Specific heats and entropies at 298.15 K for the uranyl-containing material studied in this work.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5511",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Properties and Uses of Microemulsions",title:"Properties and Uses of Microemulsions",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Properties and Uses of Microemulsions is intended to provide the reader with some important applications and features of these systems. The intricate composition of microemulsions has made them applicable in many areas such as cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, food, agriculture, oil recovery, chemical synthesis of nanoparticles, and catalysts. An introductory chapter starts off with the description of these applications followed by methods of characterization. Thereafter, a few practical applications of microemulsions focusing on drug delivery, oil recovery, and formation of nanocatalysts are described followed by the third section discussing the theoretical and physical parameters predicting microemulsion properties. The use of spin-polarized paramagnetic probes, bending energetics, and study of self-propelled motion are some of the physical parameters employed to characterize the microemulsions.",isbn:"978-953-51-3172-4",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3171-7",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4825-8",doi:"10.5772/63187",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"properties-and-uses-of-microemulsions",numberOfPages:184,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"436fa0c17615c3b878c09027cff43e39",bookSignature:"Desiree Nedra Karunaratne, Geethi Pamunuwa and Udayana Ranatunga",publishedDate:"May 24th 2017",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5511.jpg",numberOfDownloads:13759,numberOfWosCitations:23,numberOfCrossrefCitations:13,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:35,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:71,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 3rd 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 24th 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 28th 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 26th 2016",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 26th 2016",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"130501",title:"Prof.",name:"Desiree Nedra",middleName:null,surname:"Karunaratne",slug:"desiree-nedra-karunaratne",fullName:"Desiree Nedra Karunaratne",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/130501/images/3415_n.jpg",biography:"Obtained Ph.D from the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. Presently Professor of Chemistry at the University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. Currently researching on the applications of carbohydrate liquid crystals in emulsion stabilization, drug delivery through nanoencapsulation with polymers and liposomes. Authored 9 book chapters, 22 research articles in peer reviewed journals and obtained 6 US patents and 3 provisional US patent applications.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"University of Peradeniya",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sri Lanka"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"194276",title:"Dr.",name:"Geethy",middleName:null,surname:"Pamunuwa",slug:"geethy-pamunuwa",fullName:"Geethy Pamunuwa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194276/images/5630_n.jpg",biography:"Geethi Pamunuwa obtained her BSc degree (Chem. Hons.) from the University of Peradeniya in 2006, MA degree (Chemistry) from Wayne State University, USA, in 2010, and PhD degree (Chemical Sciences) from the University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, in 2015. Her research interests include transdermal delivery of bioactive agents, liposomes, polymer nanoparticles, food formulation and preservation, and biopesticides. She currently works as a senior lecturer in food science and technology at the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Gardening, Wayamba University of Sri Lanka.\nShe has published 5 articles in peer-reviewed journals and made 7 presentations at various conferences.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Peradeniya",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sri Lanka"}}},coeditorTwo:{id:"207362",title:"Dr.",name:"R. J. K. U.",middleName:null,surname:"Ranatunga",slug:"r.-j.-k.-u.-ranatunga",fullName:"R. J. K. U. Ranatunga",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/207362/images/5631_n.png",biography:"Udayana Ranatunga obtained his bachelor’s degree from the University of Peradeniya in 2006 and his doctoral degree in Chemistry from the University of Texas at Dallas in 2012. His research is focused on the theoretical description of interfaces and nanomaterials and is trained in computational chemistry techniques. He has several publications to his credit and is currently working as a senior lecturer of chemistry, at the Department of Chemistry, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Peradeniya",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sri Lanka"}}},coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"513",title:"Supramolecular Chemistry",slug:"supramolecular-chemistry"}],chapters:[{id:"55232",title:"Introductory Chapter: Microemulsions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68823",slug:"introductory-chapter-microemulsions",totalDownloads:2688,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:10,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"D. Nedra Karunaratne, Geethi Pamunuwa and Udayana Ranatunga",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55232",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55232",authors:[{id:"130501",title:"Prof.",name:"Desiree Nedra",surname:"Karunaratne",slug:"desiree-nedra-karunaratne",fullName:"Desiree Nedra Karunaratne"}],corrections:null},{id:"54135",title:"Development of Microemulsion Dermal Products Based on Avocado Oil for Topical Administration",doi:"10.5772/66077",slug:"development-of-microemulsion-dermal-products-based-on-avocado-oil-for-topical-administration",totalDownloads:1402,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The research described in this study aimed at developing microemulsions for dermal application using avocado oil. Due to its composition, avocado oil helps maintaining the barrier function of the skin. It has a nutritional effect on the skin, and it reduces the intensity of the process of skin peeling. Various surfactant:cosurfactant systems were tested in the conducted studies. There were no significant differences between the diagrams generated by Tween 20 and the surfactant:cosurfactant system, Tween 20:PEG400, at a ratio of 1:1. Six formulations were selected from the dilution line 7 of the ternary phase diagrams obtained by using as a surfactant Tween 20 and Tween 20:PEG 400, respectively. The formulations were characterized by determining physicochemical properties specific. In the next phase of study, these six formulations were used as a vehicle for incorporating erythromycin in order to develop erythromicyn incorporated formulations for topical administration. The quality control of microemulsions with erythromycin was performed by evaluating the physical chemical, organoleptic and sensorial properties. Microemulsions were pharmacotechnically characterized by assessing the in vitro and ex vivo release kinetics of erythromycin.",signatures:"Lacramioara Ochiuz and Manuela Hortolomei",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54135",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54135",authors:[{id:"171636",title:"Dr.",name:"Lacramioara",surname:"Ochiuz",slug:"lacramioara-ochiuz",fullName:"Lacramioara Ochiuz"}],corrections:null},{id:"52924",title:"Microemulsion Applications in Carbonate Reservoir Stimulation",doi:"10.5772/65973",slug:"microemulsion-applications-in-carbonate-reservoir-stimulation",totalDownloads:2051,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:10,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Carbonate reservoir stimulation involves the injection of reactive fluids, most commonly hydrochloric acid (HCl), into the porous media to enhance the permeability and increase hydrocarbon production. This process results in the formation of highly conductive flow channels, or wormholes, and relies on the deep penetration of reactive fluids into the formation to maximize stimulation success. However, the rapid rate of reaction of HCl with the carbonate rock often limits the depth of live acid penetration. The reaction is mass transfer limited under typical reservoir conditions. As a result, the acid diffusion and convection rates significantly influence the success of the treatments. Microemulsions prepared with HCl as the dispersed phase offer a solution to significantly reduce the effective diffusivity and, hence, increase the depth of stimulation. This chapter presents the results of laboratory studies of carbonate dissolutions using acid microemulsions and highlights case histories of industry applications using macroemulsions for carbonate reservoir stimulation.",signatures:"Christopher N. Fredd, Mark L. Hoefner and H. Scott Fogler",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52924",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52924",authors:[{id:"190998",title:"Prof.",name:"H Scott",surname:"Fogler",slug:"h-scott-fogler",fullName:"H Scott Fogler"},{id:"191170",title:"Dr.",name:"Christopher",surname:"Fredd",slug:"christopher-fredd",fullName:"Christopher Fredd"},{id:"191171",title:"Dr.",name:"Mark",surname:"Hoefner",slug:"mark-hoefner",fullName:"Mark Hoefner"}],corrections:null},{id:"53429",title:"Microemulsion Route for the Synthesis of Nano-Structured Catalytic Materials",doi:"10.5772/66183",slug:"microemulsion-route-for-the-synthesis-of-nano-structured-catalytic-materials",totalDownloads:1692,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:8,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Owing to their unique properties, use of microemulsion‐based synthetic techniques for the generation of shape‐controlled nanocatalyst is an area of great current interest. Nanocatalysts of any specific shape, morphology, surface area, size, geometry, homogeneity and composition are widely being prepared using the soft techniques of microemulsion. Easy handling, inexpensive equipment and mild reaction conditions make microemulsion an attractive reaction medium. Herein, a nanosized precursor reactant can be incorporated, leading to the formulation of a highly monodispersed metal nanoagglomerate with controlled size, shape and composition. Several factors such as presence of electrolyte, molar ratio