\r\n\tCell viability is defined as the number of healthy cells in a sample and proliferation of cells is a vital indicator for understanding the mechanisms inaction of certain genes, proteins, and pathways involved in cell survival or death after exposure to toxic agents. The methods used to determine viability are also common for the detection of cell proliferation. A cell viability assay is performed based on the ratio of live and dead cells. This assay is based on an analysis of cell viability in cell culture for evaluating in vitro drug effects in cell-mediated cytotoxicity assays for monitoring cell proliferation. Various methods are involved in performing a cell viability assay, including the dilution method, surface viable count, roll tube technique, nalidixic acid method, fluorogenic dye assay, and the Trypan Blue Cell Viability Assay. The cell viability assays can determine the effect of drug candidates on cells and be used to optimize the cell culture conditions. The parameters that define cell viability can be as diverse as the redox potential of the cell population, the integrity of cell membranes, or the activity of cellular enzymes.
\r\n\tCytotoxicity is the degree to which a substance can cause damage to a cell. Cytotoxicity assays measure the ability of cytotoxic compounds to cause cell damage or cell death. Cytotoxicity assays are widely used in fundamental research and drug discovery to screen libraries for toxic compounds. The cell cytotoxicity and proliferation assays are mainly used for drug screening to detect whether the test molecules have effects on cell proliferation or display direct cytotoxic effects. In a cell-based assay, it is important to know how many viable cells are remaining at the end of the experiment. There are a variety of assay methods based on various cell functions such as enzyme activity, cell membrane permeability, cell adherence, ATP production, co-enzyme production, and nucleotide uptake activity. These methods could be classified in to different categories: (I) dye exclusion methods such as trypan blue dye exclusion assay, (II) methods based on metabolic activity, (III) ATP assay, (IV) sulforhodamine B assay, (V) protease viability marker assay, (VI) clonogenic cell survival assay, (VII) DNA synthesis cell proliferation assays and (V) Raman micro-spectroscopy.
\r\n\tMedical devices have been widely used in various clinical disciplines and these devices have direct contact with the tissues and cells of the body, they should have good physical and chemical properties as well as good biocompatibility. Biocompatibility testing assesses the compatibility of medical devices with a biological system. It studies the interaction between the device and the various types of living tissues and cells exposed to the device when it comes into contact with patients.
\r\n\t
\r\n\tThe book will cover original studies, reviews, all aspects of Cell Viability and Cytotoxicity assays, methods, Biocompatibility of studies of biomedical devices, and related topics.
Chronic gastritis is one of the common diseases of the digestive system and a chronic inflammatory reaction of gastric mucosa caused by several factors, such as
Chronic gastritis is usually divided into chronic superficial gastritis and chronic atrophic gastritis. Chronic superficial gastritis is characterized by no obviously pathological changes. Its common symptoms are abdominal discomfort after eating, dull pain, accompanying belching, and pantothenic acid. Chronic atrophic gastritis is characterized by atrophy and decrease of gastric mucosal epithelium and glands, thinness of gastric mucosa, thickening of the mucosal base, or metaplasia of pyloric gland and intestinal gland or atypical hyperplasia. Chronic atrophic gastritis occurs in approximately 2% of the general population in the United States [5], particularly those older than 60 years and with higher prevalence in females [5, 6], and a Swedish study reported an increased incidence in the population aged between 35 and 45 years [6]. The common symptoms of chronic gastritis are a dull pain in the upper abdomen, abdominal fullness and distention, belching, inappetence, or being thin and anemic. The symptoms of gastritis are easy to relapse which seriously affect their quality of life. Chronic atrophic gastritis with intestinal metaplasia and intraepithelial neoplasia increases the risk of gastric cancer, and more attention has been paid to gastritis clinically.
