Package of services for elderly in different levels of health care delivery system under NPHCE are given below.
\\n\\n
Dr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\\n\\nSeeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\\n\\nOver these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\\n\\nWe are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\\n\\nThank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\\n\\nNow with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
\\n\\nRead, share and download for free: https://www.intechopen.com/books
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Preparation of Space Experiments edited by international leading expert Dr. Vladimir Pletser, Director of Space Training Operations at Blue Abyss is the 5,000th Open Access book published by IntechOpen and our milestone publication!
\n\n"This book presents some of the current trends in space microgravity research. The eleven chapters introduce various facets of space research in physical sciences, human physiology and technology developed using the microgravity environment not only to improve our fundamental understanding in these domains but also to adapt this new knowledge for application on earth." says the editor. Listen what else Dr. Pletser has to say...
\n\n\n\nDr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\n\nSeeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\n\nOver these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\n\nWe are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\n\nThank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\n\nNow with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
\n\nRead, share and download for free: https://www.intechopen.com/books
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"stanford-university-identifies-top-2-scientists-over-1-000-are-intechopen-authors-and-editors-20210122",title:"Stanford University Identifies Top 2% Scientists, Over 1,000 are IntechOpen Authors and Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-authors-included-in-the-highly-cited-researchers-list-for-2020-20210121",title:"IntechOpen Authors Included in the Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020"},{slug:"intechopen-maintains-position-as-the-world-s-largest-oa-book-publisher-20201218",title:"IntechOpen Maintains Position as the World’s Largest OA Book Publisher"},{slug:"all-intechopen-books-available-on-perlego-20201215",title:"All IntechOpen Books Available on Perlego"},{slug:"oiv-awards-recognizes-intechopen-s-editors-20201127",title:"OIV Awards Recognizes IntechOpen's Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-crossref-s-initiative-for-open-abstracts-i4oa-to-boost-the-discovery-of-research-20201005",title:"IntechOpen joins Crossref's Initiative for Open Abstracts (I4OA) to Boost the Discovery of Research"},{slug:"intechopen-hits-milestone-5-000-open-access-books-published-20200908",title:"IntechOpen hits milestone: 5,000 Open Access books published!"},{slug:"intechopen-books-hosted-on-the-mathworks-book-program-20200819",title:"IntechOpen Books Hosted on the MathWorks Book Program"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"161",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Computational Fluid Dynamics Technologies and Applications",title:"Computational Fluid Dynamics",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book is planned to publish with an objective to provide a state-of-art reference book in the area of computational fluid dynamics for CFD engineers, scientists, applied physicists and post-graduate students. Also the aim of the book is the continuous and timely dissemination of new and innovative CFD research and developments. This reference book is a collection of 14 chapters characterized in 4 parts: modern principles of CFD, CFD in physics, industrial and in castle. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the computational experiment technology, numerical simulation of the hydrodynamics and heat transfer processes in a two dimensional gas, application of lattice Boltzmann method in heat transfer and fluid flow, etc. Several interesting applications area are also discusses in the book like underwater vehicle propeller, the flow behavior in gas-cooled nuclear reactors, simulation odour dispersion around windbreaks and so on.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-169-5",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6020-5",doi:"10.5772/686",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"computational-fluid-dynamics-technologies-and-applications",numberOfPages:410,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,hash:"d636946634ddf4e48b6e9bc6a0cd615a",bookSignature:"Igor V. Minin and Oleg V. Minin",publishedDate:"July 5th 2011",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/161.jpg",numberOfDownloads:55446,numberOfWosCitations:61,numberOfCrossrefCitations:20,numberOfDimensionsCitations:60,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:141,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 7th 2010",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 4th 2010",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 9th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 10th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 9th 2011",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"3712",title:"Prof.",name:"Oleg",middleName:null,surname:"Minin",slug:"oleg-minin",fullName:"Oleg Minin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/3712/images/1774_n.jpg",biography:"Oleg V. Minin received a B.A. in Physics from the Novosibirsk State University, a PhD in Physics from Tomsk State University in 1987 and a Doctor of science from NSTU in 2002. Currently he is a full Professor in the Department of Information Protection at Novosibirsk State Technical University (NSTU), Russia. From 1982 to 2001 he was Chief Research Scientist at the Institute of Applied Physics, Novosibirsk, Russia. Dr. Minin’s research interests are in the areas of diffractive optics and antenna experiment (including explosive plasma antenna), millimeter wave and THz photonics and nanophotonics, information security, detection of hidden weapons as well as development of antiterrorism devices, experiment technologies, explosive physics. He is a member of SPIE, COST-284 and COST-ic0603 and he is the author of several books and book chapters in technical publications. For his work Dr. Minin was awarded the Commendation for Excellence in Technical Communications (LaserFocusWorld, 2003) and commendation by the Minister of Defense of Russia, 2000.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"Tomsk Polytechnic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"123258",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:null,surname:"Minin",slug:"igor-minin",fullName:"Igor Minin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/123258/images/1782_n.jpg",biography:"Igor V. Minin is a full Professor in the Department of Information Protection at Novosibirsk State Technical University (NSTU), Russia. Dr. Minin received a B.A. in Physics from the Novosibirsk State University, a PhD in Physics from Leningrad Electro-Technical University in 1986. and a Doctor of science from NSTU in 2002. Dr. Minin has over twenty years of international industrial and academic experience and has played key roles in a number of projects including 3D millimeter wave real-time imaging and antiterrorism applications. He is the author or coauthor of approximately 350 research articles, seven monographers (including Diffractive optics of millimeter waves (IOP Publisher, Boston-London, 2004), Basic Principles of Fresnel Antenna Arrays (Springer, 2008)), and has been awarded 24 patents and inventions. He is the author of several books and book chapters in technical publications and has been the Editor of several books including Microwave and Millimeter Wave Technologies Modern UWB antennas and equipment (InTech, Austria 2010) and Microwave and Millimeter Wave Technologies from Photonic Bandgap Devices to Antenna and Applications (InTech, Austria 2010).",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"610",title:"Numerical Computing",slug:"numerical-computing"}],chapters:[{id:"16381",title:"Calculation Experiment Technology",doi:"10.5772/22497",slug:"calculation-experiment-technology",totalDownloads:2412,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Vladilen F. Minin, Igor V. Minin and Oleg V. Minin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16381",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16381",authors:[{id:"3712",title:"Prof.",name:"Oleg",surname:"Minin",slug:"oleg-minin",fullName:"Oleg Minin"}],corrections:null},{id:"16382",title:"Application of Lattice Boltzmann Method in Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer",doi:"10.5772/10585",slug:"application-of-lattice-boltzmann-method-in-fluid-flow-and-heat-transfer",totalDownloads:4687,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:7,signatures:"Quan Liao and Tien-Chien Jen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16382",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16382",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"16383",title:"CFD Applications for Predicting Flow Behavior in Advanced Gas Cooled Reactors",doi:"10.5772/17709",slug:"cfd-applications-for-predicting-flow-behavior-in-advanced-gas-cooled-reactors",totalDownloads:2923,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Donna Post Guillen and Piyush Sabharwall",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16383",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16383",authors:[{id:"29199",title:"Dr.",name:"Donna",surname:"Guillen",slug:"donna-guillen",fullName:"Donna Guillen"},{id:"39875",title:"Dr.",name:"Piyush",surname:"Sabharwall",slug:"piyush-sabharwall",fullName:"Piyush Sabharwall"}],corrections:null},{id:"16384",title:"CFD for Characterizing Standard and Single-use Stirred Cell Culture Bioreactors",doi:"10.5772/23496",slug:"cfd-for-characterizing-standard-and-single-use-stirred-cell-culture-bioreactors",totalDownloads:6648,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:28,signatures:"Stephan C. Kaiser, Christian Löffelholz, Sören Werner and Dieter Eibl",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16384",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16384",authors:[{id:"52219",title:"MSc",name:"Stephan C.",surname:"Kaiser",slug:"stephan-c.