"}]},{id:"61866",title:"Plants Secondary Metabolites: The Key Drivers of the Pharmacological Actions of Medicinal Plants",slug:"plants-secondary-metabolites-the-key-drivers-of-the-pharmacological-actions-of-medicinal-plants",totalDownloads:5564,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:32,book:{slug:"herbal-medicine",title:"Herbal Medicine",fullTitle:"Herbal Medicine"},signatures:"Rehab A. Hussein and Amira A. El-Anssary",authors:[{id:"212117",title:"Dr.",name:"Rehab",middleName:null,surname:"Hussein",slug:"rehab-hussein",fullName:"Rehab Hussein"},{id:"221140",title:"Dr.",name:"Amira",middleName:null,surname:"El-Anssary",slug:"amira-el-anssary",fullName:"Amira El-Anssary"}]},{id:"17956",title:"Sexual and Reproductive Function in Chronic Kidney Disease and Effect of Kidney Transplantation",slug:"sexual-and-reproductive-function-in-chronic-kidney-disease-and-effect-of-kidney-transplantation",totalDownloads:11790,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"after-the-kidney-transplant-the-patients-and-their-allograft",title:"After the Kidney Transplant",fullTitle:"After the Kidney Transplant - The Patients and Their Allograft"},signatures:"Mahboob Lessan-Pezeshki and Shirin Ghazizadeh",authors:[{id:"26564",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahboob",middleName:null,surname:"Lessan Pezeshki",slug:"mahboob-lessan-pezeshki",fullName:"Mahboob Lessan Pezeshki"},{id:"26571",title:"Prof.",name:"Shirin",middleName:null,surname:"Ghazizadeh",slug:"shirin-ghazizadeh",fullName:"Shirin Ghazizadeh"}]},{id:"64747",title:"Bone Development and Growth",slug:"bone-development-and-growth",totalDownloads:3711,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:9,book:{slug:"osteogenesis-and-bone-regeneration",title:"Osteogenesis and Bone Regeneration",fullTitle:"Osteogenesis and Bone Regeneration"},signatures:"Rosy Setiawati and Paulus Rahardjo",authors:null}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"medicine",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"75604",title:"Normal Puerperium",slug:"normal-puerperium",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96348",book:{title:"Midwifery"},signatures:"Subrat Panda, Ananya Das, Arindam Mallik and Surajit Ray Baruah"},{id:"75596",title:"The Use of a Dynamic Elastomeric Fabric Orthotic Intervention in Adolescents and Adults with Scoliosis",slug:"the-use-of-a-dynamic-elastomeric-fabric-orthotic-intervention-in-adolescents-and-adults-with-scolios",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96391",book:{title:"Spinal Deformities in Adolescents, Adults and Older Adults"},signatures:"Martin Matthews and James Wynne"},{id:"75582",title:"Elimination of Plasmodium vivax Malaria: Problems and Solutions",slug:"elimination-of-plasmodium-vivax-malaria-problems-and-solutions",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96604",book:{title:"Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Malaria Elimination"},signatures:"Liwang Cui, Awtum Brashear, Lynette Menezes and John Adams"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:652},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/173781/nuria-montserrat",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"173781",slug:"nuria-montserrat"},fullPath:"/profiles/173781/nuria-montserrat",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()