Comparison of the application in varied rate based on maps and sensors.
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Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
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\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"7043",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Clinical Management of Shock - The Science and Art of Physiological Restoration",title:"Clinical Management of Shock",subtitle:"The Science and Art of Physiological Restoration",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Shock is a physiological state of war! From a healthcare provider perspective, the word “shock” is associated with a mixed array of feelings, including dread, well-founded fear, and deep respect. The physiological state of shock is well recognized for the associated destructive consequences, and its successful management requires prompt identification, immediate action, and sustained effort by all members of the healthcare team. This mindset of advanced preparation and constant readiness constitutes the foundation of the modern approach toward shock – early detection and prompt treatment for optimal outcomes. Despite the heterogeneity of “shock” as a clinico-pathological entity, there are some common threads that permeate all forms and manifestations of shock, with apparent increase in observed commonalities in the more advanced (and often irreversible) stages of the systemic syndrome. When faced with shock, the body and its systems do their best to compensate for the maldistribution of oxygen and nutrients. This is known as the so-called compensated shock. Beyond that, the body loses its ability to adjust any further, thus descending into “uncompensated shock,” with a refractory state characterized by vasoplegia and irreversible cardiovascular failure. As the reader journeys through the chapters of the book, he or she will read about various biomarkers and endpoints of resuscitation, explore different types of shock (e.g., septic, hemorrhagic, anaphylactic) and learn about some of the less often discussed topics such as neurogenic and spinal shock, as well as the amniotic fluid embolism. Our goals were to keep things clinically relevant and practically oriented, thus enabling the reader to apply the newly acquired knowledge in their everyday clinical routines. As the reader progresses through the book, we hope to help stimulate further discourse and innovative thinking about the topic. In this context, it is critical that basic, translational, and clinical research on shock continues to advance. Only through ongoing scientific progress can we help improve outcomes for patients with both rare and common forms of shock.",isbn:"978-1-83881-171-6",printIsbn:"978-1-83881-170-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-172-3",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73805",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"clinical-management-of-shock-the-science-and-art-of-physiological-restoration",numberOfPages:208,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"0f79000187ae93618e2213631e00047c",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki and Mamta Swaroop",publishedDate:"June 24th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7043.jpg",numberOfDownloads:16840,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:4,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:9,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:13,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"July 12th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 16th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"December 15th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"March 5th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"May 4th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/181694/images/system/181694.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Stanislaw P. Stawicki is a Professor of Surgery and chair of the Department of Research and Innovation, St. Luke\\'s University Health Network, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. A specialist in general surgery, surgical critical care, and neurocritical care, he has co-authored more than 650 scholarly works, including more than 20 books. In addition to local, national, and international medical leadership roles, Dr. Stawicki is a member of numerous editorial boards. His areas of expertise are diverse and include health security, medical information security, blockchain technology, patient safety, academic leadership, mentorship and leadership development, traumatology, surgical critical care, and sonography.",institutionString:"St. Luke's University Health Network",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"33",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"8",institution:{name:"St. Luke's University Health Network",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"197820",title:"Dr.",name:"Mamta",middleName:null,surname:"Swaroop",slug:"mamta-swaroop",fullName:"Mamta Swaroop",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197820/images/system/197820.jpeg",biography:"Mamta Swaroop, MD, FACS FICS FAIM, is Associate Professor of Surgery in the Division of Trauma and \nCritical Care, the Director for the Center for Global Surgery in the Institute for Global Health, and the Global Surgery Program Director at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine. Her lab, the Northwestern Trauma and Surgical Initiative (www.ntsi.global), aims to build sustainable access to surgical care through education and research in low-resource settings.\nThe NTSI conducts community-directed research and programmatic I development in Southeast Asia, \nSouth America, and Chicago, Illinois, USA. To honor her family’s legacy, she founded a 501(c)(3) NGO, the Sadanah Foundation (www.sadanah.org), to build sustainable access to health care and education in low-resource settings.",institutionString:"Northwestern University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"173",title:"Critical Care Medicine",slug:"critical-care-medicine"}],chapters:[{id:"68767",title:"Introductory Chapter: Shock is a Physiological State of War",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88686",slug:"introductory-chapter-shock-is-a-physiological-state-of-war",totalDownloads:836,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki, Thomas J. Papadimos and Mamta Swaroop",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68767",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68767",authors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],corrections:null},{id:"67910",title:"New Biomarkers of Sepsis with Clinical Relevance",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82156",slug:"new-biomarkers-of-sepsis-with-clinical-relevance",totalDownloads:1440,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"A 2016 task force convened by multiple societies proposed a new definition of sepsis, termed Sepsis 3. The new clinical diagnosis of sepsis is based on variation points in the Sequential (Sepsis-related) Organ Assessment Score (SOFA) and excluded Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) as a criterion for defining the diagnosis. Although the new definitions have provided improvements in understanding the disease, the main concern generated by Sepsis 3 is the reduced sensitivity to detect cases that might have an unfavorable course, mainly in early conditions. By limiting the diagnosis to organic dysfunction, the new concept tends to select a more severely ill population. In this way, biomarkers to diagnose sepsis may allow early intervention, which can reduce the risk of death. Although lactate is currently the most commonly used biomarker to identify sepsis, other biomarkers may help to enhance lactate’s effectiveness and may be used as a tool for staging the disease, prognosis, and response to intervention. The objective of this chapter is to present possible new biomarkers that are clinically relevant.",signatures:"Débora Maria da Gomes Cunha, Guilherme Galdino da Silva and Mike Yoshio Hamasaki",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67910",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67910",authors:[{id:"270399",title:"Dr.",name:"Mike",surname:"Hamasaki",slug:"mike-hamasaki",fullName:"Mike Hamasaki"}],corrections:null},{id:"71643",title:"Resuscitation Endpoints in Traumatic Shock: A Focused Review with Emphasis on Point-of-Care Approaches",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90686",slug:"resuscitation-endpoints-in-traumatic-shock-a-focused-review-with-emphasis-on-point-of-care-approache",totalDownloads:640,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Trauma resuscitation is a blend of art and science, with the traumatologist at the helm of a large, multidisciplinary team, making split-second decisions and overseeing various parallel processes. Despite tremendous progress over the past few decades, the “art” component continues to play a large part in the overall trauma resuscitation process, with the “science” part slowly but steadily increasing its footprint as a determinant of processes and decisions. Thus, it becomes critical for all clinicians to be able to recognize the evidence-based factors which can be most valuable in guiding trauma resuscitations. This chapter serves as an overview of the current clinical findings, resuscitative endpoints, imaging techniques, and physiologic indices that are most helpful in order to promptly recognize and treat traumatic shock as well as projecting forward to look at novel techniques and biomarkers. Though a single universal marker that accurately and consistently identifies traumatic shock has yet to be discovered, certain factors discussed, such as lactate and base deficit, have been proven to be much more reliable than others.",signatures:"Kathryn C. Kelley, Kyle Dammann, Alex Alers, Thomas B. Zanders, Charles Bendas and Stanislaw P. Stawicki",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71643",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71643",authors:[{id:"187625",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw",surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw Stawicki"}],corrections:null},{id:"65396",title:"Hemorrhagic Shock",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82358",slug:"hemorrhagic-shock",totalDownloads:2235,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Hemorrhagic shock is a type of hypovolemic shock, where intravascular blood loss and consequent alterations in the cell due to the hypoxia result in tissue and organ dysfunction, leading to death, once a certain threshold level is exceeded. Inadequate oxygen delivery results with Na/K ATPase pump dysfunction and cell death by this way, but erythrocytes do not use oxygen for their survival. A depolarizing protein can be a reason under in vivo conditions. In severe injury, rapid loss of 25% and more blood volume cause irreversible shock. For blood restoration, crystalloid solutions temporarily provide a practical approach, but they cannot replace the lost erythrocyte mass occurred due to bleeding, and they have no therapeutic value. Excessive use causes several problems, especially coagulopathy and increases the mortality risk. The prompt transfer of patient to an ultimate center for treatment, use of blood and blood products in the treatment, and a swift restoration of hemorrhage source are essential. Tourniquet use in the extremities and balloon occlusion of the aorta can be lifesaving.",signatures:"Fevzi Sarper Türker",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65396",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65396",authors:[{id:"240423",title:"M.D.",name:"Fevzi Sarper",surname:"Türker",slug:"fevzi-sarper-turker",fullName:"Fevzi Sarper Türker"}],corrections:null},{id:"68135",title:"Sepsis and Septic Shock",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86800",slug:"sepsis-and-septic-shock",totalDownloads:2674,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Sepsis and septic shock are life-threatening conditions that remain an enormous burden of morbidity and mortality to millions of patients globally and cause organ dysfunction, leading to death in as many as one in four patients, often even more. Early management and appropriate treatment are essential to improve outcomes and reduce morbidity and mortality. In 2016, the Third International Consensus Definition for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3) defined sepsis as life-threatening organ dysfunction resulting from dysregulated host responses to infection, and defined septic shock as a subset of sepsis in which underlying circulatory, cellular, and metabolic abnormalities are profound enough to substantially increase the risk of mortality. That same year the group also implemented the application of the sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score over the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) score. Sepsis in pregnancy remains a leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide, with