-kaiser",fullName:"Stephan C. Kaiser"},{id:"52439",title:"MSc.",name:"Sören",surname:"Werner",slug:"soren-werner",fullName:"Sören Werner"},{id:"52440",title:"MSc.",name:"Christian",surname:"Löffelholz",slug:"christian-loffelholz",fullName:"Christian Löffelholz"},{id:"52441",title:"Prof.",name:"Dieter",surname:"Eibl",slug:"dieter-eibl",fullName:"Dieter Eibl"}],corrections:null},{id:"16385",title:"Application of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) for Simulation of Acid Mine Drainage Generation and Subsequent Pollutants Transportation through Groundwater Flow Systems and Rivers",doi:"10.5772/16927",slug:"application-of-computational-fluid-dynamics-cfd-for-simulation-of-acid-mine-drainage-generation-and-",totalDownloads:4626,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Faramarz Doulati Ardejani, Ernest Baafi, Kumars Seif Panahi, Raghu Nath Singh and Behshad Jodeiri Shokri",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16385",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16385",authors:[{id:"26701",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Behshad",surname:"Jodeiri Shokri",slug:"behshad-jodeiri-shokri",fullName:"Behshad Jodeiri Shokri"},{id:"33429",title:"Dr.",name:"Faramarz",surname:"Doulati Ardejani",slug:"faramarz-doulati-ardejani",fullName:"Faramarz Doulati Ardejani"},{id:"33918",title:"MSc.",name:"Kumars",surname:"Seifpanah Shabani",slug:"kumars-seifpanah-shabani",fullName:"Kumars Seifpanah Shabani"},{id:"33919",title:"Prof.",name:"Raghu",surname:"Singh",slug:"raghu-singh",fullName:"Raghu Singh"},{id:"33920",title:"Prof.",name:"Ernest",surname:"Baafi",slug:"ernest-baafi",fullName:"Ernest Baafi"}],corrections:null},{id:"16386",title:"Computational Flow Modelling of Multiphase Reacting Flow in Trickle-bed Reactors with Applications to the Catalytic Abatement of Liquid Pollutants",doi:"10.5772/17202",slug:"computational-flow-modelling-of-multiphase-reacting-flow-in-trickle-bed-reactors-with-applications-t",totalDownloads:3687,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Rodrigo J.G. Lopes and Rosa M. Quinta-Ferreira",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16386",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16386",authors:[{id:"27567",title:"Dr.",name:"Rodrigo",surname:"Lopes",slug:"rodrigo-lopes",fullName:"Rodrigo Lopes"},{id:"36527",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa",surname:"Quinta-Ferreira",slug:"rosa-quinta-ferreira",fullName:"Rosa Quinta-Ferreira"}],corrections:null},{id:"16387",title:"Simulating Odour Dispersion about Natural Windbreaks",doi:"10.5772/19084",slug:"simulating-odour-dispersion-about-natural-windbreaks",totalDownloads:2125,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Barrington Suzelle, Lin Xing Jun and Choiniere Denis",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16387",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16387",authors:[{id:"33530",title:"Prof.",name:"Suzelle",surname:"Barrington",slug:"suzelle-barrington",fullName:"Suzelle Barrington"}],corrections:null},{id:"16391",title:"Simulation of Three Dimensional Flows in Industrial Components using CFD Techniques",doi:"10.5772/19909",slug:"simulation-of-three-dimensional-flows-in-industrial-components-using-cfd-techniques",totalDownloads:5473,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"C. Bhasker",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16391",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16391",authors:[{id:"36752",title:"Dr",name:"C",surname:"Bhasker",slug:"c-bhasker",fullName:"C Bhasker"}],corrections:null},{id:"16392",title:"Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis of Turbulent Flow",doi:"10.5772/16284",slug:"computational-fluid-dynamics-analysis-of-turbulent-flow",totalDownloads:3308,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Pradip Majumdar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16392",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16392",authors:[{id:"24596",title:"Dr.",name:"Pradip",surname:"Majumdar",slug:"pradip-majumdar",fullName:"Pradip Majumdar"}],corrections:null},{id:"16393",title:"Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Propeller Simulation using Computational Fluid Dynamic",doi:"10.5772/16297",slug:"autonomous-underwater-vehicle-propeller-simulation-using-computational-fluid-dynamic",totalDownloads:4780,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:8,signatures:"Muhamad Husaini, Zahurin Samad and Mohd Rizal Arshad",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16393",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16393",authors:[{id:"24646",title:"Mr.",name:"Muhamad Husaini",surname:"Abu Bakar",slug:"muhamad-husaini-abu-bakar",fullName:"Muhamad Husaini Abu Bakar"},{id:"79395",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Rizal",surname:"Arshad",slug:"mohd-rizal-arshad",fullName:"Mohd Rizal Arshad"},{id:"128689",title:"Prof.",name:"Zahurin",surname:"Samad",slug:"zahurin-samad",fullName:"Zahurin Samad"}],corrections:null},{id:"16394",title:"Modelling and Simulation for Micro Injection Molding Process",doi:"10.5772/16283",slug:"modelling-and-simulation-for-micro-injection-molding-process",totalDownloads:5180,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:10,signatures:"Lei Xie, Longjiang Shen and Bingyan Jiang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16394",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16394",authors:[{id:"24593",title:"Prof.",name:"Lei",surname:"Xie",slug:"lei-xie",fullName:"Lei Xie"},{id:"67005",title:"MSc",name:"Longjiang",surname:"Shen",slug:"longjiang-shen",fullName:"Longjiang Shen"},{id:"87591",title:"Prof.",name:"Bingyan",surname:"Jiang",slug:"bingyan-jiang",fullName:"Bingyan Jiang"}],corrections:null},{id:"16395",title:"Simulation of Liquid Flow Permeability for Dendritic Structures during Solidification Process",doi:"10.5772/19647",slug:"simulation-of-liquid-flow-permeability-for-dendritic-structures-during-solidification-process",totalDownloads:3092,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"S. M. H. Mirbagheri, H. Baiani, M. Barzegari and S. Firoozi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16395",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16395",authors:[{id:"35684",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",surname:"Mirbagheri",slug:"mohammad-mirbagheri",fullName:"Mohammad Mirbagheri"},{id:"43777",title:"Dr.",name:"sadegh",surname:"firoozi",slug:"sadegh-firoozi",fullName:"sadegh firoozi"},{id:"43778",title:"Dr.",name:"Hossein",surname:"Bayani",slug:"hossein-bayani",fullName:"Hossein Bayani"},{id:"43779",title:"BSc",name:"Mojtaba",surname:"Barzegari",slug:"mojtaba-barzegari",fullName:"Mojtaba Barzegari"}],corrections:null},{id:"16396",title:"Numerical Modelling of Non-metallic Inclusion Separation in a Continuous Casting Tundish",doi:"10.5772/22693",slug:"numerical-modelling-of-non-metallic-inclusion-separation-in-a-continuous-casting-tundish",totalDownloads:3783,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Marek Warzecha",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16396",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16396",authors:[{id:"48788",title:"Dr.",name:"Marek",surname:"Warzecha",slug:"marek-warzecha",fullName:"Marek Warzecha"}],corrections:null},{id:"16397",title:"Numerical Simulation of Influence of Changing a Dam Height on Liquid Steel Flow and Behaviour of Non-metallic Inclusions in the Tundish",doi:"10.5772/23699",slug:"numerical-simulation-of-influence-of-changing-a-dam-height-on-liquid-steel-flow-and-behaviour-of-non",totalDownloads:2727,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Adam Cwudzinski",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16397",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16397",authors:[{id:"24592",title:"Dr.",name:"Adam",surname:"Cwudziński",slug:"adam-cwudzinski",fullName:"Adam Cwudziński"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"163",title:"Ultrasound Imaging",subtitle:"Medical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"aa3c22596ff5852287143fe66a643289",slug:"ultrasound-imaging-medical-applications",bookSignature:"Igor V. Minin and Oleg V. Minin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/163.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3712",title:"Prof.",name:"Oleg",surname:"Minin",slug:"oleg-minin",fullName:"Oleg Minin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"162",title:"Microsensors",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3d48614c970df4eb00d2d1a4e1bb5cda",slug:"microsensors",bookSignature:"Igor Minin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/162.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3712",title:"Prof.",name:"Oleg",surname:"Minin",slug:"oleg-minin",fullName:"Oleg Minin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1363",title:"Numerical Analysis",subtitle:"Theory and Application",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"509ce23e2dae5d72c14be89bd9b75004",slug:"numerical-analysis-theory-and-application",bookSignature:"Jan Awrejcewicz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1363.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"68338",title:"Prof.",name:"Jan",surname:"Awrejcewicz",slug:"jan-awrejcewicz",fullName:"Jan Awrejcewicz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"532",title:"Two Phase Flow, Phase Change and Numerical Modeling",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"331fe87b8edf0e8adf7e6086e4eea81c",slug:"two-phase-flow-phase-change-and-numerical-modeling",bookSignature:"Amimul Ahsan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/532.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36782",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Amimul",surname:"Ahsan",slug:"amimul-ahsan",fullName:"Amimul Ahsan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3194",title:"Computational Fluid Dynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"240e32819f5a408715331a202e7971b4",slug:"computational-fluid-dynamics",bookSignature:"Hyoung Woo Oh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3194.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63199",title:"Prof.",name:"Hyoung Woo",surname:"Oh",slug:"hyoung-woo-oh",fullName:"Hyoung Woo Oh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2207",title:"Numerical Simulation",subtitle:"From Theory to Industry",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1a2002ed6e06f8cb36ad55b57aab57e5",slug:"numerical-simulation-from-theory-to-industry",bookSignature:"Mykhaylo Andriychuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2207.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"57755",title:"Dr.",name:"Mykhaylo",surname:"Andriychuk",slug:"mykhaylo-andriychuk",fullName:"Mykhaylo Andriychuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1989",title:"Fluid Dynamics, Computational Modeling and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e7f43d55285a6a3447c62c066f072e8b",slug:"fluid-dynamics-computational-modeling-and-applications",bookSignature:"L. Hector Juarez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1989.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"65861",title:"Dr.",name:"L. Hector",surname:"Juarez",slug:"l.-hector-juarez",fullName:"L. Hector Juarez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"402",title:"Numerical Simulations",subtitle:"Applications, Examples and Theory",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"numerical-simulations-applications-examples-and-theory",bookSignature:"Lutz Angermann",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/402.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"13342",title:"Prof.",name:"Lutz",surname:"Angermann",slug:"lutz-angermann",fullName:"Lutz Angermann"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2274",title:"Fuzzy Logic",subtitle:"Algorithms, Techniques and Implementations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"116c1be2754eb60e90b4ad3642546291",slug:"fuzzy-logic-algorithms-techniques-and-implementations",bookSignature:"Elmer P. Dadios",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2274.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111683",title:"Prof.",name:"Elmer",surname:"Dadios",slug:"elmer-dadios",fullName:"Elmer Dadios"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3832",title:"Computational and Numerical Simulations",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"44c51ee67bb45c4a080ece19bd0f6a08",slug:"computational-and-numerical-simulations",bookSignature:"Jan Awrejcewicz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3832.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"68338",title:"Prof.",name:"Jan",surname:"Awrejcewicz",slug:"jan-awrejcewicz",fullName:"Jan Awrejcewicz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"67321",slug:"corrigendum-to-clinical-approach-in-the-diagnosis-of-acute-appendicitis",title:"Corrigendum to: Clinical Approach in the Diagnosis of Acute Appendicitis",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/67321.