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has accumulated many years of clinical experience in the diagnosis and treatment of this disease. In 2009, spleen-stomach disease branch of China Association of Chinese Medicine (CACM) organized and formulated the “consensus opinions on TCM diagnosis and treatment of chronic superficial gastritis” and “consensus opinions on TCM diagnosis and treatment of chronic atrophic gastritis,” which played a normative role in the diagnosis and treatment of chronic gastritis. In recent years, there are a lot of progress of TCM in the diagnosis and treatment of chronic gastritis. It is necessary to update the consensus opinions to meet clinical needs and better guide clinical work.
Based on the principles of evidence-based medicine, team members of spleen-stomach disease branch of CACM extensively collected evidence-based information, and they successively organized domestic experts of spleen and stomach diseases to summarize and discuss a series of key issues such as syndrome classification, syndrome differentiation and treatment, diagnosis and treatment process, and criterion of therapeutic effect for chronic gastritis. Based on an expert opinion, three rounds of voting followed under internationally accepted Delphi law, the drafting group has fully discussed, revised, and approved the consensus in 2017 (Consensus opinions of TCM diagnosis and treatment experts on chronic gastritis, 2017 edition) [7].
TCM diagnosis of chronic gastritis is mainly based on symptom diagnosis. Patients with stomachache as the main symptom were diagnosed as “epigastric pain,” and patients with epigastric distention as the main symptom were diagnosed as “distention and fullness.” If the symptoms of stomachache or epigastric distention are not obvious, it can be diagnosed as “acid regurgitation,” “hubbub,” and other diseases according to the main symptoms [8, 9].
The diagnosis of chronic gastritis mainly depends on endoscopy and pathological examination, especially the latter is of greater value. The etiology of chronic gastritis should be determined as far as possible, and endoscopic diagnosis of special gastritis must combine etiology and pathology [10].
Chronic gastritis is a chronic inflammatory reaction of the gastric mucosa, and most patients with chronic gastritis may have no obvious clinical symptoms. Patients with symptoms mainly manifested a non-specific dyspepsia, such as discomfort in the upper abdomen, fullness, pain, loss of appetite, belching, acid regurgitation, etc. A part also can have forgetfulness, anxiety, depression, and other psychological symptoms [8, 9, 10]. There was no significant correlation between the presence and severity of dyspepsia and the histological findings and endoscopic grading of chronic gastritis [8, 9, 10].
Endoscopic diagnosis: For non-atrophic gastritis, endoscopic examination showed the basic manifestations of mucosal erythema, mucosal hemorrhagic spots or plaques, rough mucosa with or without edema, hyperemia, and exudation. For atrophic gastritis, endoscopic examination showed that the mucosa was red and white, mainly white, with folds flattened or even disappeared. Some mucosal vessels were exposed, which may be accompanied by mucosal granules or nodules. It is described as atrophic gastritis or non-atrophic gastritis with bile reflux, erosion and mucosal bleeding, etc.
Histopathologic diagnosis: Two or more biopsy tissues can be selected as required. The endoscopic physician should provide the site of sampling, endoscopic examination results, and brief medical history to the pathology department. The pathological changes should be reported in each biopsy specimen in each biopsy specimen, such as the grade of
The stomach is physiologically harmonious, but pathologically it is sluggish [11]. This disease is mainly related to the weakness of spleen and stomach, emotional disorders, improper diet, drugs, exogenous pathogens (
Chronic gastritis is located in the stomach and is closely related to the liver and spleen in TCM theory.
The pathogenesis of chronic gastritis can be divided into two aspects: deficient essential and excessive superficial. This deficiency is mainly manifested as qi (Yang) deficiency and stomach yin deficiency. The main manifestations of excessive superficial are stagnation of qi, dampness and heat, and blood stasis. Spleen deficiency and qi stagnation are the basic pathogenesis of chronic gastritis.
