Biogas cleaning technology and the cost of cleaning.
\r\n\tThe discussion will include between others topics: biodegradation processes of by-products coming from food-processing industries, tertiary treatment of wastewaters with microalgae coupled with the generation of potentially commercial interest compounds, biotechnological processes to improve lignocellulosic waste treatment or potential use of fungi in the degradation of environmental pollutants.
\r\n\tThis book intends to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of the current state-of-the-art in biodegradation processes that contribute to a sustainable and circular bioeconomy giving added value compounds from waste and by-products, up to now hidden, and reducing waste generation at the same time.
The EU-28 2016 energy use was 1147 million tonnes of oil equivalent (MTOE), 17% of which was from renewable energy sources; the proportion of renewable fuels was 7.1% [1]. The proportion of renewables was 9.5% in 2006, so renewable energies have cca. 8% growth per year in average during the last decade in the process of energy production [2].
However, the average levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of fuel generation and biogas electrical power generation is still much higher than the reference [3], and therefore without financial support, it is not competitive with oil and other highly renewable electricity generation technologies (solar panels, geothermal energy, hydropower, solid-fired biomass power plants).
Biogas production is also a remarkable process in terms of the environment and energy production, but its efficiency, with new raw materials, technologies and markets, can be significantly increased. Due to the capital requirements and the uncertainty of innovative solutions, the establishment of biogas plants and their operation and the research conducted in this area are significantly supported by all EU member states. The dominant product of current biogas plants is green electricity, which is supported by competent power suppliers at a subsidised price and is acquired as a compulsory purchase by the relevant electricity suppliers, details of which are given for the EU-27, the EFTA countries and countries waiting to join in [4]. The feeding of biomethane purified with biogas to the natural gas pipeline is regulated by stringent standards in the EU member states, according to Szunyog [5]. However, gas with a lower methane content than natural gas may also be utilised as a propellant, although its compression and transport costs are larger, and the range is smaller than with compressed natural gas (CNG) [6].
Conversion of biogas will always increase investment and operational costs, and the energy efficiency of the process will be reduced, but it will produce more valuable, versatile and marketable main products (electricity, biomethane). According to Hakawatia et al. [7], on the basis of 49 different biogas transformation technology studies, the overall efficiency of the process ranges from 16 to 83% in the case of direct burning of biogas and 8 to 54% for cogeneration (for electricity and waste heat coupled production), while when producing biomethane for fuel, it varied from 4 to 18%. If the electricity generated by cogeneration is used in electric vehicles, the efficiency of propellant use can be increased to 33%.
Most of the wastewater plants produce electricity and waste heat from biogas. The reason for this is clear from direct heat utilisation: it is almost impossible to use biogas exclusively for heating purposes in larger-sized plants and during summer time. On a large scale, however, the summer utilisation of waste heat generated during the cogeneration process is also problematic. In order to avoid the problems of heat utilisation, in the case of large plants, biomethane can be considered as an alternative to biogas purification and the utilisation of by-product carbon dioxide in the algae sewage system. In our chapter, we would like to point out that the inclusion of biogas from wastewater treatment plants in large cities in vehicles involved in local transport (buses, taxis, public utility vehicles) can also be an environmentally and economically promising alternative, of which we can already find many well-functioning examples.
Traffic is one of the most significant sectors in the EU-28, with around €651 billion in gross value added a year at basic prices (5% of total), with 11.2 million employees (5.2% of total), 6602 billion passenger km (on average around 12,962 km per person, of this 8.2% with buses and coaches) and about 1183 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent (30.7% of total). Private households in the EU-28 spent EUR 230 billion on transport services (e.g. bus, train, plane tickets). It should be highlighted that changing consumer attitudes from fuel to more environment-friendly way of transport may help to promote the spreading of sludge-based transport fuels, too [8].
Globally, in 2014 transport was responsible for 23% of total CO2 emissions from fuel combustion, and road transport was responsible for 20% [9].