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67321",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67321",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/67321",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/67321",chapter:{id:"61365",slug:"clinical-approach-in-the-diagnosis-of-acute-appendicitis",signatures:"Alfredo Alvarado",dateSubmitted:"September 14th 2017",dateReviewed:"February 16th 2018",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"June 27th 2018",book:{id:"6471",title:"Current Issues in the Diagnostics and Treatment of Acute Appendicitis",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Current Issues in the Diagnostics and Treatment of Acute Appendicitis",slug:"current-issues-in-the-diagnostics-and-treatment-of-acute-appendicitis",publishedDate:"June 27th 2018",bookSignature:"Dmitry Victorovich Garbuzenko",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6471.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"108808",title:"Prof.",name:"Dmitry",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Garbuzenko",slug:"dmitry-garbuzenko",fullName:"Dmitry Garbuzenko"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"221775",title:"M.D.",name:"Alfredo",middleName:null,surname:"Alvarado",fullName:"Alfredo Alvarado",slug:"alfredo-alvarado",email:"alfredoalvara@hotmail.com",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"61365",slug:"clinical-approach-in-the-diagnosis-of-acute-appendicitis",signatures:"Alfredo Alvarado",dateSubmitted:"September 14th 2017",dateReviewed:"February 16th 2018",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"June 27th 2018",book:{id:"6471",title:"Current Issues in the Diagnostics and Treatment of Acute Appendicitis",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Current Issues in the Diagnostics and Treatment of Acute Appendicitis",slug:"current-issues-in-the-diagnostics-and-treatment-of-acute-appendicitis",publishedDate:"June 27th 2018",bookSignature:"Dmitry Victorovich Garbuzenko",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6471.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"108808",title:"Prof.",name:"Dmitry",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Garbuzenko",slug:"dmitry-garbuzenko",fullName:"Dmitry Garbuzenko"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"221775",title:"M.D.",name:"Alfredo",middleName:null,surname:"Alvarado",fullName:"Alfredo Alvarado",slug:"alfredo-alvarado",email:"alfredoalvara@hotmail.com",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"6471",title:"Current Issues in the Diagnostics and Treatment of Acute Appendicitis",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Current Issues in the Diagnostics and Treatment of Acute Appendicitis",slug:"current-issues-in-the-diagnostics-and-treatment-of-acute-appendicitis",publishedDate:"June 27th 2018",bookSignature:"Dmitry Victorovich Garbuzenko",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6471.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"108808",title:"Prof.",name:"Dmitry",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Garbuzenko",slug:"dmitry-garbuzenko",fullName:"Dmitry Garbuzenko"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"9081",leadTitle:null,title:"Equine Science",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Understanding the latest developments in equine science is essential for all veterinary and equine professionals and students, researchers, owners, and those caring for equids. This book reflects the diversity in research presently being carried out worldwide. From locomotion and the digestive system, through to the skin and reproduction. The chapter on medicine includes not only some of the latest advances in gene therapy but also reveals medieval treatments, providing a fascinating glimpse into the past whilst also looking at future technologies. The book also highlights some contemporary insights into diet and behavior. From DNA and individual cells through to the entire animal, this research uses different scientific methods to understand horses and donkeys in greater detail.",isbn:"978-1-83962-317-2",printIsbn:"978-1-83962-316-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-318-9",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83077",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"equine-science",numberOfPages:230,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ac415ef2f5450fa80fdb9cf6cf32cd2d",bookSignature:"Catrin Rutland and Albert Rizvanov",publishedDate:"September 23rd 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9081.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:2379,numberOfWosCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitations:3,numberOfDimensionsCitations:3,numberOfTotalCitations:7,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 24th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 5th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 4th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 23rd 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 21st 2020",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"a year",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.jpg",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. Catrin completed her Degree, Masters then PhD (University of Derby, Technische Universität München and University of Nottingham), undertook post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. She has also achieved her MMedSci (Medical Education) and PGCHE. Catrin is an author on 47 peer-reviewed journal articles, 12 books/book chapters and over 100 research abstracts. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, Fellow of the Galton Institute, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. She has also written popular science books for the public.\n Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-4898. \nWebsite https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/people/catrin.rutland",institutionString:"University of Nottingham",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"309529",title:"Dr.",name:"Albert",middleName:null,surname:"Rizvanov",slug:"albert-rizvanov",fullName:"Albert Rizvanov",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/309529/images/9189_n.jpg",biography:'Albert A. Rizvanov is a Professor and Director of the Center for Precision and Regenerative Medicine at the Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University (KFU), Russia. He is the Head of the Center of Excellence “Regenerative Medicine” and Vice-Director of Strategic Academic Unit \\"Translational 7P Medicine\\". Albert completed his Ph.D. at the University of Nevada, Reno, USA and Dr.Sci. at KFU. He is a corresponding member of the Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation. Albert is an author of more than 300 peer-reviewed journal articles and 22 patents. He has supervised 11 Ph.D. and 2 Dr.Sci. dissertations. Albert is the Head of the Dissertation Committee on Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Genetics at KFU.\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9427-5739\nWebsite https://kpfu.ru/Albert.Rizvanov?p_lang=2',institutionString:"Kazan Federal University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Kazan Federal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"297",title:"Animal Science",slug:"animal-science"}],chapters:[{id:"71241",title:"Medieval Equine Medicine from Armenia",slug:"medieval-equine-medicine-from-armenia",totalDownloads:251,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"312786",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Jasmine",surname:"Dum-Tragut",slug:"jasmine-dum-tragut",fullName:"Jasmine Dum-Tragut"}]},{id:"72220",title:"Gene Therapy as a Modern Method of Treating Naturally Occurring Tendinitis and Desmitis in Horses",slug:"gene-therapy-as-a-modern-method-of-treating-naturally-occurring-tendinitis-and-desmitis-in-horses",totalDownloads:155,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland"},{id:"284212",title:"Prof.",name:"Kovac",surname:"Milomir",slug:"kovac-milomir",fullName:"Kovac Milomir"},{id:"312549",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",surname:"Zakirova",slug:"elena-zakirova",fullName:"Elena Zakirova"},{id:"312551",title:"Prof.",name:"Albert",surname:"Rizvanov",slug:"albert-rizvanov",fullName:"Albert Rizvanov"},{id:"316948",title:"Ms.",name:"Margarita",surname:"Zhuravleva",slug:"margarita-zhuravleva",fullName:"Margarita Zhuravleva"}]},{id:"72554",title:"Gene Therapy for the Treatment of Equine Osteoarthritis",slug:"gene-therapy-for-the-treatment-of-equine-osteoarthritis",totalDownloads:167,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"318989",title:"Prof.",name:"Steven",surname:"Ghivizzani",slug:"steven-ghivizzani",fullName:"Steven Ghivizzani"},{id:"319551",title:"Dr.",name:"Rachael",surname:"Levings",slug:"rachael-levings",fullName:"Rachael Levings"},{id:"321506",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrew",surname:"Smith",slug:"andrew-smith",fullName:"Andrew Smith"},{id:"321507",title:"Dr.",name:"Padraic",surname:"Levings",slug:"padraic-levings",fullName:"Padraic Levings"},{id:"321508",title:"Dr.",name:"Glyn",surname:"Palmer",slug:"glyn-palmer",fullName:"Glyn Palmer"},{id:"321509",title:"Mr.",name:"Anthony",surname:"Dacanay",slug:"anthony-dacanay",fullName:"Anthony Dacanay"},{id:"321510",title:"Prof.",name:"Patrick",surname:"Colahan",slug:"patrick-colahan",fullName:"Patrick Colahan"}]},{id:"72567",title:"Equine Reproduction: Seasonality, Endometritis, and Twinning in the Mare",slug:"equine-reproduction-seasonality-endometritis-and-twinning-in-the-mare",totalDownloads:186,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"317458",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Trundell",slug:"david-trundell",fullName:"David Trundell"}]},{id:"72062",title:"Investigation into Whether Proximal Suspensory Desmitis of the Hindlimb Could Predispose Horses to Sacroiliac Disease",slug:"investigation-into-whether-proximal-suspensory-desmitis-of-the-hindlimb-could-predispose-horses-to-s",totalDownloads:207,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland"},{id:"309529",title:"Dr.",name:"Albert",surname:"Rizvanov",slug:"albert-rizvanov",fullName:"Albert Rizvanov"},{id:"284212",title:"Prof.",name:"Kovac",surname:"Milomir",slug:"kovac-milomir",fullName:"Kovac Milomir"},{id:"312549",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",surname:"Zakirova",slug:"elena-zakirova",fullName:"Elena Zakirova"},{id:"312916",title:"MSc.",name:"Anne",surname:"Skivington",slug:"anne-skivington",fullName:"Anne Skivington"}]},{id:"72680",title:"ADAMTS Proteases: Potential Biomarkers and Novel Therapeutic Targets for Cartilage Health",slug:"adamts-proteases-potential-biomarkers-and-novel-therapeutic-targets-for-cartilage-health",totalDownloads:160,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"317674",title:"Dr.",name:"Sinan",surname:"Kandır",slug:"sinan-kandir",fullName:"Sinan Kandır"}]},{id:"70976",title:"Equine Sarcoid",slug:"equine-sarcoid",totalDownloads:469,totalCrossrefCites:2,authors:[{id:"201721",title:"Dr.",name:"Beatrice",surname:"Funiciello",slug:"beatrice-funiciello",fullName:"Beatrice Funiciello"},{id:"316265",title:"Prof.",name:"Paola",surname:"Roccabianca",slug:"paola-roccabianca",fullName:"Paola Roccabianca"}]},{id:"71238",title:"Current Strategies for Prevention and Treatment of Equine Postoperative Ileus: A Multimodal