no current standard definition for severe sepsis for the pregnant or peripartum woman. The prevalence of pediatric septic shock is on the rise and brings with it the consequences of long-term morbidity and also death. Since the advent of programs for early recognition and treatment, mortality has decreased. Even so, globally, many children succumb to septic shock despite evidence-based care and years of research.",signatures:"Alaap Mehta, Ali Khalid and Mamta Swaroop",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68135",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68135",authors:[{id:"197820",title:"Dr.",name:"Mamta",surname:"Swaroop",slug:"mamta-swaroop",fullName:"Mamta Swaroop"},{id:"269490",title:"Dr.",name:"Alaap",surname:"Mehta",slug:"alaap-mehta",fullName:"Alaap Mehta"},{id:"295313",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",surname:"Khalid",slug:"ali-khalid",fullName:"Ali Khalid"}],corrections:null},{id:"68438",title:"Anaphylactic Shock",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88284",slug:"anaphylactic-shock",totalDownloads:1412,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Anaphylaxis is a life threatening hypersensitivity reaction that can cause shock. Epidemiology studies show anaphylaxis and anaphylactic shock is relatively rare, but its incidence is increasing. A review of the pathophysiology of anaphylaxis can provide insight into clinical decisions. Diagnosing anaphylaxis can be difficult as symptoms and history are not always obvious. Diagnostic guidelines provide an objective tool to assess for anaphylaxis. Early intervention during anaphylaxis may prevent development of shock. Management is focused on circulation support with epinephrine and IV fluids, and airway maintenance. Following an acute anaphylactic reaction, patients should be provided with a referral for follow up and educated on avoidance of triggers and use of epinephrine autoinjectors.",signatures:"Stephen DeTurk, Shravan Reddy, Anna Ng Pellegrino and John Wilson",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68438",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68438",authors:[{id:"283386",title:"Dr.",name:"Stephen",surname:"DeTurk",slug:"stephen-deturk",fullName:"Stephen DeTurk"},{id:"302709",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",surname:"Ng Pellegrino",slug:"anna-ng-pellegrino",fullName:"Anna Ng Pellegrino"},{id:"302710",title:"Dr.",name:"Shravan",surname:"Reddy",slug:"shravan-reddy",fullName:"Shravan Reddy"},{id:"302711",title:"Dr.",name:"John",surname:"Wilson",slug:"john-wilson",fullName:"John Wilson"}],corrections:null},{id:"69817",title:"Neurogenic Shock",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89915",slug:"neurogenic-shock",totalDownloads:1967,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Neurogenic shock is a state characterized by hypotension, bradycardia, and other evidence of autonomic dysfunction. The most common cause is acute spinal cord injury (SCI), which will be the subject of our focus. Because the typical autonomic reflexes may be either abolished or dysregulated, appropriate treatment requires an understanding of the neuroanatomic substrate for the change. In this chapter, we will explore the root cause for neurogenic shock, differentiating it from spinal shock, and discuss those patients at risk and generally accepted treatment paradigms. The timeframe for manifestation of neurogenic shock is variable and it can quickly progress to cause secondary injury or death, so appropriate monitoring requires a high level of suspicion and diligence.",signatures:"Anna Volski and Daniel J. Ackerman",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69817",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69817",authors:[{id:"279184",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Ackerman",slug:"daniel-ackerman",fullName:"Daniel Ackerman"},{id:"310676",title:"Ms.",name:"Anna",surname:"Volski",slug:"anna-volski",fullName:"Anna Volski"}],corrections:null},{id:"72298",title:"Spinal Shock: Differentiation from Neurogenic Shock and Key Management Approaches",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92026",slug:"spinal-shock-differentiation-from-neurogenic-shock-and-key-management-approaches",totalDownloads:1358,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The conceptual differentiation of spinal and neurogenic shock tends to be misunderstood among clinicians. In order to better illustrate the differences in definition, presentation, and development of spinal shock (SS) from neurogenic and other forms of shock, we present herein a clinically relevant summary of typical characteristics of SS. First described in the eighteenth century, the continued investigation into the disease process and the response of neural structures to spinal cord trauma have led to a more complete description and understanding. We will begin in the first part of the chapter describing the etiology of SS, including a working definition, as it pertains to complete spinal cord injuries (SCIs). This is followed by the summary of pathophysiology and clinical presentations associated with each clinical phase of SS. Finally, we explore treatment options and considerations as they relate to incomplete SCI. We hope that by presenting a clear and well-delineated overview of SS, we will allow the clinician to better understand and more accurately predict the evolution of this process. This, in turn, should facilitate the ability to deliver better care for the patient.",signatures:"Keith Conti, Vikas Yellapu, Joan Sweeney, Steven M. Falowski and Stanislaw P. Stawicki",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72298",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72298",authors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"},{id:"264988",title:"Dr.",name:"Vikas",surname:"Yellapu",slug:"vikas-yellapu",fullName:"Vikas Yellapu"},{id:"281094",title:"Dr.",name:"Steven",surname:"Falowski",slug:"steven-falowski",fullName:"Steven Falowski"},{id:"312709",title:"Dr.",name:"Keith",surname:"Conti",slug:"keith-conti",fullName:"Keith Conti"},{id:"312710",title:"Dr.",name:"Joan",surname:"Sweeney",slug:"joan-sweeney",fullName:"Joan Sweeney"}],corrections:null},{id:"67055",title:"Amniotic Fluid Embolism",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85726",slug:"amniotic-fluid-embolism",totalDownloads:686,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Amniotic fluid embolism (AFE) is a rare complication of pregnancy often resulting in catastrophic maternal and fetal outcomes. Given the rarity of this condition, there is a wide variation in reported incidence of amniotic fluid embolism. The pathophysiology of AFE is not completely understood. It is thought to be the result of a breach of the maternal-fetal barrier resulting in an abnormal maternal proinflammatory response. AFE presents as a sudden onset of hypoxia, hypotension, and coagulopathy during labor and delivery or in the immediate postpartum period. Abnormalities in the fetal heart tracing are almost always present. Risk factors often include advanced maternal age, induction of labor, cesarean delivery, operative vaginal delivery, placenta previa, and placental abruption. The diagnosis of amniotic fluid embolism is made based on clinical presentation. There are no laboratory tests that confirm the diagnosis of AFE; however, serum tryptase levels, complement levels, zinc coproporphyrin, and serum sialyl Tn (STn) may support the diagnosis. Management of women with AES is supportive and most often requires admission to an intensive care unit. Although maternal morbidity and mortality remain high, advances in medical technology and improvements in obstetrical critical care and early diagnosis of AFE have improved outcomes.",signatures:"Neesaytee Boulden, Joseph Bell, Jose Rojas-Suarez and Jorge E. Tolosa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67055",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67055",authors:[{id:"284851",title:"Dr.",name:"Neesaytee",surname:"Boulden",slug:"neesaytee-boulden",fullName:"Neesaytee Boulden"},{id:"287633",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge E.",surname:"Tolosa",slug:"jorge-e.-tolosa",fullName:"Jorge E. Tolosa"},{id:"291668",title:"Dr.",name:"Joseph",surname:"Bell",slug:"joseph-bell",fullName:"Joseph Bell"},{id:"291824",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose",surname:"Rojas-Suarez",slug:"jose-rojas-suarez",fullName:"Jose Rojas-Suarez"}],corrections:null},{id:"67415",title:"Burn Shock and Resuscitation: Many Priorities, One Goal",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85646",slug:"burn-shock-and-resuscitation-many-priorities-one-goal",totalDownloads:1351,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Burn injuries come in a wide variety of presentations, depending on the size and depth of the thermal insult, concurrent traumatic or inhalation injury, as well as the associated physiological response of the burn victim. To minimize patient morbidity and reduce mortality, prompt recognition and tailored treatment strategies are critically important. As the percentage of total body surface area (TBSA) burned increases so do the body’s physiologic response and the associated complexity of management. Understanding the pathophysiology of burn injury allows the practitioner to optimize and individualize burn patient management—a component of care critical to limiting wound progression and improving outcomes. Burn patient care starts with an accurate and thorough burn patient evaluation conducted in person by an experienced provider. For burns >10–15% TBSA, prompt initiation of fluid resuscitation greatly impacts clinical outcomes. Several formulae have been published to guide crystalloid and/or colloid fluid resuscitation in the setting of burn shock. Other important considerations include ambient temperature control, early enteral nutritional support, vitamin and mineral supplementation, assessment for inhalation injury, glycemic control, early recognition of potential complications of large volume resuscitation, potential need for cardiovascular support, and early wound excision and coverage. Burn patients often require multidisciplinary teams to manage the physical, social, and psychological effects associated with their injury. Dedicated burn centers are the ideal places for meeting the complex needs of each burn patient.",signatures:"John Sojka, Andrew C. Krakowski and Stanislaw P. Stawicki",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67415",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67415",authors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],corrections:null},{id:"64483",title:"Urosepsis: Flow is Life",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82262",slug:"urosepsis-flow-is-life",totalDownloads:2244,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Urosepsis is one of the important etiological factors for community as well as hospital-acquired infections. Accordingly, urosepsis is divided into community-acquired and hospital-acquired urosepsis. Obstruction to the flow of urine is a common risk factor for community-acquired urosepsis, whereas the indwelling urinary catheter is the risk for the hospital-acquired urosepsis. E. coli remained the most common bacteria-causing urosepsis. If not treated early and appropriately, urosepsis can complicate into septic shock and multiple organ dysfunction. The cornerstone for the improved outcome of these patients is initial resuscitation and proper antibiotic therapy and restoring the flow of urine or removing the infected urinary catheter. Community-acquired urosepsis can be prevented by removing the obstruction to flow of urine permanently. The hospital-acquired urosepsis can be prevented by strictly following catheter-associated urinary tract infection prevention bundle and removing the catheter as early as possible.",signatures:"Nissar Shaikh, Umm-E-Amara, Jazib Hassan, Zeeshan Qazi, Arshad Chanda, Zia Mahemood, Mahommad Zubair, AR Raju Vegensa, Abdul Gafoor M. Tharayil, Adel Ganaw, Ranjan Matthias and Muna Al Musalmani",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64483",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64483",authors:[{id:"107703",title:"Dr.",name:"Nissar",surname:"Shaikh",slug:"nissar-shaikh",fullName:"Nissar Shaikh"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6672",title:"Vignettes in Patient Safety",subtitle:"Volume 3",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c8b1831a8cceea8be146cbfbd582b81",slug:"vignettes-in-patient-safety-volume-3",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki and Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6672.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. 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\r\n\tCoordinating, orchestrating, and scheduling tasks has been an art practiced by governments, companies, and managers for ages. The rise of Taylorism, standardisation, electrical systems, electronic systems and computing, and now, quantum computing, has given scheduling a whole World of importance.