The syndrome differentiation of chronic gastritis should examine the evidence and seek the cause. The pathogenesis is related to the specific clinical type. In general, it is often clinically manifested as the syndrome of the combination of the original and the false and the real [8, 9]. In the early stage, the patients were mainly positivistic, while the patients who had been ill for a long time became the deficiency syndrome or the mixture of deficiency and reality. Chronic non-atrophic gastritis is characterized by weakness of the spleen and stomach and disharmony of the liver and stomach [12]. Chronic atrophic gastritis is characterized by weakness of the spleen and stomach, qi stagnation, and blood stasis [13, 14]. Chronic gastritis with bile reflux is more common with disharmony between the liver and stomach [15]. Spleen and stomach dampness-heat syndrome is common in patients with
Combined with existing consensus and standards, quantitative literature statistical methods were used to conduct statistics on the relatively common clinical single syndromes. The common syndromes were identified as the syndrome of liver-stomach disharmony which includes the syndrome of liver-stomach qi stagnation and the syndrome of liver-stomach heat retention, the syndrome of damp-heat of the spleen and stomach, the syndrome of spleen-stomach weakness including the syndrome of spleen-stomach qi deficiency and the syndrome of spleen-stomach cold syndrome, the syndrome of deficiency of stomach yin, and the syndrome of obstruction of stomach collaterals. The above syndromes can appear alone or in combination, and the clinical diagnosis should be based on the identification of single syndromes.
Main symptoms are full or painful epigastric distention, distension, or pain in the flanks. Minor symptoms are induced or exacerbated by emotional factors and frequent belching. Symptoms in the tongue and pulse include pink tongue, thin and white moss, and wiry pulse.
Main symptoms are epigastric burning pain, distension, or pain in the flanks. Minor symptoms are upset and irritability, acid reflux, dry mouth, bitter mouth, and dry stool. Symptoms in the tongue and pulse include red tongue, yellow moss, wiry pulse, or rapid pulse.
Main symptoms are distention and fullness of stomach and abdomen, trapped and heavy body, and loose or sticky stool. Minor symptoms include eating less, anorexia, bitter mouth, bad breath, and drowsy mental. Symptoms in the tongue and pulse include red tongue, yellow and greasy moss, slippery pulse, or rapid pulse.
Main symptoms are epigastric distension or faint stomachache, postprandial aggravation, tired, and weak. Minor symptoms are indigestion and loss of appetite, cold limbs, and thin and sloppy stool. Symptoms in the tongue and pulse include pale tongue or tooth marks, thin and white moss, and weak pulse.
The main symptom is dull and insistent stomachache, preferring warmth and pressure. Minor disease: stomachache attack or aggravation after fatigue or take cold, spit water, mental fatigue, limb lassitude, diarrhea or with indigestible food. Symptoms in the tongue and pulse include pale and fat tongue with tooth mark, white and slippery moss, and deep and weak pulse.
Major symptoms include epigastric burning pain and noise in the stomach. Minor symptoms include hunger and not wanting to eat, dry mouth, and dry stool. Symptoms in the tongue and pulse include red tongue and little saliva, no or little moss, and thin or rapid pulse.
Main symptoms are fullness in the stomach or pain with definite location. Minor symptoms are stomach pain for a long time and sting pain. Symptoms in the tongue and pulse include dark red tongue or petechiae, ecchymosis, and wiry and unsmooth pulse.
Syndrome diagnosis: with two main symptoms and two minor symptoms, the diagnosis can be made by referring to tongue and pulse.
Gastroscope is a tool to observe the color, texture, secretion, peristalsis of gastric mucosa, and mucosal blood vessels to identify the type of syndrome differentiation. Syndrome differentiation under gastroscopy has certain clinical value, especially for patients with no clinical symptoms or poor efficacy after long-term treatment. The classification standards of microscopic syndrome differentiation are as follows [20].
Syndromes are acute and active inflammatory reaction in gastric mucosa, or with bile reflux, gastric peristalsis faster.
Syndromes are congestion and edema in gastric mucosa and obvious erosion of thick and turbid mucus.
Syndromes include pale gastric mucosa, thinning mucosa, thin and more mucus or mucosal edema, visible submucosal blood vessels, and decreased gastric motility.
Syndromes are rough mucosal surface, thin and brittle, less secretion, thinner or disappeared plica, fissure-like changes, or visible small vascular network under the mucous membrane.