of water to surfactant, nature and concentration of surfactant and solvent, size of water droplets and concentration of reducing agents influence the size of the nanoparticles. The reverse micelle method can be used for the fabrication of several nanosized catalysts with a diverse variety of suitable materials including silica, alumina, metals (e.g. Au, Pd, Rh, Pt), metal oxides, etc. The morphology, size distribution and shape of the nanocatalysts make them useable for a wide range of applications, for example, fuel cells, electrocatalysis, photocatalysis, environmental protection, etc. The recovery of nanoparticles from the reaction mixture is a challenge for the researchers. This chapter discusses the preparation of nanoparticles using microemulsion techniques, widely being used for the synthesis of nanocatalysts from a wide range of materials.",signatures:"Tajamal Hussain and Rabia Batool",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53429",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53429",authors:[{id:"191381",title:"Dr.",name:"Tajamal",surname:"Hussain",slug:"tajamal-hussain",fullName:"Tajamal Hussain"},{id:"192266",title:"Ms.",name:"Rabia",surname:"Batool",slug:"rabia-batool",fullName:"Rabia Batool"}],corrections:null},{id:"54584",title:"Investigation of Liquid‐Phase Inhomogeneity on the Nanometer Scale Using Spin‐Polarized Paramagnetic Probes",doi:"10.5772/67463",slug:"investigation-of-liquid-phase-inhomogeneity-on-the-nanometer-scale-using-spin-polarized-paramagnetic",totalDownloads:1495,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The concept, basic physics, and experimental details of time‐resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (TREPR) spectroscopy for the study of spin‐correlated radical pairs (SCRPs) in heterogeneous media are presented and discussed. The delicate interplay between electron spin wave function evolution (governed by magnetic interactions such as the isotropic electron spin‐spin exchange interaction and the electron‐nuclear hyperfine interaction) and diffusion (governed by the size and microviscosity of the medium) provides a mechanism for assessing molecular mobility in confined spaces on the nanoscale (e.g., micelles, vesicles, and microemulsions). Experimental examples from micellar SCRPs are used to highlight the dominant features of the TREPR under different degrees of confinement and microviscosity, and spectral simulation methods are described to show how molecular mobility can be quantified.",signatures:"Valery F. Tarasov and Malcolm D.E. Forbes",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54584",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54584",authors:[{id:"191355",title:"Dr.",name:"Valery",surname:"Tarasov",slug:"valery-tarasov",fullName:"Valery Tarasov"},{id:"192242",title:"Prof.",name:"Makcolm",surname:"Forbes",slug:"makcolm-forbes",fullName:"Makcolm Forbes"}],corrections:null},{id:"54167",title:"Thermodynamics and Bending Energetics of Microemulsions",doi:"10.5772/67369",slug:"thermodynamics-and-bending-energetics-of-microemulsions",totalDownloads:1470,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"A comprehensive, yet simple, theoretical model for droplet microemulsions is presented. The model combines thermodynamics of self-assembly with bending elasticity theory and relates microemulsion properties, such as average droplet size, polydispersity, interfacial tension and solubilisation capacity with the three bending elasticity constants, spontaneous curvature (H\n0), bending rigidity (kc) and saddle-splay constant (k¯c). In addition, the self-association entropy constant (ks) explicitly determines various microemulsion properties. The average droplet size is shown to increase with increasing effective bending constant, defined as keff=2kc+k¯c+ks, as well as with decreasing magnitudes of H0. The polydispersity decreases with increasing values of keff, but does not at all depend on H0. The model predicts ultra-low interfacial tensions, the values of which decrease considerably with increasing droplet radius, in agreement with experiments. The solubilisation capacity increases as the number of droplets is increased with increasing surfactant concentration. In addition, an enhanced solubilisation effect is obtained as the size of the droplets increases with increasing surfactant concentration, as a result of self-association entropy effects. It is demonstrated that self-association entropy effects favour smaller droplet size as well as larger droplet polydispersity.",signatures:"L. Magnus Bergström",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54167",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54167",authors:[{id:"191948",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Magnus",surname:"Bergström",slug:"magnus-bergstrom",fullName:"Magnus Bergström"}],corrections:null},{id:"53951",title:"Self-Propelled Motion of Micrometer-Sized Oil Droplets in Aqueous Solution of Surfactant",doi:"10.5772/67249",slug:"self-propelled-motion-of-micrometer-sized-oil-droplets-in-aqueous-solution-of-surfactant",totalDownloads:1527,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"When an immiscible oil is dispersed in an aqueous solution of a surfactant, emulsions consisting of various-sized oil droplets are generated. Micrometer-sized oil droplets exhibit exotic dynamics such as self-propelled motion in the surfactant solution. Transfer of the surfactant from the aqueous solution phase to the oil droplets through their interface leads to the self-propelled motion in a far-from-equilibrium condition. In this chapter, we demonstrate the observation methods of the self-propelled motion of micrometer-sized oil droplets using phase-contrast, polarized, and fluorescence microscopes and discuss their motion mechanism. Since the generated self-assemblies in micrometer-sized droplet systems are difficult to be identified by spectroscopic methods, the mechanisms of their self-propelled motion have not been clarified. When they are fully understood from nano- to microscale, these findings may be useful to develop not only more stable emulsion systems but also droplet-type analysis systems at the micrometer scale that can carry out reaction, analysis, and detection automatically without the need for an external force.",signatures:"Taisuke Banno, Taro Toyota and Kouichi Asakura",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53951",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53951",authors:[{id:"192138",title:"Dr.",name:"Taisuke",surname:"Banno",slug:"taisuke-banno",fullName:"Taisuke Banno"},{id:"192400",title:"Prof.",name:"Kouichi",surname:"Asakura",slug:"kouichi-asakura",fullName:"Kouichi Asakura"}],corrections:null},{id:"53579",title:"Influence of Amphiphiles on Percolation of AOT-Based Microemulsions Prediction Using Artificial Neural Networks",doi:"10.5772/66766",slug:"influence-of-amphiphiles-on-percolation-of-aot-based-microemulsions-prediction-using-artificial-neur",totalDownloads:1439,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, the ability of artificial neural networks was evaluated to predict the influence of amphiphiles as additive upon the electrical percolation of dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (AOT)/isooctane/water microemulsions. In particular, water/AOT/isooctane microemulsion behaviour has been modelled. These microemulsions have been developed in presence of 1-n-alcohols, 2-n-alcohols, n-alkylamines and n-alkyl acids. In all cases, a neural network has been obtained to predict with accuracy the experimental behaviour to identify the physico-chemical variables (such as additive concentration, molecular mass, log P, pKa or chain length) that exert a greater influence on the model. 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The thermodynamic calculations are mainly used for the description of the changes of state associated with the transfer of matter and energy and are an indispensable part of technical and scientific investigations in various fields such as chemistry, metallurgy, chemical engineering, and the energy and environmental technologies. The reliability of the results of thermochemical calculations depends, in the first instance, on the accuracy of the thermochemical data used and the inclusion of the most important species involved, which are often quite numerous if one desires to obtain a fair description of real systems.
There are different sources of data available for establishing thermodynamic information such as calorimetric and solubility measurements [2, 3], phase equilibrium data [4], experimental data on solid solutions [5], and heat capacities and entropies estimated from lattice vibrational models [6, 7, 8]. Reasonably complete sets of basic data needed for the calculation of thermochemical functions are available only for a relatively small number of substances [9], and frequently these sets must be completed with empirical data of lower accuracy obtained by analyzing values from different sources as well as by performing estimations before they can be used for actual calculations.
The data listed in the thermochemical tables generally form databases [10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 4]. An internally consistent database is one which permits the computation of phase equilibrium relations as established by experimental studies, and it is at the same time compatible with calorimetric and other measurements of thermochemical properties of the phases involved. The generation of such databases is very complex due to the large uncertainties associated with phase equilibrium studies at high temperature and pressure and because many experiments may be irreversible. The CALPHAD method (CALculation of PHAse Diagrams) [19, 20] may be used in the derivation and assessment of this kind of databases [21].
These databases can be used to carry out thermodynamic multi-component, multi-phase, multi-reaction equilibrium calculations on systems made up of any of the substances present in the database. These calculations are best performed by adopting the method of minimization of the total Gibbs free energy of the closed system [22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28]. A detailed description of the principles and techniques used in the computation of equilibrium assemblages of a closed system can be found in the work of Smith and Missen [24]. Thus, these databases are the basis for the software packages for the calculation of equilibria in multi-component systems [12, 13, 18, 19, 22, 23, 29, 30, 31, 32]. Examples of successful applications of thermodynamic techniques to the computation of equilibrium phase assemblages in geological and planetary systems have been reported [33, 34, 35, 36].