At the same time, bus transport is one of the safest modes of transport: only 126 out of the 26,134 traffic deaths in 2015 occurred on buses.
Theoretically the existence of good public transport can deter car ownership. The paper by Cullinane and Cullinane [10] asserts, however, that once a car has been acquired, there is a tendency for it to be used irrespective of how good the public transport is.
Natural gas engine technology is already well established, and millions of vehicles using natural gas are in operation worldwide and suitable for using CBM.
While at the turn of the millennium, a million registered vehicles around the world were powered by CNG; by 2015 this figure had already increased to 22.3 million, an average annual increase of 22%, well above the growth in the total fleet of cars. Typically, most of the gas-fuelled vehicles (Iran, 4 million; Pakistan, 3.7 million; Argentina, 2.5 million; India, 1.8 million) [11] are found in low-income countries with a high population density. In the EU, 3345 refuelling stations provide for the operation of about 1.3 million gas-powered vehicles with an annual gas consumption of around 5 billion cubic metres. For the operation and further spread of this existing transport infrastructure, CBM could make a significant contribution [12].
The spread of biogas plants in the EU has been very rapid over the past decade: rising from 6227 to 17,662 between 2009 and 2013. Growth in farms was primarily significant (12,496 plants), the number of sewage plants was 2838 and the remainder were landfill waste plants. The number of plants has stagnated since 2015, but the installed electric capacity has increased further; currently it is 9985 MW [13]. Anaerobic digestion is a key technology for the treatment of large volumes of biowaste [14].
The energy significance of biogas is underlined by the fact that in the EU, the amount of biogas produced in 2015 reached 18.4 billion normal cubic metre (Nm3), replacing 4% of natural gas consumption [15]. The amount of biomethane fed to the natural gas pipeline reached 1.5 Mrd m3 (mainly the Netherlands), while the amount of biomethane used as propellant is considerably less, at 160 M m3 (Sweden, 113 million m3; Germany, 35 million m3; Norway, 10 million m3; Iceland, 2 million m3; Finland, 0.2 million m3) [16].
However, the use of purified biogas for transport in some countries is rapidly expanding: over 30 cities in Sweden power their municipal buses with biogas, which is also used by taxis and sanitation companies [17].
There are 247 biomethane plants around the world and around 80 in the EU. Their technology and the biomethane produced are characterised by the data in Table 1.
Cleaning technology | Number of plants | Biomethane CH4 content (%) | Specific operating costs (USD/Nm3 biomethane) |
---|---|---|---|
Water wash | 107 | 96.1 | 0.18 |
Pressure change adsorption | 55 | 95.8 | 0.34 |
Chemical (amino) absorption | 53 | 94.6 | 0.23/0.38* |
Membrane | 22 | 90.3 | 0.16/0.30* |
Genosorb© | 12 | 96 | n.a. |
Cryogen | 1 | 88 | 0.59 |
Biogas cleaning technology and the cost of cleaning.
Hydrolysis purification.
Source: Own construction based on Yang et al. [18].
Regarding environmental performance, methane loss is of great importance, as methane is a greenhouse gas 21 times stronger than CO2 [19]. As clarified by Beil and Beyrich [20], pressurised water scrubbing (PWS) is one of the best solutions in terms of efficiency and environmental performance.
We need to grow food on even less land, with less water, using less energy, fertilizer and pesticide than we use today for feeding more and more people [21], so the energy use of wastes (e.g. sewage) instead of plants can be taken as one of the most important reserves of land management; with the use of them, the net use of land declines [22].
Among the hydrocarbons known as energy carriers, methane is the simplest formulation molecule, with the highest hydrogen-to-carbon ratio. This feature allows it to achieve uniquely clean combustion among internal combustion engines (Table 2).