Syndromes are granular or nodular gastric mucosa, with intramucosal hemorrhage; gray or brown mucus; visible vascular network; and dark red vascular veins.
The main aim to treat chronic gastritis with traditional Chinese medicine focuses on improving the symptoms and quality of life of the patients and paying close attention to the lesions of erosion and atrophy of gastric mucosa, intestinal metaplasia, and intraepithelial neoplasia (dysplasia).
The main therapeutic methods of TCM for chronic gastritis include medication, acupuncture, moxibustion therapy, etc. In clinic, appropriate treatment methods can be selected according to the specific situation and combined with dietary adjustment, psychological counseling, and other methods of comprehensive treatment. In the course of treatment, etiologic factors based on differentiation and treatment based on syndrome differentiation should be determined.
The therapeutic principle is to soothe the liver to smoothen qi and harmonize the stomach. Main prescription includes Chaihu Shugan powder (
Treatment includes cooling the liver and soothing the stomach. Main prescription includes Huagan decoctum (
Treatment includes clearing heat and removing dampness. Main prescription includes the soup of Huanglian Wendan (Discrimination of Six Causes). Chinese herbal medicine include
Treatment includes reinforcing qi to strengthen the spleen. Main prescription includes Xiangsha Liujunzi decoction (
Treatment includes warming and strengthening the spleen. Prescription includes Huangqi Jianzhong decoction (
Treatment includes nourishing yin, benefiting the stomach. The main prescription is Yiguan Decoction (
The treatment includes activating blood circulation and removing blood stasis. Main prescription includes Shixiao powder (
Treating chronic gastritis by disease differentiation is an important part of TCM clinical practice. The principle is to formulate the prescription based on the understanding of the basic pathogenesis of chronic gastritis and then prescribe the prescription according to the syndrome. From the composition of clinical prescriptions, most of them are composed of single syndrome prescriptions. For those without obvious clinical symptoms, treatment can be carried out based on disease differentiation combined with the syndrome differentiation results of the tongue and pulse and gastric mucosa manifestation under endoscope.
In chronic gastritis patients with positive
Based on the syndrome differentiation, when chronic gastritis is accompanied by gastric mucosa congestion and erosion, Notoginseng powder,
It can smooth liver qi and harmonize the stomach to alleviate stomachache. It was usually used for patients with depression or irritability, sigh, belching, chest stuffiness and fullness, and epigastric pain.
It can regulate qi and eliminate distension and alleviate stomachache. It was usually used for patients with epigastric pain caused by qi stagnation with epigastric distension pain, which extends to two sides, pain relief after belching or flatus, pain aggravation after emotional depression and anger, eating less food, chest distress, and poor defecation.
It can nourish the stomach and promote Qi circulation to relieve pain. It was usually used for patients with stomachache caused by deficiency and cold in the middle Jiao with epigastric cold pain, abdominal distension and belching, poor appetite, less food, intolerance of cold, and weakness.
It can tonify Qi and the spleen and warm the stomach to relieve pain. It is usually used for patients with stomachache caused by deficiency of the spleen and stomach. The symptoms are epigastric dull pain, tolerance of warmth and pressure, aggravation after catch cold, eating cold food, or stomach empty.
It can tonify the stomach and improves digestion. It was usually used for patients with dyspepsia caused by deficiency of the spleen and stomach. The symptoms are dyspepsia, belching, putrid belching and acid swallowing, abdominal fullness, and distention.
It can nourish the yin and stomach. It was usually used for patients with epigastric burning pain caused by deficiency of the yin and stomach. The further symptoms are dull pain, feverishness in palms and soles, dry mouth, bitter mouth, poor appetite, and emaciation.
It can activate Qi to promote blood circulation and harmonize stomach to relieve pain. It was usually used for epigastric distension and pricking pain caused by Qi stagnation and blood stasis.