In the field of nuclear technology, the thermodynamic information is indispensable in order to predict the chemical behavior and dynamics of nuclear materials under diverse environmental conditions. The knowledge of precise thermodynamic data is fundamental for the development of geochemical models for nuclear fuel degradation, to evaluate the origin and evolution of uranium ore bodies, in developing programs for the solution mining of uranium deposits or mine dumps, in the study of spent nuclear fuel (SNF) radioactive waste and in the containment of such waste, and may also be of importance in reactions within breeder reactors [37, 38, 39, 40, 41].
The behavior of a deep geologic repository (DGR) of high level radioactive waste (HLWR) will depend mainly on the interaction between the SNF and their surroundings. The hydration and corrosion of the SNF under oxidizing conditions will result in the dissolution of the uranium dioxide composing the SNF matrix and the formation of uranyl secondary mineral phases [42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54]. Therefore, the formation and stability of uranyl minerals will determine the release of U(VI) and other actinide elements from the HLWR container and subsequently from the repository to the biosphere [55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70].
The stabilities and dissolution rates of uranyl minerals are functions of the solution composition, temperature, and local conditions (mainly pH and electrochemical potential), and their prediction requires the knowledge of the Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and entropy thermodynamic functions of formation for each phase of interest and their variation with temperature. The simulation of the release of uranium from DGRs under oxidizing conditions and the mobility of uranium in the environment can be only performed if the thermodynamic properties of the secondary uranyl minerals that may form in the DGR are available. Consequently, the knowledge of the thermodynamic parameters is crucial for predicting DGR performance [71, 72, 73]. However, reliable temperature-dependent thermodynamic data are completely lacking, except for the simplest uranyl-containing materials. Therefore, the development of a complete thermodynamic database for these minerals is mandatory.
The rapid development of the nuclear technology strongly encouraged the research on the field of thermodynamics of nuclear materials and the development of nuclear thermodynamic databases [74, 75]. The great significance of the thermodynamic information of materials containing uranium and related elements in the assessment of the safety of DGRs is reflected by the large number of recent experimental works leading to large reviews and updates of thermodynamic properties of materials [72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77]. Among these studies, we may remark the recent experimental measurements by means of solubility and calorimetry techniques of the thermodynamic properties of uranyl peroxide hydrates [51, 52, 53, 54], uranyl carbonate minerals [78], uranyl phosphate and orthophosphate minerals [79], and uranyl silicates [71, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84].
Despite of the fast progress in the generation of the nuclear thermodynamic database, there are many uranium-containing materials for which the corresponding data are unreliable due to the large experimental uncertainties [38]. A large amount of effort has been dedicated to the assignment and correction of these uncertainties by means of the implementation of new statistical methods for hypothesis testing and the improvement of the techniques used for measuring the thermodynamic properties of these systems [73]. The need to make available a comprehensive, internationally recognized and quality assured chemical thermodynamic database that meets the modeling requirements for the safety assessment of radioactive waste disposal systems prompted the Radioactive Waste Management Committee (RWMC) of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) to launch the Thermochemical Database Project (NEA TDB). The RWMC assigned a high priority to the critical review of relevant chemical thermodynamic data of inorganic species, actinide compounds, and fission products [72, 73]. Besides, the range of conditions of temperature and pressure for which the thermodynamic parameters are available for most nuclear materials is rather limited.
While the knowledge of the temperature dependence of these properties for anhydrous uranium oxides is very complete [73, 74, 75], the corresponding data for the secondary phases which arise from alteration of SNF under final DGR conditions are surprisingly scarce. For these secondary phases, the thermodynamic parameters are known only for the standard state (298.15 K and 1 bar). The lack of temperature-dependent information for these phases rules out the possibility of performing reliable thermodynamic modeling studies for the performance assessment of DGRs for SNF. Because the corresponding information is available for anhydrous species, thermodynamic computations have been performed for the uranium-oxygen and sodium-uranium-oxygen system [85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95]. A detailed analysis of previous studies [41, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105] suggests that first principles methodology is an excellent complement to experimental methodology for determining the thermodynamic functions of these materials.
In this work, the computation of the thermodynamic properties of a large set of uranyl-containing materials is reviewed [99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105]. This set includes the uranyl peroxide studtite [(UO2)O2·4H2O] and metastudtite [(UO2)O2·2H2O], the uranyl hydroxide dehydrated schoepite [UO2(OH)2], the uranyl oxyhydroxide schoepite [(UO2)8O2(OH)12·12H2O], metaschoepite [(UO2)8O2(OH)12·10H2O] and becquerelite [Ca(UO2)6O4(OH)6·8H2O], the uranyl silicate soddyite [(UO2)2(SiO4)·2H2O], the uranyl carbonate rutherfordine [UO2CO3], and gamma uranium trioxide [γ-UO3]. The first eight materials have been identified to be basic components of the paragenetic sequence of secondary phases arising from the alteration of uraninite ore deposits and corrosion of SNF under the final DGR conditions [42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54], and gamma uranium trioxide is the main oxide of hexavalent uranium [100, 106, 107]. Uranyl peroxides appear in the earlier stages of this paragenetic sequence [50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 108, 109, 110, 111] due to the production of hydrogen peroxide and other oxidants resulting from the radiolysis of water due to the ionizing radiation of the SNF. The uranyl oxyhydroxides also begin to appear soon from the alteration of uranium dioxide [42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48]. Studtite, schoepite, metaschoepite, and becquerelite phases have been observed as alteration products of spent fuel in cooling basins at the Hanford Site (Washington) [112, 113, 114, 115, 116] and on Chernobyl “lava” formed during the nuclear accident that occurred in 1986 [117]. The next mineral phases appearing in this sequence are uranyl silicates and, less frequently, uranyl phosphates [42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48]. Uranyl carbonates may precipitate where the evaporation is significant, and the carbon dioxide partial pressure is large [49, 118]. The main ingredients of this paragenetic sequence were inferred by Frondel already in 1956 [42, 43]. The sequence is still widely accepted today [44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 118, 119]. However, our knowledge of this sequence is only qualitative, and the performance assessment of the DGRs for HLRW and many other applications in nuclear technology require its quantitative specification.
The crystal structures of these materials [100, 102, 105, 120, 121, 122, 123] were successfully determined by means of density functional theory using plane waves and pseudopotentials [124]. A new norm-conserving relativistic pseudopotential specific for uranium atom was generated from first principles with this purpose [101, 121]. Then, using these optimized structures, the thermodynamic properties of these materials were determined including specific heats, entropies, enthalpies, and Gibbs free energies [99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105]. The computed thermodynamic properties were combined with those of the corresponding elements in order to determine the enthalpy and free energy of formation of these materials and its variation with temperature [102, 104, 105]. The methods used in the computation of these thermodynamic functions are briefly described in Section 2. Additionally, the calculation of the Gibbs free energies of reaction and associated reaction constants is also described in this section. The main results obtained are described in Section 3, including a study of the thermodynamic stability of the secondary phases of SNF [102, 104, 105]. Finally, the main conclusions are given in Section 4.
The generalized gradient approximation (GGA) together with PBE functional [125] supplemented with Grimme empirical dispersion correction [126] was used to study the uranyl-containing materials such as studtite, metastudtite, dehydrated schoepite, schoepite, metaschoepite, becquerelite, soddyite, rutherfordine, and gamma uranium trioxide [99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 120, 121, 122, 123]. The introduction of dispersion corrections improved significantly the computed structural, vibrational, mechanic and thermodynamic properties of studtite, metastudtite, dehydrated schoepite, schoepite, metaschoepite, becquerelite, and soddyite as a consequence of the better description of the hydrogen bonding present in the crystal structures of these materials. However, for the case of rutherfordine and gamma uranium trioxide phases, the specialized version of PBE functional for solid materials, PBEsol [127], provided much better results [99, 100, 121]. The improved description of the structure of properties of anhydrous materials using this functional over the one obtained using PBE was observed in recent calculations [99, 100, 121] and later confirmed by other research groups [128, 129]. This justifies the great amount of effort made in developing density functionals specific for solid materials [130] and emphasizes the need of determining empirical dispersion parameters specific for these functionals. These functionals are implemented in CASTEP program [131], a module of the Materials Studio package [132], which was employed to model the structures of the materials considered. The pseudopotentials used for H, C, O, Si, and Ca atoms in the unit cells of these minerals were standard norm-conserving pseudopotentials [133] given in CASTEP code (00PBE-OP type). The norm-conserving relativistic pseudopotential for U atom was generated from first principles as shown in the previous works [101, 121]. While our uranium atom pseudopotential includes scalar relativistic effects, the corresponding pseudopotentials used for H, C, O, Si, and Ca atoms do not include them. This pseudopotential has been used extensively in the research of uranyl-containing materials [99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 120, 121, 122, 123].