Biomethane raw material | Maize silage | Fertiliser | Municipal solid waste | |
Compared to diesel | 66 | 96 | 95 | |
Compared to petrol | 70 | 97 | 96 | |
CNG/CBG | Petrol | Diesel | Biodiesel | Bioethanol |
56**/65***/74**** | 74**/93**** | 73**/93**** | 76*** | 71*** |
If the source material of the CNG is biogas, it can save a further 13 kg CO2e/t when supplied with organic fertilisers, by replacing artificial fertilisers [23].
The CO2 emissions of biogas plants throughout their life cycle also depend to a large extent on the composition of organic matter. Fuchsz and Kohlhéb [27] calculate that cogeneration-based animal fertiliser-based colonies in electricity production and in all environmental categories (GHG, eutrophication potential, acidification potential) are less effective than biogas plants which (also) use energy crops. This is equally true for both the period of setting up the plant and the operational period. The CO2 emissions of all three examined types were below the average emissions of electricity currently produced in a natural gas-fuelled power plant. At the same time, Bordelanne et al. [26] explicitly analysed the life cycle of sewage waste, finding that with the fermentation of municipal wastes, energy plants also produce 7–10% less greenhouse gas emissions; thus, the biomethane production of fuel in our test is the most environmentally friendly compared to other biogas raw materials.
Examining the various pollutants, CNG CO and NOx emissions were 50–80% of those for EURO 4 petrol vehicles [26], while CH values were close to the same values.
The technology of diesel buses also significantly influences the environmental impact of CNG/CBM. According to Ryan and Caulfield’s [28] estimates, the use of CNG in the case of all diesel particulates used in EURO 2–4 buses was reduced to a minimum of 70% for all pollutants and 100% for SO2 and heavy metal emissions. The GHG emissions of the CNG tested were also 7% better than the CBM. Compared to EURO 5 buses, the emissions of CNG buses were at least 50% more favourable for most air pollutants, but the CO and non-methane volatile organic compound (NMVOC) values for diesel were slightly more favourable.
Regarding the emission factors of petrol- and diesel-fuelled cars and buses, it can be stated with great certainty that bus transport is the best option, in almost any of harmful gases with respect to g/pkm (passenger km), assuming that the car is not full of passengers. The emission factors strongly depend on size and utility of the given vehicles. CO and CH4 emission is higher in petrol-fuelled cars, while NOx emission is stronger in diesel-fuelled vehicles including buses (Figure 1). It should be noted that CH4 and CO emission can reach outstanding values regarding motorcycles.
Main emission factors for passenger transport (g/pkm). Source: Own construction based on [
Methane content also affects the emission of pollutants. Lim et al. [31] examined gases composed of 82–98% methane and found that total hydrocarbons (THC), CO, NOx and CO2 emissions increased, while volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions decreased with an increased CH4 content in the fuel.
Because the activation energies of high carbon-numbered hydrocarbons (HCs) (e.g. ethane or propane) are lower than those of low carbon-numbered HCs (methane), the combustion efficiencies of ethane and propane are greater than that of methane. Thus, a fuel with higher methane content has more incomplete combustion and/or poor oxidation of unburned hydrocarbons, resulting in higher emissions of HC [31]. The level of this, according to measurements taken by Subramanian et al. [32], was 12.5%.
Considering biogas and natural gas, NOx emissions were lower for biogas than for the natural gases.
Biomethane used as a biofuel produces emission savings which are 73–82% of the base values (GVA) used for the EU’s sustainability legislation. Compared to biofuels produced from other raw materials, this is very favourable because beet ethanol produces 52%, wheat ethanol 16–69%, maize ethanol 49% and rapeseed biodiesel 38% (Directive 2009/30 EC) [33].
According to data from Goulding and Power [34], the biomethane energy yield from grass silage is 2.5–3.3, which corresponds to 67–78 GJ of annual energy surplus per hectare. The figures for wastewater with the same biogas yield are between 3.5–4 and 85–90 GJ/year. These are also well above those of most biofuels.