It can harmonize the stomach and calms the adverse-rising energy, strengthens the spleen to relieve distension and dredge collateral to relieve pain. It was usually used for patients with symptoms of stomachache, fullness, stuffy, indigestion, and loss of appetite and belching.
It can strengthen the spleen and nourish qi and promote blood circulation and detoxification. It was usually used for patients with the precancerous lesions of gastric cancer of chronic atrophic gastritis or adjuvant treatment after gastric cancer surgery.
It can clear heat and relieve depression, regulate the stomach and calm the adverse-rising energy, and eliminate stagnation. It was usually used for patients with epigastric fullness and distention syndrome caused by heat stagnation of the liver and stomach. The symptoms include epigastric distension and fullness, belching, poor appetite, heartburn in the stomach, noisy pantothenic acid, epigastric pain, and dry and bitter mouth. The dyskinetic type of functional dyspepsia seen above symptoms.
It can promote Qi circulation and relieve stomachache. It is usually used for patients with stomachache caused by qi stagnation and blood stasis and dampness and heat stasis. The symptoms are abdominal dull pain, fullness, sour regurgitation, nausea, and vomiting; the discomfort is lessened after eating.
It can promote qi circulation and relieve pain in the stomach. It is usually used for patients with acute and chronic gastroenteritis, ulcer in the stomach and duodenum caused by qi stagnation of the liver and stomach or dampness and heat stasis.
It can promote Qi circulation and invigorate the stomach, remove blood stasis and hemostasis, and relieve hyperacidity and pain. It is usually used for patients with epigastric pain caused by Qi stagnation and blood stasis. The further symptoms are pain fixation, acid swallowing noise, and gastric and duodenal ulcers.
It can regulate Qi to dissipate cold and clear heat and disperse blood stasis. It is usually used for patients with epigastric distension pain or duodenal ulcer caused by mixed coldness and heat syndrome and Qi stagnation and blood stasis and belching; the further symptoms are acid regurgitation, noise, and bitter mouth.
It can strengthen the spleen and stomach and relieve pain with convergence. It was usually used for patients with chronic gastritis stomach and duodenal ulcer and reflux esophagitis caused by spleen deficiency and qi stagnation.
It can soothe the liver and harmonize stomach, regulate Qi and promote blood circulation, clear heat, and relieve pain. It is usually used for patients with epigastric pain caused by liver-stomach disharmony and heat stasis blocking collaterals; the symptoms are stomachache, belching, acid swallowing, noise, poor appetite, and irritability.
It can strengthen the spleen and harmonize the stomach, regulate cold and heat, and relieve fullness and pain. It was usually used for patients with stomachache caused by deficiency in origin and enrichment in symptom and mixed coldness and heat; the symptoms are epigastric fullness, stomachache, poor appetite, belching, noise, fatigue, and weakness.
It can soothe the liver and gallbladder and clear dampness and heat. It was usually used for patients with hypochondriac pain and jaundice caused by the damp-heat in the liver and gallbladder. It can also be used for patients with bile reflux gastritis and cholecystitis that have the same symptoms.
Acupuncture and moxibustion therapy have an effect on improving the symptoms of chronic gastritis. Acupuncture and moxibustion can effectively relieve the symptoms of gastritis in patients with syndrome of deficiency of the spleen and stomach and improve their quality of life [21, 22, 23, 24].