The atomic positions and cell parameters were optimized using the Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno method [124, 134] with a convergence threshold on atomic forces of 0.01 eV/Å. The kinetic energy cut-off and K-point mesh [135] were chosen to ensure good convergence for computed structures and energies. The structures of the materials considered in this work were optimized in calculations with augmented complexity by increasing these parameters. The precise calculation parameters used to determine the final results may be found in the corresponding articles [99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 120, 121, 122, 123]. The flow diagram associated to the theoretical treatment used to study a given crystalline material is shown in Figure 1 [101]. The crystal structure is first optimized starting from an initial atomistic model of the corresponding unit cell (lattice parameters and atomic positions) employing trial values of the calculation parameters (kinetic energy cut-off and K-point mesh). The crystal structure is then updated and the initial values of the kinetic cutoff and K-point density (number of k-points divided by the k-point separation) are systematically increased. The geometry optimization is performed again until the variation of the energy is below a given threshold. The variation of the crystal unit cell is then analyzed, and the structure is reoptimized until this variation is small enough. Once the convergence in the computed energy and structure is met, the corresponding X-ray powder pattern is determined [136] and compared with the experimental one. Only if the comparison is satisfactory, the crystal structure is accepted in order to obtain the final vibrational, mechanic, thermodynamic, and optic properties of the material under study. Otherwise, the calculation parameters are made more stringent and the structural optimization starts again. The convergence of this procedure depends on the proximity of the initial input used to the final solution. If it does not converge or converges towards a structure yielding an X-ray powder pattern which does not agree with the experimental one, the procedure should be restarted from a different initial input (atomic positions and cell parameters).
Flow diagram associated to the theoretical solid state treatment used to study the uranyl-containing materials considered in this work.
The methods employed for the calculation of thermodynamic properties of these materials were described in the previous papers [99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105]. The phonon spectrum at the different points of Brillouin zone can be determined by density functional perturbation theory (DFPT) [137, 138, 139] as second-order derivatives of the total energy [137]. Phonon dispersion curves and density of states were calculated, and from them, several important thermodynamic quantities in the quasi-harmonic approximation, such as Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, entropy, and specific heat, were evaluated [140].
The thermodynamic functions of formation at the different temperatures were determined [102] from the calculated enthalpy and entropy functions of the material being considered, [
The enthalpies and Gibbs free energies of a given reaction at the different temperatures, ∆
The computed isobaric heats and entropies at 298.15 K for all the uranyl-containing materials considered in this work [99, 100, 102, 104, 105] are given in Table 1. In this table, the values obtained for rutherfordine, gamma uranium trioxide, and metaschoepite [99, 100, 104] are compared with the corresponding experimental values. For the rest of the materials, there are not experimental values to compare with. As it can be seen, the computed values agree very well with their experimental counterparts. In fact, the differences between the computed and experimental values of these and other thermodynamic properties are frequently smaller than the difference among several different experimental values. From the analysis of the results obtained, the expected accuracy in the computed-specific heats and entropies of studtite, metastudtite, dehydrated schoepite, schoepite, and soddyite is better than 3–5%.
Material | Source | Cp | S |
---|---|---|---|
Rutherfordine | Calc. [99] | 115.02 | 143.11 |
Exp. | 106.5 [37] (8.0%), 120.1 [141] (−5.1%) | 142.70 [37] (0.3%), 139 [142] (3.0%) | |
γ-UO3 | Calc. [100] | 77.36 | 92.96 |
Exp. | 81.67 [143] (−5.3%), 84.72 [37] (−8.7%) | 96.11 [143] (−3.3%), 98.6 [144] (−5.7%) | |
Metaschoepite | Calc. [104] | 142.01 | 166.24 |
Exp. | 154.40 [12] (−8.0%) | 167.00 [12] (−0.5%) | |
Studtite | Calc. [102] | 219.97, 211.17 [41] | 232.12 |
Metastudtite | Calc. [102] | 163.14, 155.81 [41] | 179.27 |
Dehydrated schoepite | Calc. [102] | 103.85 | 125.18 |
Schoepite | Calc. [104] | 150.62 | 168.75 |
Soddyite | Calc. [102] | 275.15 | 315.95 |
Becquerelite | Calc. [105] | 148.40 | 172.34 |
Specific heats and entropies at 298.15 K for the uranyl-containing material studied in this work.
All the values are given in units of J K−1 mol−1. The percent difference of the theoretical and experimental results is given in parenthesis for the specific heats and entropies of rutherfordine, gamma uranium trioxide, and metaschoepite.
The calculated isobaric specific heat, entropy, and Gibbs free energy functions of rutherfordine, gamma uranium trioxide, and metaschoepite are displayed in Figure 2, where they are compared with the experimental functions of Hemingway [37], Cordfunke and Westrum [143], and Barin [12], respectively. For rutherfordine, the computed thermodynamic functions are compared with those of Hemingway [37] in the temperature range of 298–700 K, and as it can be appreciated, the calculated and experimental curves are nearly parallel. The computed value of Cp at 700 K, near the limit of thermal stability of rutherfordine [37], Cp = 153.3 J K−1 mol−1, differs from the experimental value at this temperature, 147.6 J · K−1 mol−1, by only 3.9%. Similarly, the differences of the computed entropy and Gibbs free energy with respect to Hemingway’s experimental values at 700 K are only 2.3 and 1.3%, respectively. Our theoretical calculations allowed to obtain the values of the thermodynamic functions for the low and high temperature ranges 0–300 and 700–1000 K, which were unknown so far and, consequently, extended the range in which the thermodynamic functions were known to 0–1000 K.
Calculated and experimental isobaric specific heat entropies and Gibbs free energies of rutherfordine, gamma uranium trioxide, and metaschoepite as a function of temperature. The experimental thermodynamic functions of rutherfordine, uranium trioxide, and metaschoepite are from Hemingway [
The computed thermodynamic properties of uranium trioxide are also in excellent agreement with the experimental data of Cordfunke and Westrum [143] in the full range of temperatures considered 0–1000 K. The differences in the specific heat, entropy, and Gibbs free energy functions are 3.9, 1.8, and 0.1% at 100 K and 6.1, 3.6, and 3.5% at 1000 K. The comparison reveals that the low temperature calculated thermodynamic data are also very accurate. It must be emphasized that while the experimental isobaric heat capacity function of gamma uranium trioxide at 1000 K is above the asymptotic Dulong-Petit limit, our computed function satisfies properly the requirement of being below this limit [100].
Finally, the theoretical results for metaschoepite mineral phase agree very well with the experimental thermodynamic properties reported by Barin [12] even at temperatures of the order of 800 K, the percent differences of the calculated specific heat, entropy, and Gibbs energy with respect to the corresponding experimental values being 5.4%, 3.2%, and 2.0% at 800 K. The present theoretical data have permitted to discriminate between the experimental thermodynamic functions of metaschoepite reported up to date because the experimental functions reported by Tasker et al. [145] deviate from those of Barin [12] and from our theoretical results already at moderate temperatures [104].
The comparisons performed in the previous paragraph have shown that the variation of the computed thermodynamic functions with temperature is excellent. Hence, it may be expected that the theoretical functions obtained for studtite, metastudtite, dehydrated schoepite, soddyite, schoepite, and becquerelite [102, 104, 105] will also be reliable even at low and high temperatures. For rutherfordine and metaschoepite [99, 104], the calculated thermodynamic properties are recommended instead of the experimental functions because they cover the full temperature range going from 0 to 1000 K and they should provide a uniform accuracy at all temperatures. For gamma uranium trioxide, both sets of data are considered to be equally accurate, but the theoretical specific heat function satisfies properly the asymptotic conditions [100].