The specific pollutant emissions per capita of public transport are much lower than those of car transport, and this is especially true if the fuel itself is environmentally friendly. Since many trips are local, the analysis by the Department for Transport (UK) shows that 44% of all CO2 emissions from cars come from journeys of between 5 and 25 miles [35]. Although the pollutant emissions of buses per passenger kilometre are higher than those for trains and trams (Figure 2), their energy consumption is nearly identical and much better than for individual transport [29].
Heating value and CO2 emission of some transport modes per pkm. Source: Own construction based on [
The use of raw biogas in CNG vehicles has been investigated. These tests have shown that raw biogas (not upgraded) can be used as a fuel, if blended with natural gas. In fact, the use of raw biogas can be envisaged in dedicated CNG engines, if new engine technologies (lean CNG combustion) are developed. In such a case, natural gas can be blended with up to 70% volume of non-upgraded biogas.
Tests by Bordelanne et al. have shown that raw (not upgraded) biogas can be used as a fuel, only if blended with natural gas, mainly in CNG engine types (lean CNG combustion). The biogas proportion of natural gas can be a maximum of 70% [26].
When comparing two identical brands and types of waste collection vehicles, Domanovszki [36] concluded that the average noise level measured by microphones located at a distance of 7 m from vehicles is 71 dB in the diesel engine and 66 dB in the gas engine version, which is about three times the noise load. Gas fuels do not contain anti-knock additives due to their high-octane number.
There are two technologies for compressing methane gas: CNG and LNG. In Hungarian and EU practice, among gas-fired propellants, propane-butane gas (LPG) is the most widespread, while in the United States, it is compressed natural gas (CNG), and the infrastructure for the latter is perfectly suited to biomethane utilisation. CNG is, in theory, subjected to 200 bar pressure when put into steel or composite tanks. With LNG technology, a higher energy density (55 MJ/kg, 24–26 MJ/Nm3) can be obtained by liquefaction at −161.6°C at atmospheric pressure. It can then be filled into well-insulated containers and stored under low pressure. Because of the higher calorific value, LNG is more suitable for long-distance traffic than CNG [36]. If biogas is the raw material, the CBM operation will have a combined efficiency of 15–18%, and LMS (liquified biomethane) an efficiency of 14–17%, but both significantly outperform the overall efficiency of the liquid fuel systems (4–13%) [7].
Large-scale sewage plants in large cities are suitable for the production of large quantities of biogas, using economically viable biogas upgrading technologies and generally available public transport fleets of a sufficient number of local buses, as well as municipal vehicles. The conditions for the sale of locally produced CNGs do not depend on gas suppliers, they can be very well integrated with local waste management and the local emission reductions occur in the inner city where air pollution is the most serious problem.
At the same time, it is not clear from the point of view of sewage plants whether it is the production of biomethane or the cogeneration solution—which is currently more important—which is more viable economically and in terms of harmful emissions. Here, it must be taken into account that the consumption of heat and electricity by these plants is significant, and this must be purchased when producing biomethane.
The economic and environmental approach should take into account not only the substituted energy source but also the cost and emissions of fossil fuels bought because there is no cogeneration (including the electricity and heat needed for self-consumption at sewage plants).
In this section we present the investment and operating costs of CBM production and the specific aspects of economic evaluation.
The expected level of the biomethane plant’s investment costs is greatly influenced by technology and size. Goulding and Power [34] provide the following equation for the average of the investment costs of biomethane plants operating with agricultural raw materials, with a 95.6% probability:
where C is the investment cost (€/t yearly raw material) and x is the processed raw material quantity (t/year).
The equation—with a 91% degree of confidence (C = 21080x0.5367)—also shows that, in the case of larger dimensions, from an economies of scale perspective, it is advisable to use biomethane instead of cogeneration technologies. At the same time, at bigger dimensions cogeneration technology also has economies of scale. According to Patrizio et al. [37], the proportion of available heat and electricity between an operating capacity of 300 and 200 kWe increases from 58 to 70%, considering a value of 25 and 11% for plant self-consumption of electricity and for heat to maintain the mesophilic process.
