kHealth application questionnaire.
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More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"IntechOpen Maintains",originalUrl:"/media/original/113"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6856",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Gold Nanoparticles - Reaching New Heights",title:"Gold Nanoparticles",subtitle:"Reaching New Heights",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Gold Nanoparticles - Reaching New Heights contains recent research on the preparation, characterization, fabrication, and potential of optical and biological applications of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). It is promising novel research that has received a lot of interest over the last few decades. It covers advanced topics on optical, physical, medicinal, and biological applications of AuNPs. Development of green nanotechnology is generating the interest of researchers towards the synthesis of eco-friendly, safe, non-toxic applications, which can be used for manufacture at a large scale. These are simple, cost-effective, stable, enduring, and reproducible aqueous room temperature synthesis applications to obtain the self-assembly of AuNPs. This potentially unique work offers various approaches to R&D with AuNP materials in aqueous or non-aqueous phases through fully modified or unmodified states as hybrids. Nanotechnology and nanoscience can regulate substances at the nanoscale, and nanodimension substances of a few nanometers allow us to control the novel practical applications of AuNPs. This book presents an overview of current AuNP fundamental and substantial applications and research worldwide, which investigates the techniques of AuNP preparation, various types of characterization, and possible applications related to AuNP research. It is an important book for research organizations, government research centers, academic libraries, and R&D groups interested in recent research and development of AuNPs.",isbn:"978-1-78984-957-8",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-998-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-999-6",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73366",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"gold-nanoparticles-reaching-new-heights",numberOfPages:170,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"23e172496e46e18712a901308d074cfb",bookSignature:"Mohammed Rahman and Abdullah Mohammed Asiri",publishedDate:"February 13th 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6856.jpg",numberOfDownloads:7894,numberOfWosCitations:10,numberOfCrossrefCitations:8,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:28,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:46,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 13th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 7th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 6th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 24th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 23rd 2018",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"24438",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed Muzibur",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",slug:"mohammed-muzibur-rahman",fullName:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24438/images/system/24438.jpg",biography:"Prof. Mohammed Muzibur Rahman received his BSc and MSc from Shahjalal University of Science & Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh, in 1999 and 2001, respectively. He received his Ph.D. from Chonbuk National University, South Korea, in 2007. He worked as a postdoctoral fellow and assistant professor in pioneering research centers and universities located in South Korea, Japan, and Saudi Arabia. Presently, he is an associate professor at the Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR) and Chemistry Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. He has published more than 245 international and domestic conferences and several book chapters. He has also edited ten books. His research interests include photocatalysis, semiconductors, nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, nanotechnology, electrocatalysis, sensors, ionic liquids, surface chemistry, electrochemistry, and nanomaterials.",institutionString:"King Abdulaziz University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"11",institution:{name:"King Abdulaziz University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"198266",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah Mohammed",middleName:"Ahmed",surname:"Asiri",slug:"abdullah-mohammed-asiri",fullName:"Abdullah Mohammed Asiri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/198266/images/system/198266.png",biography:"Prof. Abdullah Mohammed Ahmed Asiri is a professor and chairman of the Chemistry Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. He is also the director of the university’s Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR). He obtained a Ph.D. in tribochromic compounds and their applications from the University of Wales College, Cardiff, UK, in 1995. He is the director of the Education Affair Unit–Deanship of Community Services. Dr. Asiri is a member of the advisory committee for advancing materials, National Technology Plan, King Abdul Aziz City of Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. He is an editorial board member of the Journal of Saudi Chemical Society, Journal of King Abdul Aziz University, Pigment and Resin Technology Journal, Organic Chemistry Insights, Libertas Academica, and Recent Patents on Materials Science. Dr. Asiri holds membership in several national and international societies and professional bodies.",institutionString:"King Abdulaziz University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"King Abdulaziz University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"208",title:"Material Science",slug:"nanotechnology-and-nanomaterials-material-science"}],chapters:[{id:"64168",title:"Introductory Chapter: Basic Concept of Gold Nanoparticles",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81781",slug:"introductory-chapter-basic-concept-of-gold-nanoparticles",totalDownloads:915,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman and Abdullah Mohamed Asiri",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64168",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64168",authors:[{id:"24438",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed Muzibur",surname:"Rahman",slug:"mohammed-muzibur-rahman",fullName:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman"}],corrections:null},{id:"63055",title:"Red or Blue? Gold Nanoparticles in Colorimetric Sensing",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80052",slug:"red-or-blue-gold-nanoparticles-in-colorimetric-sensing",totalDownloads:1372,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been extensively used for the design of colorimetric sensors and probes due to their interesting photophysical properties. In particular, their surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is influenced not only by the size but also by the shape or the properties of the matrix surrounding the nanoparticles. This SPR band is sensitive to the proximity of other nanoparticles, and thus, analyte-triggered aggregation of AuNPs results in an important bathochromic shift of the SPR band and a change in the color of the solution from red to blue due to interparticle surface plasmon coupling. The selectivity of the AuNPs-based sensors toward the different analytes will depend on the recognition properties of the molecules attached to the surface of the nanoparticles. In this chapter, a selection of biologically active molecules has been considered as analytes: neurotransmitters, nerve agents, pesticides, and carboxylates of biological interest.",signatures:"Pablo Gaviña, Margarita Parra, Salvador Gil and Ana M. Costero",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63055",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63055",authors:[{id:"251856",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana M.",surname:"Costero",slug:"ana-m.-costero",fullName:"Ana M. Costero"},{id:"257272",title:"Dr.",name:"Pablo",surname:"Gavina",slug:"pablo-gavina",fullName:"Pablo Gavina"},{id:"257277",title:"Prof.",name:"Margarita",surname:"Parra",slug:"margarita-parra",fullName:"Margarita Parra"},{id:"257278",title:"Prof.",name:"Salvador",surname:"Gil",slug:"salvador-gil",fullName:"Salvador Gil"}],corrections:null},{id:"64175",title:"Silica-Supported Gold Nanocatalyst for CO Oxidation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80620",slug:"silica-supported-gold-nanocatalyst-for-co-oxidation",totalDownloads:948,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Even though gold is inert in its bulk practice, greatly disseminated gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) with dimensions less than 5 nm have been found to be active for a number of oxygen transfer reactions, particularly for low-temperature CO oxidation. The catalytic activity not only be subject to the particle size of Au but also on the nature of the support and the synthesis method of the catalyst. These factors are frequently inter-related such that their separate contributions cannot be easily unraveled. Also, the activity of a supported Au catalyst is ruled by a complex combination of contributions of the particle morphology, metal dispersion, and electronic properties of the gold. Higher catalytic activity is being observed for Au NPs supported on reducible metal oxides such as TiO2, Co3O4, CeO2, and Fe2O3. However, silica is an inert, inexpensive, and convenient support that can be shaped into a host of attractive and varied morphologies. In this chapter, the study of CO oxidation catalyzed by mono- and bimetallic Au NPs over various silica supports is discussed in detail.",signatures:"Ziyauddin S. Qureshi and EA Jaseer",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64175",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64175",authors:[{id:"250147",title:"Dr.",name:"Ziyauddin",surname:"Qureshi",slug:"ziyauddin-qureshi",fullName:"Ziyauddin Qureshi"},{id:"266762",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaseer",surname:"E.A.",slug:"jaseer-e.a.",fullName:"Jaseer E.A."}],corrections:null},{id:"63303",title:"Evolution of Gold Nanoparticles in Radiation Environments",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80366",slug:"evolution-of-gold-nanoparticles-in-radiation-environments",totalDownloads:1088,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Gold nanoparticles are being explored for several applications in radiation environments, including uses in cancer radiotherapy treatments and advanced satellite or detector applications. In these applications, nanoparticle interactions with energetic neutrons, photons, and charged particles can cause structural damage ranging from single atom displacement events to bulk morphological changes. Due to the diminutive length scales and prodigious surface-to-volume ratios of gold nanoparticles, radiation damage effects are typically dominated by sputtering and surface interactions and can vary drastically from bulk behavior and classical models. Here, we report on contemporary experimental and computational modeling efforts that have contributed to the current understanding of how ionizing radiation environments affect the structure and properties of gold nanoparticles. The future potential for elucidating the active mechanisms in gold nanoparticles exposed to ionizing radiation and the subsequent ability to predictively model the radiation stability and ion beam modification parameters will be discussed.",signatures:"Samuel A. Briggs and Khalid Hattar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63303",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63303",authors:[{id:"259214",title:"Dr.",name:"Samuel",surname:"Briggs",slug:"samuel-briggs",fullName:"Samuel Briggs"},{id:"259754",title:"Dr.",name:"Khalid",surname:"Hattar",slug:"khalid-hattar",fullName:"Khalid Hattar"}],corrections:null},{id:"64789",title:"Detoxification of Carcinogenic Dyes by Noble Metal (Ag, Au, Pt) Impregnated Titania Photocatalysts",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80467",slug:"detoxification-of-carcinogenic-dyes-by-noble-metal-ag-au-pt-impregnated-titania-photocatalysts",totalDownloads:1098,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Textile industries produce large quantities of waste water which is notoriously known to contain strong colour, suspended solids and COD. Although several treatment processes, such as filtration, coagulation, oxidation, ozonation, reverse osmosis, etc., have been practiced for many decades, they all have inherent limitations. They transfer the harmful pollutants from one phase to another and do not address detoxification. Semiconductor photocatalysis is a promising technique for photodegradation of hazardous chemicals found in waste waters. Among various semiconductors, TiO2 has been studied widely. However, the main drawbacks associated with TiO2 are (i) large band gap (Eg > 3.2 eV) (only UV active) and (ii) recombination of excitons. Dye sensitisation, coupling of semiconductors, and transitional metal doping are some of the methods reported to shift its optical response to visible region. Herein, nanoparticles of different noble metals such as Ag, Au and Pt were deposited on synthesised TiO2, characterized by XRD, TEM, FT-IR, BET, UV-Vis and AAS and were subjected to the degradation of some textile dyes namely Tartrazine (TAZ), Reactive Yellow-17 (RY-17) and Reactive Black-5 (RB-5) under both UV and visible irradiations. The reaction conditions such as catalyst concentration, dye concentration, pH, irradiation time, light intensity, and additives were optimized for complete decolourisation and discussed.",signatures:"Sivakumar Thiripuranthagan and Valentine Rupa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64789",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64789",authors:[{id:"256776",title:"Dr.",name:"Sivakumar",surname:"Thiripuranthagan",slug:"sivakumar-thiripuranthagan",fullName:"Sivakumar Thiripuranthagan"}],corrections:null},{id:"64073",title:"Selective Mono-Hydrogenation of Polyunsaturated Hydrocarbons: Traditional and Nanoscale Catalysis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81637",slug:"selective-mono-hydrogenation-of-polyunsaturated-hydrocarbons-traditional-and-nanoscale-catalysis",totalDownloads:1229,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Selective hydrogenation of olefins is an important process in both chemical and pharmaceutical industries. This chapter reviews intriguing catalytic studies accomplished by employing a variety of catalysts such as metal complexes, supported materials, supported metal complexes, and nanosized materials for polyene hydrogenation. In addition, new research area involving unsupported colloidal nanoparticle catalysts, which exhibit an excellent activity and selectivity toward the polyene hydrogenation is introduced. The high activity of colloidal metal nanoparticle catalysts often allows the reactions to be completed under mild conditions, at atmospheric pressure, and room temperature. These colloidal nanoparticle catalysts also offer an advantage of facile separation and multiple recycling without significant losses in activity and selectivity. This chapter provides important fundamental understandings on the influence of chemical environments (solvents, ligands, dopants, etc.) and