\r\n\tFrom practice to a mathematical and technological application, scheduling has become another form of art: an algorithmic art, declined in as many OS and hardware constraints, from embedded systems onboard an aircraft or a spacecraft to databases in all financial and Internet servers.
\r\n\tThey have become ubiquitous so that a large part of our civilisational development is supported by their reliability, redundancy, and optimisation capacity. Like all of our civilisational assets, they are benefiting from scientific breakthrough in computational sciences such as evolutionary algorithms, Artificial Intelligence, and quantum computing. If not by using it, by being in need of adapting to the next generation of computing. Space development is also bringing new challenges, especially in redundancy and reliability.
The growing demand for food and the limitation of territorial expansion of agricultural areas direct agriculture toward an increasing intensification with the rational use of resources and maximization of production [1]. For 2050, the world population is estimated at 9 billion people; this represents a need for an increase in food production around 70 to 100% that can be achieved if more efficient cultivation techniques are adopted with fewer impacts on the environment [2]. For this to be possible, it is necessary to have knowledge and control of the variables that interfere in the costs of production and productivity of crops. In this sense, precision agriculture is a tool that makes it possible to meet these needs.
\nPrecision agriculture comprises a set of technologies that combines sensors, information systems, improved machinery, and informed management to optimize production, considering variability and uncertainties in agricultural systems [3]. This modern agriculture starts from the concept that an area of production is not homogeneous, that is, it has great variation. Thus, it is not appropriate to use agricultural inputs and management techniques equally for areas that have different characteristics. The aggregated knowledge throughout history helps to scientifically explain the variability observed and offers paths to localized management with more technique and rigor [4].
\nThis new approach mainly benefits from the emergence and convergence of various technologies, including the global positioning system (GPS), geographic information system (GIS), microcomputers, control automation, remote sensing, mobile computing, advanced information processing, and telecommunications [5]. With these technologies, it is possible to analyze spatial variability, through data collection, information management, application of inputs at varying rate, and, finally, the economic and environmental evaluation of the results [6].
\nPrecision agriculture allowed to perform not only the mapping of the physicochemical properties of the soil, application of fertilizers in a localized way, pest monitoring, harvesting and post-harvest operations, among others [3] but also the mapping and control of weeds, with localized sprays through mapping equipment or real-time systems and thus rationalize the use of pesticides and also minimize damage to the environment. Thus, the objective of this chapter was to address an overview of the use of herbicides in variable rate application (VRA) for weed management in PRE and POST.
\nWeed control with herbicides makes up much of the production costs of a crop. In conventional agriculture, herbicide doses are recommended for large areas, without considering many aspects of spatial and temporal variation. When the use of herbicides is made at a fixed rate, economic losses occur directly and indirectly, both due to the above—what is necessary for herbicides and for possible control failures that decrease productivity. In addition, environmental contamination may occur by leaching herbicides into groundwater and rivers. To fix these problems, it is necessary to use the precision agriculture tools and implement a VRA system [7].
\nVRA refers to the application of herbicides based on area, location, and soil conditions, among other characteristics. Important characteristics such as the variation in infestation and weed density in the application of herbicides in POST and in the sorption capacity that the soil exerts in the application of herbicides in PRE are considered in this system. This allows us to control weeds more efficiently and reduce environmental risks, as there are no applications of underdoses or overdoses. This technology works by integrating a variable rate control system with the sprayer for herbicide application [8, 9].
\nVRA systems can be different in many ways, but have components in common; the basic system deployment consists of five components that are represented in Figure 1: GPS receiver for location and orientation of the machinery at the time of application, a computer that will perform the data processing, a software capable of relating the data collected in the area and determine the dose to be applied, in addition to controllers that will be responsible for changing the flow and pressure of the spray syrup [7].
\nMain components of a variable rate spraying system (spray rate controller, computer and software, GPS receiver, and control valve). Source: adapted from Grisso et al. [
The application at a varied rate can be fundamentally based on maps or sensors (Table 1). Such methodologies require specific resources that differ greatly from each other.
\nParameter | \nMap based | \nSensor based | \n
---|---|---|
Methodology | \nGrid sampling—lab analyses—site-specific maps and the use of variable rate applicator | \nReal-time sensors—feedback control measures and the use of variable rate applicator | \n
GPS/DGPS | \nVery much required | \nNot necessary | \n
Laboratory analysis (plant and soil) | \nRequired | \nNot required | \n
Mapping | \nRequired | \nMay not required | \n
Time consumption | \nMore | \nLess | \n
Limitations | \nCost of soil testis and analysis limit the usage | \nLack of sufficient sensors for getting crop and soil information | \n
Operation | \nDifficult | \nEasy | \n
Skills | \nRequired | \nRequired | \n
Sampling unit | \n2 to 3 acres | \nIndividual spot | \n
Relevance | \nPopular in developing countries | \nPopular in developed countries | \n
Comparison of the application in varied rate based on maps and sensors.
Source: Ahmad and Mahdi [10].
Application maps of specific areas are generated by analyzing previous georeferenced samples of soil or plants of the area to be managed. Due to the need to collect many samples to create a representative map of the area, the costs of analysis tend to increase with this method and need more time to get ready. The map-based system is highly dependent on GPS and differential global positioning system (DGPS), as it is necessary to cross-reference the coordinates of the samples collected with the coordinate occupied by the machinery at the time of application. Thus, the operational difficulty of map-based systems is greater.
\nAlthough it has some disadvantages referring to operating costs and complexity, the map method is very efficient when used correctly and with accurate equipment. Figure 2 shows a mapping of weed distribution in a given area and correlated with the required amount of herbicide needed to control weeds according to their density. The result of this crossing of information is a varied rate application map. In the area, there were infestations ranging from 0 to >30 plants m−2; so, it is not necessary to apply the same dose at all levels of infestations [11]. Areas with higher infestation will receive more herbicide than areas with low infestation. In the specific case, the volume of syrup varies from 100 to 250 L ha−1, which corresponds to a variation of 150%. If the volume of syrup was kept constant, there would certainly be herbicide wasting due to excess or lack in certain places. In the example of Figure 2, the VRA allowed uniform yield of the crop that was implanted, reduced environmental impacts, and provided savings of 29% in the amount of herbicide.
\nWeed density map (left) and variable rate application (VRA) of herbicide (right). Source: Carrara et al. [
Data collection of weed presence and processing in sensor-based VRA are made fractions of seconds before herbicide application, avoiding the need to generate a previous map of the area. Sensor-based systems have the ability to vary application rate without any mapping or prior data collection. Sensors measure in real time the desired properties while they are in motion. The measurements made by the system are processed immediately and sent to the controller who will perform the application at a varied rate.
\nThe use of sensors does not necessarily require the use of a positioning system, map generation, or extensive data analysis before making the VRA. Thus, it is an easier-to-use system, consumes less time, and has greater accuracy when compared to the map-based method. Its current limitation is related to the state of the development of sensors and algorithms with sufficient accuracy to collect and process more detailed information of plants and soil.
\nIn Figure 3, there is an example of this type of method, where an optical sensor along with an infrared light source is implanted in the machinery spray bar. This set will be responsible for identifying weeds in the field by reflecting the green color of the leaves and indicating to the controller which sites will be necessary to carry out herbicide application.