The enthalpies and free energies of formation in terms of the elements of the considered mineral phases as a function or temperature were determined [102, 104, 105] from the calculated thermodynamic data, the experimental or estimated [104] standard enthalpy of formation, and the thermodynamic functions of the corresponding elements [11, 12]. The calculated Gibbs free energies of formation of rutherfordine, gamma uranium trioxide, and metaschoepite [102, 104] are shown in Figure 3 together with the corresponding experimental data [12, 37, 143].
Calculated Gibbs free energies of formation of rutherfordine, gamma uranium trioxide, and metaschoepite in terms of the elements as a function of temperature. The experimental Gibbs free energies of formation of rutherfordine, uranium trioxide, and metaschoepite are from Hemingway [
As it may be observed in Figure 3, and as it occurred with the thermodynamic functions of the pure substances reported in Section 3.1, the calculated thermodynamic properties of formation agree with the experimental functions in an excellent manner. For these three materials, the differences of the calculated and experimental values are lower than 1% at ambient temperature and the differences remain very small at high temperatures. The differences become 1.6%, 1.0%, and 2.0% at 700, 900, and 800 K for rutherfordine, γ-UO3, and metaschoepite, respectively [102, 104]. Since the theoretical solid state treatments used for studtite, metastudtite, dehydrated schoepite, soddyite, schoepite, and becquerelite were essentially the same as those used for these three materials, we expect a similar accuracy level for their calculated thermodynamic parameters of formation. An example of these calculated parameters for a material in which there are no experimental data to compare with is the case of the schoepite mineral phase, and the corresponding results are also shown in Figure 3. The combination of the results for schoepite and metaschoepite allowed to study the thermodynamics of the dehydration transformation of schoepite into metaschoepite [104].
Let us first consider the following reactions:
These important reactions represent the formation of the considered uranyl-containing materials in terms of the corresponding oxides. By combining the calculated thermodynamic properties of formation of these materials in terms of the elements [102, 104, 105] with those of the non-uranyl-bearing materials [11] present in reactions (I)–(VIII), we obtained the Gibbs free energies and associated reaction constants displayed in Figure 4 [103, 104, 105].
Calculated Gibbs free energies of formation of studtite, metastudtite, dehydrated schoepite, becquerelite, schoepite, metaschoepite, rutherfordine, and soddyite in terms of the corresponding oxides as a function of temperature [
Figure 4 shows that studtite and metastudtite are unstable with respect to the corresponding oxides at the full range of temperatures studied, 250–500 K, since the corresponding Gibbs free energies of reaction are positive everywhere. Therefore, they are metastable phases at normal conditions. The opposite is true for soddyite mineral phase, which is stable at all the temperatures. However, dehydrated schoepite, becquerelite, schoepite, metaschoepite, and rutherfordine mineral phases are stable at ambient temperature and become unstable at the temperatures of 462, 491, 383, 352, and 514 K, respectively, because the Gibbs free energy of reaction becomes positive at these temperatures. The observation of changes of stability for these phases at these relatively low temperatures was unexpected and highlights the great relevance of the availability of accurate temperature-dependent thermodynamic functions [102, 103].
We will now study the thermodynamic properties of the following set of reactions:
Reactions (IX) to (XV) are the reactions of transformation of dehydrated schoepite, soddyite, uranium trioxide, rutherfordine, metastudtite, becquerelite, and schoepite into studtite in the presence of high hydrogen peroxide concentrations (and absence of water) [103, 104, 105]. Reaction (XVI) represents the conversion of schoepite into metaschoepite at these conditions. The computed Gibbs free energies of these reactions are shown in Figure 5. As it can be observed, all these phases will transform spontaneously into studtite in the presence of high hydrogen peroxide concentrations, since the Gibbs free energy of all these reactions are negative for the full range of temperatures considered, 300–500 K. In the case of metaschoepite, the thermodynamics of reaction (XVI) shows that it will convert into schoepite mineral phase, but according to reaction (XV) the last phase also transforms spontaneously into studtite [104].
Calculated Gibbs free energies of the reactions of transformation of dehydrated schoepite, soddyite, gamma uranium trioxide, rutherfordine, metastudtite, becquerelite, and schoepite into studtite and of metaschoepite into schoepite in the presence of high hydrogen peroxide concentrations as a function of temperature [
Forbes et al. [110] investigated experimentally the transformation of dehydrated schoepite and soddyite into studtite phase in solutions with large concentrations of hydrogen peroxide. They observed that, at ambient temperature, these materials transform into studtite following the reaction stoichiometry. The results of our calculations [103] for the conversion of dehydrated schoepite and soddyite under high hydrogen peroxide concentrations into studtite agree completely with this experimental study. However, our results extend this study because it shows that the same will happen not only at 298.15 K but also at temperature as high as 500 K. The study performed by Kubatko et al. [146] showed that becquerelite mineral phase also transforms into studtite within 8 hours under high hydrogen peroxide concentrations. The thermodynamics of the conversion of becquerelite into studtite under variable concentrations of hydrogen peroxide was studied by our group in a recent paper [105]. The results displayed in Figure 4 [103, 104, 105] show that the same will happen for gamma uranium trioxide, rutherfordine, metastudtite, schoepite, and metaschoepite phases. In fact, because the stability of studtite under these conditions is very high, it is likely that the same will happen for most of the other secondary phases of SNF, as it was suggested in 2017 [101].
Our study of the thermodynamics of these reactions also permits to comprehend why uranyl peroxide hydrates were the unique phases found in a 2-year corrosion experiment of SNF in deionized water [109]. These phases should be the unique phases found not only in deionized water but also in water containing silicate ions, since studtite is much more stable than soddyite and probably more stable than most other uranyl silicate phases under high hydrogen peroxide concentrations.
From the thermodynamic data reported in our previous papers [103, 104, 105], the order of thermodynamic stability of the uranyl-containing materials considered in this work was evaluated as a function of temperature under three different conditions: (A) under high concentrations of hydrogen peroxide; (B) in the presence of water and hydrogen peroxide; and (C) in the absence of hydrogen peroxide. The stability of these phases at these conditions in the range of temperatures from 300 to 500 K is displayed in Figures 5A and 6B and C. In these three figures, the relative stabilities are given with respect to studtite, metastudtite, and gamma uranium trioxide, respectively.
Figure 6 provides a very clear idea of the temporal evolution of the paragenetic sequence of secondary phases appearing as a result of the corrosion of SNF under final DGR conditions. Uranyl peroxide phase studtite will appear as the prominent phase at the earlier stages of this paragenetic sequence (see Figure 6A) due to the presence of high hydrogen peroxide concentrations caused by the radiolysis of most of the water reaching the surface of SNF. If the hydrogen peroxide concentration diminishes with time, as expected from the decrease of the intensity of radiation fields over time in a DGR [147], the studtite stability will decrease and the formation of other secondary phases will occur. In the presence of water and hydrogen peroxide (see Figure 6B), the uranyl oxyhydroxide phases (schoepite, metaschoepite, and becquerelite) appear to be the most stable ones. Finally, in the absence of hydrogen peroxide, soddyite is the most stable phase and rutherfordine is also more stable than becquerelite for temperatures lower than 492 K (Figure 6C). Thus, at hydrogen peroxide free conditions, uranyl silicates and carbonates must be the most prominent phases of the SNF.
Relative thermodynamic stability of a selected set of secondary phases of SNF: (A) under high hydrogen peroxide concentrations; (B) under the presence of water and hydrogen peroxide; and (C) under the absence of hydrogen peroxide.
A full evaluation and understanding of the number and relative amount of the secondary phases of spent nuclear fuel present at the conditions of a final geological disposal over time require the realization of complete thermodynamic calculations employing thermochemical data for a significant number of materials, including the most important secondary phases, amorphous phases, and aqueous species, at a wide range of temperature and pressure conditions [103]. The determination of these thermodynamic data, the evaluation of their temperature and pressure dependence, and the realization of the corresponding thermodynamic computations are one of the main objectives of our current research.