compositions (metal complex, metals, alloys, etc.) toward the catalytic activity and selectivity of various catalysts in homogeneous, heterogeneous, and semi-heterogeneous conditions. The systematic evaluation discussed in this chapter would pave a way to further develop chemo-, regio-, and stereo-selective catalysts for polyene hydrogenation.",signatures:"Ting-An Chen and Young-Seok Shon",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64073",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64073",authors:[{id:"259951",title:"Dr.",name:"Young-Seok",surname:"Shon",slug:"young-seok-shon",fullName:"Young-Seok Shon"},{id:"259953",title:"MSc.",name:"Ting-An",surname:"Chen",slug:"ting-an-chen",fullName:"Ting-An Chen"}],corrections:null},{id:"64686",title:"Tailoring the Kinetic Behavior of Hydride Forming Materials for Hydrogen Storage",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82433",slug:"tailoring-the-kinetic-behavior-of-hydride-forming-materials-for-hydrogen-storage",totalDownloads:1244,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:12,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Hydride forming materials, i.e., binary, complex hydrides, and their mixtures, have been extensively investigated owing to their potential hydrogen storage properties. They possess high volumetric hydrogen capacity and relative high gravimetric hydrogen capacity. However, one of the main constraints for their practical application is their slow kinetic behavior. For this reason, enormous effort has been devoted to improve the hydrogenation and dehydrogenation rates. Several strategies have been developed for the enhancement of the kinetic behavior of the most relevant hydride forming materials such as MgH2, MBH4 (M = Li, Ca, Mg, Na, K), MNH2 (M = Li and Mg), MBH4 + ‘MH2 (M = Li, Ca, Mg; ‘M = Li, Mg, Ca), and MNH2 + ‘MH2 (M = Li, Mg; ‘M = Li). Tuning the kinetic behavior of these hydride forming materials involves different approaches and their combinations. The most relevant approaches are: (1) improving the microstructural refinement via mechanical milling, (2) doping with transition metal and transition metal compounds, (3) forming in situ catalyst, and (4) nanoconfining doped hydride forming materials. Herein, basic concepts about the chemical reaction for the hydride compound formation/decomposition, thermodynamics, kinetics, and applied strategies to enhance the kinetic behavior of hydride compounds and systems are comprehensively described and discussed.",signatures:"Julián Atilio Puszkiel",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64686",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64686",authors:[{id:"262065",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Julián",surname:"Puszkiel",slug:"julian-puszkiel",fullName:"Julián Puszkiel"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6218",title:"Carbon Nanotubes",subtitle:"Recent Progress",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9f38af20209e9d816b7d57ecbba386b9",slug:"carbon-nanotubes-recent-progress",bookSignature:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman and Abdullah Mohamed Asiri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6218.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"24438",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed Muzibur",surname:"Rahman",slug:"mohammed-muzibur-rahman",fullName:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"861",title:"Nanomaterials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f32b97a9aa541939cb212373d471d477",slug:"nanomaterials",bookSignature:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/861.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"24438",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed Muzibur",surname:"Rahman",slug:"mohammed-muzibur-rahman",fullName:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5403",title:"Advances in Colloid Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"38413a6aefb978b024eac803fba6c354",slug:"advances-in-colloid-science",bookSignature:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman and Abdullah Mohamed Asiri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5403.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"24438",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed Muzibur",surname:"Rahman",slug:"mohammed-muzibur-rahman",fullName:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7230",title:"Recent Advances in Ionic Liquids",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cebbba5d7b2b6c41fafebde32f87f90b",slug:"recent-advances-in-ionic-liquids",bookSignature:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7230.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"24438",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed Muzibur",surname:"Rahman",slug:"mohammed-muzibur-rahman",fullName:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5308",title:"Nanofiber Research",subtitle:"Reaching New Heights",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e5d2ad58b1840ec81e587914d52f5e0b",slug:"nanofiber-research-reaching-new-heights",bookSignature:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman and Abdullah M. 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\r\n\tThis book “Carbon Nanotubes - Recent Advances, New Perspectives, and Potential Applications” contains several recent research on efficient growth, facile preparation, continuous improvements, significant developments, and potential applications on carbon nanotubes and their hybrid/modified materials, which dimension is less than 100nm. It is a promising novel carbon nanotubes booklet that attains huge interest last three decades. Here, it concludes with the exciting scientific reports on cutting-edge science & technology related to synthesis, characterization, morphological analysis, surface modification, control growth, functionalized with terminal modification, hybridization for self-assembly including potential materials, devices, chips, sensors, and biosensors applications. In this approach, it gives an inclusive review of the current progress of carbon nanotube research in this fast-moving field by scientists and researchers worldwide dynamically contributing to the advances in nanoscience and nanotechnology. After a short outline and a brief introduction of carbon nanotubes and their hybrid materials, the preparation methods and significant growth mechanisms for carbon nanotube functional materials are extensively described in this booklet. It is followed by scientific reviews/chapters on carbon nanotubes and their hybrid materials on morphological evaluation, electronic properties, electrical characteristics, structural arrangement, elemental, optical, and mechanical properties, improved imaging, and their spectroscopies analyses, and other practical applications. It is an essential book for universities, research organizations, institutes, governmental sectors, research centers, post-graduates, academicians, graduates, academic libraries, & R&D sectors in current improvement and development research on carbon nanotubes, their functional/hybrid materials, and potential applications.
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From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. 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Pediatric asthma affects the child’s quality of life with reduced activity, lack of concentration, growing up with missed school days, emergency room visits, etc. [3].
As per the current clinical practice, the clinician does not get the holistic view of the asthma patient’s health condition during the clinic visit scheduled once in every one to two months for severe persistent and once in six months for mild persistent asthma patient [4]. However, with the advent of Internet of Things (IoTs) sensors and mobile applications for collecting Patient Generated Health Data (PGHD) it has become convenient for patients (parents in the case of children below age 12) to log their daily symptoms, medication intake, and daily activity. The multi-modal PGHD is big data which suffers from challenges of velocity, volume, and variety [5]. The data is collected at different intervals for each sensor, is of different variety and volume. It is challenging to integrate this overwhelming data for analysis. It is impossible for the clinicians alone to analyze this data coming in with different velocity, variety, and volume along with their existing duties. It is challenging and practically impossible for the clinicians and the patients to generate actionable insights from this vast amount of data due to lack of time, resources, and data analysis skills [6].
In this chapter, we introduce a knowledge enabled healthcare framework, kHealth, which is being used by the pediatric asthma patients for self monitoring and by the clinicians to derive real time insights into patient’s healthcare protocol. The technologies like kHealth are extremely useful especially during a pandemic when the in-person patient visits shifts to telemedicine appointments [7]. The clinicians can use kHealth framework during the telemedicine appointment to visually explores the PGHD along with the EMRs to better understand the patient’s disease prognosis and suggest diagnoses. Also, a patient can use the kHealth framework to continuously monitor, appraise, and manage her chronic disease [8]. A detailed scenario for a pediatric asthma patient is given in [8, 9] [See Multimedia Appendix A].
The data collected from the kHealth framework is used to simulate Personalized Scores, and Digital Phenotype Score (DPS) which is a clinical equivalent for the Asthma Control Test (ACT) score. The DPS is used to categorize the asthma patients into their asthma control levels and recommend intervention strategies to the clinicians.
The chapter is divided into seven sections, Section 1 is introduction, Section 2 provides a brief overview of the kHealth framework and it’s components, Section 3 explains the study methods, study design, and study protocol, Section 4 discusses the personalized scores followed by Section 5 on Digital Phenotype Score, Section 6 discusses actionable insights and causal intervention, and Section 7 concludes the chapter.
A knowledge-enabled healthcare framework, kHealth (Figure 1, Multimedia Appendix B), is a personalized framework for self monitoring of patient’s symptoms, medication adherence, lung function, activity, etc. for pediatric asthma patients. The framework utilizes the existing medical knowledge along with the PGHD to assist the child, parent, and the clinician in better monitoring and management of asthma. It provides an alternative to the traditional episodic clinician-centric health care by supporting real-time monitoring of a child’s health condition. kHealth gathers empirical evidences to analyze and monitor disease progression and help in asthma management. It is a step towards exploring issues such as: What is the asthma control level of the child?, What is the medication compliance of the child?, What are the possible triggers for the child’s asthma symptoms?, Can we understand the causal relationship between symptoms and possible triggers or factors responsible for the symptoms?, Can we predict asthma attacks based on the past data collected from the child?, etc. The kHealth framework consists of kHealth kit, kHealth cloud, and kHealth dashboard (described below).
kHealth architecture.
The kHealth kit consists of an android application (kHealth application) and a set of sensors (Foobot, Fitbit, and a Microlife Peak Flow Meter). Sections below provide a description of all the sensors and the type of data collected from them. kHealth framework uses the active and passive sensing techniques for data collection. Active sensing refers to the data collection where the child (or the parent) has to actively interact with the technology (e.g., answering questions in the kHealth application) [10]. Passive sensing refers to the data collected without active human interaction with the technology (e.g., Wearing Fitbit which automatically collects activity and sleep data) [10].
The kHealth application is built using the widely used Android platform. The application is designed in consultation with the clinician, tested with patients, and iteratively refined before reaching the current version used in the study [11]. The application asks questions similar to the ACT questionnaire (Table 1). The application captures symptoms, medication intake, and activity limitation because of asthma symptoms and nighttime awakenings using a questionnaire that the child is expected to answer twice a day. The application is personalized for every child, such as the medication (rescue and controller) information for every child is taken from the Electronic Medical Records (EMRs), and the medication intake questions are asked for the prescribed medications only. Table 1 below shows the kHealth application questionnaire.
kHealth application questions | Multiple-choice options |
---|---|
Are you currently experiencing any of the asthma-related symptoms below? | Cough, wheeze, chest tightness, hard and fast breathing, nose opens wide, cannot talk in full sentences, others |
How many times did you take albuterol inhaler today because of asthma symptoms? | 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6+ |
Have you had a wheeze, chest tightness, or asthma-related cough today? | Yes, No |
How much did asthma or asthma symptoms limit your activity today? | None, a little, most of the day, at least half of the day |
Did you take albuterol last night because of a cough or wheeze? | Yes, No |
Did you wake up with a cough or wheeze last night? | Yes, No |
Rescue medication question. For example, did you take albuterol today? | Yes, No |
Controller medication question. For example, did you take Dulera today? | Yes, No |
kHealth application questionnaire.
Fitbit is a wearable sensor which collects activity signals such daily step count, distance walked, floor climbed, sedentary minutes, lightly active minutes, fairly active minutes, very active minutes, and calories burned during the activities. The sleep signals includes minutes asleep at night, minutes awake, number of time the child woke up at night (number of awakenings), time spend in bed, minutes of REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep, minutes of light sleep, and minutes of deep sleep. The child is required to wear the Fitbit provided as part of the kHealth kit during the day and night.
Foobot, is an indoor air quality sensor [12]. It is setup in the child’s room or in the place in the house where the child spends majority of his/her time indoor. It connects to the home wifi, and records signal every 5-15 mins. The foobot records indoor temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide, volatile organic compound (VOC), and particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5). The sensor turns red from green (healthy air quality) as an indicator of bad or unhealthy indoor air quality.
Microlife Peak Flow Meter is used to record the child’s lung function measures such as forced exhaled volume in 1 sec (FEV1) and peak expiratory flow (PEF). The peak flow meter has in-built memory to save upto 240 readings. Microlife has a free software available to the user to download their readings from the meter. The reading is taken by standing/sitting up straight, and blowing hard in the meter thrice. The device saves the highest of the three readings. As a backup, the child is also asked to input the reading in the kHealth application.