\nActing of an optical sensor in the control of spray nozzles. Source: Grisso et al. [
The objective of an herbicide application in preemergency is to manage weeds that have not yet germinated, and the herbicide application is made directly in the soil so that as soon as the seeds/propagules germinate, they can absorb the herbicide. But for this to occur, the herbicide must be bioavailable in the soil solution. The application of herbicides in PRE follows different destinations due to the herbicide-soil interactions regulated by physical, chemical, and biological processes [12].
\nThe efficiency of chemical control is associated with several factors that will determine whether the herbicides will be in the soil solution, thus being absorbed by the vegetables; leached, including groundwater; transported by the process of erosion or runoff; and volatilized [13]. In addition, they can be sorbed by soil colloids, thus becoming unavailable to plants.
\nThe variability of soil properties can cause a differential sorption of herbicides, which, in turn, reflects on the different availability of the herbicide in the soil solution, and may generate variation in weed control [14, 15], especially in large cultivated areas where herbicide application is made in a single dose. Thus, the VRA for herbicides in PRE should obtain the main data related to herbicide retention and availability in the soil solution in order to have the correct deposition of the product.
\nHerbicide sorption is dependent on the interaction of the molecules of the product with the soil, and the process is influenced by the management and climate, mainly soil temperature and humidity. The main physicochemical characteristics of the soil that affect herbicide sorption are organic matter (OM), texture, pH, and cation exchange capacity (CEC). Regarding the herbicide physicochemical characteristics, water solubility (Sw), acid/base dissociation constant (pKa/pKb), octanol-water coefficient (Kow) half-life degradation time (DT50), and mainly sorption/desorption coefficient (Kd) [10].
\nEach herbicide will have a type of behavior in different soil classes. Therefore, to perform VRA in PRE, a previous study of sorption and desorption of the herbicide molecule in the soil type of interest is necessary for the VRA to be efficient. Currently, the technique for sorption and desorption studies of herbicides most used and mentioned in the literature is liquid or gas chromatography. The chromatographic technique can identify individual compounds quantitatively and qualitatively even at small concentrations, being very useful to identify herbicide concentrations in a solution. However, sorption and desorption studies can also be performed with radioisotopes (14C and 3H), in addition to bioassay with plant species sensitive to herbicide [16, 17, 18].
\nData on soil characteristics are difficult to obtain with sensors in the field; so, most methods for applying herbicides in PRE are based on the generation of maps from laboratory analyses of soil samples. From soil information and herbicide sorption and desorption, a map is interpolated with application information at varying rate [10].
\nA study of sorption and desorption of the herbicide cyanazine was carried out in different soils (Table 2). From this study, the herbicide application was recommended based on soil texture and OM content. Herbicide doses increase as clay and OM contents increases.
\nSoil texture | \nSoil organic matter content (%) | \n|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
<1.0 | \n1.0 | \n2.0 | \n3.0 | \n4.0 | \n≤5.0 | \n|
Sand | \n0.60 | \n0.75 | \n1.25 | \n1.50 | \n1.75 | \n2.00 | \n
Sandy loam | \n0.75 | \n1.25 | \n1.50 | \n1.75 | \n2.00 | \n2.25 | \n
Loam, silty loam, silt | \n1.25 | \n1.50 | \n1.75 | \n2.00 | \n2.25 | \n2.50 | \n
Sand clay loam, clay loam, and silty clay loam | \n1.50 | \n1.75 | \n2.00 | \n2.25 | \n2.50 | \n2.75 | \n
Sandy clay, silty clay, and clay | \n1.75 | \n2.00 | \n2.25 | \n2.50 | \n3.75 | \n3.00 | \n
Peat or muck | \nNot recommended | \n
Recommendation of doses of cyanazine (L ha−1) according to the texture and organic matter content of the soil.
Source: Mohammadzamani et al. [15].
Thus, for the application of PRE, herbicide is necessary to analyze the soil’s physicochemical properties to interpolate the VRA map. Figure 4 contains the VRA map in which the different colors represent doses of herbicide to be applied. In this study [15], the use of VRA in PRE decreased the total amount of herbicide by 13%. In addition to the herbicide economy, it should be considered that other benefits are obtained such as better efficiency in weed control, which can help in an increase in productivity, in addition to reducing environmental risks.
\nTwo-dimensional (I) and three-dimensional (II) maps for variable rate application (VRA) of cyanazine. Source: Mohammadzamani et al. [
Laboratory analyses of soil characteristics are very efficient and accurate. The major disadvantage is the high costs of soil analysis, compromising its use for very large areas. An alternative to map the soil characteristics responsible for herbicide retention and availability without the need for labor collection and analysis is the use of electrical conductivity sensors in the field. The mapping of electrical conductivity with the aid of GPS is a simple tool, which is used to estimate soil texture, in addition to other properties [19]. This quantification considers the clay and ion contents in the soil, resulting in significant correlations [20].
\nAn example of a sensor used to measure electrical conductivity is the VARIS 3100 platform (Figure 5). The operation of the equipment consists in the emission of an electric current by two intermediate discs, while two internal discs and two external discs detect the potential difference, which occurs in the electromagnetic field generated in the soil resulting from the applied electric current [21]. The spacing between the discs is calculated so that values of electrical conductivity are measured at depths of 0–0.30 m and 0–0.90 m. Data obtained in the field can be visualized, recorded, and exported, since the sensor has a data logger. Data collection occurs with moving equipment, coupled to a tractor and the whole process can be georeferenced by a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receiver. According to the manufacturer’s instructions, two tests must be performed to confirm the correct calibration of the equipment. After data collection, the electrical conductivity is correlated with the clay content for the generation of a textural map.
\nVeris Platform® 3100 to measure the electrical conductivity of the soil. ESALQ/USP, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
Studies show that the electrical conductivity measured by contact sensor adequately reflects the variation in clay contents of the studied soil, being efficient to generate soil texture maps, including in no-tillage areas [21]. Figure 6 shows a conductivity map elaborated with the data collected in VARIS 3100; the lowest conductivity values correlated with lower clay contents. However, for high clay contents, the model was less efficient. Thus, the mapping of electrical conductivity can be a useful tool in the design of more homogeneous areas, which present more similar soil conditions.
\nInterpolated map of electrical conductivity measured with mobile contact measurement equipment. Source: Machado et al. [
Considering that other factors such as moisture, salt concentration, and total carbon remain in the same conditions, soils with higher clay contents conduct more electricity than those with sandier texture. However, these factors may vary and affect the correlation between electrical conductivity and soil texture. Therefore, as the electrical conductivity method does not quantify the CEC and soil OM contents, the use of the same may have reduced efficiency in some situations.
\nThere are companies on the market that provide the VRA service for herbicides in PRE, one of which is APagri which has the HTV® method which consists of a process developed and patented for the application of herbicides in PRE at the varied rate based on maps (Figure 7), that considers the clay, OM, and CEC content of the soil [22]. The objective is to adjust the dose according to the soil ability to retain each type of herbicide so that the final concentration in the soil solution is equal regardless of the position in space.
\nVariable rate application (VRA) map drawn up with the system HTV®. Source: APagri [
Due to technological limitations, there is still no VRA available on the market for PRE herbicides based on sensors that read, process, and apply the herbicide without the need for the generation of maps. One of the great challenges of this market is precisely to eliminate this stage, in view of the costs of generating the maps.
\nThe purpose of a POST application is to control weeds that have already emerged in the field. Thus, the target of the application is the aerial part of the plant species. For the VRA to be used in POST, it is necessary that the system has information about the weed population in the area. This information can be collected by the map-based and sensor-based systems. Therefore, both methods can be used VRA in POST.
\nThe literature mentions several methodologies for weed mapping, where each one has its specificity. Some have processing algorithms to differentiate monocot and eudicot plants [23]. Others use machine learning with deep neural network to identify weeds [24, 25]. However, all have the principle based on the quantitative and qualitative identification of the infested area, generation of the recommendation map, and integration with the VRA system.
\nRemote sensing is generally considered one of the most important technologies for precision agriculture. This technology can be used in weed mapping. Remote sensing can monitor many crops and vegetation parameters through images at various wavelengths. Images can be acquired by satellites, manned aircrafts, or unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV). However, satellite imagery is often not the best option because of the low spatial resolution of images acquired and the restrictions of the temporal resolutions as satellites are not always available to capture the necessary images [26]. Considering the use of manned aircrafts, usually it results in high costs, and many times, it is not possible to carry out multiple flights to obtain more than a few crop images. UAVs’ ability to fly at a low altitude results in ultra-high spatial resolution images of the crops (i.e., a few centimeters). This significantly improves the performance of the monitoring systems. Furthermore, UAV-based monitoring systems have high temporal resolution as they can be used at the user’s will. This enhances the flexibility of the image acquisition process [27]. In addition, UAVs are a lot simpler to use and also cheaper than manned aircrafts. Moreover, they are more efficient than the ground systems as they can cover a large field in a short amount of time and in a non-destructive way, which is very important. UAVs can gather images and derive data from the whole field that can be used to generate a precise weed cover map depicting the spots where the herbicide are needed in different rates [28].