Acupoints in acupuncture treatment include Zusanli (ST36), Zhongwan (RN12), Weishu (BL21), Pishu (BL20), and Neiguan (PC6). Patient with liver-stomach disharmony syndrome plus Ganshu (BL17), Taichong (LR4), Qimen (LR14). Patient with hot stasis syndrome plus Tianshu (ST25), Fenglong (ST40). Patient with weakness of spleen and stomach syndrome should add Pishu (BL20), Liang qiu (ST34), Qihai (RN6). Patient with deficiency of stomach Yin syndrome should add Sanyinjiao (SP6), Taixi (KI3). For those with severe cold and deficiency of spleen and stomach syndrome, moxibustion should be performed at Shangwan (RN13), Zhongwan (RN12), Xiawan (RN10), and Zusanli (ST36). Patient with nausea, vomiting, or belching should add Shangwan (RN13), Neiguan (PC6), Geshu (BL17). Patient with severe pain plus Liangmen (ST21), Neiguan (PC6), Gongsun (SP4). Patient with dyspepsia should add Hegu (LI4), Tian shu (ST25), Guanyuan (ST34), Sanyinjiao (SP6). Patient with Qi stagnation and blood stasis syndrome should add Taichong (LR4), Xuehai (SP10), Hegu (LI4). Patient with qi deficiency and blood stasis syndrome should add Xuehai (SP10) and Geshu (BL17). Acupuncture was used for patient with excess syndrome and moxibustion for those with deficiency syndrome. Patient with intermingled deficiency and excess syndrome, acupuncture should combine moxibustion.
Mental stimulation is an important factor causing chronic gastritis, and the scores of anxiety and depression of patients with chronic gastritis are also higher than normal people. Common psychological disorders include loss of confidence in treatment, fear of cancer, and fear of special examinations. Strengthening psychological counseling for gastritis patients is helpful for alleviating the incidence of chronic gastritis, alleviating symptoms, and improving the quality of life [25, 26, 27].
It reflects the characteristics of clinical efficacy evaluation of TCM, and the efficacy is often evaluated by nimodipine method according to the clinical symptoms and manifestations of the tongue and pulse. Clinical recovery: The main symptoms and signs disappear or almost disappear, and the curative effect index was equal or greater than 95%. Significant efficacy: The main symptoms and signs were significantly improved, and curative effect index was equal or greater than 70% or smaller than 95%. Clinical effective: The main symptoms and signs improved, and curative effect index was equal or greater than 30% or smaller than 70%. Ineffectiveness: The main symptoms and signs have no obvious improvement or even worse, curative effect index or smaller than 70%.
It is mainly aimed at the evaluation of dyspepsia symptoms of chronic gastritis, such as upper abdominal pain, fullness or early fullness, loss of appetite, etc. The method was that the symptoms were classified into main symptoms and minor symptoms according to degree and frequency and assign the value according to the weight function, further specification was needed.
Level I: Branch of Digestive endoscopy of Chinese Medical Association [28] Scattered or discontinuous linear erythema, single erosion, local mucosal hemorrhage, granular gastric mucosal atrophy, partial visible blood vessel, or single gray nodules of intestinal metaplasia. Level II: Dense or continuous linear erythema, more than five local multiple erosion, multiple mucosal hemorrhage, medium gastric mucosal atrophy, continuous visible blood vessel, or multiple gray nodules of intestinal metaplasia. Level III: Extensive fused erythema, more than five extensive multiple erosion, diffuse mucosal hemorrhage, big gastric mucosal atrophy, disappeared mucosal folds, visible blood vessel to mucosa surface, or diffused gray nodules of intestinal metaplasia.
It includes mucosal trophy, intestinal metaplasia, intraepithelial neoplasia, inflammatory response, and disease activity. They were divided to none, mild level, medium level, and severe level [10]. None level: There are no more than five mononuclear cells in each high-power field. Mild level: There are a few neutrophils in the lamina propria of the gastric mucosa. Chronic inflammatory cells are few and limited to the superficial mucosa, no more than one third of the mucosa. The number of proper mucosal glands decreased by no more than one third of the original glands. Intestinal metaplasia accounts for less than one third of the total glandular and surface epithelial area. Medium level: Neutrophils are more common in the mucosa and can be found in surface epithelial cells, small concave epithelial cells, or glandular epithelium. Chronic inflammatory cells are relatively dense, no more than two thirds of the mucosal layer. The number of proper mucosal glands decreased between one third and two thirds of the original glands. Intestinal metaplasia accounts for one third-two thirds of the total glandular and surface epithelial area. Severe level: The neutrophils are more dense, or pit abscesses may be seen in addition to the medium. Chronic inflammatory cells are dense and occupy the entire mucosal layer. The number of proper glands decreased by more than two thirds, and only a few glands remained or even disappeared completely. Intestinal metaplasia accounts for more than two thirds of the total glandular and epithelial surface area. The visual analogue scoring method combined with histopathological evaluation can be referred to for grading of each lesion.