The data collected from the kHealth kit are synced in real time with Firebase, a Google cloud storage. Firebase provides active data listening for the client-side, which offers data persistence over a network failure and resyncs to the cloud when the network is restored. The kHealth application uses SQLite as the primary data storage and Firebase as the secondary data storage. Data from Firebase are available to Kno.e.sis researchers and clinicians for real-time analysis. Firebase provides a set of real-time database rules and user authentication that allow data access control on a per-user basis. It is built on the Google Cloud Platform, sharing the same level of data security [13].
kHealth Dashboard (Figure 2, Multimedia Appendix C) is a cloud-based platform that integrates and visualizes multi-modal PGHD data from the kHealth kit. kHealth Dashboard visually explores the correlations between the child’s readings about their asthma symptoms, lung function, medication usage, and environmental data [14]. In the Figure 2, the patient in consideration is prescribed Albuterol, Atrovent, Singulair and Dulera by the clinician, had 24 intakes of rescue medication (short-acting) during the course of the study, had symptoms of cough, chest tightness and wheeze, had activity limitations, and had maximum PEF/FEV1 values of 112/0.89 and 98/0.87 in the day and night respectively during the course of the study. The patient took rescue medications on 10th March when the outdoor environment condition was: ozone 44 (good), pollen 6 (medium), and particulate matter 78 (moderate). The next section describes the study procedure such as study design, study recruitment, etc.
kHealth dashboard.
The section describes the kHealth study design and study recruitment process.
kHealth is an observational longitudinal study involving collaboration among researchers from the Artificial Intelligence Institute at the University of South Carolina, Kno.e.sis—an Ohio Center of Excellence for BioHealth Innovations at Wright State University, and Dayton Children’s Hospital (DCH), the latter consisting of a clinician and a nurse coordinator. The study was approved by the DCH institutional review board (IRB). The study uses off the shelf sensors and widely used technologies. The study comprises of 30 kits which allows parallel participation of up to 30 children at a time. The kHealth framework does not save any patient identified information such as name, date of birth, etc. The kHealth participant is given a kHealth ID such as KH001, KH002 to anonymize the data. The information to anonymize and de-anonymize is stored only at the DCH and is not shared with the researchers [15]. The information never leave the DCH servers.
The study participants were recruited from Dayton Children’s Hospital (DCH) under the guidance of a pediatric pulmonologist. The participants were children within the age group of 5-17 years diagnosed with asthma. The study coordinator approached the parents of the children seeking asthma treatment at the DCH. The parent, along with the child, consent to participate in the study. The parent provides consent, and the child assent by signing a consent form to participate in the study and giving permission to obtain the medical details from the EMRs. The participant recruitment was random, with asthma diagnoses as the only prerequisite. The type of asthma, such as persistent, non persistent, exercise induced, and non exercise-induced asthma was not taken into consideration for the study recruitment. The participant were given an option to participate in either one month or three month study period. The consented participant were given a brief demonstration of all the kHealth components. The participants also had access to a user guide, tutorial video in the application to make it more accessible. The contact information of the study coordinator, and the kHealth team were saved in the user guide to reach out in case of any technical difficulties. The technical difficulties were resolved by the kHealth team while keeping the participant identity anonymized.
The PGHD collected from the pediatric patients using the kHealth framework is used to generate personalized insights into one’s healthcare protocol. The next section describes the personalization in chronic diseases like asthma and how does the PGHD can be used for better disease management, and self appraisal.
Asthma is a personalized disease. An asthma patient differs from another patient with respect to their asthma symptoms, possible triggers, medication adherence, and asthma control levels. The below observation comes from preliminary analysis and anecdotal evidence from the data. For example, Patients A and B, both in the same asthma control, and severity level category and have fall pollen allergies. However, Patient A does not show symptoms until the pollen crosses the threshold 6 (pollen: medium [16]) whereas Patient B starts showing symptoms as soon as the pollen levels goes beyond 3 (pollen: low-medium [16]). Personalization in the kHealth framework is able to capture these granularities (symptoms, medication intake, difficulty sleeping and reduced activity due to the outdoor environmental conditions) at a given point in time. We also observe patients in one asthma control level category are more proactive towards their health and medication adherence resulting into fewer We define personalized scores such as Symptom Score, Medication (Rescue, Controller) compliance Scores, Activity Score, etc. to get a real time insight into the patient’s health condition unlike the irregular ACT administered during the clinic visits. The personalized scores helps in real time categorization of the patient into their asthma control levels.
Symptom score for a child is defined by the number of symptoms experienced by the child during the course of deployment period. The symptom severity (Chest Tightness being more severe than wheeze and cough, etc) is ignored for the symptom score estimation.
Activity Score of a child is the number of days the child had restricted activity during the study duration. The kHealth application asks a multiple-choice question: How much did asthma symptoms limit your activity today? with four options: none, a little, half of the day, and most of the day. The options are weighted on a scale of 0-3, respectively.
The Awakening Score (AwS) is the measure of number of nights the child woke up because of asthma symptoms during the study period. The kHealth application asks a multiple-choice question: Did you wake up with wheeze, cough, or any asthma-related symptoms?
The kHealth application collects data on the intake of the rescue medication (short-acting bronchodilators) by asking questions such as Did you take albuterol today? Rescue Compliance Score (RCS) is defined as the number of times the child took the rescue medication during the study period. The rescue medication is taken to mitigate or prevent the symptoms.
The kHealth application asks questions (eg, Did you take Dulera today?) about the intake of the controller medication (long-term control medication). An asthmatic patient is prescribed a controller medication, which is supposed to take at least once a day depending on the asthma control levels. The Controller Compliance Score (CCS) is defined as the fraction of the number of days the child took the controller medication during the study period.
The threshold for Controller Compliance Score is defined as Highly Compliant for score greater than and equal to 0.70, Well Compliant for score greater than and equal to 0.30 and less than 0.70, and Poorly Compliant for score less than 0.30.
Let us take an example scenario to better understand the personalized scores and generate actionable insights into their asthma management. Alice is ten yrs. old and clinically (using the ACT score) categorized into Not Well Controlled asthma control level. She and her parents agreed to participate in the one month kHealth study period. According to the data collected using the kHealth framework, Alice had ten incidents of cough, ten incidents of wheeze, five chest tightness, no incidents of hard and fast breathing, and no incidents of cannot talk in full sentences. She woke up during the night due to asthma symptoms on ten nights and had asthma symptom related activity limitation for five days. She had her controller medication for twenty days and had five rescue medication during her study period. Alice had a Symptom Score of 0.83 (=25/30; 10 cough +10 wheeze +5 chest tightness = 25 symptoms), Awakening Score of 0.33 (=10/33), Activity Score of 0.16 (=5/30), Rescue Compliance Score of 0.16 (=5/30), and Controller Compliance Score of 0.66 (=20/30). Alice is Well Compliant for her controller medications. The next section utilizes the above personalized scores for real time categorization of the child into their asthma control levels.
The child (or the parent) is given an Asthma Control Test (ACT) at the regular checkup appointment. The ACT asks questions about the asthma symptoms, school days missed, night time awakenings, inhaler intakes etc. in the past four weeks. The child is categorized into one of the three asthma control levels of Well Controlled, Not Well Controlled, and Very Poorly Controlled asthma based on the scores obtained in the test. The ACT is used to analyze the asthma management of the child in between the visits, and also as a measure of Does the therapy helps the child’s asthma management?, or Is there a need for intervention and change in therapy/treatment protocol? The ACT is administered during the infrequent clinic visit and asks questions about past four weeks, it is highly unlikely the child or the parent will remember all the relevant asthma episodes which leads to incorrect asthma control level classification [17, 18].
Digital Phenotype Score (DPS) defined using the kHealth data and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) guidelines to categorize the child into their asthma control level overcomes the limitations of the ACT scores [19, 20, 21, 22]. The child/parent and the clinician do not have to wait for the clinic visits to get an analysis of the current asthma management of the child. The clinician can use the DPS for early and timely intervention to recognize any barriers to the current therapy. The DPS is a quantified measure of the symptom score, activity score, awakening score, and rescue compliance score. The DPS of greater than and equal to one is classified as Very Poorly Controlled asthma, greater than equal to 0.28 and less than one is classified as Not Well Controlled asthma, and less than 0.28 is classified as Well Controlled asthma. In the case of Alice, the DPS is 1.48 (=0.83 + 0.16 + 0.33 + 0.16). According to the thresholds defined her asthma is classified as Very Poorly Controlled.
The Personalized scores along with Digital Phenotype Score related categorization can be used to generate actionable insights into a patient’s healthcare protocol [21, 23]. These insights in future can also be used by the clinician to design a perfect intervention strategies/policies (Figure 3) for better health outcome and improving the quality of life of the patient [24, 25]. Let us take an example scenario, A child categorized as having Very Poorly Controlled asthma using the DPS, suffering with a high symptom score and Highly Compliant for the controller medication. The CCS and the DPS sheds light on an important aspect of the child’s asthma management that although the child is highly compliant towards the controller medication but still suffers from high symptom score. This is an opportunity for the clinician to intervene with either increasing the medication dosage, or change or add a medication, and identify the environment triggers for mitigation. On the other hand a child with Very Poorly Controlled asthma and poorly compliant with the controller medication is in the worst health condition and requires immediate attention from the clinician and support from the parent/caregiver. The intervention strategy would be to identify the barriers to medication adherence and suggest mitigation/alternative efforts. A child with well controlled asthma and highly compliant with the medication is a use case when the child/parent are proactive towards the asthma management. In this scenario the clinician can choose to intervene with either maintaining the therapy or considering changing the medication or lowering the dosage.
Root cause analysis techniques can be used to access the path specific policy update for intervention strategies.
In the case of Alice, she is well compliant with her controller medication and as per the DPS has very poorly controlled asthma. The clinician can intervene in her asthma management protocol with either increasing the medication dosage or adding a new medication since her current medications are unable to control her asthma, and also provide appropriate preventive suggestions to reduce future asthma exacerbation.
The digital healthcare technologies such as IoTs, self-reporting applications, wearables can be used to improve the quality of life of the pediatric asthma patients. The kHealth framework has moved the current healthcare approach from clinician-centric to patient-centric. The child/parent feels empowered to take control of their health management. The clinician can include the framework like kHealth in their current protocol which is especially useful during the pandemic when the care has shifted from in-person clinic visit to tele-medicine appointment. The asthma patients are prescribed Longacting combination inhalers, Long-acting inhaled steroids or Oral Steroids depending on how controlled is a patient’s asthma condition. The long term use of steroids leads to a growth suppression, adrenal gland suppression, osteoporosis, increase a risk of high blood pressure, heart attack, increase in appetite leading to weight gain and eventually increase in body mass index [26]. The early and timely intervention strategies discussed can be used to avoid overuse of the steroid medications, and can eliminate the vicious cycle of asthma affecting obesity or obesity affects asthma.
This research is supported by National Institutes of Health under the Grant Number 1 R01HD087132. The content of this study is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Augmented health with personalized data and AI, TEDx2020, The University of South Carolina, Oct 21, 2020, Accessible at: https://bit.ly/3ahJEhy
The kHealth project webpage: https://bit.ly/3aX4Ng0
kHealth Dashboard video: https://bit.ly/2ZfeSj8
PGHD | Patient Generated Health Data |
IoTs | Internet of Things |
DCH | Dayton Children’s Hospital |
ACT | Asthma Control Test |
DPS | Digital Phenotype Score |
IRB | Institutional Revenue Board |
EMR | Electronic Medical Record |
NHLBI | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute |
CT | Chest Tightness |
HFB | Hard and Fast Breathing |
CTFS | Cannot talk in full sentences |
PM2.5 | Particulate Matter 2.5 |
VOC | Volatile Organic Compounds |
SS | Symptom Score |
AcS | Activity Score |
AwS | Awakening Score |
RCS | Rescue Compliance Score |
CCS | Controller Compliance Score |
Diabetes mellitus (DM), simply called diabetes, are metabolic disorders characterized by varying or persistent hyperglycemia (high levels of sugar in the blood) over an extended time period. The most common symptoms of DM usually include increased appetite, increased thirst, and frequent urination. If not treated or when poorly managed, DM can result in several complications. While acute complications of DM often include hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, diabetic ketoacidosis, or even death, severe chronic complications include cognitive impairment, damage to the eyes, damage to the nerves, foot ulcers, chronic kidney disease, stroke, and cardiovascular disease [1]. Diabetes mellitus (DM) manifest by hyperglycemia, defects in insulin secretion, glucose intolerance, and/or failure of insulin activity to boost uptake of glucose. Diabetes mellitus (DM) causes global burden as a result of its high morbidity/mortality rates, as well as the capital intensity required for its treatment and management. About 463 million people have DM worldwide, while estimates project 700 million people by 2045 [2].