\nA variety of different types of sensors can be used in an agricultural UAV depending on the different vegetation parameters that should be monitored. The main sensors used that meet the limitations mentioned above are: visible light sensors, red, green, and blue (RGB) color model, multispectral sensors, hyperspectral sensors, and thermal sensors. RGB are relatively low cost compared to the other types and can acquire high resolution images, are easy to use and operate, and are lightweight [29]. In addition, the information acquired requires simple processing. However, they are inadequate for analyzing a lot of vegetation parameters that require spectral information in the non-visible spectrum. Thus, commonly are used with the other types of sensors.
\nMultispectral or hyperspectral imaging sensors can acquire information about the vegetation’s spectral absorption and reflection on several bands. Spectral information can be significantly helpful in assessing a lot of biological and physical characteristics of the plants. This information is important to determinate which weed species are in the field [30]. Multispectral and hyperspectral sensors are frequently used, despite their higher costs. However, a drawback of these sensors arises from the fact that it is required to apply more complex preprocessing methods in order to extract useful information from the captured images. The preprocessing procedure of spectral images often contains the radiometric calibration, geometric correction, image fusion, and image enhancement. The main difference between multispectral and hyperspectral sensors is the number of bands (or channels) that each sensor can capture and the width of the bands. Multispectral sensors capture 5–12 channels, while hyperspectral images can usually capture hundreds or thousands of bands, but in a narrower bandwidth. Multispectral sensors are used much more frequently than hyperspectral sensors due to their lower cost, but hyperspectral technology appears to have a lot of potential and is considered the future trend for crop phenotyping research. Thermal infrared sensors capture information about the temperature of the objects and generate images displaying them based on this information and not their visible properties. This type of sensors is used for very specific applications (irrigation management). As a result, they are not frequently used in remotely piloted aircraft applications of UAV systems that focus on monitoring other characteristics of the crops [26, 27, 28].
\nUAVs can acquire information for various features of the cultivated field by using specialized sensors. However, as mentioned above, there is still no standardized workflow or well-established techniques to analyze and visualize the information acquired. The most commonly used image processing methods to analyze UAV imagery for weed mapping are photogrammetry and machine learning. Photogrammetry regards the accurate reconstruction of a scene or an object from several overlapping pictures. Photogrammetric techniques are very commonly used in all types of applications as they are also required to create vegetation indices maps. However, photogrammetric techniques are in most cases used to compliment other types of data processing methods [29].
\nMachine learning is used to process the data acquired, for prediction and/or identification purposes, with great results in many domains. Machine learning techniques are often applied in precision agriculture to exploit the information from the large amount of data acquired by the UAVs. Machine learning is able to estimate some parameters regarding the crop growth rate, detect diseases, or even identify/discriminate objects in the images [30].
\nThe most promising technique for weed mapping is machine learning, especially those based on object-based image analysis (OBIA). Weed detection with UAVs based on object-based image analysis appears to be at an advanced stage and can be used for specific weed management.
\nIn an example of weed mapping performed on corn, an UAV coupled with a six-band multispectral camera (visible and near infrared range) was used to map the area (Figure 8).
\nUnmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) used for weed mapping. Source: Peña [
After mapping, an OBIA procedure processes the data and generates a classification of weed, crop, and bare soil (Figure 9).
\nPartial view of the outputs of the object-based image analysis (OBIA) procedure: classified image with crop, weeds, and bare soil. Source: Peña [
The identification and delimitation of the weeds allows generating maps showing the infestation level (Figure 10). The information of this map can be integrated into VRA system and used for POST herbicide application. In this study, weed-free areas corresponded to 23% and areas with low infestation (<5% of weeds) to 47% of the total, indicating a high potential to reduce herbicide application [31].
\nPartial view of the outputs of the OBIA procedure: weed coverage map showing three levels of infestation (low, moderate, and high), crop rows, and weed-free zones. Source: Peña [
When data collection and map generation is done for POST herbicide application, the whole process must be done as quickly as possible because in a few days, the weed dynamics can be changed and infestation levels can increase, making the recommendation map obsolete.
\nWhen applying POST herbicides using a real-time based sensor method, there is no need of a prior area mapping. Spraying is based on sensors attached to the sprayer responsible for detecting weeds and applying the herbicide dose. In Figure 11, there is a basic model for this application type.
\nSensor-based VRA model for POST herbicide application. The system includes a multiple-camera vision system, a ground speed sensor, and nozzle controller. Source: Tian [
In real-time-based sensor method, the optical sensor collects data that are immediately processed by the computer, where the locations and doses to be applied are determined. This information is sent as a command to a nozzle controller. In the spray boom, each nozzle is opened or closed by a solenoid valve connected to the controller, so that the nozzle controller can vary the flow applied or the total opening and closing of each nozzle. The presence of a GPS system is not essential for the operation of system, but it does provide guidance to the machinery operator and is useful for recording sprayed areas. The database can be used to improve weed control in the following years, especially for perennial species that reproduce vegetatively, in view of their stability in spatial distribution [33].
\nDepending on the model, the system components can vary in several characteristics. Optical sensors can be multispectral or infrared. The software can be composed from algorithms that can only identify green plants to deep neural networks that have the ability to learn to differentiate weed species. The controller can only open or close a spray nozzle or it can even coordinate the herbicide mixture and control the alternating flow of dozens of nozzles. The variations are huge, and the more research evolves, the greater the accuracy and reliability of the VRA [7, 32, 33].
\nCommercially, some companies have consolidated in recent years with VRA systems for application in POST with sensor methods based on real time. Among the most widespread are Weed-it and WeedSeeker.
\nWEED-IT is a high-performance localized spraying system, formed by chlorophyll detection sensors and extremely fast valves to guarantee application only where necessary (Figure 12). The system is based on the principle of chlorophyll fluorescence: a light source in the set of sensors emits a constant beam of infrared light that is absorbed by the plants chlorophyll and re-emits near infrared light (NIR). This emission is detected by the sensors by performing 40,000 readings per second and capture even the lowest chlorophyll fluorescence emissions activating the nozzle set only on the identified weeds, applying only what is necessary, according to the size of the plant (Figure 13) [34].
\nWEED-IT performing application with weed detection by infrared sensors. Source: SmartSensing [
WEED-IT operating system. Source: SmartSensing [
The system can be installed in self-propelled and trailed sprayers, operating at speeds of up to 25 km h−1. In the spray bar, each sensor is responsible for covering 1 m in width and independently activating up to five nozzles with an opening time of 1 ms. Its valves have a system for modulating the width of the energy pulses that generate extremely rapid interruptions in the spray nozzle outlet; the greater the number of interruptions, the lower the applied dose (Figure 14) [34].
\nWEED-IT valve system modulation. Source: SmartSensing [
In curves or maneuvers, the speed on the outside of the bar is greater than the inside; the system is able to correct the flow along the bar to apply equal amounts of herbicide even in curves or with speed variations (Figure 15).
\nDifferential flow compensation system. Source: SmartSensing [
The system has an important limitation. As the sensor is based only on the chlorophyll fluorescence, the system is not able to differentiate the crop and weeds, both are interpreted as living plants. Therefore, it is necessary to be careful with the application of nonselective herbicides in POST, as the crop will certainly be sprayed together with weeds.
\nThe WeedSeeker is another widely used commercial system that has the same WEED-IT operate principle, where a sensor emits red and near infrared light and a photodiode detects the intensity of the reflected light (Figure 16). Afterward, the reading is converted into a command to apply or not the herbicide (Figure 17) [35].
\nHow a WeedSeeker sensor works. Source: Trimble Agriculture [
WeedSeeker spray nozzles applying herbicide only to weeds. Source: Trimble Agriculture [
The system can be operated at speeds of 20 km h−1 installed in trailed and self-propelled sprayers. Nozzles are opened by solenoid valves connected to a central controller. The sensor spacing is 38 cm, and each sensor controls one spray nozzle. Although WEED-IT and WeedSeeker have many similarities, some aspects differentiate the two systems. The WeedSeeker requires a prior calibration of the sensors in order for the system to operate correctly, while the WEED-IT does not require any calibration [35].
\nAs both systems have own light source, they can perform applications at night. Both are highly efficient systems that fulfill your proposals well. There are few studies that compare two systems. In a study focused on methods of comparing commercial precision spraying technology, the authors compared the efficiency and precision of WEED-IT and WeedSeeker and however, this comparison was only undertaken with a 0.16 ha−1. In this way, WEED-IT can be more efficient for identifying newly emerged plants [35].
\nUse of autonomous agricultural robots has an interesting potential as a valuable technological tool for precision agriculture, bringing the advantage of being able to make use of the various theories in robotic control, already grounded and consolidated for applications in several other areas [36]. The main characteristic that differentiates an agricultural robot from a simple machine or implement is the freedom degree and autonomy possessed by the robot, including the need for human operation. As agricultural robots must have a high degree of autonomy, tools are necessary so that they can distinguish targets and culture in the field, as well as to orient themselves spatially during movement. The way the distinction is made is through sensors. The main sensors used are GPS real-time kinematic (RTK), cameras, gyroscope, strobe, and proximity [36, 37, 38].