Yang et al. [18] also explored the cost of investment in various cleaning technologies at various farm sizes, which support the economies of scale of large plants:
1000 Nm3/h in crude (input) biogas capacity: 1.6–2 million USD
250 Nm3/h in crude (input) biogas capacity: 0.7–1.1 million USD
The distribution of investment costs by the same source can be characterised by the following average numbers:
Cleaning: 40–45%
Compression: approx. 5%
Distribution: 50–55%
Most of the investment costs are related to distribution, the proportion of which is largely dependent on the method used to transport methane [25]:
CNG lorry transport: 12 €/GJ biomethane
LNG lorry transport: 7 €/GJ biomethane
CNG pipeline delivery: 5 €/GJ biomethane
The cost price of methane produced is also largely dependent on the size of the wastewater treatment plant, primarily because of the significant proportion of fixed costs (Table 3).
Source | Farm-sized plant (250 Nm3/h) | Medium-sized plant (500 Nm3/h) | Large operation (1000 Nm3/h) |
---|---|---|---|
[25] | 1.1 | 0.8 | 0.7 |
[38] | 0.8–1* | 0.7–0.9* | 0.6–0.7* |
Cost of biomethane based on farm size and raw material (EUR/kg).
Assuming 0–100% of purchased raw material.
Regarding the economic indicators of the wastewater plants, it can be said that the existing rotting equipment and the larger size of the plant typically offer more favourable costs, thus allowing faster returns.
It should be noted that a reduction in the cost of biomethane can also be achieved by using carbon dioxide resulting from purification (in some cases in pure form), which has a significant increase in yields in greenhouses or algae plants. Algae can also be easily integrated into sewage treatment or can be used in bioenergy production and are capable of doubling their yield (up to 400 t/ha/year) with inorganic nutrients in wastewater and carbon dioxide [39, 40]. With the use of digested effluent
Patrizio et al. [37] examining the influence of the low market value of CO2 found that starting from a carbon price of 15 EUR/tCO2, the cogeneration option is preferable if plants are located in the proximity of existing district heating infrastructure. CNG plants are only competitive starting at a carbon price of 70 EUR/tCO2 in areas with high feedstock availability, when the first upgrading plant for CNG production is introduced into the optimum mix.
Finally, it should be noted that the consumption of diesel oils tested by Farkas et al. [43] in Hungary showed a 5% difference in the same vehicles. This is important because the substitution value of the biomethane and its environmental savings depend greatly on the quality of the substituted oil product.
Market prices are examined for the most important biomethane-producing countries and for Hungary. Including this latter country is justified by the fact that the case study we presented is also Hungarian. CNG is cheaper than its competitors—petrol and diesel—in all countries, not only in terms of unit price but also petrol and gas oil equivalents, with a typical price difference of between 33–57% and 25–48%. Interestingly, there is a large difference between the two most widely regarded model countries in the EU—Italy and Sweden; in the former it is consumed for reasons of economy, and in the latter because of the environmental consciousness there. CNG prices in the countries surveyed show that differences can be more than double, but petrol and gas oil prices are much more balanced (Table 4).