Globally, epidemiological studies showed that diabetes is more prevalent in middle- and low-income countries with about 50 percent of cases unreported and undiagnosed [2, 3]. Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are the most common types of DM. Over 90 to 95% of DM cases are T2DM [2, 4], while the remain 5 to 10% are other types of DM, including T1DM, the gestational diabetes, and other minor specific types rarely encountered. Worldwide, there has been serious search for cost effective and potent drug against T1DM and T2DM in order to reduce the annual death rate [5]. Various antidiabetic therapeutics and treatments that make use of conventional medications are often laborious as they are not single-dose treatment regimen; some are taken throughout lifetime. In recent years, medicinal plants, bioactive compounds, and dietary measures have been found to be effective in the treatment of T1DM and T2DM.
The increasing awareness of the safety and efficacies of medicinal plants, dietary therapy, and bioactive compounds in treatment of various metabolic diseases is gradually reshaping treatment measures for many metabolic diseases [6, 7, 8], including DM. Medicinal plants and their bioactive constituents play important role in regulating metabolisms in humans, usually resulting in improved health and general wellbeing. They can be largely found in fruits and vegetables, medicinal plants [9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16], whole grains [11], etc., and could be consumed every day. The health benefits of bioactive compounds are commonly reported in animal and cell studies, which often include regulating cell signaling pathway, scavenging free radicals, and decreasing inflammation [17, 18]. Natural materials containing bioactive compounds have been traditionally employed in the treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM). Due to their safety, availability, and tolerable side effects, bioactive compounds applications have been suggested for reducing incidences or delaying progression of many diseases, such as T1DM and T2DM, constipation, Alzheimer’s disease, etc. [19, 20]. This chapter provides detailed descriptions and efficacies of the medicinal plants, bioactive compounds, and dietary nutrients shown to be effective in treating T1DM and T2DM. Although the medicinal plants, bioactive compounds, and dietary nutrients discussed in this chapter are mainly focused on T1DM and T2DM, they could also be effective against the less common types of DM such as the gestational diabetes and other minor specific types rarely encountered.
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is caused by the loss of beta cells of pancreatic islets that produce insulin, resulting in the deficiency of insulin. T1DM can be additionally classified as idiopathic or immune-mediated. Most T1DM has the nature of the immune mediation, where an autoimmune attack mediated by T-cell results in loss of beta cells and consequently insulin [21]. The majority of the affected individuals are otherwise mostly healthy, with healthy weight during the onset occurrence. Responsiveness and sensitivity to insulin are often normal, particularly in initial stages. Though T1DM is often referred to as “juvenile diabetes” due because of the regular onset in children, most people with T1DM are currently adults. T1DM could be accompanied by unpredictable, irregular high levels of blood sugar, and potentials for serious low levels of blood sugar or diabetic ketoacidosis. Other T1DM complications are endocrinopathies (such as Addison’s disease), gastroparesis (that results in irregular dietary carbohydrates absorption), infection, and impairment in the counterregulatory responses to low levels of blood sugar. These usually occur in 1–2% of those with T1DM [22]. T1DM is in part hereditary, with several genes, such as some HLA genotypes, having influence on T1DM risks. In those with genetic susceptibility, the onset of DM could be caused by at least environmental factors, including diet, stress, or viral infection [23]. Although many viruses have been reported, however, no reliable evidence has supported their potentials to cause DM in humans [23, 24]. Among dietary factors, it has been reported that gliadin (a gluten protein) can be a factor in the development of T1DM, although the mechanism has not been established, at least not entirely. T1DM occurs at any stage of life; significant percentage has been detected in adulthood. Latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA) is a term used when T1DM occurs in adulthood, and has slower onset than T1DM in children. Due to this difference, few people make use of the unofficial term “type 1.5 diabetes” in place of T1DM in adults. Adults with latent autoimmune diabetes of adults are often misdiagnosed as having T2DM initially, due to age instead of cause [25].
On the other hand, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which constitutes over 90 to 95% of all DM cases, is caused by insulin resistance, and could combine relative reduction in the secretion of insulin. The defects in body tissues response to insulin is considered to be related the insulin receptors. Cases of DM with known defects are categorized separately. Many individuals with T2DM present clinical prediabetes evidence (such as impaired glucose tolerance and/or impaired fasting glucose) prior to developing T2DM [26]. Prediabetes progression to overt T2DM could be reversed or slowed by lifestyle medications/changes, which enhance sensitivity to insulin or decrease the production of glucose in the liver [27]. T2DM is mostly because of lifestyle and environmental factors, as well as genetics [28]. Some lifestyle factors result in T2DM development, such as obesity (body mass index ≥30), urbanization, stress, poor diet, and lack of physical activities. Dietary factors, including sugar-sweetened drinks, have been correlated with increased risks of T2DM. Fat types in the food are also significant; trans fats and saturated fat increase the risks, while monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fat reduce the risks [28]. Excessive consumption of carbohydrates dense foods such as white rice may increase risks of DM [29]. Lack or insufficient physical activities can increase risks of DM in some individuals. Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), such as neglect, abuse, and household challenges, increase possibility of T2DM by 32% later in life, with neglect reported to have the most significant effects [30].
Several medicinal plants have been shown to be effective in treating and managing DM.
Scientific name of plant | Common name | Parts used | Effectiveness and mechanisms against T1DM and T2DM | Type of study | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Garlic | Bulb | Antihyperlipidemic and antihyperglycemic effects. Lowers FBG, improves glycemic control via increased secretion of insulin and improved sensitivity to insulin | In vivo | [32] | |
Aloe vera | Leaves | Prevents changes in insulin levels. Diabetic kidney shows distinctive changes resulting in kidney failure or renal insufficiency. Major alteration was mostly reported in kidney tissue proximal tubules in diabetic animal models | In vitro | [33] | |
Brazilian orchid tree | Leaves | After treatment for 31 days using decoction, in T2DM group, urinary glucose and plasma glucose levels reduced significantly | In vitro | [31] | |
Gray Nicker | Seeds | The 50% ethanolic and aqueous extracts of seeds of | In vitro | [31] | |
Safflower | Flower | The hydroalcoholic extracts from flower of | In vivo | [34] | |
Cinnamon | Whole plant | In vivo | [32] | ||
Kinkeliba, geza’ | Leaves | Hypoglycemic properties of | In vitro | [31, 35] | |
Asafoetida | Gum | With the presence of antioxidants, gum of | In vivo | [35] | |
Ginseng | Root, berries, stalk, leaves | Ginseng significantly reduced fasting blood glucose (FBG) and insulin resistance in patients with T2DM. Amongst 30 T2DM patients treated using Renshen tangtai (injection containing Ginseng polysaccharides and polypeptide), 86.7% presented significant effects on symptoms of T1DM and T2DM | In vivo and in vitro | [31, 32] | |
Cowplant | Leaf | The crude extracts of | In vitro | [35] | |
Monkey grass | Leaves | Aqueous extracts of | In vitro | [35] | |
Mango | Leaves | Extracts of mango leaves have hypoglycemic properties, possibly because of decrease in intestinal glucose absorption | In vitro | [31] | |
Bitter melon | Fruit | In vivo | [32] | ||
S. spinosum | Root | In vitro | [35] | ||
Swertia | Whole plant | Mechanism | In vitro | [35] | |
Fenugreek | Seed | Powdered fenugreek (15 g) administered to T2DM patients decreased Darqndkhvn sense | In vivo | [36] | |
Stinging nettle | Leaves | In vivo | [37] | ||
Bitter ginger | Root | Ethanol extracts of bitter ginger rhizome were administered to streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. After 3 months of diabetic conditions, weight gain in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats was significantly less in comparison with healthy rats, while the glucose levels in the blood were significantly higher. Body weight reduction was unnoticeable in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats receiving ethanol extracts of bitter ginger rhizome during study period | In vitro | [38] |
Medicinal plants effective against T1DM and T2DM.
Many dietary nutrients and bioactive compounds have effectiveness in the treatment of T1DM and T2DM. This section discusses the most common bioactive compounds and dietary nutrients for treating DM, with more focus on type 1 and type 2 DM. Figure 1 shows the complex mechanisms of cell signaling targeted by T1DM and T2DM therapeutic strategies and bioactive compounds of plants.
Few complex mechanisms of cell signaling targeted by T1DM and T2DM therapeutic strategies and bioactive compounds of plants.
Vitamins are bioactive organic compounds which are essential micronutrients organisms required in small quantities, usually within micrograms to milligrams, for the proper functioning of body metabolisms [39]. Here are some vitamins for treating T1DM and T2DM.
Vitamin A has been known to be important in treating DM. it is a group of unsaturated organic compounds essential to organisms, e.g. retinol, retinal, as well as many provitamin A carotenoids [39]. Retinol (or Vitamin A) is essential nutrient required for vision, normal growth, and reproduction. Retinoic acid (RA) is a metabolite of vitamin A with physiological importance. Retinol is converted intracellularly to 9-cis-retinoic acid or retinal all-trans-RA [40]. Mechanisms by which vitamin A influence T1DM and T2DM include adipose and obese biology regulation, increasing insulin sensitivity,
Vitamin E is a significant constituent of antioxidant systems in every body tissue.
The most important forms of Vitamin Ds in humans are vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) and vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol). Vitamin D is a group of fat soluble secosteroids responsible for various biological functions, including intestinal absorption of calcium, phosphate, magnesium, and other biological functions. Vitamin D3 is obtained from diets and also synthetically made in skin from 7-dehydrocholesterol when exposed to radiation of solar UVB. It is converted in the kidney to the active vitamin D, 1,25-(OH)2 VD3 [46]. Vitamin Ds are mediated by vitamin D receptor (VDR), their nuclear receptor. Vitamin D plays significant roles in modulating T1DM and T2DM risks through having influence on inflammation, insulin sensitivity, and
Lycopene, a natural occurring carotenoid, is commonly found in tomatoes, pink grapefruit, etc.; it gives the red color. Several in vivo examinations indicated the health benefits of lycopene on T1DM and T2DM, and its accompanying complications [52, 53]. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of lycopene may be connected with its antidiabetic functions. Ali and Agha [54] carried out study with diabetic rats where lycopene supplementation resulted in a dose-dependent reduction of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), lipid peroxidation, and NO, and also increased antioxidant enzymes activities, which led to decreased levels of glucose, increased levels of insulin, and enhanced profiles of serum lipids. Lycopene antioxidant properties have also indicated to solve diabetic endothelial dysfunctions in rats with induced diabetes [52]. Lycopene was evaluated for its capability to reduce cognitive decline associated with T2DM. Kuhad [55] showed dose-dependent responses to chronic treatments using lycopene, which eased cognitive impairments, decreased TNF-
Table 2 shows bioactive compounds, dietary nutrients, and their sources for T1DM and T2DM treatment.