Approach",slug:"current-strategies-for-prevention-and-treatment-of-equine-postoperative-ileus-a-multimodal-approach",totalDownloads:306,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"284212",title:"Prof.",name:"Kovac",surname:"Milomir",slug:"kovac-milomir",fullName:"Kovac Milomir"},{id:"312551",title:"Prof.",name:"Albert",surname:"Rizvanov",slug:"albert-rizvanov",fullName:"Albert Rizvanov"},{id:"317685",title:"Dr.",name:"Ruslan",surname:"Aliev",slug:"ruslan-aliev",fullName:"Ruslan Aliev"},{id:"317686",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Pozyabin",slug:"sergey-pozyabin",fullName:"Sergey Pozyabin"},{id:"317687",title:"Dr.",name:"Nevena",surname:"Drakul",slug:"nevena-drakul",fullName:"Nevena Drakul"}]},{id:"72473",title:"Morphophysiological Study of Gastrointestinal Tract of the Donkey (Equus asinus)",slug:"morphophysiological-study-of-gastrointestinal-tract-of-the-donkey-em-equus-asinus-em-",totalDownloads:151,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"210551",title:"Dr.",name:"Arbab",surname:"Sikandar",slug:"arbab-sikandar",fullName:"Arbab Sikandar"}]},{id:"72460",title:"Promoting Grass in Horse Diets and Implementing Sustainable Deworming: ‘Équipâture’ Programme",slug:"promoting-grass-in-horse-diets-and-implementing-sustainable-deworming-quip-ture-programme",totalDownloads:134,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"317218",title:"Mrs.",name:"Pauline",surname:"Doligez",slug:"pauline-doligez",fullName:"Pauline Doligez"},{id:"317222",title:"Mr.",name:"Marie",surname:"Delerue",slug:"marie-delerue",fullName:"Marie Delerue"},{id:"321468",title:"Dr.",name:"Agnes",surname:"Orsoni",slug:"agnes-orsoni",fullName:"Agnes Orsoni"},{id:"321469",title:"Dr.",name:"Bathilde",surname:"Diligeon",slug:"bathilde-diligeon",fullName:"Bathilde Diligeon"},{id:"321471",title:"Dr.",name:"Coralie",surname:"Saillet",slug:"coralie-saillet",fullName:"Coralie Saillet"},{id:"321472",title:"Dr.",name:"Hervé",surname:"Feugere",slug:"herve-feugere",fullName:"Hervé Feugere"},{id:"321473",title:"Dr.",name:"Mathieu",surname:"Guillaume",slug:"mathieu-guillaume",fullName:"Mathieu Guillaume"},{id:"321474",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean-Baptiste",surname:"Quillet",slug:"jean-baptiste-quillet",fullName:"Jean-Baptiste Quillet"},{id:"321475",title:"Dr.",name:"Stéphanie",surname:"Cassigneul",slug:"stephanie-cassigneul",fullName:"Stéphanie Cassigneul"}]},{id:"71111",title:"What Are They Thinking? Scientific Horsemanship and the Mind of the Horse",slug:"what-are-they-thinking-scientific-horsemanship-and-the-mind-of-the-horse",totalDownloads:199,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"312665",title:"Dr.",name:"Ian",surname:"Whishaw",slug:"ian-whishaw",fullName:"Ian Whishaw"},{id:"317037",title:"MSc.",name:"Candace J",surname:"Burke",slug:"candace-j-burke",fullName:"Candace J Burke"}]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"252211",firstName:"Sara",lastName:"Debeuc",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252211/images/7239_n.png",email:"sara.d@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7144",title:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"75cdacb570e0e6d15a5f6e69640d87c9",slug:"veterinary-anatomy-and-physiology",bookSignature:"Catrin Sian Rutland and Valentina Kubale",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7144.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5987",title:"Goat Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"35f3a7d6f517410f6581d265f17ee7c9",slug:"goat-science",bookSignature:"Sándor Kukovics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5987.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"25894",title:"Prof.",name:"Sándor",surname:"Kukovics",slug:"sandor-kukovics",fullName:"Sándor Kukovics"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9356",title:"European Local Pig Breeds - Diversity and Performance",subtitle:"A study of project TREASURE",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"182fe65256f9a0bbc25b0b7576412b0e",slug:"european-local-pig-breeds-diversity-and-performance-a-study-of-project-treasure",bookSignature:"Marjeta Candek-Potokar and Rosa M. Nieto Linan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"23161",title:"Dr.",name:"Marjeta",surname:"Čandek-Potokar",slug:"marjeta-candek-potokar",fullName:"Marjeta Čandek-Potokar"}],productType:{id:"3",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Authored by"}},{type:"book",id:"6384",title:"Animal Husbandry and Nutrition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"45e3ab6f834a3efc7836eb8b3c8e3427",slug:"animal-husbandry-and-nutrition",bookSignature:"Banu Yücel and Turgay Taşkin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6384.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"191429",title:"Prof.",name:"Banu",surname:"Yucel",slug:"banu-yucel",fullName:"Banu Yucel"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6206",title:"Ruminants",subtitle:"The Husbandry, Economic and Health Aspects",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2f4344b633afc742eb0cfc50413c928b",slug:"ruminants-the-husbandry-economic-and-health-aspects",bookSignature:"Muhammad Abubakar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6206.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"112070",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Abubakar",slug:"muhammad-abubakar",fullName:"Muhammad Abubakar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8468",title:"Sheep Farming",subtitle:"An Approach to Feed, Growth and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"838f08594850bc04aa14ec873ed1b96f",slug:"sheep-farming-an-approach-to-feed-growth-and-health",bookSignature:"António Monteiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8468.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"190314",title:"Prof.",name:"António",surname:"Monteiro",slug:"antonio-monteiro",fullName:"António Monteiro"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8524",title:"Lactation in Farm Animals",subtitle:"Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2aa2a9a0ec13040bbf0455e34625504e",slug:"lactation-in-farm-animals-biology-physiological-basis-nutritional-requirements-and-modelization",bookSignature:"Naceur M'Hamdi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8524.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73376",title:"Dr.",name:"Naceur",surname:"M'Hamdi",slug:"naceur-m'hamdi",fullName:"Naceur M'Hamdi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6993",title:"Bovine Science",subtitle:"A Key to Sustainable Development",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fe7bdc1a2e1aa960e1f51dae7c705002",slug:"bovine-science-a-key-to-sustainable-development",bookSignature:"Sadashiv S. O. and Sharangouda J. Patil",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6993.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"176334",title:"Dr.",name:"Sadashiv",surname:"S. O.",slug:"sadashiv-s.-o.",fullName:"Sadashiv S. O."}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"31082",title:"Risk Performance Index and Measurement System",doi:"10.5772/36760",slug:"risk-performance-index-and-measurement-system",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/31082.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/31082",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/31082",totalDownloads:2968,totalViews:157,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"May 26th 2011",dateReviewed:"September 19th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"March 7th 2012",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/31082",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/31082",book:{slug:"advanced-topics-in-measurements"},signatures:"Seon-Gyoo Kim",authors:[{id:"109669",title:"Prof.",name:"Seon-Gyoo",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",fullName:"Seon-Gyoo Kim",slug:"seon-gyoo-kim",email:"sg1208@kangwon.ac.kr",position:null,institution:{name:"Kangwon National University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Korea, South"}}}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"2275",title:"Advanced Topics in Measurements",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Advanced Topics in Measurements",slug:"advanced-topics-in-measurements",publishedDate:"March 7th 2012",bookSignature:"Md. Zahurul Haq",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2275.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"104292",title:"Prof.",name:"Md. Zahurul",middleName:null,surname:"Haq",slug:"md.-zahurul-haq",fullName:"Md. Zahurul Haq"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"31072",title:"System for High Speed Measurement of Head-Related Transfer Function",slug:"system-for-high-speed-measurement-of-head-related-transfer-function",totalDownloads:2374,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Andrzej B. Dobrucki, Przemysław Plaskota and Piotr Pruchnicki",authors:[{id:"104971",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrzej",middleName:"Bogdan",surname:"Dobrucki",fullName:"Andrzej Dobrucki",slug:"andrzej-dobrucki"},{id:"113719",title:"Dr.",name:"Przemyslaw",middleName:null,surname:"Plaskota",fullName:"Przemyslaw Plaskota",slug:"przemyslaw-plaskota"},{id:"113723",title:"Dr.",name:"Piotr",middleName:null,surname:"Pruchnicki",fullName:"Piotr Pruchnicki",slug:"piotr-pruchnicki"}]},{id:"31073",title:"Precise Measurement System for Knee Joint Motion During the Pendulum Test Using Two Linear Accelerometers",slug:"precise-measurement-system-for-knee-joint-motion-during-the-pendulum-test-using-two-linear-accelerom",totalDownloads:3474,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Yoshitake Yamamoto, Kazuaki Jikuya, Toshimasa Kusuhara, Takao Nakamura, Hiroyuki Michinishi and Takuji Okamoto",authors:[{id:"112870",title:"PhD.",name:"Yoshitake",middleName:null,surname:"Yamamoto",fullName:"Yoshitake Yamamoto",slug:"yoshitake-yamamoto"},{id:"136445",title:"Dr.",name:"Kazuaki",middleName:null,surname:"Jikuya",fullName:"Kazuaki Jikuya",slug:"kazuaki-jikuya"},{id:"136446",title:"Dr.",name:"Toshimasa",middleName:null,surname:"Kusuhara",fullName:"Toshimasa Kusuhara",slug:"toshimasa-kusuhara"},{id:"136448",title:"Dr.",name:"Takao",middleName:null,surname:"Nakamura",fullName:"Takao Nakamura",slug:"takao-nakamura"},{id:"136450",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Michinishi",fullName:"Hiroyuki Michinishi",slug:"hiroyuki-michinishi"},{id:"136451",title:"Prof.",name:"Takuji",middleName:null,surname:"Okamoto",fullName:"Takuji Okamoto",slug:"takuji-okamoto"}]},{id:"31074",title:"XAFS Measurement System in the Soft X-ray Region for Various Sample Conditions and Multipurpose Measurements",slug:"xafs-measurement-system-in-the-soft-x-ray-region-for-various-sample-conditions-and-multipurpose-meas",totalDownloads:2578,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Koji Nakanishi and Toshiaki Ohta",authors:[{id:"112532",title:"Dr.",name:"Koji",middleName:null,surname:"Nakanishi",fullName:"Koji Nakanishi",slug:"koji-nakanishi"},{id:"138032",title:"Prof.",name:"Toshiaki",middleName:null,surname:"Ohta",fullName:"Toshiaki Ohta",slug:"toshiaki-ohta"}]},{id:"31075",title:"Laser-Induced Damage Density Measurements of Optical Materials",slug:"laser-induced-damage-density-measurements-of-optical-materials-",totalDownloads:2452,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Laurent Lamaignère",authors:[{id:"55184",title:"Dr.",name:"Laurent",middleName:null,surname:"Lamaignère",fullName:"Laurent Lamaignère",slug:"laurent-lamaignere"}]},{id:"31076",title:"Fringe Pattern Demodulation Using Evolutionary Algorithms",slug:"fringe-pattern-demodulation-using-genetic-algorithms",totalDownloads:2098,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"L. E. Toledo, F. J. Cuevas, J.F. Jimenez Vielma and J. H. Sossa",authors:[{id:"111424",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:"Javier",surname:"Cuevas",fullName:"Francisco Cuevas",slug:"francisco-cuevas"},{id:"111464",title:"MSc.