\nThe recent trend in the development of mobile robots and autonomous vehicles to perform specific tasks is mainly guided by improving efficiency and leading to operating gains (reduces soil compaction, absence of operator) when compared to the use of large machines [39]. Although much smaller than conventional agricultural machines, they can act cooperatively and perform tasks such as spraying pesticides that pose risks to humans [40]. Sprayers coupled to robots can direct spray nozzles to weeds through a computer vision system. Some models use photovoltaic plates to take advantage of solar energy and reduce or eliminate fossil fuel consumption. With all the advantages related to the autonomy and efficiency of agricultural robots, the farmer can direct his time and efforts toward other agricultural activities such as negotiating sales contracts and making investment decisions.
\nRobots provide precision spraying, realizing the collection of weed position and incidence information in real time and transmitting them to an atomizer or sprayer that regulates the need for more or less herbicide. Despite having many advantages, the use of robots still has points to be improved, among them are the following:
Low autonomy compared to conventional machinery
Operational limitations in adverse field conditions
State of technological development
The current limitations present in agricultural robots are being resolved with the evolution of the available technology, since the optimization of sensors and algorithms occurs constantly, while in a few years, these limitations can be overcome. Artificial intelligence used in agricultural robots is a way of recognizing patterns so that the computer can identify weeds, pests, disease symptoms, nutritional deficiency, degree of maturation, and cut-off point in the harvest, among others. In a simplified way, artificial intelligence consists of providing the machine with as many examples of situations and decisions as possible, whether historical or simulated based on existing knowledge, so that when faced with similar circumstances, it can make a decision [37, 38]. There are several examples of robots currently used in VRA, two of which are described below.
\nThe Robot for Intelligent Perception and Precision Application (RIPPA) is an autonomous system developed by the University of Sydney for detecting weeds and applying herbicides in microdoses (Figure 18) [41].
\nRIPPA robot model. Source: Sukkarieh [
The system has infrared and monochromatic sensors working with neural networks that make it possible to differentiate between crop and weed. In this way, the application and efficiency of the system are much more accurate. Due to its small size and high precision, the system is suitable for smaller areas, such as horticulture. The RIPPA is powered by solar energy through solar panels on the top of the machine. The system also has a sensor for collecting moisture and soil temperature, which makes data collection a little more complete, generating .XLS files so that the producer can create a database with information from his area. Table 3 contains some additional information from RIPPA [41, 42].
\nSpecification description | \nValue | \n
---|---|
Track width | \n1.52 m | \n
Max crop height | \n0.6 m (adjustable) | \n
IP rating | \nIP65 | \n
Mass (no payload) | \nApprox. 275 kg | \n
Max payload | \n100 kg at max operating grade (12°) | \n
Charge-time from empty | \n> 2 hours (dependent on charger) | \n
Idle discharge time (no solar) | \n43 hours | \n
Driving discharge time | \n(0.5 m/s, no solar, no payload) 21.5 hours | \n
Max area traversed per charge (no solar) | \n8 hectares (~10 hours at 1.6 m/s) | \n
With characteristics similar to RIPPA, BoniRob (Figure 19) was developed by the partnership between the companies BOSCH and AMAZONE, in Germany. It is slightly larger than RIPPA, but it is still smaller than a small car and is capable of applying localized pesticides, collecting soil samples, and analyzing to obtain real-time characteristics such as pH and phosphorus levels [43].
\nBoniRob model. Source: Sellmann et al. [
To ensure its operation, BoniRob has a set of cameras and sensors (Figure 20) that work as follows: camera “a” points to the top of the plant with the function of detecting and locating it; camera “b” is positioned to obtain a side view of the plants looking for overlapping plants. In “c,” we have a set of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) that are responsible for emitting red and infrared light to assist the cameras when capturing photos. There is also a third camera, which has a high frame rate and resolution (higher than cameras “a” and “b”) attached to the sensor responsible for spraying. This sensor, to maintain accuracy in capturing images and also during the application of pesticides, has a strobe that allows, even with variations in the terrain, the camera and the spray tip to remain in the desired position [44].
\nBoniRob components. Source: Sellmann et al. [
When it comes to artificial intelligence, based on the culture and species of plants you want to work with and control, machine learning takes place through the developed algorithm and is trained based on obtaining images (millions of them) that allow you to characterize the plants according to their shape, size, and color, among other parameters, allowing them to be recognized and distinguished in the face of a possible action such as spraying it or not [44].
\nAs mentioned earlier, the versatility of agricultural robots is essential, since in the field, the conditions are highly heterogeneous. For this reason, many of these machines allow the installation of modules that perform different functions. In the case of BoniRob, we have a module for phenotypic recognition, a penetrometer, and a localized spraying mode already developed, but there are numerous other possibilities for adaptation and creation based on the particular characteristics to which the use of the machine is intended [44]. Other models of agricultural robots are being developed and gradually made available on the market. A good example is Ecorobotix (Figure 21), which applies microdoses of herbicide and works completely autonomously. Its use is recommended after an initial standard application of herbicide, in order to replace subsequent applications and thus save an important amount of herbicide [45].
\nEcorobotix components. (1) Photovoltaic panels, (2) camera and artificial vision for steering and detection, (3) navigation by GPS and sensors, (4) electrical drive system, (5) rapid robotic arms with sprayers, and (6) tanks for two different products. Source: Ecorobotix [
The market robots for herbicide application are still at the beginning of its development and consolidation, but it represents a new way of interacting with agriculture, revolutionizing the relationship between man and the field.
\nIn order for the VRA to happen efficiently, it is necessary to have a high control in the spraying system responsible for the application of the herbicide. Controllers can act by modifying the pressure at the spray nozzles, or they can change the herbicide concentrations and the water flow in real time. Some of these systems are more complex, while others are simpler. The main controllers will be discussed below.
\nIn flow-based control system, only the flow and pressure are changed. There is no manipulation of the herbicide concentrations. The system has a flow meter, a speed sensor on the ground, and a servovalve with an electronic controller to apply the desired rate of the tank mixture (Figure 22). A microprocessor uses information about the width of the sprayer and the recommendation of the spray volume per hectare to calculate the flow rate appropriate for the current speed of the soil. The servovalve is opened or closed until equal amounts of herbicides are applied regardless of the speed of the machinery. If the controller can be integrated with a recommendation map system, a VRA can be done. These systems have the advantage of being reasonably simple. They are also able to make rate changes across the bar in 3 to 5 seconds [7, 46].
\nVRA spraying system that is a flow-based system of application rate. Source: Grisso et al. [
Depending on the speed, problems with drift can occur, as the flow sensor and servovalve control the flow of the tank mixture, allowing variable pressure rates to be delivered to the spray nozzles. Thus, high speeds can represent an increase in the pressure of the nozzles and a consequent decrease in the droplet spectrum.
\nIn this system, the mixture is prepared with direct injection of the chemical in a flow of water. This system (Figure 23) uses a controller and a pump to manage the chemical injection rate instead of the flow rate of a tank mix [46]. The water flow rate is constant and the herbicide injection rate is varied to accommodate changes in soil speed or changes in the prescribed rate.
\nVRA spraying system that incorporates chemical injection technology. Source: Grisso et al. [
With the chemical injection, there is no leftover mixture and the direct contact of the operator with toxic products is reduced [10]. The system allows you to control the desired size and spectrum of droplets, since the variation of the application rate does not depend on the flow and pressure on the spray nozzles. Its main disadvantage is the long transport delay between the chemical injection pump and the discharge nozzles at the ends of the boom.
\nIn this system, there is control of the herbicide injection rate and water flow rate to respond to changes in speed or application rate. A control circuit manages the injection pump, while a second controller operates a servovalve to provide a corresponding water flow (Figure 24). Such a system provides a mixture of constant concentration. The system can have many of the advantages of the previous two systems. There is no leftover mixing; the operator is not exposed to chemicals in the tank mixing process; the variation from one rate to another occurs quickly. The disadvantages include related to the complex system, higher initial costs, problem in delivering variable rates of liquid through in the nozzle spray, and modulated spraying nozzle control systems [10, 46].
\nA direct chemical injection system with carrier control. Source: Rashidi and Mohammadzamani [
The variable rate application (VRA) of herbicides has great potential for use in agriculture because it allows better control of weeds at lower costs and reduction in the use of inputs and environmental contamination. The main techniques available are based on the generation of application maps and the use of sensors in real time to identify weed infestations, which can be used in the preemergence (PRE) and postemergence (POST) of weeds. Both modalities are equally important in integrated weed management. VRA systems still require relatively high investment, restricting their use. The constant improvement of the VRA should further increase its benefits and reduce the costs of adopting the system, allowing its use by more farmers. The use of precision agriculture in farming systems is a path of no return, in view of the conjuncture of food production needs and scarcity of natural resources. Thus, VRA tends to be used more and more frequently until possible complete replacement of the conventional way of using herbicides in agriculture.