The important solubility reactions of schoepite, metaschoepite, rutherfordine, and becquerelite may be written, respectively, as follows:
Using the computed values of the Gibbs free energies of formation of schoepite, metaschoepite, becquerelite, and rutherfordine and the Gibbs free energies of formation of aqueous ions, UO22+(aq),
Material | ∆spG (calc.) | Log Ksp (calc.) | Log Ksp (exp.) |
---|---|---|---|
Schoepite | −26.11 | 4.57 | — |
Metaschoepite | −34.14 | 5.98 | 5.6 ± 0.2 [149], 5.52 ± 0.04 [150], 6.23 ± 0.14 [151], 5.9 ± 0.1 [152], 5.14 ± 0.05 [153], 5.72 ± 0.19 [154], 5.79 ± 0.19 [155] |
Becquerelite | −287.55 | 50.38 | 40.5 ± 1.4 [149], 41.2 ± 0.52 [156], 43.2 [157], 29 ± 1 [158], 41.89 ± 0.52 [159], 43.70 ± 0.47 [159] |
Rutherfordine | 96.83 | −16.96 | −14.91 ± 0.10 [153], −13.89 ± 0.11 [154], −13.29 ± 0.01 [155] |
Calculated and experimental Gibbs free energies (∆spG) and associated reaction constants (Log Ksp) of the solubility reactions of schoepite, metaschoepite, becquerelite, and rutherfordine.
The values of ∆spG
The calculated solubility products,
It has been demonstrated [99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 120, 121, 122, 123] that Periodic Density Functional Theory methods are an extremely powerful tool in the research of uranium-containing compounds. The use of the new relativistic norm-conserving pseudopotential [101, 121] permitted the computation of the structural properties, X-ray powder patterns, vibrational Raman spectra, and mechanical and thermodynamic properties of these materials. These methods are free of the problems involved in the experimental methods associated to the radiotoxicity of these compounds.
The first principles methodology allowed the safe, accurate, and cheap study of secondary phases of SNF definitive geological disposal conditions. The theoretical methods may be used, in conjunction with experimental techniques, as an interpretative tool of the experimental data or as a predictive tool to determine the structural, vibrational, mechanic, and thermodynamic properties of these substances. One of the most successful applications of this methodology has been achieved when studying their fundamental thermodynamic properties [99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105].
The development of empirical dispersion corrections [126] and the development of density functionals specific for solid materials [130] have improved extraordinarily the reliability of the calculated thermodynamic functions and their temperature dependence. The results were shown to be accurate at very low and high temperatures [99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105]. The description of the temperature dependence of these functions is very difficult from the experimental point of view. The theoretical approach has permitted in some cases, as those of the rutherfordine [99] and metaschoepite [104] mineral phases, to extend the range of temperatures in which the thermodynamic properties were known and to determine the variation with temperature of these properties for a large series of important phases in which it was completely unknown: studtite, metastudtite, dehydrated schoepite, becquerelite, schoepite, and soddyite. Furthermore, the calculated thermodynamic functions satisfy properly the Dulong-Petit asymptotic constraints.
The comparison of the computed heat capacities and entropies with experimental data was very satisfactory in those cases in which there ware experimental data to compare with. The calculated Gibbs free energies of formation of rutherfordine, γ-UO3, and metaschoepite [102, 104] were in good agreement with experiment at ambient temperature, and the differences with the corresponding experimental values were only 1.6%, 1.0%, and 2.0% at 700, 900, and 800 K, respectively. Because the theoretical treatments used for studtite, metastudtite, dehydrated schoepite, soddyite, schoepite, and becquerelite were essentially the same as those used for these three materials, we expect a similar accuracy level for their calculated thermodynamic parameters of formation [102, 104, 105].
As an application of the calculated thermodynamic properties of the considered uranyl materials, the Gibbs free energies and associated reaction constants of a large number of reactions involving these materials were determined. The results provided a deep and clear understanding of the temporal evolution of the paragenetic sequence of secondary phases appearing at the surface of SNF as a result of its corrosion under final DGR conditions [103, 104, 105]. Additional work is now in progress to determine the thermodynamic properties of a significant number of additional phases. The use of these thermodynamic parameters in detailed multi-component thermodynamic computations should be pursued in a near future.
Supercomputer time by the CETA-CIEMAT, CTI-CSIC, and CESGA centers is acknowledged. This work has been carried out in the context of a CSIC–CIEMAT collaboration agreement: “Caracterización experimental y teórica de fases secundarias y óxidos de uranio formados en condiciones de almacenamiento de combustible nuclear.” I want to thank Dr. Ana María Fernández, Dr. Vicente Timon, Dr. Laura J. Bonales, Dr. Joaquín Cobos, and Dr. Rafael Escribano for their continuous help and advice during the realization of these studies.
The author declares that there is no conflict of interest.
To Beatriz and Ana María, on the occasion of their 12th and 25th birthdays.
Megadiverse countries constitute exceptional areas on Earth where most of the planetary biodiversity is present. The complexity of these areas is huge, but in most of the cases, two major points are key: (1) the geographical location, and (2) the abiotic and biotic elements present. Mexico is one of the top five megadiverse countries in the world and its macrodiversity and endemism are well represented by amphibians, mammals, plants, and reptiles [1]. However, the knowledge of microscopic organisms such as archaea, bacteria, protozoa, microscopic algae, and microscopic fungi, that inhabit aquatic, atmospheric, marine, and soil ecosystems is neither poorly known, studied nor understood.
The vision of this chapter is to contribute to the knowledge, research, and study of microscopic life in different Mexican ecosystems, as they are often ignored or poorly mentioned in federal texts or even in biotic inventories. Our examples are some members of the class actinobacteria [2], and we aim to demonstrate why it is so important to study these bacteria in such detail to fully explore and untap the unknown actinobacterial diversity with potential in biology. Using a dynamic isolation strategy on air, soil, and marine sediments and sponges collected from yet unexplored sites of the Mexican territory, we have been able to cultivate novel actinobacteria. Our findings showed that expertise, patience, and talent of the techniques applied are keys in the hunt for new potential microbes.
The isolation of microorganisms, including actinobacteria, is not new but a dynamic strategy that is continuously changing, and the developed to date is a powerful tool. For more than two centuries, researchers from Japan, the UK, and USA have shown that beneficial microorganisms isolated from the soil are important to Biology. In recent years the isolation of the first genus of actinobacteria from the marine origin [3] and novel marine species [4] have shown the importance of exploring the marine environment. Extreme or unexplored sites have also shown the isolation of actinobacteria including putative novel actinobacteria [5].
Our research studying actinobacteria started in 1999 [6, 7], but until 2009 we properly started the exploration of the Mexican (marine) ecosystems [8] as an independent group. We followed bioprospecting, diversity, and systematic approach but designing a selective isolation strategy was the first step for a complete full project or protocol [9].
Actinobacteria is a complex group of bacteria, they present forms such as rods or bacilli, many differentiate in vegetative mycelium, aerial hyphae, and chain of spores, and in a few genera fragmentation of the hyphae is present. In general, the Gram reaction is positive and the content of guanine plus cytosine is above 69%mol. The morphological characteristics within the class showed how complex this group is. Actinobacteria are considered saprophytes or beneficial microbes, but a small number of species have been shown to be either pathogenic [10] or opportunistic [11]. This microbial group has been isolated or cultivated using classical methods from almost every sample taken on Earth and they are always detected when using molecular methods to study this group in a given environmental sample.
Actinobacteria also have the innate ability to produce secondary metabolites with biological activity, to date, this class encompasses 80% of the microbes that produce the antibacterial compounds used in medicine. Complete Genome Sequencing of some genera of actinobacteria such as
The more we study and discover actinobacteria the more important they become in pass, present, and future assignments. Microorganisms and microbial biomass, including actinobacteria, represent the major resource for biotechnology and biological areas. We should continue exploring their role in nature in order to understand their biology, ecology, and bioprospecting potential [13, 14, 15, 16].
The Earth’s atmosphere is divided into six specific layers with completely different characteristics: (1) Troposphere, (2) Stratosphere, (3) Mesosphere, (4) Thermosphere, (5) Ionosphere, and (6) Exosphere. It has been established that the atmosphere plays an important role to transport microorganisms, place to place, continent to continent. The latter has been established using scientific tools in the last 200 years and in the last 15 years, NASA has monitored mineral dust particles from the Sahara desert with a robust precision using spaceborne satellites. These Saharan dust plumes contain microorganisms and enter mainland Mexico by the Yucatan Peninsula [17].
The atmosphere is a hostile environment for microorganisms though there are a significant number of them in the troposphere, with air as their main dispersion pathway. The abundance, diversity, survival, and transport of microorganisms, as passive drivers, and how they get stressed severely by the conditions presented in the atmosphere have fully been reported [18]. Most of the microorganisms in the atmosphere are present as spores, while others have adapted to resist desiccation or high/low temperatures [19]. Recent reports have also shown that some microorganisms (i.e., by using specific proteins) can act as ice nucleating particles [20] and that they may play an important role in cloud formation [21]. In general, bacteria (including actinobacteria) present in the atmosphere are attached to suspended particles [17], and their concentration change notably during the dry or wet seasons of each year [22].