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Toledo",fullName:"Luis Toledo",slug:"luis-toledo"},{id:"137184",title:"MSc.",name:"Julio",middleName:"Fernando",surname:"Jimenez",fullName:"Julio Jimenez",slug:"julio-jimenez"},{id:"137428",title:"Dr.",name:"Humberto",middleName:null,surname:"Sossa",fullName:"Humberto Sossa",slug:"humberto-sossa"}]},{id:"31077",title:"Round Wood Measurement System",slug:"round-wood-measurement",totalDownloads:8824,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Karel Janák",authors:[{id:"113068",title:"Dr.",name:"Karel",middleName:null,surname:"Janak",fullName:"Karel Janak",slug:"karel-janak"}]},{id:"31078",title:"Machine Vision Measurement Technology and Agricultural Applications",slug:"machine-vision-measurement-technology-and-agricultural-applications",totalDownloads:3386,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Abdullah Beyaz",authors:[{id:"107024",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Beyaz",fullName:"Abdullah Beyaz",slug:"abdullah-beyaz"}]},{id:"31079",title:"Measurement System of Fine Step- Height Discrimination Capability of Human Finger’s Tactile Sense",slug:"measurement-system-of-fine-step-height-discrimination-capability-of-human-finger-s-tactile-sense",totalDownloads:1678,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Takuya Kawamura, Kazuo Tani and Hironao Yamada",authors:[{id:"113042",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuya",middleName:null,surname:"Kawamura",fullName:"Takuya Kawamura",slug:"takuya-kawamura"}]},{id:"31080",title:"Overview of Novel Post-Processing Techniques to Reduce Uncertainty in Antenna Measurements",slug:"overview-of-novel-post-processing-techniques-to-reduce-uncertainty-in-antenna-measurements",totalDownloads:3563,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Manuel Sierra-Castañer, Alfonso Muñoz-Acevedo, Francisco Cano-Fácila and Sara Burgos",authors:[{id:"7759",title:"Dr.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Burgos",fullName:"Sara Burgos",slug:"sara-burgos"},{id:"111239",title:"Prof.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Sierra-Castaner",fullName:"Manuel Sierra-Castaner",slug:"manuel-sierra-castaner"},{id:"111262",title:"Mr.",name:"Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Muñoz-Acevedo",fullName:"Alfonso Muñoz-Acevedo",slug:"alfonso-munoz-acevedo"},{id:"111265",title:"Mr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Cano-Fácila",fullName:"Francisco Cano-Fácila",slug:"francisco-cano-facila"}]},{id:"31081",title:"An Analysis of the Interaction of Electromagnetic and Thermal Fields with Materials Based on Fluctuations and Entropy Production",slug:"an-analysis-of-the-interaction-of-electromagnetic-and-thermal-fields-with-materials-based-on-fluctua",totalDownloads:1390,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"James Baker-Jarvis",authors:[{id:"109996",title:"Dr.",name:"James",middleName:null,surname:"Baker-Jarvis",fullName:"James Baker-Jarvis",slug:"james-baker-jarvis"}]},{id:"31082",title:"Risk Performance Index and Measurement System",slug:"risk-performance-index-and-measurement-system",totalDownloads:2968,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Seon-Gyoo Kim",authors:[{id:"109669",title:"Prof.",name:"Seon-Gyoo",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",fullName:"Seon-Gyoo Kim",slug:"seon-gyoo-kim"}]},{id:"31083",title:"Shape Optimization of Mechanical Components for Measurement Systems",slug:"shape-optimization-of-mechanical-components-for-measurement-systems",totalDownloads:2994,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Alexander Janushevskis, Janis Auzins, Anatoly Melnikovs and Anita Gerina-Ancane",authors:[{id:"107777",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Janushevskis",fullName:"Alexander Janushevskis",slug:"alexander-janushevskis"}]},{id:"31084",title:"Measurement and Modeling Techniques for the Fourth Generation Broadband Over Copper",slug:"measurement-and-modeling-techniques-for-the-fourth-generation-broadband-over-copper",totalDownloads:5274,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Diogo Acatauassu, Igor Almeida, Francisco Muller, Aldebaro Klautau, Chenguang Lu, Klas Ericson and Boris Dortschy",authors:[{id:"16995",title:"Dr.",name:"Aldebaro",middleName:null,surname:"Klautau",fullName:"Aldebaro Klautau",slug:"aldebaro-klautau"},{id:"106864",title:"MSc",name:"Diogo",middleName:null,surname:"Acatauassu",fullName:"Diogo Acatauassu",slug:"diogo-acatauassu"},{id:"114628",title:"MSc.",name:"Igor",middleName:null,surname:"Almeida",fullName:"Igor Almeida",slug:"igor-almeida"},{id:"114629",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Muller",fullName:"Francisco Muller",slug:"francisco-muller"},{id:"146123",title:"Dr.",name:"Chenguang",middleName:null,surname:"Lu",fullName:"Chenguang Lu",slug:"chenguang-lu"},{id:"146124",title:"Dr.",name:"Klas",middleName:null,surname:"Ericson",fullName:"Klas Ericson",slug:"klas-ericson"},{id:"146125",title:"Dr.",name:"Boris",middleName:null,surname:"Dortschy",fullName:"Boris Dortschy",slug:"boris-dortschy"}]},{id:"31085",title:"Protocol Measurements in BitTorrent Environments",slug:"protocol-measurements-in-bittorrent-environments",totalDownloads:2001,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Razvan Deaconescu",authors:[{id:"108874",title:"Mr.",name:"Razvan",middleName:null,surname:"Deaconescu",fullName:"Razvan Deaconescu",slug:"razvan-deaconescu"}]},{id:"31086",title:"Wide Area Measurement Systems",slug:"wide-area-measurement-systems",totalDownloads:5392,totalCrossrefCites:18,signatures:"Mohammad Shahraeini and Mohammad Hossein Javidi",authors:[{id:"104555",title:"Mr.",name:"Mohammad",middleName:null,surname:"Shahraeini",fullName:"Mohammad Shahraeini",slug:"mohammad-shahraeini"},{id:"137120",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad Hossein",middleName:null,surname:"Javidi",fullName:"Mohammad Hossein Javidi",slug:"mohammad-hossein-javidi"}]},{id:"31087",title:"Dynamic State Estimator Based on Wide Area Measurement System During Power System Electromechanical Transient Process",slug:"dynamic-state-estimator-based-on-wide-area-measurement-system-during-power-system-electromechanical-",totalDownloads:3139,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Xiaohui Qin, Baiqing Li and Nan Liu",authors:[{id:"113322",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaohui",middleName:null,surname:"Qin",fullName:"Xiaohui Qin",slug:"xiaohui-qin"},{id:"139132",title:"Mr.",name:"Baiqing",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Baiqing Li",slug:"baiqing-li"},{id:"139133",title:"MSc.",name:"Nan",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",fullName:"Nan Liu",slug:"nan-liu"}]},{id:"31088",title:"From Conditional Probability Measurements to Global Matrix Representations on Variant Construction – A Particle Model of Intrinsic Quantum Waves for Double Path Experiments",slug:"from-conditional-probability-measurements-to-global-matrix-representations-on-variant-construction",totalDownloads:1215,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Jeffrey Zheng, Christian Zheng and T.L. Kunii",authors:[{id:"20706",title:"Dr.",name:"Jeffrey",middleName:"Zhi Jie",surname:"Zheng",fullName:"Jeffrey Zheng",slug:"jeffrey-zheng"},{id:"20714",title:"Mr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Zheng",fullName:"Christian Zheng",slug:"christian-zheng"},{id:"112840",title:"Prof.",name:"Tosiyasu",middleName:null,surname:"Kunii",fullName:"Tosiyasu Kunii",slug:"tosiyasu-kunii"}]},{id:"31089",title:"From Local Interactive Measurements to Global Matrix Representations on Variant Construction – A Particle Model of Quantum Interactions for Double Path Experiments",slug:"from-local-interactive-measurements-to-global-matrix-representations-on-variant-construction",totalDownloads:1666,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Jeffrey Zheng, Christian Zheng and T.L. Kunii",authors:[{id:"20706",title:"Dr.",name:"Jeffrey",middleName:"Zhi Jie",surname:"Zheng",fullName:"Jeffrey Zheng",slug:"jeffrey-zheng"},{id:"20714",title:"Mr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Zheng",fullName:"Christian Zheng",slug:"christian-zheng"},{id:"112840",title:"Prof.",name:"Tosiyasu",middleName:null,surname:"Kunii",fullName:"Tosiyasu Kunii",slug:"tosiyasu-kunii"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1942",title:"Applied Measurement Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"64893485e869fc18f5520846648ea70c",slug:"applied-measurement-systems",bookSignature:"Md. Zahurul Haq",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1942.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"104292",title:"Prof.",name:"Md. Zahurul",surname:"Haq",slug:"md.-zahurul-haq",fullName:"Md. Zahurul Haq"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"29350",title:"Measurement: System, Uncertainty and Response",slug:"measurement-system-uncertainty-and-response",signatures:"Md. Zahurul Haq",authors:[{id:"104292",title:"Prof.",name:"Md. Zahurul",middleName:null,surname:"Haq",fullName:"Md. Zahurul Haq",slug:"md.-zahurul-haq"}]},{id:"29351",title:"Internal Combustion Engine Indicating Measurements",slug:"internal-combustion-engine-indicating-measurements",signatures:"André V. Bueno, José A. Velásquez and Luiz F. Milanez",authors:[{id:"114679",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose",middleName:"Antonio",surname:"Velasquez",fullName:"Jose Velasquez",slug:"jose-velasquez"},{id:"114686",title:"Dr.",name:"Andre Valente",middleName:null,surname:"Bueno",fullName:"Andre Valente Bueno",slug:"andre-valente-bueno"},{id:"114687",title:"Dr.",name:"Luiz Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Milanez",fullName:"Luiz Fernando Milanez",slug:"luiz-fernando-milanez"}]},{id:"29352",title:"Measurement Systems for Electrical Machine Monitoring",slug:"measurement-systems-for-electrical-machine-monitoring",signatures:"Mario Vrazic, Ivan Gasparac and Marinko Kovacic",authors:[{id:"109572",title:"Prof.",name:"Mario",middleName:null,surname:"Vrazic",fullName:"Mario Vrazic",slug:"mario-vrazic"},{id:"115708",title:"Prof.",name:"Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Gasparac",fullName:"Ivan Gasparac",slug:"ivan-gasparac"},{id:"115709",title:"MSc.",name:"Marinko",middleName:null,surname:"Kovacic",fullName:"Marinko Kovacic",slug:"marinko-kovacic"}]},{id:"29353",title:"Experimental System for Determining the Magnetic Losses of Super Paramagnetic Materials; Planning, Realization and Testing",slug:"experimental-system-for-determining-the-magnetic-losses-of-superparamagnetic-materials-planning-real",signatures:"Miloš Beković and Anton Hamler",authors:[{id:"109186",title:"Dr.",name:"Milos",middleName:null,surname:"Bekovic",fullName:"Milos Bekovic",slug:"milos-bekovic"},{id:"109191",title:"Dr.",name:"Anton",middleName:null,surname:"Hamler",fullName:"Anton Hamler",slug:"anton-hamler"}]},{id:"29354",title:"Non Contact Measurement System with Electromagnets for Vibration Tests on Bladed Disks",slug:"non-contact-measurement-system-with-electromagnets-for-vibration-tests-on-bladed-disks",signatures:"Christian Maria Firrone and Teresa Berruti",authors:[{id:"62033",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Firrone",fullName:"Christian Maria Firrone",slug:"christian-maria-firrone"},{id:"110555",title:"Prof.",name:"Teresa",middleName:null,surname:"Berruti",fullName:"Teresa