Plants and sources of the compounds | Bioactive Compound | Phytochemical class | T1DM and T2DM properties | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Asparagus, buckwheat, figs, apples, etc. | Rutin | Polyphenol (flavonoid) | Rutin reduced levels of blood glucose in insulin-resistant mouse by improving GLUT4 translocation and activities of insulin-dependent receptor kinase | [59] |
Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol) is obtained from diets (fatty fishes, cooked egg yolk, liver, fungi) or synthetically made in skin when exposed to solar UVB. | Vitamin D | Vitamin | Treating streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat using diet with vitamin D supplements decreased fasting blood glucose levels, increased levels of insulin, as well as restored pancreatic islets injured by STZ | [48] |
Citrus fruits, such as lemons, oranges, etc., and few plants | Hesperidin | Polyphenol (flavonoid glycoside) | It has protective effects in diabetic nephropathy, often through inhibiting transforming growth factor- | [60, 61] |
Cod liver oil, carrots, broccoli leaf, liver (fish, pork, beef), sweet potato, spinach, etc. | Vitamin A, including provitamin A compounds | Vitamin | Increases levels of insulin mRNA and secretion of insulin in cultured islets, through raising pancreatic glucokinase by activating glucokinase promoter. Retinol and retinoic acid are uncoupling protein 1 (UCP-1) positive regulators; UCP-1 overexpression could enhance insulin resistance and glucose transport | [41] |
Fruits, flowers, vegetables, etc. | Anthocyanin | Polyphenol (flavonoid) | In STZ-induced diabetic rats, pelargonidin (an anthocyanin) injection improved glucose tolerance, normalized elevated levels of blood glucose, and improved serum insulin level | [62] |
Grapefruit, pumelo, tomatoes, grapefruit juices, etc. | Naringin | Polyphenol (flavonoid) | Naringin protects cells against high glucose-induced destruction. Naringin inhibits high inflammatory reaction induced by glucose through mediating oligomerization and nucleotide-binding domain-related receptors family of inflammasome of pyrin domain-containing 3 in mesangial cells of rat | [63] |
Grapefruit, oranges, lemon, tomatoes, etc. | Naringenin | Polyphenol (flavonoid) | Naringenin ameliorated structural changes and renal damages, including glomerulosclerosis in STZ-induced diabetic rats, possibly via downregulating IL-1 and TGF- | [64] |
Green tea, black tea, white tea, onions, apple skin, plums, etc. | Epigallocatechin gallate | Polyphenol (Catechin) | Epigallocatechin gallate supplementations have influence on expression of the genes involved in metabolism of lipid and glucose in liver, such as through increasing glucose kinase by mRNA expression and reducing mRNA expressions of G6Pase, fatty acid synthases, as well as PEPCK | [65] |
Turmeric plant ( | Curcumin | Polyphenol | Curcumin oral administration reduced blood glucose levels, increased levels of plasma insulin, and reduced body weight | [66] |
Red onions, apples, tea, broccoli, etc. | Quercetin | Polyphenol (flavonoid) | Quercetin increased glucose uptakes in cultured skeletal muscle cell by stimulating GLUT4 translocation through 5’ AMP-activated protein kinase activation. Quercetin has activities on homeostasis of glucose in skeletal muscle and liver. | [67] |
Red wines, grape skins, seeds, groundnut skins, etc. | Resveratrol | Polyphenol | In insulin-secreting cell, treatment with resveratrol improved mitochondrial activity, improved insulin secretion stimulated by glucose, and enhanced glucose metabolism. | [68] |
Soybeans, fava beans, chickpeas, etc. | Genistein | Polyphenol (isoflavone) | Supplementation with genistein alleviated hyperglycemia induced by streptozotocin and improved insulin levels and glucose tolerance | [69] |
Tomatoes, pink grapefruit, etc. | Lycopene | Carotenoid | Lycopene antioxidant activities have demonstrated to solve diabetic endothelial dysfunctions in diabetic rats | [52] |
Wheat germ oil, sunflower oil, rapeseed/canola oil, almonds, g hazelnut oil, etc. | Vitamin E | Vitamin | After vitamin E supplementation, rats with streptozotocin-induced DM, in vivo, were shown to present significant reduction in glucose level and improved antioxidant enzyme activities, such as catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase. | [44] |
Medicinal plants, bioactive compounds, nutrients with effectiveness against T1DM and T2DM.
Several polyphenols have been directly linked to treatment of T1DM and T2DM, including resveratrol, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), quercetin, genistein, hesperidin, naringin, anthocyanins, curcumin, rutin, naringenin, etc.
This polyphenol occurs naturally in red wines, seeds, grape skins, and groundnut (peanut) skins. In insulin-secreting cell, treatment with resveratrol improved insulin secretion stimulated by glucose, improved mitochondrial activity, and enhanced glucose metabolism [68]. The effects depend on active Sirtuin 1-induced key genes upregulation for
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate, a polyphenol, is obtained from numerous plants, especially green teas, black tea, white tea, and apple skin. Studies have been done on green tea health benefits, with the benefits associated with epigallocatechin-3-gallate, which is most abundant constituent. EGCG has strong antioxidant activities. Han [74] reported that epigallocatechin-3-gallate protected cells of RINn5F against
Quercetin is a flavonoid which occurs naturally in many foods such as red onions, tea, apples, etc. A study indicated that treatment with quercetin enhanced lipid and glucose metabolism, as well as eased hepatic histomorphological damage in rats with STZ-induced DM, which possibly connected to the SIRT1 activity upregulation by quercetin and its impacts on Akt signaling pathways [76]. Vascular complications have been associated with most mortality and morbidity in T1DM and T2DM patients [77]. Youl et al. [78] carried out research and reported that quercetin improved secretion of glucose-induced insulin and protected
Genistein, a naturally occurring compound, structurally belongs to a group of compounds known as isoflavone. Genistein is found in many plants such as soybeans, chickpeas, etc. [79]. Evidence support genistein as a therapeutic potential and preventive treatment for T1DM and T2DM [69, 80, 81]. Genistein dietary supplementation enhanced mass of
Hesperidin, a flavonoid glycoside, is commonly found in citrus fruits, e.g. lemons and oranges, in rich quantity. Hesperidin oral administration significantly decreased HbA1c and glucose levels and raised serum insulin, vitamin E, and vitamin C levels in rats with HFD/STZ-induced diabetes [83]. The effects were most likely as a result of decline in producing oxidants and proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-6 and TNF-
Naringin, also a flavonoid, is commonly seen in some grapefruits and citrus species. It is known for its antihyperglycemic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties [86]. Numerous studies recently conducted demonstrated that naringin may improve T1DM and T2DM and ameliorate the severity of their associated health complications; their mechanism is understood [63, 86]. In vitro studies showed that naringin protects cells against high glucose-induced destruction. A typical example is the work done by [63], which showed that naringin inhibits high inflammatory reaction induced by glucose through mediating the oligomerization and nucleotide-binding domain-related receptors family of inflammasome of pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) in mesangial cells of rat. Sharma et al. [87] showed that naringin ameliorated kidney damage and hepatic steatosis, and attenuated
Anthocyanins (ANTs) are flavonoids mostly responsible for purple, blue, and red colors of fruits, flowers, and vegetables [91]. Most anthocyanins have strong antioxidant properties which may play role in their antidiabetic activities against T1DM and T2DM. In rats with STZ-induced diabetes, pelargonidin (an anthocyanin) injection improved serum insulin level, improved glucose tolerance, and normalized elevated levels of blood glucose [62]. Yan et al. [92] reported that anthocyanins pre-treatment attenuated
Curcumin, a polyphenol, is extracted from dried root of turmeric plant (
Rutin is a flavonoid commonly found in several fruits and vegetables, including asparagus, buckwheat, figs, and apples. Rutin is known to have many biological properties such as antioxidant, neuroprotective, antihyperglycemic, and anti-inflammatory properties [99], and all support its potential applications in the prevention and treatment of T1DM and T2DM and their associated health complications. Rutin reduced glycogen phosphorylase and G6Pase activities and increased hepatic hexokinase activities [47]. To this effect, rutin might decrease output of hepatic glucose. In rats with nicotinamide-STZ-induced diabetes, rutin administration decreased serum glucose levels, ameliorated glucose tolerance significantly, ameliorated oxidative stress, and also improved serum lipid variables, including serum total lipids, triglycerides, VLDL-cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol. Rutin antihyperglycemic effects could be accomplished through increasing the uptake of glucose by peripheral tissue, stimulating secretion of insulin, suppressing gluconeogenesis in liver, and improving insulin resistance. Hsu et al. [59] showed that rutin decreased levels of blood glucose in insulin-resistant mouse by improving GLUT4 translocation and activities of IRK (insulin-dependent receptor kinase).
Naringenin, another flavonoid, naturally occur in citrus fruits, including oranges, tomatoes, grapefruits, and lemons [100]. Due to its beneficial effects in treating T1DM and T2DM and their associated health complications, naringenin has recently gained more attention. Several studies have evaluated naringenin role in complications associated with T1DM and T2DM, including vascular disease, neuropathy, hepatotoxicity, cardiac hypertrophy, and nephropathy [101, 102]. Kapoor and Kakkar [101] showed that increased apoptotic proteins expression, mitochondria dysfunction, increased ROS generation, altered antioxidant status, and altered activities of kidney and liver enzymes; may induce diabetic hepatopathy and liver damage in rats with T2DM; all the effects were completely rescued after treatment with naringenin. Consequently, naringenin has promising potentials for diabetic hepatopathy treatment. Naringenin functioned as cholinesterase inhibitor and as antioxidant, ameliorating diabetes-induced dysfunctions in memory of rats [103]. Roy et al. [64] reported that naringenin ameliorated renal damage and structural changes, including glomerulosclerosis in rats with STZ-induced diabetes, likely via downregulating IL-1 and TGF-
Epigenetic modification is heritable and persistent changes in DNA which regulate how the expression of genes are done, with no effects on the sequence of the nucleotide itself. Epigenetic modification includes DNA methylation, microRNA regulation, and histone modification. It has been generally acknowledged that epigenetic and genetic factors predispose to T1DM and T2DM. The main genes which regulate the differentiation of β-cell, including GLP1 receptor, PDX1, and PAX4, are epigenetically regulated. To prevent or alleviate symptoms of hyperglycemia, preventive strategies using nonpharmacological measures have been employed. Weight loss, regular exercise, and healthy diet can help manage glucose serum level and also enhance normal metabolism of glucose. Pancreatic islets can be transplanted [105]. Epigenetic modification encourages insulin resistance via having pro-inflammatory effects on numerous biological factors, such as osteopontin, NF-kB, and Toll-like receptors [106, 107]. Some of the bioactive compounds and dietary nutrients associated with the epigenetic modification in T1DM and T2DM are shown in Table 3.
Plants and natural sources of the compounds | Bioactive compound | Phytochemical group | Epigenetic modification effect | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Apples, black tea, grapes, blackberries, etc. | Epigallocatechin gallate | Polyphenol (flavonoids) | Chromatin remodelling, histone acetylation, DNA methylation | [108, 109] |
Broccoli, cabbages, Brussels sprouts, etc. | Sulforaphane | Isothiocyanate | DNA methylation | [110] |
Cod liver oil, liver, carrots, broccoli leaf, sweet potato, spinach, etc. | Vitamin A | Vitamin | Changes chromatin structure | [111] |
Fatty fishes, liver, fungi, cooked egg yolk. Synthetically made in skin when exposed to solar UVB | Vitamin D | Vitamin | Changes chromatin structure | [112] |
Grapes, chocolate, grape skins, red wines, seeds, peanut skins, etc. | Resveratrol | Polyphenol | miRNA levels modifications, chromatin remodelling, histone modifications | [113] |
Turmeric plant ( | Curcumin | Polyphenol | miRNA levels modifications, chromatin remodelling, histone modifications | [114] |
Red onions, broccoli, apples, tea, etc | Quercetin | Polyphenol (flavonoid) | Histone modifications | [67] |
Rice, fat fraction of bran, rice bran oil, etc. | ϒ-oryzanol | Lipid | DNA methylation | [115] |
Soybeans, chickpeas, beans, fava, etc. | Genistein | Polyphenol (isoflavone) | Histone modifications, DNA methylation | [116] |
Soybeans, chickpeas, fava, etc. | Genistein | Polyphenol (isoflavone) | DNA methylation | [116] |
Tomatoes, pink grapefruit, etc. | Lycopene | Carotenoid | DNA methylation | [117] |
Medicinal plants, nutrients, and bioactive compounds in epigenetic modification in T1DM and T2DM.