As part of the African Dust and Biomass Burning Over Yucatan (ADABBOY) Project [23] in the city of Merida (N 21°02´75.4´´ W 89°65´44.8´´) a selective isolation strategy was carried out in order to cultivate/recovered putative actinobacteria in May 2017. Air samples were impacted using a Quick Take 30 Sample Pump® and a BioStage® SKC (Figure 1) in Petri dishes prepared with a slightly modified Glucose Yeast Malt extract agar (GYM medium; Appendix A; Medium 65: DSMZ; www.dsmz.de) supplemented with Rifampicin (5 μg/mL; Sigma-Aldrich, USA) and Nystatin (50 μg/mL; MICOSTATIN® Bristol Myers Squibb, Mexico).
The device used for the air particles.
Plates were incubated in two different laboratories and conditions. The first laboratory was in the city of Merida at the Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, using an aerobic incubator set at 25°C and the plates were incubated for 24 hours. For the second procedure, the plates were transported to a laboratory in Mexico City where the incubation time continued aerobically at 30°C (IncuMax IC-320, Amerex USA) for 8 weeks with eye observation each week. One microorganism with the production of aerial hyphae, a gray mass of spores, and a very deep purple diffusible pigment (Figure 2) was selected from the isolation plates for further studies.
Morphology and purple diffusible pigment of an airborne streptomycete.
The selected isolate was coded C6-CCA-May-1. After a purification process using GYM medium and two different techniques (cross streak and serial dilutions), bacterial biomass and spores of the strain were ultra-preserved in 20% glycerol. Morphological characterization was carried out using a GYM medium (Figure 3) and a Gram staining procedure (Figure 4) was carried out following well-known universal protocols.
Aerial hyphae and spore mass of isolate C6-CCA-May-1.
Gram staining of the airborne streptomycete.
Molecular identification of strain C6-CCA-May-1 was carried out following protocols previously published [8, 24]. First, the DNA of strain C6-CCA-May-1 was extracted and used as a template for PCR amplification using the 16S rRNA gene (Appendix B). The sequence of the 16S rRNA gene PCR product confirmed that strain C6-CCA-May-1 belongs to the genus
Hit taxon name | Hit strain name | Accesion | Similarity | Hit taxonomy | Completeness (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
NBRC 133559T | AB18350 | 99.51 | Bacteria;Actinobacteria;Actinobacteria_c;Streptomycetales;Streptomycetaceae;Streptomyces | 99.6 | |
NBRC 13404T | AB18381 | 98.88 | 99.9 | ||
KNN 35.1bT | LT621750 | 98.77 | 95.5 | ||
NBRC 13000T | AB184249 | 98.66 | 99.9 | ||
NBRC 15423T | AB184670 | 98.66 | 99.0 |
List of hits from the EZbiocloud 16S database.
A Bayesian phylogenetic tree was constructed in order to establish the taxonomic position of
Phylogenetic tree of the 16S rRNA gene of the airborne streptomycete.
Streptomycetes are an ecologically important group capable of producing diverse bioactive compounds. However, their taxonomy and diversity in air samples remain unknown. For almost two centuries the genus
Seventy percent of our planet is covered by the ocean but from one marine research project, there are 10 of terrestrial origin. Little is still known about marine biodiversity (including microorganisms) though their potential is extraordinary and needs to be fully studied and exploited. Mexico is surrounded by the Pacific Ocean, the Sea of Cortez (
In the present project, a total collection of 34 marine sediments or sponges were collected at RANP during two expeditions (December 2017 and January 2018). A selective isolation strategy using 11 of the marine sediments and two different media was developed following a previously reported study [24]. In order to isolate marine obligate and nonobligate actinobacteria, 1 g of wet sediments was transferred to tubes containing 9 mL of saline solution (0.9%; NaCl; Sigma-Aldrich, Mexico), four dilutions were prepared (10−1 to 10−4) and 100 μL (Gilson, France) of each dilution were spread onto marine GYM medium and 1:10 marine GYM medium (Appendix A); both media supplemented with Rifampicin [15, 25 and 50 μg/mL] and Nystatin (100 μg/mL). Plates were then aerobically incubated at 30°C (IncuMax IC-320, Amerex USA) for up to 16 weeks. Starting at week eight, the isolation plates were checked by eye looking for actinobacterial colonies. Once putative colonies were noticed each was then streaked in new GYM plates without antibiotics or antifungal compounds until an axenic culture was obtained. The conditions of incubation were as mentioned above. Because of the pressure set in the isolation strategy, not many microbes were able to grow but actinobacteria were successfully cultivated.
A preliminary test to quickly select marine obligate actinobacteria was carried out using marine GYM medium (Figure 6A and C) and GYM medium (Figure 6B and D). A positive result was considered when nonmicrobial biomass was observed growing on the surface of GYM medium after 4 weeks of incubation (Figure 6B). The ones that presented growth only in the marine GYM medium were considered those marine obligate actinobacteria (Figure 6A). It should be pointed out, however, that we were also able to isolate nonobligate actinobacteria that showed the typical characteristics of members of the family Micromonosporaceae [32] (Figure 6C and D). Up to date there is only one genus that is considered halophile within the Phylum Actinobacteria, and this is
Screening of obligate and nonobligate marine actinobacteria.
The molecular identification using the 16S rRNA gene of obligate and nonobligate marine actinobacteria confirmed that they belong to the genera
Code of microorganism | Identity (%) | Hit taxonomy | Accesion |
---|---|---|---|
C114 col. 1 | 99 | GD145235.1 | |
C60 b bca col. 1 | 100 | MH299440.1 | |
C60a col. 3 | 100 | KX394599.1 | |
C60 col. 4 | 99 | KX394598.1 | |
C72 col. 2 | 100 | AG506245.1 | |
C134 col. 4 | 99 | CF133005.1 |
Taxonomic identification of some of the obligate and nonobligate marine actinobacteria from RANP.
To isolate obligate and nonobligate marine actinobacteria from the sponge samples, five different species of
Strategy to isolate actinobacteria from six marine sponges.
Starting at week eight, the isolation plates were checked by eye looking for actinobacterial colonies (Figure 8). Once putative colonies were selected they were streaked in new GYM plates until axenic culture were obtained. The conditions of incubation were the same as mentioned before.
Morphology of the marine obligate actinobacteria.
The preliminary test to select marine obligate actinobacteria was carried out as mentioned previously. Obligate marine actinobacteria (Figure 9A) were isolated from
Morphology of obligate and nonobligate marine actinobacteria.
We isolated marine obligate actinobacteria that were preliminarily assigned to the genus
The microbial communities of marine obligate and nonobligate actinobacteria associated with marine sediments remain poorly characterized [34] and we must continue searching for these gifted microorganisms [35]. Culture-dependent methods captured approximately 3% of the total count of the microbes and in some reports around 39 genera have been only detected in culture. The latter shows the importance to carry out/improve, innovative and original selective isolation techniques since these may be more effective than previously recognized.
Soil is one of the most complex ecosystems on Earth and its amount of organic matter, mineral composition, and diversity of microorganisms will determine its ecology. There are different kinds of soils but in general, those with less anthropogenic impact will be richer in microorganisms. Mexico encompasses 26 types of soil out of the 32 recognized in the world [36, 37] and this is due to several causes, namely: (1) the complexity of the topography originated from the volcanic activity in the Cenozoic Era, (2) the wide altitudinal gradient (from 0 to 5, 600 m.a.s.l.), (3) by the five main climates present according to the Köppen classification [38], (4) the enormous diversity of landscapes present and, finally (5) the different kind of rocks that the Mexican territory enclose. It is well recognized that actinobacteria are abundant in soils and that they play an important role in the degradation and recycling of organic matter. Soil microorganisms have a remarkable ability to produce compounds with biological activity such as antibiotics, and historically this has been exemplified by streptomycin which is produced by a streptomycete named
Mexico encompasses nearly 4, 000 insular regions of outstanding natural beauty, their biodiversity is remarked by high number of endemism (plants and animals) and most of these regions are federal protected. Revillagigedo Archipelago National Park (RANP) [39] encompasses four tropical volcanic Islands: (1) Socorro, (2) Clarion, (3) San Benedicto, and (4) Roca Partida. The RANP is considered as one of the best-preserved areas in the world.