Berruti",slug:"teresa-berruti"}]},{id:"29355",title:"Study on Wireless Torque Measurement Using SAW Sensors",slug:"study-on-wireless-torque-measurement-using-saw-sensors",signatures:"Chih-Jer Lin, Chii Ruey Lin, Shen-Kai Yu, Guo-Xing Liu, Chih-Wei Hung and Hai-Pin Lin",authors:[{id:"108383",title:"Dr.",name:"Chih-Jer",middleName:null,surname:"Lin",fullName:"Chih-Jer Lin",slug:"chih-jer-lin"},{id:"108388",title:"Mr.",name:"Chih-Wei",middleName:null,surname:"Hung",fullName:"Chih-Wei Hung",slug:"chih-wei-hung"},{id:"108392",title:"Mr.",name:"Guo-Xing",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",fullName:"Guo-Xing Liu",slug:"guo-xing-liu"},{id:"108408",title:"Mr.",name:"Shen-Kai",middleName:null,surname:"Yu",fullName:"Shen-Kai Yu",slug:"shen-kai-yu"},{id:"108410",title:"Prof.",name:"Chii Ruey",middleName:null,surname:"Lin",fullName:"Chii Ruey Lin",slug:"chii-ruey-lin"}]},{id:"29356",title:"Shape Measurement by Phase-Stepping Method Using Multi-Line LEDs",slug:"shape-measurement-by-light-source-stepping-method-using-leds",signatures:"Yoshiharu Morimoto, Akihiro Masaya, Motoharu Fujigaki and Daisuke Asai",authors:[{id:"28776",title:"Dr.",name:"Yoshiharu",middleName:null,surname:"Morimoto",fullName:"Yoshiharu Morimoto",slug:"yoshiharu-morimoto"}]},{id:"29357",title:"Electro-Luminescence Based Pressure-Sensitive Paint System and Its Application to Flow Field Measurement",slug:"electro-luminescence-based-pressure-sensitive-paint-system-and-its-application-to-flow-field-measure",signatures:"Yoshimi Iijima and Hirotaka Sakaue",authors:[{id:"104867",title:"Dr.",name:"Hirotaka",middleName:null,surname:"Sakaue",fullName:"Hirotaka Sakaue",slug:"hirotaka-sakaue"},{id:"110996",title:"Mr.",name:"Yoshimi",middleName:null,surname:"Iijima",fullName:"Yoshimi Iijima",slug:"yoshimi-iijima"}]},{id:"29358",title:"Computer-Based Measurement System for Complex Investigation of Shape Memory Alloy Actuators Behavior",slug:"computer-based-measurement-system-for-complex-investigation-of-shape-memory-alloy-actuators-behavior",signatures:"Marek Kciuk and Grzegorz Kłapyta",authors:[{id:"56330",title:"Dr.",name:"Marek",middleName:null,surname:"Kciuk",fullName:"Marek Kciuk",slug:"marek-kciuk"},{id:"114162",title:"Dr.",name:"Grzegorz",middleName:null,surname:"Kłapyta",fullName:"Grzegorz Kłapyta",slug:"grzegorz-klapyta"}]},{id:"29359",title:"Calibration of Measuring Systems Based on Maximum Dynamic Error",slug:"calibration-of-measuring-systems-based-on-maximum-dynamic-error",signatures:"Krzysztof Tomczyk",authors:[{id:"107543",title:"Dr.",name:"Krzysztof",middleName:null,surname:"Tomczyk",fullName:"Krzysztof Tomczyk",slug:"krzysztof-tomczyk"}]},{id:"29360",title:"Determining Exact Point Correspondences in 3D Measurement Systems Using Fringe Projection – Concepts, Algorithms and Accuracy Determination",slug:"determining-exact-point-correspondences-in-3d-measurement-systems-using-fringe-projection-concepts-a",signatures:"Christian Bräuer-Burchardt, Max Möller, Christoph Munkelt, Matthias Heinze, Peter Kühmstedt and Gunther Notni",authors:[{id:"113426",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Braeuer-Burchardt",fullName:"Christian Braeuer-Burchardt",slug:"christian-braeuer-burchardt"},{id:"136989",title:"Mr.",name:"Max",middleName:null,surname:"Möller",fullName:"Max Möller",slug:"max-moller"},{id:"136990",title:"Mr.",name:"Christoph",middleName:null,surname:"Munkelt",fullName:"Christoph Munkelt",slug:"christoph-munkelt"},{id:"136992",title:"Mr.",name:"Matthias",middleName:null,surname:"Heinze",fullName:"Matthias Heinze",slug:"matthias-heinze"},{id:"136993",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kühmstedt",fullName:"Peter Kühmstedt",slug:"peter-kuhmstedt"},{id:"136994",title:"Dr.",name:"Gunther",middleName:null,surname:"Notni",fullName:"Gunther Notni",slug:"gunther-notni"}]},{id:"29361",title:"Design Methodology to Construct Information Measuring Systems Built on Piezoresonant Mechanotrons with a Modulated Interelectrode Gap",slug:"design-methodology-to-construct-information-measuring-systems-built-on-piezoresonant-mechatrons-with",signatures:"Alla Taranchuk and Sergey Pidchenko",authors:[{id:"105715",title:"PhD.",name:"Alla",middleName:null,surname:"Taranchuk",fullName:"Alla Taranchuk",slug:"alla-taranchuk"},{id:"119578",title:"PhD.",name:"Pidchenko",middleName:null,surname:"Sergey",fullName:"Pidchenko Sergey",slug:"pidchenko-sergey"}]},{id:"29362",title:"Non Invasive Acoustic Measurements for Faults Detecting in Building Materials and Structures",slug:"non-invasive-acoustic-measurements-for-faults-detecting-in-building-materials-and-structures",signatures:"Barbara De Nicolo, Carlo Piga, Vlad Popescu and Giovanna Concu",authors:[{id:"108709",title:"Dr.",name:"Giovanna",middleName:null,surname:"Concu",fullName:"Giovanna Concu",slug:"giovanna-concu"},{id:"114603",title:"Prof.",name:"Barbara",middleName:null,surname:"De Nicolo",fullName:"Barbara De Nicolo",slug:"barbara-de-nicolo"},{id:"114604",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlo",middleName:null,surname:"Piga",fullName:"Carlo Piga",slug:"carlo-piga"},{id:"114606",title:"Dr.",name:"Vlad",middleName:null,surname:"Popescu",fullName:"Vlad Popescu",slug:"vlad-popescu"}]},{id:"29363",title:"Approximation and Correction of Measuring Transducer’s Characteristics",slug:"approximation-and-correction-of-the-sensors-transfer-function-",signatures:"Janiczek Janusz",authors:[{id:"107909",title:"Dr.",name:"Janusz",middleName:null,surname:"Janiczek",fullName:"Janusz Janiczek",slug:"janusz-janiczek"}]},{id:"29364",title:"Planar Microwave Sensors for Complex Permittivity Characterization of Materials and Their Applications",slug:"planar-microwave-sensors-for-complex-permittivity-characterization-of-materials-and-their-applicatio",signatures:"Kashif Saeed, Muhammad F. Shafique, Matthew B. Byrne and Ian C. Hunter",authors:[{id:"107789",title:"Dr.",name:"Kashif",middleName:null,surname:"Saeed",fullName:"Kashif Saeed",slug:"kashif-saeed"},{id:"108133",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:"Farhan",surname:"Shafique",fullName:"Muhammad Shafique",slug:"muhammad-shafique"},{id:"112179",title:"Dr.",name:"Matthew",middleName:null,surname:"Byrne",fullName:"Matthew Byrne",slug:"matthew-byrne"},{id:"148470",title:"Dr.",name:"Ian C.",middleName:null,surname:"Hunter",fullName:"Ian C. Hunter",slug:"ian-c.-hunter"}]},{id:"29365",title:"Basics on Radar Cross Section Reduction Measurements of Simple and Complex Targets Using Microwave Absorbers",slug:"basics-on-radar-cross-section-reduction-measurements-of-simple-and-complex-targets-using-microwave-a",signatures:"Marcelo A. S. Miacci and Mirabel C. Rezende",authors:[{id:"111727",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo",middleName:"A. S.",surname:"Miacci",fullName:"Marcelo Miacci",slug:"marcelo-miacci"},{id:"112158",title:"Dr.",name:"Mirabel",middleName:null,surname:"Rezende",fullName:"Mirabel Rezende",slug:"mirabel-rezende"}]},{id:"29366",title:"An Intelligent System for Efficient Rigid Film Anticounterfeiting Inspection",slug:"an-intelligent-system-for-efficient-rigid-film-anticounterfeiting-inspection",signatures:"Michael Kohlert, Christian Kohlert and Andreas König",authors:[{id:"120190",title:"Mr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Kohlert",fullName:"Michael Kohlert",slug:"michael-kohlert"},{id:"121052",title:"Prof.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Kohlert",fullName:"Christian Kohlert",slug:"christian-kohlert"},{id:"121053",title:"Prof.",name:"Andreas",middleName:null,surname:"König",fullName:"Andreas König",slug:"andreas-konig"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"74684",title:"Importance of Geriatric Health Care in India during Covid 19 Pandemic",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95500",slug:"importance-of-geriatric-health-care-in-india-during-covid-19-pandemic",body:'\n
India has developed tremendously in providing health care delivery to the beneficiaries in many folds but not sufficient enough to fulfill the need of its huge population of more than 130 crores. Still we are lacking behind in meeting the health needs of our vulnerable population like elderly, pregnant mother etc. It may be due to lack of adequate number of manpower like doctors, nurses, paramedics, laboratory technician etc., sufficient fund allocated for health in budget and proper health infrastructure development.
\nPopulation aging is an inevitable and irreversible process due to improvements in health and medical care. With advancement in medical science and increased life expectancy, elderly population (60 years and above) is growing faster than young population globally [1].
\nThe corona virus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has brought about unprecedented fear and uncertainty, especially among elderly population. The elderly population depends on social connection more than other generations and they are deprived of this socialism due to sudden pandemic and subsequent lock-down in the world. India is also practicing nation-wide lock down and advising social distancing measures to prevent the spread of this infectious disease among vulnerable populations like children, pregnant women and older people (more than 65 years). It has been seen, with aging immune system becomes weak and thus elderly are more prone to develop infectious diseases compared to younger generation. Geriatric populations are more affected with non communicable diseases like diabetes mellitus, hypertension, heart diseases, kidney diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD), cancer etc. Recoveries are usually slower and complication arises rapidly in older people compared to adults. They face anxiety and depression simultaneously due to their loneliness and burden of household expenditures, routine health checkups. For millions of elderly, COVID-19 has amplified their already-existing anxieties and turns them into panic mood [2].
\nThe elderly constitutes about 11.5% of the total population of seven billion globally. This proportion of elderly is projected to be double (22%) by 2050 and it will be more than children below fifteen years of age. The proportion of the elderly will increase from 22.4% (as on 2012) to 31.9% in 2050 in developed countries. The proportion of the elderly is projected to be below 11% in least developed countries by 2050. The rapid aging of developing countries is not followed by the increase in personal incomes of that country. The proportion of the elderly is expected to double up from 10.5% to 22.4% in Asia during 2012–2050. Three countries in Asia, Japan (41.5%), South Korea (38.9%), China (34%) predicted to have the highest proportions of the elderly population in the region by 2050. The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) countries, are likely to have only about 21% elderly population by 2050. The proportion of the elderly in India has been increasing at an increasing rate in recent years and the trend is likely to continue in the coming decades. The elderly population accounted for 7.4% of the total population in 2001, 8.6% in 2011 and has been projected to increase to 19% by the year 2050 in India. It is predicted that, the elderly will constitute about 34% of the total population in the country by the end of the 21st century. Therefore, relatively young India today will turn into a rapidly progressing aging society in near future. The sex ratio of the elderly has increased from 938 women to 1,000 men in 1971 to 1,033 in 2011 and is projected to increase to 1,060 by 2026 given the insignificant decline in mortality among males particularly during adult and older years [1, 3, 4].