Bioactive compounds, including EGCG, resveratrol, curcumin, sulforaphane, lycopene, etc., have been reported to modify epigenetic mechanisms, which could result in increased cells sensitivity to conventional agents [118]. Quercetin is a bioactive compound in buckwheat and citrus fruits. The bioactive compound functions as DNMT1 inhibitor through repressing TNF-induced NFkappa transcription factor and also encourages Fas ligand associated apoptosis through histone H3 acetylation, in addition to potential inhibition of HDAC [119]. Quercetin has been reported to take part in glucose uptake stimulation via MAPK insulin-dependent mechanisms. This is achieved in muscles through translocating GLUT4 transporters and in the liver through downregulating key enzymes of gluconeogenesis [67]. Resveratrol is a polyphenol which naturally occurs in grapes, chocolate, etc. Resveratrol activates a NAD-dependent HDAC, called sirtuin 1 (SIRT1); administration of SIRT1 to animals with insulin resistance regulates insulin sensitivity and improves glucose homeostasis [113]. Curcumin inhibits DNMTs, HDACs, and HATs. It inhibits or activates many miRNAs [120]. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), an abundant catechin in green tea, is known to affect T1DM and T2DM. Epigenetic action mechanism of EGCG involves DNA methylation, histone acetylation, and deacetylation. Epigallocatechin gallate upregulates activities of anti-inflammation of regulatory T cell [108]. Genistein, a polyphenol obtained from soybean, induces active histone modifications and reverses hypermethylation [121]. Genistein appears to modulate on T1DM and T2DM through having direct effects on protection against apoptosis, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, and β-cell proliferation. These have been reported to modulate through epigenetic mechanisms and to involve cascades of cAMP/PKA signaling [116]. Sulforaphane obtained from broccoli is a bioactive compound with epigenetic effects. Sulforaphane was reported to inhibit HDACs, decrease promoter methylation, and inhibit expression of DNMT1 in T2DM [122].
Diabetes mellitus (DM), simply called diabetes, are metabolic disorders characterized by varying or persistent hyperglycemia (high levels of sugar in the blood) over an extended time period. About 463 million people have diabetes worldwide; estimates project 700 million people by 2045. Over 90 to 95% of DM cases are T2DM, while the remain 5 to 10% are other types of DM, including T1DM, the gestational diabetes, and other minor specific types rarely encountered. Medicinal plants, bioactive compounds, and dietary measures have been found to be effective in the treatment of T1DM and T2DM. While T1DM is caused by the loss of beta cells of pancreatic islets that produce insulin, resulting in the deficiency of insulin, T2DM is caused by insulin resistance, and could combine relative reduction in the secretion of insulin.
The author acknowledge the effort of his colleagues at School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Kampala International University, Uganda, for helping through one way or the other.
The author declares no conflict of interest.
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Hozzein"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8176",title:"DNA Methylation Mechanism",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1de018af20c3e9916b5a9b4fed13a4ff",slug:"dna-methylation-mechanism",bookSignature:"Metin Budak and Mustafa Yıldız",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8176.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"226275",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Metin",middleName:null,surname:"Budak",slug:"metin-budak",fullName:"Metin Budak"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8912",title:"Biochemical Analysis Tools",subtitle:"Methods for Bio-Molecules Studies",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"10a6269502e58eda525718afec8e667e",slug:"biochemical-analysis-tools-methods-for-bio-molecules-studies",bookSignature:"Oana-Maria Boldura, Cornel Baltă and Nasser Sayed Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8912.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"189429",title:"Prof.",name:"Oana-Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Boldura",slug:"oana-maria-boldura",fullName:"Oana-Maria Boldura"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:28,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"38573",doi:"10.5772/51687",title:"Food Phenolic Compounds: Main Classes, Sources and Their Antioxidant Power",slug:"food-phenolic-compounds-main-classes-sources-and-their-antioxidant-power",totalDownloads:10269,totalCrossrefCites:42,totalDimensionsCites:115,abstract:null,book:{id:"3203",slug:"oxidative-stress-and-chronic-degenerative-diseases-a-role-for-antioxidants",title:"Oxidative Stress and Chronic Degenerative Diseases",fullTitle:"Oxidative Stress and Chronic Degenerative Diseases - A Role for Antioxidants"},signatures:"Maria de Lourdes Reis Giada",authors:[{id:"153687",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Maria De Lourdes",middleName:"Reis",surname:"Giada",slug:"maria-de-lourdes-giada",fullName:"Maria De Lourdes Giada"}]},{id:"39159",doi:"10.5772/51788",title:"Oxidative Stress in Diabetes Mellitus and the Role Of Vitamins with Antioxidant Actions",slug:"oxidative-stress-in-diabetes-mellitus-and-the-role-of-vitamins-with-antioxidant-actions",totalDownloads:6348,totalCrossrefCites:19,totalDimensionsCites:40,abstract:null,book:{id:"3203",slug:"oxidative-stress-and-chronic-degenerative-diseases-a-role-for-antioxidants",title:"Oxidative Stress and Chronic Degenerative Diseases",fullTitle:"Oxidative Stress and Chronic Degenerative Diseases - A Role for Antioxidants"},signatures:"Maria-Luisa Lazo-de-la-Vega-Monroy and Cristina Fernández-Mejía",authors:[{id:"46162",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria-Luisa",middleName:null,surname:"Lazo-De-La-Vega-Monroy",slug:"maria-luisa-lazo-de-la-vega-monroy",fullName:"Maria-Luisa Lazo-De-La-Vega-Monroy"}]},{id:"66369",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84255",title:"General Perception of Liposomes: Formation, Manufacturing and Applications",slug:"general-perception-of-liposomes-formation-manufacturing-and-applications",totalDownloads:3320,totalCrossrefCites:17,totalDimensionsCites:40,abstract:"Liposomes are currently part of the most reputed carriers for various molecular species, from small and simple to large and complex molecules. Since their discovery, liposomes have been subject to extensive evolution, in terms of composition, manufacturing and applications, which led to several openings in both basic and applied life sciences. However, most of the advances in liposome research have been more devoted to launching new developments than improving the existing technology for potential implementation. For instance, the evolution of the conventional lipid hydration methods to novel microfluidic technologies has permitted upscale production, but with increase in manufacturing cost and persistent use of organic solvents. This chapter intends to present general concepts in liposome technology, highlighting some longstanding bottlenecks that remain challenging to the preparation, characterization and applications of liposomal systems. This would enhance the understanding of the gaps in the field and, hence, provide directions for future research and developments.",book:{id:"8095",slug:"liposomes-advances-and-perspectives",title:"Liposomes",fullTitle:"Liposomes - Advances and Perspectives"},signatures:"Christian Isalomboto Nkanga, Alain Murhimalika Bapolisi, Nnamdi Ikemefuna Okafor and Rui Werner Maçedo Krause",authors:[{id:"284670",title:"Prof.",name:"Rui",middleName:null,surname:"Krause",slug:"rui-krause",fullName:"Rui Krause"},{id:"284672",title:"Mr.",name:"Alain",middleName:null,surname:"Bapolisi",slug:"alain-bapolisi",fullName:"Alain Bapolisi"},{id:"284673",title:"MSc.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Nkanga",slug:"christian-nkanga",fullName:"Christian Nkanga"},{id:"284675",title:"Mr.",name:"Okafor",middleName:null,surname:"Nnamdi",slug:"okafor-nnamdi",fullName:"Okafor Nnamdi"}]},{id:"52680",doi:"10.5772/65715",title:"Endogenous Antioxidants: A Review of their Role in Oxidative Stress",slug:"endogenous-antioxidants-a-review-of-their-role-in-oxidative-stress",totalDownloads:4096,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:33,abstract:"Oxidative stress (OxS) constitutes a disturbance caused by an imbalance between the generation of free radicals and antioxidant system, which causes damage to biomolecules. This, in turn, may lead the body to the occurrence of many chronic degenerative diseases. Therefore, it is very important to know the functioning of those endogenous (and exogenous) antioxidants systems to prevent such diseases. Due to evolutionary conditions in living beings, among other functions have been developed and selected defense systems against the deleterious action of free radicals. Such systems are intrinsic in cells (at level intracellular and extracellular) and act together with the dietary exogenous antioxidants. All these antioxidant systems have very important role in preserving the oxide/reduction equilibrium in the cell. To understand the role of the transcription factor Nrf2 in regulating the processes of antioxidant defense, it must also know the role of many of the endogenous antioxidants that occur because of its activation. Therefore, this chapter makes a literature review of the most important general aspects of endogenous antioxidant systems, which will provide another point of view from which to approach the study and treatment of many chronic degenerative diseases, such as diabetes, hypertension, and Parkinson.",book:{id:"5407",slug:"a-master-regulator-of-oxidative-stress-the-transcription-factor-nrf2",title:"The Transcription Factor Nrf2",fullTitle:"A Master Regulator of Oxidative Stress - The Transcription Factor Nrf2"},signatures:"Tomás Alejandro Fregoso Aguilar, Brenda Carolina Hernández\nNavarro and Jorge Alberto Mendoza Pérez",authors:[{id:"154732",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge A.",middleName:null,surname:"Mendoza-Pérez",slug:"jorge-a.-mendoza-perez",fullName:"Jorge A. Mendoza-Pérez"},{id:"154908",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomás A.",middleName:null,surname:"Fregoso-Aguilar",slug:"tomas-a.-fregoso-aguilar",fullName:"Tomás A. Fregoso-Aguilar"},{id:"194794",title:"Dr.",name:"Brenda Carolina",middleName:"Carolina",surname:"Hernandez Navarro",slug:"brenda-carolina-hernandez-navarro",fullName:"Brenda Carolina Hernandez Navarro"}]},{id:"59054",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72898",title:"Has Molecular Docking Ever Brought us a Medicine?",slug:"has-molecular-docking-ever-brought-us-a-medicine-",totalDownloads:3151,totalCrossrefCites:17,totalDimensionsCites:25,abstract:"Molecular docking has been developed and improving for many years, but its ability to bring a medicine to the drug market effectively is still generally questioned. In this chapter, we introduce several successful cases including drugs for treatment of HIV, cancers, and other prevalent diseases. The technical details such as docking software, protein data bank (PDB) structures, and other computational methods employed are also collected and displayed. In most of the cases, the structures of drugs or drug candidates and the interacting residues on the target proteins are also presented. In addition, a few successful examples of drug repurposing using molecular docking are mentioned in this chapter. It should provide us with confidence that the docking will be extensively employed in the industry and basic research. Moreover, we should actively apply molecular docking and related technology to create new therapies for diseases.",book:{id:"6365",slug:"molecular-docking",title:"Molecular Docking",fullTitle:"Molecular Docking"},signatures:"Mark Andrew Phillips, Marisa A. Stewart, Darby L. Woodling and\nZhong-Ru Xie",authors:[{id:"214567",title:"Prof.",name:"Zhong-Ru",middleName:null,surname:"Xie",slug:"zhong-ru-xie",fullName:"Zhong-Ru Xie"},{id:"223007",title:"Ms.",name:"Marisa A.",middleName:null,surname:"Stewart",slug:"marisa-a.-stewart",fullName:"Marisa A. Stewart"},{id:"223009",title:"Mr.",name:"Darby L.",middleName:null,surname:"Woodling",slug:"darby-l.