\nThe Pomegranate fruit (
Cancer is one of the most common disease conditions which is becoming the leading cause of death even when detected in its early stages. In the year of 2021, almost 2 million new cancer cases are expected to happen just in the united states. The cancer death is reducing with each decade comparing to the initial few decades since its peak. With each passing year, there is rapid improvement in the cancer treatment strategies [9]. Pomegranate components can be used for treatment of many ailments as such or as an adjuvant in the treatment. One of the common problems related to cancer therapy is the lack of specificity in differentiating the cancer cells from the normal cells which manifests problems in the oral cavities as mucositis or candidiasis. This shows the prospect of using pomegranate extracts as an adjuvant in normal cancer chemotherapy in order to improve the quality of life of the people undergoing treatment. Also, the rind extract rich in the tannin punicalagin when used in combination with zinc is shows healing activity in the oral cavity due to the anti-inflammatory activity [10, 11].
\nProstate cancer is the most prevalent type of cancer in men with an incidence rate above 30 worldwide [12]. From the multicenter studies conducted in human prostate cancer using pomegranate extracts rich in polyphenols, the extracts were found to cause an inhibition in the proliferation of the cells in both in
The studies on LNCaP cell lines which are modified to over express androgen receptors so that a situation similar to that of androgen independent prostate cancer. By using the different pomegranate extracts rich in polyphenols, the study later on showed a decrease in expression of the gene for the androgen synthesizing enzymes. Since the down regulation of androgen receptors is evident from the study, pomegranate extracts can be of use in the treatment of prostate cancer with an up-regulation of androgen receptors [15]. In androgen independent prostate cancer, there is an observed activation of the nuclear factor NF-κB. The activation of this nuclear factor is a common event in many types of cancer including breast cancer and cervical cancer [16]. In the molecular studies conducted using pomegranate extracts on the activity of NF-κB. It was found that the pomegranate extracts were able inhibit the NF-κB activity which was shown in the androgen independent cells, DU145 with increasing doses. Congruent results were obtained from the electro mobility shift assay conducted on the same cells using pomegranate extracts. In the DU145 and CL-1 cells which are the androgen independent cell lines, the activity of NF-κB was found to be activated through the TNF-α. Pomegranate extracts showed promising activity in the inhibition of NF-κB cells activated in this way as well. In the LAPC4 xenograft induced model of cancer, the extracts from pomegranate was found to delay the initiation of prostate cancer through prevention of proliferation of the cells [17].
\nPunicalagin is an important polyphenol constituent of pomegranate and as discussed before, the antioxidant activity of which is very evident in the cancer cells. The antiproliferative activity of punicalagin was examined in previous studies using the DPPH assay and the lipid peroxidation inhibition assays. Along with this, the study checked the cytotoxic activity and viability effects were also determined using punicalagin. It was found that punicalagin inhibited proliferation of cancer cells in prostate cancer and that the prostate cancer cells remained intact in the presence of punicalagin which was further supported by evidences from cell viability assays. The antioxidant activity of the polyphenol was further shown in the DPPH free radical scavenging assay which showed that it scavenged the free radicals in a dose dependent manner. The lipid peroxidation was also inhibited in the presence of punicalagin. PC-3 is another major cell line which is involved in prostate cancer and the polyphenol was found to reduce the PC-3 cells through apoptosis with higher concentrations [18, 19].
\nFurther, it was found that pomegranate extracts affect the bio synthesis of androgens from the studies conducted using prostate cancer models. In the in vivo study conducted on the animal model using PTEN (Phosphatase and tensin homolog) knockout mouse which represents prostate cancer, there was observable reduction in the levels of steroids in the serum and in the case of in vitro studies using prostate cancer cell lines LNCaP and 22RV1, pomegranate extracts were found to cause a fall in the production of androgens. The in vitro and in vivo date obtained from various studies further shows the possible activity of pomegranate extracts in the treatment of Prostate cancer [20].
\nBreast cancer is the most common type of cancer diagnosed in women and the leading cause of death due to cancer in women with over 2 million cases being diagnosed from recent studies [21]. The major causative factor for the cancer proliferation in breast cancer proliferation is estrogen and the enzymes which catalyzes the production of estrogen. The enzyme aromatase aids in the conversion of androgen into estrogen. So, the inhibition of this enzyme can further aid in the treatment of breast cancer. In vitro studies conducted on one of the major constituents of the pomegranate namely extract ellagic acid and urolithins A and B showed promising results on the inhibition of aromatase enzyme. The placental microsome aromatase assay conducted on ellagitannin derived compounds from pomegranate extracts namely, methylated urolithin B, methylated urolithin A and urolithin A further showed the aromatase inhibiting activity of pomegranate extracts. Which in turn inhibits the proliferation of cancer cells [22].
\nFrom the in vivo studies conducted on mammary organ culture in mice using the pomegranate seed oil rich in punicic acid and the fermented fruit extracts, it was found that the extracts of pomegranate caused a reduction in the number of lesions obtained and supports the activity of pomegranate extracts in the treatment of breast cancer [23].
\nThe in vitro studies conducted on cancer stem cells derived from MMTV-Wnt-1, pomegranate extract was found to inhibit the proliferation of cancer cell by arresting the cell cycle at an early phase and induced apoptosis of the cancer cells. Pomegranate extracts caused an elevation I the levels of the enzyme caspase 3 which aids in the apoptosis. Among the various extracts, ellagic acid and ursolic acid along with luteolin were found to cause the inhibition of cell proliferation. Also, pomegranate extracts showed promising results in the molecular studies conducted on the MCF-7 cells of breast cancer through the inhibition of proliferation of the cancer cells. In the MCF-7 cells, the anti-cancer activity was found to be due to the cell cycle arrest, down regulation of genes which proliferate the cancer cells and also through the upregulation of the genes which aids in the regulation of proliferation and apoptosis. Hence, pomegranate extracts are relevant in the treatment of breast cancer therapy in the cases which are relatively resistant to the existing agents of treatment [24, 25].
\nColorectal cancer is currently one of the most common diagnosed cancer in men and women and it manifests with the uncontrolled proliferating of the epithelial cells and the suppression of their apoptosis [26]. One of the major constituents of pomegranate, the ellagitannin urolithin A plays a key role in the inhibition of proliferation of colon cancer cells through cell cycle arrest and the inhibition of mitogen activated protein kinase signaling (MAPK) [27].
\nThe action of ellagitannins and urolithin on the CYP1 enzymes is important as these enzymes lead to the activation of inactive carcinogens into active carcinogenic chemicals in colon cancer. In the cell line study using HT-29 colon cancer cells, the evaluation of activity of CYP1 enzyme by employing EROD assay (ethoxy resorufin-
From the animal studies conducted on rats which were induced with colon cancer using N-methylnitrosourea which caused an increase in antigens which were specific to colon cancer along with and increase in plasma levels of Bcl2 and TGF-β, it was found that pomegranate peel extracts caused a fall in the cancer specific parameters which were induced in the mice. The in vivo study further suggests the efficacy of pomegranate in the treatment of colon cancer through the inhibition of proliferation and increased apoptosis which was evident from the fall in CEA and CCSA-4 prostate cancer cell markers along with the down regulation of β-catenin genes which has a pivotal role in the advancement of colon cancer. The down regulation of the specific gene disrupts the signaling pathway involving Wnt/β-catenin [29, 30].
\nFrom the cell line studies using HCT116 and HT-29 colon cancer cell lines, pomegranate extracts comprising of punicalagin, ellagic acid and tannins showed a drastic antiproliferative activity which led to complete inhibition of proliferation depending on the dose. The extract was found to cause apoptosis in the selected cell lines. Further, the extracts were found to have effect on the colon cancer cells which were not metastatic. The cell line studies further cement the role of punicalagin, ellagic acid and pomegranate tannins in the cancer protective activity in colon cancer [31].
\nHead and neck cancers are one of the prevalent type of cancer which usually includes squamous cell carcinomas found in the epithelial cells of the pharynx, larynx and the oral cavity [32]. Due to the underdeveloped methods of screening of the disease, the chances of predicting the cancer at an early stage is less. This condition further leads to the increase in number of people who are diagnosed at a late stage of disease progression. In the current scenario, the treatment strategy of the disease mainly involves chemoradiation and surgery. The therapeutic approach to head and neck cancer comes with the common side effects of mucositis and dermatitis. Pomegranate extracts were studied for its protective effect in ameliorating the side effects of the treatment. In the clinical setup of a cohort containing patients with head and neck cancer, it was found that the extracts reduced the extend of damage caused by radiation induced dermatitis as well as mucositis [33].
\nRadiation therapy is applied in the cancer therapy for a long time because of its ability to kill the tumor cells but this will also lead to the production of reactive oxygen species that will damage the normal adjacent cells. Pomegranate extract has been studied in the amelioration of cellular damage induced by these reactive oxidants. From a study conducted using the extracts from pomegranate fruit and seeds, it was found that the treatment with the extracts increased the levels of antioxidant and the enzymes which has antioxidant property. Further the extracts were found to cause a decline in the lipid peroxidation levels suggesting the protective effect of pomegranate extracts in the cancer treatment as an adjuvant to reduce the unwanted side effects [34].
\nOther than in chemoradiation, pomegranate fruit extracts rich in punicalagin has been found useful in acting as a protective agent for the skin fibroblast cells namely the SKU-1064 from possible apoptosis due to UV-A and UV-B exposure. The extracts were found to suppress the NF- κB activation and through the downregulation of caspase-3 which is proapoptotic. Further studies found an increase in DNA repair through the increase in G0/G1 phase [35]. All these findings further supports the fact that pomegranate extracts can be applied in the treatment of cancer as an adjuvant also as a protective for radiation induced cellular damage.