\nIn India, the elderly people suffer from dual medical problems, i.e. both communicable as well as non-communicable diseases. It is estimated that one out of two elderly in India suffers from at least one chronic disease like diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, hypertension, COPD, thyroid disorders, heart diseases which requires life-long medication. This is further complicated by impairment of special sensory functions like vision and hearing. A decline in immunity as well as age-related physiologic changes leads to an increased burden of communicable diseases or infectious diseases like influenza, pneumonia, tuberculosis (TB) in the elderly population. Most common disabilities among the aged were locomotor and visual, almost half of the elderly disabled population was reported to be suffering from these two types of disabilities (2011 census). Cardiovascular disorders account for one third of elderly mortality followed by respiratory disorders mortality (10%) and infections including TB (10%). It has been reported that a geriatric individual takes an average of six prescription drugs concurrently and often suffers from adverse drug reactions [1, 3, 5, 6].
\nA key clinical issue in geriatric mental health is the heterogeneity in clinical presentations that confounds diagnosis and treatment of these problems. Patients usually deny the presence of mental health problems and are reluctant to seek help. Geriatric patients have multiple co-morbidities including psychological problems like depression. Few factors contributing to geriatric depression are female sex, widowed status, nuclear families, and stressful life events. Research indicates comparatively higher prevalence of geriatric depression in India, with a median prevalence rate of 21.9%. Symptoms of geriatric depression affect behavioral, physical, and cognitive domains of an individual, while many elderly do not seek help as a stereotype myth prevails that geriatric depression is normal in old age. Dementia is the most common neuropsychiatric illness besides depression as the major contributor to disability in people above 60 years of age, accounting for one quarter of all disability adjusted life years (DALY). It has been shown in different studies that, many environmental factors as well as caregiver approach towards elderly population with dementia are responsible for development of various psychiatric behaviors in elderly like agitation, irritability, restlessness, emotional distress and sleep disturbance. There is urgent need of sufficient number of dementia care homes, rehabilitation centers along with dementia daycare centers to manage the huge number of dementia patients in India [7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12].
\nElderly or geriatric populations have different socioeconomic problems in their life in the forms of loss of spouse, economic insecurity, social isolation, not getting pension timely etc. Elderly people in India not only work to support themselves but also make economic contributions to their households. Nearly 66% of those over 60 years of age are currently married, 32% are widowed and nearly 3% are separated or divorced (2011 Census). The proportion of those who have lost their spouse is much higher among women compared to men with 48% of older women and only 15% of the older men being widowed. Since women are more likely to be dependent on men for financial security, women face more adversities due to loss of spouse compared to men. Living arrangements among the elderly was not a problem in India till a few years ago because elderly people were given special respect and care in their family. Majority of the elderly are still living with their children in India, about one fifth either live alone or only with the spouse and hence have to manage their material and physical needs on their own. Financial dependency also increases with age. Around 50% of the elderly have some type of personal income after their retirement in the form of social security measures like pension scheme, provident fund, life insurance policies, post office deposits, savings bank interests and non service people of rural as well as urban India get some amount of incentives as part of different national health programs, schemes for elderly population; which will be discussed in subsequent sections. This income earned by the elderly is not sufficient sometimes to fulfill their basic needs and wishes to buy some gifts for their grandchildren on some special occasions. Most of the time, they are seen dependent financially on their offspring. Almost three fourth of the elderly are either fully or partially dependent on others like relatives, friends and neighbors and such dependency is more for elderly women than men. Overall, it appears that elderly still depend greatly on their earnings to support themselves and their family. Presently, lower class and middle class families are facing a great challenge to take care of elderly population due to reduction in economic activities following sudden Covid19 pandemic and subsequent lock-down [1, 6].
\nCorona virus outbreak was first reported in Wuhan city, Hubei province of China at the end of December 2019. Then Italy was affected by this infectious disease followed by multiple countries due to continuous movement of people across the globe by international air travel. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared this Covid outbreak to be a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) on 30th January, 2020. It was declared a pandemic subsequently on 11th March, 2020 when it affected more than hundred (113) countries world-wide [13].
\nGlobally, there have been near about 3 crores (28918900) confirmed cases of COVID-19, with more than 9 lakh (922,252) deaths, reported by WHO with case fatality rate of 3.18% as on, 14 September 2020. Presently, the United States of Americas is at number one position in terms of number of Covid 19 cases, having more than one fifth of total confirmed cases (22.2%) of Covid 19 followed by South-East Asia (18.9%), European region (16.7%), Eastern Mediterranean region (7.3%), African region (3.9%) and Western Pacific (1.9%), being the least affected region globally as on 14th September, 2020. There were more than 1.8 million new cases of COVID-19, with over forty thousand (40,600) deaths reported in the second week of September, 2020.The African Region also showed a decline in Covid 19 cases this week and was the only region to report a decline in deaths due to Covid 19. The European region has reported the third highest number of new cases in this week, accounting for about 16% of global cases and 25% of the deaths, with the second-highest cumulative number of Covid 19 cases per million populations (5,172 cases per million populations). In the South-East Asia Region, three countries namely; India, Indonesia and Bangladesh continue to report the highest number of Covid-19 cases, with the Maldives accounting for the highest number of cumulative cases (16,746 per million populations) in the second week of September, 2020. This region suffered 22% of all new deaths but retains low cumulative deaths in terms of population (46 per million populations). Myanmar is continuing to show increasing number of cases with mortality of less than 1 per million populations. Presently India has the highest number of Covid 19 cases (88.4%) in South-East Asia Region as on 14th September 2020. Indonesia has the highest case fatality rate (4.02%) followed by Thailand (1.67%), India (1.65%), Bangladesh (1.39%), Nepal (0.63%), Myanmar (0.57%), Srilanka (0.37%) and Maldives (0.34%) in South-East Asia Region. Currently, two countries from this region, Bhutan and Timor-Leste have not reported any death due to Covid 19. India has a very good recovery rate of more than 78% till now which is better than many countries compared to huge number of populations affected by Covid 19 [14].
\nMany programmes targeting geriatric population came to act in our country in last few decades but still we do not have the sufficient number of geriatric health clinics, geriatric physicians and caregivers to take care of our elderly. It’s high time to look forward in a positive way to deal with these problems of deficiency during this challenging time of Covid 19 pandemic. Geriatrics is relatively a new branch in India with most practicing young physicians having limited knowledge of the clinical and functional implications of aging. India’s old, their caregivers and healthcare providers admit ill health as part of senility. Geriatric care is not only concerned with the physiological phenomenon, but also with the medical health problems and specific diseases of an elderly [5].
\nIncreasing elderly population in India together with enhanced awareness on health issues is expected to put considerable pressure on the health care system in general and geriatric care in particular. The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) conducted a survey across seven states (Himachal Pradesh, Kerala, Maharashtra, Odisha, Punjab, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal) in India in 2011 to build a knowledge base on the socio-economic and health implications of aging and the ability of the elderly to access and use various welfare initiatives of the government. The survey showed that about 7.6% of the elderly in India (approximately 7.9 million persons) had difficulty in accomplishing activities of daily living (ADLs) and were in need of assistance. In general, elderly women have greater difficulty in performing ADLs than elderly men [1].
\nAging of population affects economic development of society as economic productivity is usually carried out by youths and adults - the productive forces. Aging problems vary across different geographical regions depending on demographic diversity, socioeconomic status, cultural and traditional practices. India is a country of demographic heterogeneity and geographical diversity, still one thing is common among its population i.e.; love and respect for each other especially for their elderly population. The family provides social and economic support to individuals at various stages of life. Family transition from joint to nuclear structure affected not only the status of elderly but also the family’s capability to care for elderly. Family structure changes were brought out by increased mobility for job opportunity, urbanization, capitalism, division of labor and industrialization. Community based voluntary support and viable formal support systems for elderly with chronic diseases and disabilities might address this issue. Creating provisions for elderly housing, domiciliary care systems, communication technologies might bridge the gap between young and old generations. Demographic factors like very old, women, those living alone and unmarried are more likely to enter long term care institutions. Predictors of social placement of an elderly to an institution are mainly social selection and allocation processes in health delivery systems (theoretical perspective) and risk factors that delay nursing home placement (policy perspective). Important reasons for entry into institutions are unavailability and unwillingness of family members to take care of geriatric population as well as availability of caretaker in private as well as government institution. Conditions viz., living arrangement, perception that institutions are good alternatives and persons involved in decision making in family influence institutionalization of elderly. Institutionalized elderly are heterogeneous in terms of demographic characteristics, physical and mental conditions, service utilization patterns, prognosis and life expectancy. Few factors facilitating entry of elderly people in institution are status of elderly within the family, social issues, existence of nursing home, heterogeneity of nursing homes, behavioral ethnography of nursing home life and resident outcomes and attitude and behavior of nursing home personnel [15].
\nOver the years, government has launched various schemes with the intention of providing health, care, and independence of the elderly around the country. In the domain of public systems, there are two overarching initiatives that are large in coverage, more comprehensive or integrated in design and backed by financial and administrative resources. These are National programme for Health Care for Elderly (NPHCE) and Integrated Programme for Older Persons (IPOP). They facilitate and create an environment for different kinds of elder services. NPHCE is meant to be implemented in convergence with the National Health Mission, Ministry of AYUSH (Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddhi and Homeopathy) and the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment (MOSJE). The Government of India launched National Policy on Older Persons (NPOP) in 1999 with the primary goal of overall wellbeing of the elderly, ensuring them a legitimate position in the society. The same Year 1999 was observed as the International year for older persons by the United Nations general assembly. The MOSJE has started the Integrated Programme for Older Persons (IPOP) since 1992, with the aim of improving the quality of life of elderly people by providing basic amenities like food, shelter, medical care and entertainment opportunities. The IPOP provides financial assistance (up to 90%) to Panchayati Raj Institution (PRIs) or local bodies, NGOs, educational institutions, charitable hospitals or nursing homes etc. for initiation of different facilities for elderly like old age homes, mobile medical units for older persons living in rural and isolated areas, day care centers, physiotherapy clinics, provision of disability aids, running help lines and counseling centers and sensitization of school and college students to aging issues [1, 16].
\nMinistry of Health and Family Welfare (MOHFW) is responsible for implementing the National Programme for Health Care of Elderly (NPHCE) through primary, secondary and tertiary services, dedicated for older persons. NPHCE functions under the control, coordination and monitoring and supervision of the national, state and district cells for non-communicable diseases (NCD). NPHCE was launched to provide referral services through district hospitals and regional medical colleges for elderly population and to promote a community based approach for integration of existing primary health centers and capacity building [1, 15, 17].