-woodling",fullName:"Darby L. Woodling"},{id:"223013",title:"Mr.",name:"Mark Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Phillips",slug:"mark-andrew-phillips",fullName:"Mark Andrew Phillips"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"69775",title:"Principles of Chromatography Method Development",slug:"principles-of-chromatography-method-development",totalDownloads:4294,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"This chapter aims to explain the key parameters of analytical method development using the chromatography techniques which are used for the identification, separation, purification, and quantitative estimation of complex mixtures of organic compounds. Mainly, the versatile techniques of ultra−/high-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC/HPLC) are in use for the analysis of assay and organic impurities/related substances/degradation products of a drug substance or drug product or intermediate or raw material of pharmaceuticals. A suitable analytical method is developed only after evaluating the major and critical separation parameters of chromatography (examples for UPLC/HPLC are selection of diluent, wavelength, detector, stationary phase, column temperature, flow rate, solvent system, elution mode, and injection volume, etc.). The analytical method development is a process of proving the developed analytical method is suitable for its intended use for the quantitative estimation of the targeted analyte present in pharmaceutical drugs. And it mostly plays a vital role in the development and manufacture of pharmaceuticals drugs.",book:{id:"8912",slug:"biochemical-analysis-tools-methods-for-bio-molecules-studies",title:"Biochemical Analysis Tools",fullTitle:"Biochemical Analysis Tools - Methods for Bio-Molecules Studies"},signatures:"Narasimha S. Lakka and Chandrasekar Kuppan",authors:[{id:"304950",title:"Prof.",name:"Chandrasekar",middleName:null,surname:"Kuppan",slug:"chandrasekar-kuppan",fullName:"Chandrasekar Kuppan"},{id:"309984",title:"Mr.",name:"Narasimha S",middleName:null,surname:"Lakka",slug:"narasimha-s-lakka",fullName:"Narasimha S Lakka"}]},{id:"72074",title:"The Chemistry Behind Plant DNA Isolation Protocols",slug:"the-chemistry-behind-plant-dna-isolation-protocols",totalDownloads:3797,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"Various plant species are biochemically heterogeneous in nature, a single deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) isolation protocol may not be suitable. There have been continuous modification and standardization in DNA isolation protocols. Most of the plant DNA isolation protocols used today are modified versions of hexadecyltrimethyl-ammonium bromide (CTAB) extraction procedure. Modification is usually performed in the concentration of chemicals used during the extraction procedure according to the plant species and plant part used. Thus, understanding the role of each chemical (viz. CTAB, NaCl, PVP, ethanol, and isopropanol) used during the DNA extraction procedure will benefit to set or modify protocols for more precisions. A review of the chemicals used in the CTAB method of DNA extraction and their probable functions on the highly evolved yet complex to students and researchers has been summarized.",book:{id:"8912",slug:"biochemical-analysis-tools-methods-for-bio-molecules-studies",title:"Biochemical Analysis Tools",fullTitle:"Biochemical Analysis Tools - Methods for Bio-Molecules Studies"},signatures:"Jina Heikrujam, Rajkumar Kishor and Pranab Behari Mazumder",authors:[{id:"74521",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajkumar",middleName:null,surname:"Kishor",slug:"rajkumar-kishor",fullName:"Rajkumar Kishor"},{id:"309357",title:"Prof.",name:"Pranab Behari",middleName:null,surname:"Mazumder",slug:"pranab-behari-mazumder",fullName:"Pranab Behari Mazumder"},{id:"318351",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Jina",middleName:null,surname:"Heikrujam",slug:"jina-heikrujam",fullName:"Jina Heikrujam"}]},{id:"64549",title:"Plant Lipid Metabolism",slug:"plant-lipid-metabolism",totalDownloads:2677,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:"In plants, the synthesis of fatty acids takes place in the chloroplast and the fatty acid synthase is prokaryotic type. In plants, the structure of membrane lipids is different from that of eukaryotic cells. The membranes of the chloroplasts are essentially formed of galatolipids. This chapter will also focus on the structure and biosynthesis of fatty acids and membrane lipids in plants. Lipids of seeds are essentially composed of TAG; it would be interesting to describe their synthesis during the maturation of the seeds. Some plants contain in their reserve lipids unconventional fatty acids such as gamma linolenic acid in Borrago officinalis L., short-chain fatty acids C: 12 and C: 10, fatty acids with very long chains, and fatty acids that are cyclical. All of these fatty acids can have industrial and/or pharmaceutical applications.",book:{id:"7036",slug:"advances-in-lipid-metabolism",title:"Advances in Lipid Metabolism",fullTitle:"Advances in Lipid Metabolism"},signatures:"Fatiha AID",authors:[{id:"256576",title:"Prof.",name:"Fatiha",middleName:null,surname:"Aid",slug:"fatiha-aid",fullName:"Fatiha Aid"}]},{id:"66369",title:"General Perception of Liposomes: Formation, Manufacturing and Applications",slug:"general-perception-of-liposomes-formation-manufacturing-and-applications",totalDownloads:3320,totalCrossrefCites:17,totalDimensionsCites:40,abstract:"Liposomes are currently part of the most reputed carriers for various molecular species, from small and simple to large and complex molecules. Since their discovery, liposomes have been subject to extensive evolution, in terms of composition, manufacturing and applications, which led to several openings in both basic and applied life sciences. However, most of the advances in liposome research have been more devoted to launching new developments than improving the existing technology for potential implementation. For instance, the evolution of the conventional lipid hydration methods to novel microfluidic technologies has permitted upscale production, but with increase in manufacturing cost and persistent use of organic solvents. This chapter intends to present general concepts in liposome technology, highlighting some longstanding bottlenecks that remain challenging to the preparation, characterization and applications of liposomal systems. This would enhance the understanding of the gaps in the field and, hence, provide directions for future research and developments.",book:{id:"8095",slug:"liposomes-advances-and-perspectives",title:"Liposomes",fullTitle:"Liposomes - Advances and Perspectives"},signatures:"Christian Isalomboto Nkanga, Alain Murhimalika Bapolisi, Nnamdi Ikemefuna Okafor and Rui Werner Maçedo Krause",authors:[{id:"284670",title:"Prof.",name:"Rui",middleName:null,surname:"Krause",slug:"rui-krause",fullName:"Rui Krause"},{id:"284672",title:"Mr.",name:"Alain",middleName:null,surname:"Bapolisi",slug:"alain-bapolisi",fullName:"Alain Bapolisi"},{id:"284673",title:"MSc.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Nkanga",slug:"christian-nkanga",fullName:"Christian Nkanga"},{id:"284675",title:"Mr.",name:"Okafor",middleName:null,surname:"Nnamdi",slug:"okafor-nnamdi",fullName:"Okafor Nnamdi"}]},{id:"61865",title:"A Click Chemistry Approach to Tetrazoles: Recent Advances",slug:"a-click-chemistry-approach-to-tetrazoles-recent-advances",totalDownloads:2687,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Introduction to tetrazole and click chemistry approaches was briefed in a concise way in order to help the readers have a basic understanding. Tetrazole and its derivatives play very important role in medicinal and pharmaceutical applications. The synthesis of tetrazole derivatives can be approached in ecofriendly approaches such as the use of water as solvent, moderate conditions, nontoxic, easy extractions, easy setup, low cost, etc. with good to excellent yields.",book:{id:"6365",slug:"molecular-docking",title:"Molecular Docking",fullTitle:"Molecular Docking"},signatures:"Ravi Varala and Bollikolla Hari Babu",authors:[{id:"212519",title:"Dr.",name:"Varala",middleName:null,surname:"Ravi",slug:"varala-ravi",fullName:"Varala Ravi"},{id:"221476",title:"Dr.",name:"Bollikolla",middleName:null,surname:"Hari Babu",slug:"bollikolla-hari-babu",fullName:"Bollikolla Hari Babu"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"43",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82531",title:"Abnormal Iron Metabolism and Its Effect on Dentistry",slug:"abnormal-iron-metabolism-and-its-effect-on-dentistry",totalDownloads:12,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104502",abstract:"Iron is a necessary micro-nutrient for proper functioning of the erythropoietic, oxidative and cellular metabolism. The iron balance in the body adversely affects the normal physiologic functioning of the body and structures in the oral cavity. Various abnormalities develop owing to improper iron metabolism in the body which reflects in the oral cavity. The toxicity of iron has to be well understood to immediately identify the hazardous effects which arise owing to it and to manage it. It has been very well mentioned in the chapter. The manifestations of defects of iron metabolism in the oral cavity should be carefully studied to improve the prognosis of the treatment of the same. Disorders related to iron metabolism should be managed for improvement in the quality of life of the patient.",book:{id:"10842",title:"Iron Metabolism - A Double-Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg"},signatures:"Chinmayee Dahihandekar and Sweta Kale Pisulkar"},{id:"80495",title:"Iron in Cell Metabolism and Disease",slug:"iron-in-cell-metabolism-and-disease",totalDownloads:22,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101908",abstract:"Iron is the trace element. We get the iron from the dietary sources. The enterocytes lining the upper duodenal of the intestine absorb the dietary iron through a divalent metal transporter (DMT1). The absorbed ferrous iron is oxidized to ferric iron in the body. This ferric iron from the blood is carried to different tissues by an iron transporting protein, transferrin. The cells in the tissues take up this ferric form of iron by internalizing the apo transferrin with its receptors on them. The apo transferrin complex in the cells get dissociated resulting in the free iron in cell which is utilized for cellular purposes or stored in the bound form to an iron storage protein, ferritin. The physiological levels of iron are critical for the normal physiology and pathological outcomes, hence the iron I rightly called as double-edged sword. This chapter on iron introduces the readers basic information of iron, cellular uptake, metabolism, and its role cellular physiology and provides the readers with the scope and importance of research on iron that hold the great benefit for health care and personalized medicine or diseases specific treatment strategies, blood transfusions and considerations.",book:{id:"10842",title:"Iron Metabolism - A Double-Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg"},signatures:"Eeka Prabhakar"},{id:"80485",title:"Potential Marker for Diagnosis and Screening of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Children",slug:"potential-marker-for-diagnosis-and-screening-of-iron-deficiency-anemia-in-children",totalDownloads:67,totalDimensionsCites:1,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102792",abstract:"Iron plays a role in multiple physiological functions, naming oxygen transport, gene regulation, DNA synthesis, DNA repair, and brain function. Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) may happen following iron deficiency, but iron deficiency alone may cause negative impacts on the health risk of pediatric patients. The degree of iron deficiency is described by total body iron (measured by ferritin), transport iron (measured by transferrin saturation), serum iron, and other hematologic and biochemical markers. Iron deficiency anemia is a result of insufficient iron supply causing the inability to maintain normal levels of hemoglobin. The most common causes of microcytic anemia in children are iron deficiency and thalassemia minor. There are various hematologic and biochemical parameters used for screening and diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia in children, but there is no single “best” test to diagnose iron deficiency with or without anemia. The “gold standard” for identifying iron deficiency is a direct test-bone marrow biopsy with Prussian blue staining. This article aims to explain iron metabolism in children and discuss the role of hematologic and biochemical parameters for screening and diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia in children.",book:{id:"10842",title:"Iron Metabolism - A Double-Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg"},signatures:"Yulia Nadar Indrasari, Siti Nurul Hapsari and Muhamad Robiul Fuadi"},{id:"79693",title:"Ferroptosis: Can Iron be the Last or Cure for a Cell?",slug:"ferroptosis-can-iron-be-the-last-or-cure-for-a-cell",totalDownloads:109,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101426",abstract:"Ferroptosis is one of the forms of programmed cell death. Besides being a necessary micronutrient, iron is the key element that initiates ferroptosis in the cell. Intracellular unstable iron accumulation increases the amount of intracellular ROS, especially by the peroxidation of unsaturated membrane phospholipids. Insufficient antioxidant capacity and decreased glutathione levels play an important role in this process. The research reveals that an imbalance between unoxidized polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and oxidized PUFAs, particularly oxidized arachidonic acid, accelerates ferroptosis. These oxidative reactions change the permeability of lysosomal and cellular membranes and cell death occurs. Iron chelators, lipophilic antioxidants, and specific inhibitors prevent ferroptosis. In addition to being accepted as a physiological process, it seems to be associated with tissue reperfusion damage, ischemic, neurodegenerative diseases, hematological and nephrological disorders. Ferroptosis is also being explored as a treatment option where it may offer a treatment option for some types of cancer. In this section, the brief history of ferroptosis, its morphological, molecular, and pathophysiological features are mentioned. Ferroptosis seems to be a rich field of research as a treatment option for many diseases in the future.",book:{id:"10842",title:"Iron Metabolism - A Double-Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg"},signatures:"Asuman Akkaya Fırat"},{id:"79616",title:"Dietary Iron",slug:"dietary-iron",totalDownloads:177,totalDimensionsCites:1,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101265",abstract:"Iron metabolism differs from the metabolism of other metals in that there is no physiologic mechanism for iron excretion, it is unusual; approximately 90% of daily iron needs are obtained from an endogenous source, the breakdown of circulating RBCs. Additionally humans derive iron from their everyday diet, predominantly from plant foods and the rest from foods of animal origin. Iron is found in food as either haem or non-haem iron. Iron bioavailability has been estimated to be in the range of 14–18% for mixed diets and 5–12% for vegetarian diets in subjects with no iron stores. Iron absorption in humans is dependent on physiological requirements, but may be restricted by the quantity and availability of iron in the diet. Bioavailability of food iron is strongly influenced by enhancers and inhibitors in the diet. Iron absorption can vary from 1 to 40%. A range of iron bioavailability factors that depend on the consumption of meat, fruit, vegetables, processed foods, iron-fortified foods, and the prevalence of obesity. The methods of food preparation and processing influence the bioavailability of iron. Cooking, fermentation, or germination can, by thermal or enzymatic action, reduce the phytic acid and the hexa- and penta-inositol phosphate content. Thus improving bioavailability of non-haem iron. This chapter will elaborate the dietary iron sources and means of enhancing bioavailability.",book:{id:"10842",title:"Iron Metabolism - A Double-Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg"},signatures:"Kouser Firdose and Noor Firdose"},{id:"78977",title:"FERALGINE™ a New Oral iron Compound",slug:"feralgine-a-new-oral-iron-compound",totalDownloads:163,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100445",abstract:"Management of iron deficiency (ID) and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is primarily focused to remove, when possible, the underlying cause of ID; subsequently its treatment is primary focused on iron stores repletion. Ferrous sulphate (FS) remains the mainstay of treatment and it is recommended as the first-line treatment of ID and IDA in children as in adults by all guidelines of scientific societies. However the effectiveness of FS is largely compromised by increased adverse effects, poor compliance and discontinuation of treatment. A new oral iron source named FERALGINE™ (FBC-A) has been recently developed. This new molecule is a patented co-processed one-to-one ratio compound between Ferrous Bysglicinate Chelate (FBC) and Sodium Alginate (AA), obtained by using a spray drying technology. The data presented in this short review highlight the efficacy and safety of the treatment with FBC-A and support its use in adult patients with IDA. 