\nLung cancer is one of the leading causes of death related to cancer worldwide in both men and women. Cigarette smoking is attributed to e the major cause of the condition. Along with lung cancer, cigarette smoke causes an increase in oxidative stress and DNA damage. From the animal studies conducted on the formation of lung nodules associated with lung cancer and other cancer related factors like the attenuation of mitosis and the levels of hypoxia inducible factor-1α or HIF1 α because of cigarette smoke, it was found that pomegranate juice supplements wee able to reduce the formation of lung nodules which is a common observation in the case of cigarette smoke exposure along with the reduction of mitosis and HIF-1 α [36].
\nFurther, pomegranate fruit extract treatment in the cell line study using human carcinoma cell associated with lung cancer namely the A549 cells showed an inhibition of the markers of cell proliferation and angiogenesis such as MAPK, NIF-kappa B and PI3K/Akt. The treatment with the extracts further arrested the growth of tumor cells. Thus, pomegranate may be useful as a chemo preventive or as a chemotherapeutic agent against cancer affecting lungs [37]. Methotrexate is a widely used chemotherapeutic agent but it causes injuries in the lung cells due to oxidative stress. In the animal studies employed to study the effect of pomegranate extracts on the protective action against the lung injury caused due to methotrexate, it was found that the use of pomegranate extracts as a prophylactic significantly reduced the total oxidant status and the oxidative stress index along with elevating the total antioxidant capacity. This in turn shows the application of pomegranate extracts as an adjuvant as well in the therapy of lung cancer [38, 39].
\nPomegranate extracts from seed, peel and the whole fruit have been proven to be beneficial in the treatment of many cancer treatments. Skin cancer is the most common cancer among the Caucasian population and it varies depending on the type of cells affected. UV radiation is the major cause of skin cancer since it initiates and promotes tumor [40]. The in vivo and in vitro studies has shown the efficacy of pomegranate as a protectant in the UVB radiation induced skin damage. The oral treatment of pomegranate juice and extract in the Fitzpatrick II-IV skin type showed the possibility of enhancement in the protective from UV damage since it is able to increase the threshold of the UV dose required to cause erythema of skin [41].
\nThe oil extracted from seed of pomegranate fruit was studied on animals as a topical prophylactic in the mice which was induced with skin cancer using 12-
Pomegranate and the products derived from it has been proven to show various medicinal properties. Even though it has been in use in various traditional medical folklore since ages, the medicinal property of pomegranate is not explored much to be of use in the current medical scenario. Pomegranate is still being used as just a fruit and from the studies which are conducted so far on the fruit, it is to be noted that the extracts of the fruit rather than the whole fruit as such possesses many medicinal properties.
\nThe role of pomegranate in the therapy of cancer as such and as an adjuvant in therapy is explored very less as there are very few studies has been conducted on humans, even though there are a handful of studies which are conducted on animal models or cell line studies which deems the fruit and its extracts effective in the therapy of cancer. The studies conducted so far shows the potency of pomegranate and its components in the treatment of cancer relating to prostate, breast, head and neck, colon, lungs and skin or as an adjuvant in the treatment to minimize the unwanted side effects. The various components of pomegranates because of its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory property can be applied to various treatment strategies in numerous types of cancer in one way or the other.
\nHence it can be concluded that pomegranate extracts can be made to much use for humans in improving the treatment strategies in turn improving the quality of life, for which there has to be more human, animal and cell line studies so that the complete potency of pomegranate can be uncovered.
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Mainly, the versatile techniques of ultra−/high-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC/HPLC) are in use for the analysis of assay and organic impurities/related substances/degradation products of a drug substance or drug product or intermediate or raw material of pharmaceuticals. A suitable analytical method is developed only after evaluating the major and critical separation parameters of chromatography (examples for UPLC/HPLC are selection of diluent, wavelength, detector, stationary phase, column temperature, flow rate, solvent system, elution mode, and injection volume, etc.). The analytical method development is a process of proving the developed analytical method is suitable for its intended use for the quantitative estimation of the targeted analyte present in pharmaceutical drugs. 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She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. 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His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. 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Fungal infectious illness prevalence and prognosis are determined by the exposure between fungi and host, host immunological state, fungal virulence, and early and accurate diagnosis and treatment. \r\nPatients with both congenital and acquired immunodeficiency are more likely to be infected with opportunistic mycosis. Fungal infectious disease outbreaks are common during the post- disaster rebuilding era, which is characterised by high population density, migration, and poor health and medical conditions.\r\nSystemic or local fungal infection is mainly associated with the fungi directly inhaled or inoculated in the environment during the disaster. The most common fungal infection pathways are human to human (anthropophilic), animal to human (zoophilic), and environment to human (soilophile). Diseases are common as a result of widespread exposure to pathogenic fungus dispersed into the environment. \r\nFungi that are both common and emerging are intertwined. In Southeast Asia, for example, Talaromyces marneffei is an important pathogenic thermally dimorphic fungus that causes systemic mycosis. Widespread fungal infections with complicated and variable clinical manifestations, such as Candida auris infection resistant to several antifungal medicines, Covid-19 associated with Trichoderma, and terbinafine resistant dermatophytosis in India, are among the most serious disorders. \r\nInappropriate local or systemic use of glucocorticoids, as well as their immunosuppressive effects, may lead to changes in fungal infection spectrum and clinical characteristics. Hematogenous candidiasis is a worrisome issue that affects people all over the world, particularly ICU patients. CARD9 deficiency and fungal infection have been major issues in recent years. Invasive aspergillosis is associated with a significant death rate. Special attention should be given to endemic fungal infections, identification of important clinical fungal infections advanced in yeasts, filamentous fungal infections, skin mycobiome and fungal genomes, and immunity to fungal infections.\r\nIn addition, endemic fungal diseases or uncommon fungal infections caused by Mucor irregularis, dermatophytosis, Malassezia, cryptococcosis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidiosis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, and other fungi, should be monitored. \r\nThis topic includes the research progress on the etiology and pathogenesis of fungal infections, new methods of isolation and identification, rapid detection, drug sensitivity testing, new antifungal drugs, schemes and case series reports. It will provide significant opportunities and support for scientists, clinical doctors, mycologists, antifungal drug researchers, public health practitioners, and epidemiologists from all over the world to share new research, ideas and solutions to promote the development and progress of medical mycology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",keywords:"Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Invasive Infections, Epidemiology, Cell Membrane, Fungal Virulence, Diagnosis, Treatment"},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",scope:"Parasitic diseases have evolved alongside their human hosts. In many cases, these diseases have adapted so well that they have developed efficient resilience methods in the human host and can live in the host for years. Others, particularly some blood parasites, can cause very acute diseases and are responsible for millions of deaths yearly. Many parasitic diseases are classified as neglected tropical diseases because they have received minimal funding over recent years and, in many cases, are under-reported despite the critical role they play in morbidity and mortality among human and animal hosts. The current topic, Parasitic Infectious Diseases, in the Infectious Diseases Series aims to publish studies on the systematics, epidemiology, molecular biology, genomics, pathogenesis, genetics, and clinical significance of parasitic diseases from blood borne to intestinal parasites as well as zoonotic parasites. We hope to cover all aspects of parasitic diseases to provide current and relevant research data on these very important diseases. In the current atmosphere of the Coronavirus pandemic, communities around the world, particularly those in different underdeveloped areas, are faced with the growing challenges of the high burden of parasitic diseases. At the same time, they are faced with the Covid-19 pandemic leading to what some authors have called potential syndemics that might worsen the outcome of such infections. Therefore, it is important to conduct studies that examine parasitic infections in the context of the coronavirus pandemic for the benefit of all communities to help foster more informed decisions for the betterment of human and animal health.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",keywords:"Blood Borne Parasites, Intestinal Parasites, Protozoa, Helminths, Arthropods, Water Born Parasites, Epidemiology, Molecular Biology, Systematics, Genomics, Proteomics, Ecology"},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",scope:"The Viral Infectious Diseases Book Series aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends and discoveries in various viral infectious diseases emerging around the globe. The emergence of any viral disease is hard to anticipate, which often contributes to death. A viral disease can be defined as an infectious disease that has recently appeared within a population or exists in nature with the rapid expansion of incident or geographic range. 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Dr. Şentürk currently works as an professor of Biochemistry in the Department of Basic Pharmacy Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ağri Ibrahim Cecen University, Turkey. \nDr. Şentürk published over 120 scientific papers, reviews, and book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists. \nHis research interests span enzyme inhibitor or activator, protein expression, purification and characterization, drug design and synthesis, toxicology, and pharmacology. \nHis research work has focused on neurodegenerative diseases and cancer treatment. Dr. Şentürk serves as the editorial board member of several international journals.",institutionString:"Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"July 5th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:320,numberOfPublishedBooks:32,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/81926/images/system/81926.png",institutionString:"Suez Canal University",institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/171735",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"171735"},fullPath:"/profiles/171735",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()