Country | Fuel consumer price | CNG price as percentage (%) of other propellants | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CNG EUR/kg | EUR/l petrol equivalent | Petrol EUR/l | EUR/l diesel equivalents | Diesel EUR/l | Petrol | Diesel | |
Bulgaria | 0.71 | 0.52 | 1.2 | 0.59 | 1.23 | 43 | 48 |
Finland | 1.34 | 0.98 | 1.54 | 1.11 | 1.47 | 64 | 75 |
Germany | 1.07 | 0.79 | 1.53 | 0.88 | 1.4 | 51 | 63 |
Hungary | 1.12 | 0.82 | 1.22 | 0.92 | 1.34 | 67 | 69 |
Italy | 0.99 | 0.73 | 1.66 | 0.82 | 1.56 | 44 | 52 |
Sweden | 1.87 | 1.37 | 1.48 | 1.54 | 1.58 | 93 | 98 |
Average | 1.18 | 0.87 | 1.44 | 0.98 | 1.43 | 60 | 68 |
Relating to buses | 1.08 | 1.07 |
Rebuilding of passenger cars to use alternative fuels involves additional costs and changes in consumption, the values of which are:
CNG conversion, approx. 1.600 EUR; extra consumption 0–10% [11]
LPG conversion, approx. 1.000 EUR; extra consumption 5–20% [11]
E85 conversion, EUR 300; extra consumption 20–25% [11]
Vegetable oil conversion, from 1500 to 5000 EUR; excess consumption 10% [47]
Biodiesel conversion, from 1000 to 4000 EUR; surplus consumption 10% [48]
For buses, conversion to CNG operation costs € 30,000–€ 50,000. CNG-powered cars are about € 3000 to 5000 more expensive than their petrol and gas oil counterparts of the same brand and with the same parameters.
It is clear that all alternatives to CNG involve increased consumption, ideally offset by the more favourable price of the alternative fuel.
In our case study, in order to quantify energy possibilities, we conducted our calculations for a nutrient-containing wastewater treatment plant using a anaerobic fermentation technology for a population equivalent of 100,000 inhabitants (equivalent to an adult inhabitant’s wastewater), which was considered as average in Hungary. Based on our conception and data collection - which were partly promoted by the Higher Education Institutional Excellence Programme of the Ministry of Human Capacities in Hungary (No. 20428-3/2018/FEKUTSTRAT) - for the use of biogas produced during fermentation, we present two possibilities in this section:
Cogeneration energy production and then own consumption (and, if possible, the sale of surplus heat energy)
Biomethane production and sales: supply to the natural gas network or use as fuel
Basic data of the 100,000 household equivalent wastewater plants:
Amount of treated wastewater: 13,000 m3/day
Biological oxygen demand (BOD) content: 6000 kg BOD/day (BOD, biological oxygen demand; oxygen demand for aerobic removal of organic matter from the aqueous phase through microorganisms)
Specific biogas yield (per m3 treated wastewater): 0.93 kWh/m3
CH4 content of biogas: 65% (heating value: 6.5 kWh/m3)
Gas engine loss: 15%
Heat energy/electricity ratio for power generation: 60%/40%
Non-residential electricity average price in EU-28: 0.112 EUR/kWh
Non-residential natural gas price in EU-28: 0.0078 EUR/MJ
The amount of biogas generated by anaerobic technology, using the above (average) technological characteristics:
13,000 m3 * 0.37 kWh/m3 = 1860 Nm3/day.
Allowing for a 15% loss of biogas above, a biogas calorific value of 6.5 kWh/m3 and the energy consumed in energy production, and calculating using 60% heat and 40% electricity ratios, the quantity of the final product with the two technologies examined is shown below.
Electricity generation
Quantity of electrical energy that can be produced: 0.37 kWh/m3 * 13,000 m3 = 4837 kWh/day
Consumption of electricity at the plant (Kárpáti [52] and authors’ own calculations, allowing for 0.59 kWh/m3 sewage sludge): 13,000 m3 sewage * 0.59 kWh/m3 = 7709 kWh/day
Electricity balance: −2872 kWh/day (electricity self-sufficiency: 63%)
Savings: 4837 kWh/day * 0.112 EUR/kWh = 542 EUR/day = 197,745 EUR/year
Thermal power generation
Quantity and value of heat energy to be produced: 0,558 kWh/m3 * 13,000 m3 = 7254 kWh/day = 26,114 MJ/day
The heat energy consumption of the plant (assuming a heat demand of 0.40 kWh/m3): 5140 kWh/day = 18,500 MJ/day
Heat energy surplus: 7614 MJ/day
The amount of heat energy self-supply: in principle 91%
However, in practice, heat utilisation beyond the plant’s own heat demand is problematic, especially in the summer, and in addition, the heat energy consumption is also lower. For district heating purposes, depending on the length and insulation of the piping system, 10–15% heat loss can be expected. If the remainder of the winter heat surplus is fully utilised by the district heating system and the summer hot water demand is considered, then about 55–70% of the heat generated can be utilised. In the following we calculate on an assumption of 60%:
Average value of savings: 34.411 MJ/day * 0.0078 EUR/MJ natural gas * 0.6 = 122 EUR/day = 45,000 EUR/year.