The patient reported outcomes (PRO), and SF-36 health questionnaire scales can be used to evaluate the quality of life. PRO proceeds from the characteristics of TCM treatment of spleen and stomach diseases. Patients were evaluated from six dimensions including dyspepsia, reflux, defecation, social, psychological, and general state [29, 30].
Hospital anxiety and depression scale (HAD), anxiety self-rating scale (SAS), and depression self-rating scale (SDS) can be used to evaluate the state of anxiety and depression.
Clinical efficacy evaluation of chronic gastritis should combine short-term efficacy with long-term efficacy evaluation. The course of chronic gastritis is a long-term, chronic, and repeated process. In addition to symptoms, atrophy, intestinal metaplasia, intraepithelial neoplasia, and other lesions should be the important content of observation. The clinical efficacy evaluation time of chronic gastritis is recommended to be more than 3 months in order to accurately evaluate the efficacy. Long-term follow-up was conducted after the treatment to observe the incidence of gastric cancer and other endpoint outcome indicators and disease recurrence.
Marking targeting biopsy of gastric mucosa is of high value for the evaluation of chronic atrophic gastritis and chronic atrophic gastritis with intestinal metaplasia and intraepithelial neoplasia.
Research on the relationship between eating behavior and chronic gastritis shows that habits of irregular meals, eating too fast, overeating, eating hot food, eating and drinking too much, salty taste are risk factors for chronic gastritis [29, 30]. Chronic gastritis patients should try to avoid taking stimulating food, such as spicy food, food containing nitrite, etc., and drugs, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, that may damage the gastric mucosa.
Patients with chronic gastritis should keep a good mood and avoid the stimulation of bad emotions. If necessary, they can consult a psychologist.
Patients with chronic gastritis should avoid long-term overwork. In winter and spring, we need to pay special attention to life adjustment.
Patients with chronic atrophic gastritis accompanied by intraepithelial neoplasia and intestinal metaplasia were followed up and monitored to have a certain probability of cancer. Studies have shown that the time required for 95% of the population with precancerous lesions to become cancerous is 11.6 years for atrophic gastritis, 11.4 years for intestinal metaplasia, 5.7 years for dysplasia, and 4.5 years for moderate to severe intestinal metaplasia with moderate to severe dysplasia [31]. So, the advice of “Chronic gastritis consensus in China” is patients of chronic atrophic gastritis with moderate to severe atrophy and intestinal metaplasia need around 1-year follow-up. Patients of chronic atrophic gastritis without intestinal metaplasia or intraepithelial neoplasia need appropriate follow-up of endoscopy and pathology. Patient accompanied by low-level intraepithelial neoplasia and proved that it doesn’t come from adjacent tissues of cancer need once endoscopy every 3 months follow-up according to the endoscopic and clinical situation. However, high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia requires immediate confirmation and endoscopic or surgical treatment after confirmation.
The core contents of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theory are holism concept and syndrome differentiation; the treatment based on syndrome differentiation is the basic principle of TCM in understanding and treating diseases. So based on the treatment of
In conclusion, TCM plays a certain role in improving the clinical symptoms and signs of chronic gastritis. Although the mechanism of its action is not very clear, it still has important clinical value and needs further research and discussion.
Authors thank Spleen and Stomach Disease Branch of China Association of Chinese Medicine for the Consensus opinions of TCM diagnosis and treatment experts on chronic gastritis.
Authors thank for the support of National Basic Research Programme of China (973 programme, grant number 2015CB554501).
There is no conflict of interest among authors.
Authors are listed below with their open access chapters linked via author name:
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\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\nJocelyn Chanussot (chapter to be published soon...)