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He worked as a Executive Research & Development @ Cadila Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Ahmedabad. He received DBT-postdoc fellow @ Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore under the supervision of Prof. P. Balaram, later he moved to NIH-postdoc researcher at Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA, after his return from postdoc joined NITK-Surthakal as a Adhoc faculty at department of chemistry. Since from August 2013 working as a Associate Professor, and in 2016 promoted to Profeesor in the School of Basic Sciences: Department of Chemistry and having 20 years of teaching and research experiences.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rani Channamma University, Belagavi",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/158492/images/system/158492.jpeg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Yusuf Tutar conducts his research at the Hamidiye Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences, Turkey. He is also a faculty member in the Molecular Oncology Program. He obtained his MSc and Ph.D. at Oregon State University and Texas Tech University, respectively. He pursued his postdoctoral studies at Rutgers University Medical School and the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIDDK), USA. His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",biography:"Martins Emeje obtained a BPharm with distinction from Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria, and an MPharm and Ph.D. from the University of Nigeria (UNN), where he received the best Ph.D. award and was enlisted as UNN’s “Face of Research.” He established the first nanomedicine center in Nigeria and was the pioneer head of the intellectual property and technology transfer as well as the technology innovation and support center. Prof. Emeje’s several international fellowships include the prestigious Raman fellowship. He has published more than 150 articles and patents. He is also the head of R&D at NIPRD and holds a visiting professor position at Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria. He has a postgraduate certificate in Project Management from Walden University, Minnesota, as well as a professional teaching certificate and a World Bank certification in Public Procurement. 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He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics for two years at the Cancer Research Institute of Human Medical University in China. In 2001, he went to the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) in USA, where he was a post-doctoral researcher and focused on mass spectrometry and cancer proteomics. Then, he was appointed as an Assistant Professor of Neurology, UTHSC in 2005. He moved to the Cleveland Clinic in USA as a Project Scientist/Staff in 2006 where he focused on the studies of eye disease proteomics and biomarkers. He returned to UTHSC as an Assistant Professor of Neurology in the end of 2007, engaging in proteomics and biomarker studies of lung diseases and brain tumors, and initiating the studies of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) in cancer. In 2010, he was promoted to Associate Professor of Neurology, UTHSC. Currently, he is a Professor at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in China, Fellow of Royal Society of Medicine (FRSM), the European EPMA National Representative in China, Regular Member of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), European Cooperation of Science and Technology (e-COST) grant evaluator, Associate Editors of BMC Genomics, BMC Medical Genomics, EPMA Journal, and Frontiers in Endocrinology, Executive Editor-in-Chief of Med One. He has\npublished 116 peer-reviewed research articles, 16 book chapters, 2 books, and 2 US patents. 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He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. 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He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"418340",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyotirmoi",middleName:null,surname:"Aich",slug:"jyotirmoi-aich",fullName:"Jyotirmoi Aich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038Ugi5QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:48:28.png",biography:"Biotechnologist with 15 years of research including 6 years of teaching experience. Demonstrated record of scientific achievements through consistent publication record (H index = 13, with 874 citations) in high impact journals such as Nature Communications, Oncotarget, Annals of Oncology, PNAS, and AJRCCM, etc. Strong research professional with a post-doctorate from ACTREC where I gained experimental oncology experience in clinical settings and a doctorate from IGIB where I gained expertise in asthma pathophysiology. A well-trained biotechnologist with diverse experience on the bench across different research themes ranging from asthma to cancer and other infectious diseases. An individual with a strong commitment and innovative mindset. Have the ability to work on diverse projects such as regenerative and molecular medicine with an overall mindset of improving healthcare.",institutionString:"DY Patil Deemed to Be University",institution:null},{id:"349288",title:"Prof.",name:"Soumya",middleName:null,surname:"Basu",slug:"soumya-basu",fullName:"Soumya Basu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035QxIDQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:47:01.jpg",biography:"Soumya Basu, Ph.D., is currently working as an Associate Professor at Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India. With 16+ years of trans-disciplinary research experience in Drug Design, development, and pre-clinical validation; 20+ research article publications in journals of repute, 9+ years of teaching experience, trained with cross-disciplinary education, Dr. Basu is a life-long learner and always thrives for new challenges.\r\nHer research area is the design and synthesis of small molecule partial agonists of PPAR-γ in lung cancer. She is also using artificial intelligence and deep learning methods to understand the exosomal miRNA’s role in cancer metastasis. Dr. Basu is the recipient of many awards including the Early Career Research Award from the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. She is a reviewer of many journals like Molecular Biology Reports, Frontiers in Oncology, RSC Advances, PLOS ONE, Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, etc. She has edited and authored/co-authored 21 journal papers, 3 book chapters, and 15 abstracts. She is a Board of Studies member at her university. She is a life member of 'The Cytometry Society”-in India and 'All India Cell Biology Society”- in India.",institutionString:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",institution:{name:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"354817",title:"Dr.",name:"Anubhab",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"anubhab-mukherjee",fullName:"Anubhab Mukherjee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y0000365PbRQAU/ProfilePicture%202022-04-15%2005%3A11%3A18.480",biography:"A former member of Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, USA, Dr. Anubhab Mukherjee is an ardent votary of science who strives to make an impact in the lives of those afflicted with cancer and other chronic/acute ailments. He completed his Ph.D. from CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India, having been skilled with RNAi, liposomal drug delivery, preclinical cell and animal studies. He pursued post-doctoral research at College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A & M University and was involved in another postdoctoral research at Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California. In 2015, he worked in Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology as a visiting scientist. He has substantial experience in nanotechnology-based formulation development and successfully served various Indian organizations to develop pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products. He is an inventor in many US patents and an author in many peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and books published in various media of international repute. Dr. Mukherjee is currently serving as Principal Scientist, R&D at Esperer Onco Nutrition (EON) Pvt. Ltd. and heads the Hyderabad R&D center of the organization.",institutionString:"Esperer Onco Nutrition Pvt Ltd.",institution:null},{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/319365/images/system/319365.png",biography:"Manash K. Paul is a scientist and Principal Investigator at the University of California Los Angeles. He has contributed significantly to the fields of stem cell biology, regenerative medicine, and lung cancer. His research focuses on various signaling processes involved in maintaining stem cell homeostasis during the injury-repair process, deciphering the lung stem cell niche, pulmonary disease modeling, immuno-oncology, and drug discovery. He is currently investigating the role of extracellular vesicles in premalignant lung cell migration and detecting the metastatic phenotype of lung cancer via artificial intelligence-based analyses of exosomal Raman signatures. Dr. Paul also works on spatial multiplex immunofluorescence-based tissue mapping to understand the immune repertoire in lung cancer. Dr. Paul has published in more than sixty-five peer-reviewed international journals and is highly cited. He is the recipient of many awards, including the UCLA Vice Chancellor’s award and the 2022 AAISCR-R Vijayalaxmi Award for Innovative Cancer Research. He is a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and an editorial board member for several international journals.",institutionString:"University of California Los Angeles",institution:{name:"University of California Los Angeles",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals. He is currently working on the protective activity of phenolic compounds in disorders associated with oxidative stress and inflammation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. I am interested in studying host-pathogen interactions at the biomaterial interface.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329248",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Faheem",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"md.-faheem-haider",fullName:"Md. Faheem Haider",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329248/images/system/329248.jpg",biography:"Dr. Md. Faheem Haider completed his BPharm in 2012 at Integral University, Lucknow, India. In 2014, he completed his MPharm with specialization in Pharmaceutics at Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India, in 2018. He was selected for the GPAT six times and his best All India Rank was 34. Currently, he is an assistant professor at Integral University. Previously he was an assistant professor at IIMT University, Meerut, India. He has experience teaching DPharm, Pharm.D, BPharm, and MPharm students. He has more than five publications in reputed journals to his credit. Dr. Faheem’s research area is the development and characterization of nanoformulation for the delivery of drugs to various organs.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329795",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Aftab",middleName:"Aftab",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"mohd-aftab-siddiqui",fullName:"Mohd Aftab Siddiqui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329795/images/system/329795.png",biography:"Dr. Mohd Aftab Siddiqui is an assistant professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India, where he obtained a Ph.D. in Pharmacology in 2020. He also obtained a BPharm and MPharm from the same university in 2013 and 2015, respectively. His area of research is the pharmacological screening of herbal drugs/natural products in liver cancer and cardiac diseases. He is a member of many professional bodies and has guided many MPharm and PharmD research projects. Dr. Siddiqui has many national and international publications and one German patent to his credit.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"2",type:"subseries",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry",keywords:"Osseointegration, Hard Tissue, Peri-implant Soft Tissue, Restorative Materials, Prosthesis Design, Prosthesis, Patient Satisfaction, Rehabilitation",scope:"