In the present project, soil samples were collected at five different sites of Socorro Island (SI) (Figure 10) in 2016 and 2017, respectively (Table 3). A selective isolation strategy using five soil samples and three different media was developed in order to isolate actinobacteria. One gram of each soil was transferred to tubes containing 9 mL of saline solution (0.9%; NaCl; Sigma-Aldrich, Mexico). Modified Pikovskaya agar (Appendix A), GYM without antibiotics or antifungal compounds, and marine GYM supplemented with Rifampicin [5 μg/mL] and Nystatin (100 μg/mL) were used as isolation media. The dilutions used for modified Pikovskaya and marine GYM were 10−1 to 10−4 and for GYM 10−6 to 10−8. One hundred microliters (Gilson, France) of each dilution were spread in the media and then aerobically incubated at 30°C (IncuMax IC-320, Amerex USA) for up to 4 weeks.
Sites of sampling in Socorro Island.
Code of sampling site | Name of sampling site | Meter of above sea level (masl) | Date of sampling | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
S1 | Camping place | South of Socorro Island | 450 | 25 | December 2016 |
S2 | Cave | 550 | 28 | ||
S3 | North camping place | North of Socorro Island | 941 | 30 | |
S4 | Everman volcano | South East of Everman volcano | 850 | 3 | January 2017 |
S5 | Parrot camping place | 600 |
General information of the sampling sites.
The isolation plates were checked by eye looking for actinobacteria and selected colonies were streaked in new GYM media plates until axenic cultures were obtained (Figure 11). The conditions of incubation were the same as mentioned above. The cultivable actinobacteria diversity was remarkable but only 215 isolates were selected from the isolation plates. Eighty-six isolates presented morphological differentiation based on aerial hyphae and spore mass so that they were considered as streptomycetes (Figure 12).
Isolation plate (a), selected actinobacteria (b), and axenic culture (c).
Morphological diversity of actinobacteria from Socorro Island soils.
Molecular identification using the 16S rRNA gene of 10 selected strains morphologically resembling streptomycetes confirmed that they indeed belong to this extensive and important genus (Table 4). The phylogenetic tree constructed using five of sequences of the selected strains showed that they are different amongst them and from those more related
Code of microorganism | Hit taxonomy | Identity (%) |
---|---|---|
C1-S1-1 | 99 | |
C10-S2-14 | ||
C67-S2-1 | ||
C43-S3-1 | ||
C43-S3-2 | ||
C58-S5-2 | ||
C59-S5-1 | ||
C59-S5-2 | ||
C27-S4-3 | ||
C57-S5-1 |
Preliminary identification of selected streptomycetes from the different sites.
Phylogenetic tree of the 16S rRNA gene selected streptomycetes isolates.
Soil actinobacteria, particularly
More than two centuries of work to isolate actinobacteria from natural resources have ended in major discoveries, academic contributions, and important recognitions. Novel actinobacteria represent the entree of new natural compounds of significant importance. For more than 15 years our research group has developed and applied selective isolation strategies exploring distinct natural unexplored sites or less studied ecological niches in Mexico. To avoid the isolation of the “same bugs,” it is needed to use different selective isolation strategies, pre-treatments of the environmental sample, supplementation of the media with a specific concentration of antibiotics and antifungal compounds while carefully selecting the target organisms.
The results presented in this chapter support the proposal that the isolation of microorganisms is not “
Actinobacteria is one most of the diverse and complex groups of bacteria and produces more than 80% of the antibiotics used in medicine today. Their ability to produce novel natural compounds, such as antibiotics and novel cancer compounds is widely recognized. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) there is an urgent need to discover novel antibiotics for priority pathogenic bacteria and emerging pathogenic organisms [43] and the first step to respond and to contribute with this global initiative is to isolate novel actinobacteria. To our knowledge, our reports here are one of the few research projects in our country that are dedicated to study the ecological role and the genetic potential of novel actinobacteria from unexplored sites or less studied ecological niches in Mexico.
Our research was supported by Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN)—Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado (SIP), Grants SIP 20170432, 20170434, 20170410, 20181167, 20181528, 20181803, 20196605, 20196630, 20196649, 20201026, 20201893, 20202083, 20210987, 20211209, and 20211740. L.C.-C. was supported by a Ph.D. Scholarship from Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT, Mexico) no. 270230 and Beca de Estímulo Institucional de Formación de Investigadores Program (BEIFI-IPN). ETQ, CJHG and JCCD acknowledge Comisión de Operación y Fomento de Actividades Académicas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (COFAA), Estímulo al Desempeño de los Investigadores (EDI) and Sistema Nacional de Investigadores (SNI-CONACYT) fellowships. A.A-V ackcnowledges a Mexican Postdoctoral Scholarship Program 3 and 4, Program 4, 2020–2021 and Program 1 and 2, Program 2, 2021–2022 (CONACyT, Mexico).
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Glucose Yeast Malt Extract Agar -GYM medium- (DSM medium 65) | |
---|---|
Dextrose (Bacto™, BD) | 4 g |
Yeast extract (Bacto™, BD) | 4 g |
Malt extract (Bacto™, BD) | 10 g |
Calcium carbonate (SIGMA-ALDRICH) | 2 g |
Agar (Bacto™, BD) | 12 g |
Distilled water | 1000 mL |
pH 7.2 |
Marine media was prepared by replacing distilled water with artificial seawater (Ocean™). 1:10 marine GYM medium was prepared using an aliquot of marine GYM. All the media was sterilized at 121°C, 1.5 Lb. for 15 min.
Reagents | Volume |
---|---|
10× DNA polymerase buffer [50 mM stock solution] (Bioline, USA) | 5 μL |
MgCl2 [50 mM] (Bioline, USA) | 1.5 μL |
dNTPs [10 mM stock mixture] (Bioline, USA) | 1.25 μL |
Primer 27f [20 μM stock solution] (Invitrogen) | 0.5 μL |
Primer 1525r [20 μM stock solution] (Invitrogen) | 0.5 μL |
DNA [100 ng/μL] | 1 μL |
Taq polymerase [5 U] (Bioline, USA) | 1 Unit |
Ultra-pure Milli-Q water | Up to 50 μL |
Amplification was achieved using a Techno 512 gradient PCR machine.
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He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. 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He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. 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He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:{name:"Association for Computing Machinery",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:"Manufacturing and Technology Integrated Campus – SENAI CIMATEC",institution:null},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"414880",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Vatankhah",slug:"maryam-vatankhah",fullName:"Maryam Vatankhah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Borough of Manhattan Community College",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"414879",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad-Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",slug:"mohammad-reza-akbarzadeh-totonchi",fullName:"Mohammad-Reza Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"414878",title:"Prof.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Public University System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"426586",title:"Dr.",name:"Oladunni A.",middleName:null,surname:"Daramola",slug:"oladunni-a.-daramola",fullName:"Oladunni A. Daramola",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Technology",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"357014",title:"Prof.",name:"Leon",middleName:null,surname:"Bobrowski",slug:"leon-bobrowski",fullName:"Leon Bobrowski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bialystok University of Technology",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"302698",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"yao-shan",fullName:"Yao Shan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"354126",title:"Dr.",name:"Setiawan",middleName:null,surname:"Hadi",slug:"setiawan-hadi",fullName:"Setiawan Hadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Padjadjaran University",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"125911",title:"Prof.",name:"Jia-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"jia-ching-wang",fullName:"Jia-Ching Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Central University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"332603",title:"Prof.",name:"Kumar S.",middleName:null,surname:"Ray",slug:"kumar-s.-ray",fullName:"Kumar S. Ray",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Statistical Institute",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"415409",title:"Prof.",name:"Maghsoud",middleName:null,surname:"Amiri",slug:"maghsoud-amiri",fullName:"Maghsoud Amiri",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Allameh Tabataba'i University",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"357085",title:"Mr.",name:"P. Mohan",middleName:null,surname:"Anand",slug:"p.-mohan-anand",fullName:"P. Mohan Anand",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356696",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"P.V.",middleName:null,surname:"Sai Charan",slug:"p.v.-sai-charan",fullName:"P.V. Sai Charan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"357086",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandeep K.",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",slug:"sandeep-k.-shukla",fullName:"Sandeep K. Shukla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"18",type:"subseries",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11414,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. 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