\nThe Vision of the NPHCE are: (1) Provision of accessible, affordable, and high quality long-term, comprehensive and dedicated care services to elderly population (2) Creation of a new “architecture” for Aging (3) Building a framework for creation of an comfortable environment for “a Society for all Ages;” (4) Promotion of the concept of Active and Healthy Aging.
\nSpecific objectives of the programme are: (1) Provision of an easy access to promotional, preventive, curative and rehabilitative services through community based primary health-care (PHC) approach. (2) Identification of health problems in the elderly and provide appropriate health interventions in the community with a strong referral backup support. (3) Capacity building of the medical and paramedical professionals as well as the caregivers within the family for providing health care to the elderly (4) Provide referral services to the elderly patients through district hospital and regional medical institutions cum colleges.
\nFew strategies to achieve the above mentioned objectives of the NPHCE are given as mentioned below:
Community based PHC approach including domiciliary visits by trained health-care workers (2) Dedicated services at PHC/Community Health Center (CHC) level including provision of machinery, equipment, training, additional human resources, Information, Education and Communication (IEC), etc.
Dedicated facilities at the district hospital with 10 bedded wards, additional human resources, machinery and equipment, consumables and drugs, training and IEC
Strengthening of Eight Regional Medical Institutes to provide dedicated tertiary level medical facilities for the elderly, introducing PG courses in geriatric medicine, and in-service training of health personnel at all levels
Increase use of Information Education Communication (IEC) activities using mass media, folk media and other communication channels to reach out to the vulnerable population
Continuous monitoring and independent evaluation of the Program and research in geriatrics and implementation of NPHCE
Promotion of public private partnerships in geriatric health-care
Mainstreaming AYUSH (Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddhi and Homeopathy) by revitalization of local health traditions and convergence with programs of Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment in the field of geriatrics
Reorienting traditional medical education to competency based medical education to deal with the problems of geriatric health
Expected outcomes of NPHCE are given as mentioned below:
Initiation of Regional geriatric centers (RGC) in eight Regional Medical Institutions by setting up RGCs with a dedicated geriatric out-patient department (OPD) and thirty (30) bedded geriatric ward for management of specific diseases of the elderly, training of health personnel in geriatric health-care and conducting research
Generation of Post-graduates in geriatric medicine from the eight regional medical institutions
Starting Video Conferencing Units in the eight (8) Regional Medical Institutions to be utilized for capacity building and mentoring
Provision of District geriatric units with dedicated geriatric OPD and ten (10) bedded geriatric ward in 80–100 District Hospitals
Starting Geriatric clinics or rehabilitation units set up for domiciliary visits in community or primary health centers in the selected districts
Strengthening Sub Centers by provision of appropriate logistics like medicines, vaccine carrier etc. and adequate infrastructure like provision for safe drinking water, clean toilet facility, electricity etc.
Training of Human Resources in the Public Health-Care System in geriatric care.
NPHCE is expected to provide preventive, promotional, curative and rehabilitative services in an integrated manner for the elderly in various Government health facilities. Districts will be linked to Regional Geriatric Centers (RGCs) for providing tertiary level care. Package of services for elderly in different levels of health care delivery system under NPHCE are given in Table 1.
Health facility level | \nPackage of services | \n
---|---|
Sub-Center (SC) | \nHealth Education related to healthy ageing | \n
\n | Domiciliary visits for attention and care to home bound/bedridden elderly persons and provide training to the family care providers in looking after the disabled elderly persons | \n
\n | Arrange for suitable calipers and supportive devices from the PHC to the elderly disabled persons to make them ambulatory | \n
\n | Linkage with other support groups and day care centers etc., operational in the area | \n
Primary Health Center (PHC) | \nWeekly geriatric clinic run by a trained Medical Officer | \n
\n | Maintain a record of the elderly using the standard format during their first visit | \n
\n | Conducting a routine health assessment of the elderly persons based on simple clinical examination relating to eye, blood pressure, blood sugar, etc. | \n
\n | Provision of medicines and proper advice on chronic ailments | \n
\n | Public awareness on promotional, preventive and rehabilitative aspects of geriatrics during health and village sanitation day/camps | \n
\n | Referral for diseases needing further investigation and treatment, to CHC or the District Hospital as per need | \n
Community Health Centers (CHC) | \nFirst Referral Unit for the elderly from PHCs and below | \n
\n | Geriatric clinic for the elderly persons twice a week | \n
\n | Rehabilitation Unit for physiotherapy and counseling | \n
\n | Domiciliary visits by the rehabilitation worker for bed ridden elderly and counseling of the family members on their home-based care | \n
\n | Health promotion and prevention | \n
\n | Referral of difficult cases to District Hospital/higher health-care facility | \n
District hospitals (DH) | \nGeriatric clinic for regular dedicated Out Patient Department (OPD) services to the elderly | \n
\n | Facilities for laboratory investigations for diagnosis and provision of medicines for geriatric medical and health problems | \n
\n | Ten bedded Geriatric Ward for in-patient care of the elderly | \n
\n | Existing specialties like General Medicine; Orthopedics, Ophthalmology; ENT services etc., will provide services needed by elderly patients | \n
\n | Provide services for the elderly patients referred by the CHCs/PHCs, etc. | \n
\n | Conducting camps for Geriatric Services in PHCs/CHCs and other sites | \n
\n | Referral services for severe cases to tertiary level hospitals | \n
Regional Geriatric Centers (RGC) | \nGeriatric clinic (Specialized OPD for the elderly) | \n
\n | Thirty bedded Geriatric Ward for in-patient care and dedicated beds for the elderly patients in the various specialties viz. Surgery, Orthopedics, Psychiatry, Urology, Ophthalmology and Neurology etc. | \n
\n | Laboratory investigation required for elderly with a special sample collection center in the OPD block | \n
\n | Tertiary health care to the cases referred from medical colleges, district hospitals and below | \n
Package of services for elderly in different levels of health care delivery system under NPHCE are given below.
There are four essential features of an integrated package of elder services in private sector as given below [1]:
Affordable medical care at home
Improved access to institutional health care while linking home-based care with institution-based services
Training staff and family in home-based rehabilitation services
Greater participation of the elderly into the society, increasing the level of acceptance by fighting against ageism and continued enjoyment of home life.
While NPHCE and IPOP address aspects related to institutional health care, the rest of the aspects are facilitated by NGOs all over the country with public and private funding. Few NGO initiatives to deal with the health and social problems of elderly in India are as mentioned below:
Agewell Foundation
Alzheimer’s and Related Disorders Society of India
Calcutta Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology
Ekal Nari Shakti Sangathan (ENSS)
Guild for Services
HelpAge India
Heritage Foundation
The International Longevity Centre-India (ILC-I) Elder Care Services
Janaseva Foundation
Nightingale Medical Trust
Silver Innings Foundation
Sulabh International services for Widows in Ashrams
India is fighting strongly to mitigate the Covid 19 pandemic situation with its limited manpower and economy. Many government programmes and initiatives were launched and coming forward to develop to meet the needs of its vulnerable population like pregnant mother, adolescent, children and elderly since its independence. Public Health Foundation of India has recently launched another programme for training primary health care professionals in Geriatric health care among this most challenging time of Covid 19 pandemic which shows the distant vision of decision makers of health care delivery system in our country. We need to motivate and encourage our young medical graduates to enhance their knowledge and skills in geriatric health to decrease mortality and morbidity in elderly with such types of pandemic in future.
\nWe want to thank Prof. Partha Bhattacharjee, Head of department, Community Medicine, Tripura Medical College & Dr. BRAM Teaching Hospital for providing constant encouragement and motivation. Authors want to thank IntechOpen, for giving chance to write in their online platform. Authors also want to express gratitude to Dr. Somchai Amornyotin, Chief Editor, Geriatric book for selecting this chapter on Geriatric Health.
\nThere is no funding agency for this write up. This writing is solely made by the authors with help of different articles and reports. I, Dr Kaushik Nag want to thank my wife Dr Sujata Sen for constantly motivating and encouraging me for writing this important topic on geriatric health care. I also want to express my gratitude and love towards my parents for guiding me in right direction during my difficult time. I also want to thank my friends cum colleagues for their constant encouragement and motivation. Lastly, I want to express my deepest gratitude and thanks to my geriatric patients without whom this writing would not be possible.
\nOur business values are based on those any scientist applies to their research. The values of our business are based on the same ones that all good scientists apply to their research. We have created a culture of respect and collaboration within a relaxed, friendly, and progressive atmosphere, while maintaining academic rigour.
",metaTitle:"Careers at IntechOpen",metaDescription:"Employee quote to be added",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/careers-at-intechopen",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Integrity - We are consistent and dependable, always striving for precision and accuracy in the true spirit of science.
\\n\\nOpenness - We communicate honestly and transparently. We are open to constructive criticism and committed to learning from it.
\\n\\nDisruptiveness - We are eager for discovery, for new ideas and for progression. We approach our work with creativity and determination, with a clear vision that drives us forward. We look beyond today and strive for a better tomorrow.
\\n\\nIntechOpen is a dynamic, vibrant company, where exceptional people are achieving great things. We offer a creative, dedicated, committed, and passionate environment but never lose sight of the fact that science and discovery is exciting and rewarding. We constantly strive to ensure that members of our community can work, travel, meet world-renowned researchers and grow their own career and develop their own experiences.
\\n\\nIf this sounds like a place that you would like to work, whether you are at the beginning of your career or are an experienced professional, we invite you to drop us a line and tell us why you could be the right person for IntechOpen.
\\n\\nPlease send your CV and a cover letter to jobs@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nIntegrity - We are consistent and dependable, always striving for precision and accuracy in the true spirit of science.
\n\nOpenness - We communicate honestly and transparently. We are open to constructive criticism and committed to learning from it.
\n\nDisruptiveness - We are eager for discovery, for new ideas and for progression. We approach our work with creativity and determination, with a clear vision that drives us forward. We look beyond today and strive for a better tomorrow.
\n\nIntechOpen is a dynamic, vibrant company, where exceptional people are achieving great things. We offer a creative, dedicated, committed, and passionate environment but never lose sight of the fact that science and discovery is exciting and rewarding. We constantly strive to ensure that members of our community can work, travel, meet world-renowned researchers and grow their own career and develop their own experiences.
\n\nIf this sounds like a place that you would like to work, whether you are at the beginning of your career or are an experienced professional, we invite you to drop us a line and tell us why you could be the right person for IntechOpen.
\n\nPlease send your CV and a cover letter to jobs@intechopen.com.
\n\n