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\\n\\nAbdul Latif Ahmad 2016-18
\\n\\nKhalil Amine 2017, 2018
\\n\\nEwan Birney 2015-18
\\n\\nFrede Blaabjerg 2015-18
\\n\\nGang Chen 2016-18
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\\n\\nZhigang Chen 2016, 2018
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\\n\\nMark Connors 2015-18
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\\n\\nLiming Dai 2015-18
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\\n\\nVincenzo Fogliano 2017, 2018
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\\n\\nHarald Haas 2017, 2018
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\\n\\nJaakko Kangasjärvi 2015-18
\\n\\nHamid Reza Karimi 2016-18
\\n\\nJunji Kido 2014-18
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\\n\\nYiqi Luo 2016-18
\\n\\nJoachim Maier 2014-18
\\n\\nAndrea Natale 2017, 2018
\\n\\nAlberto Mantovani 2014-18
\\n\\nMarjan Mernik 2017, 2018
\\n\\nSandra Orchard 2014, 2016-18
\\n\\nMohamed Oukka 2016-18
\\n\\nBiswajeet Pradhan 2016-18
\\n\\nDirk Raes 2017, 2018
\\n\\nUlrike Ravens-Sieberer 2016-18
\\n\\nYexiang Tong 2017, 2018
\\n\\nJim Van Os 2015-18
\\n\\nLong Wang 2017, 2018
\\n\\nFei Wei 2016-18
\\n\\nIoannis Xenarios 2017, 2018
\\n\\nQi Xie 2016-18
\\n\\nXin-She Yang 2017, 2018
\\n\\nYulong Yin 2015, 2017, 2018
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\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJocelyn Chanussot (chapter to be published soon...)
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nYuekun Lai
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPrevious years (alphabetically by surname)
\n\nAbdul Latif Ahmad 2016-18
\n\nKhalil Amine 2017, 2018
\n\nEwan Birney 2015-18
\n\nFrede Blaabjerg 2015-18
\n\nGang Chen 2016-18
\n\nJunhong Chen 2017, 2018
\n\nZhigang Chen 2016, 2018
\n\nMyung-Haing Cho 2016, 2018
\n\nMark Connors 2015-18
\n\nCyrus Cooper 2017, 2018
\n\nLiming Dai 2015-18
\n\nWeihua Deng 2017, 2018
\n\nVincenzo Fogliano 2017, 2018
\n\nRon de Graaf 2014-18
\n\nHarald Haas 2017, 2018
\n\nFrancisco Herrera 2017, 2018
\n\nJaakko Kangasjärvi 2015-18
\n\nHamid Reza Karimi 2016-18
\n\nJunji Kido 2014-18
\n\nJose Luiszamorano 2015-18
\n\nYiqi Luo 2016-18
\n\nJoachim Maier 2014-18
\n\nAndrea Natale 2017, 2018
\n\nAlberto Mantovani 2014-18
\n\nMarjan Mernik 2017, 2018
\n\nSandra Orchard 2014, 2016-18
\n\nMohamed Oukka 2016-18
\n\nBiswajeet Pradhan 2016-18
\n\nDirk Raes 2017, 2018
\n\nUlrike Ravens-Sieberer 2016-18
\n\nYexiang Tong 2017, 2018
\n\nJim Van Os 2015-18
\n\nLong Wang 2017, 2018
\n\nFei Wei 2016-18
\n\nIoannis Xenarios 2017, 2018
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\n\nXin-She Yang 2017, 2018
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He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait. 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He is also an editor and editor in chief for various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. 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In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:"Beijing University of Technology",institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Lakhno Igor Victorovich was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPhD – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSc – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nLakhno Igor has been graduated from an international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held in Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s a professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education . He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 17 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Lakhno Igor is a rewiever of Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for DSc degree \\'Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention and treatment”. Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, cardiovascular medicine.",institutionString:"V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University",institution:{name:"Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education",country:{name:"Ukraine"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZkkQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-09T12:55:18.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. 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