It should be noted that if total heat energy could be sold, the revenue and savings would reach EUR 203/day and EUR 74,000/year. This would be possible if sales were not for the heat-variable demands of the district heating system, but for the sufficiently high constant heat demand of an industrial consumer in a nearby industrial park (e.g. a bioethanol plant or a slaughterhouse) when the heat would be bought at the natural gas price. However, the latter is in practice much more insecure.
In the case of district heat sales, together with the electricity, revenue is 198,000 + 45,000 = 243,000 EUR/year.
The investment cost of CHP technology (with 266–280 kWe capacity) (with existing rotting equipment) following our own calculations is 231,000 EUR.
For the calculation of biomethane production, the following basic data were used:
The amount of biogas produced: 1860 Nm3/day (from the previous calculation)
The methane content of biogas: 65%
Cleaning technology: 2% methane loss and 96% methane gas recovery
The calorific value of the biomethane obtained: 34 MJ/Nm3
Natural gas purchase price: 0.0078 EUR/MJ (EU wholesale average price)
CNG/CBM density: 0.78 kg/Nm3
CNG average price: 1.18 EUR/kg
The amount of biomethane produced is 1860 Nm3/day * 65% biogas methane content * 98% efficiency/96% biomethane methane content = 1234 Nm3/day biomethane.
In the case of supply to the natural gas network, the expected revenue is 1234 Nm3/day biomethane * 34 MJ/Nm3 * 0.0078 EUR/MJ = 327 EUR/day = 119,000 EUR.
When using the output as a fuel (CNG/CBM), since the prices are expressed in kg, it is therefore appropriate to convert the resulting quantity into this unit of measure: 1234 Nm3/day biomethane = 963 kg/day biomethane.
Value of this: 963 kg/day biomethane * 1.18 EUR/kg = 1136 EUR/day = 415 EUR/year. This may further contribute to the potential recovery of CO2 obtained during the cleaning process.
The value of the required cleaning equipment (120–130 Nm3/h capacity), based on our own calculations: 860,000 EUR (this does not include investment costs related to sales).
However, it is important to take into account that if we convert biogas to biomethane, we need to purchase the sewage plant’s self-consumption needs. Their values in the present case are:
Electricity: 7709 kWh/day * 0.112 EUR/kWh = 863 EUR/day
Heat: 18,500 MJ/day * 0.0078 EUR/MJ = 144 EUR/day
Total: 1007 EUR/day = 368,000 EUR/year
The remaining sales revenue from biomethane sales:
Natural gas sales: 119–368 = (−) 249,000 EUR/year
Sales of propellants: 415–368 = 47,000 EUR/year
When calculating the effects of CBM on the CO2 emission, we should start the calculation with the emission values of the given technological process (CHP, upgrading). Then we need to make a comparison between the CO2 emissions of the used and of the substituted fuels (electricity, natural gas, diesel fuel). We used the following emission factors in our calculations (Table 5).
Value | Measure | Source | |
---|---|---|---|
Substitution of fuel | |||
| 69.95 | kg CO2eq/GJ | [52] |
| 49.75 | kg CO2eq/GJ | [52] |
| 391 | kg CO2eq/kWh | [53] |
Operation of sewage plants | |||
| 11 | kg CO2eq/GJ | [37] |
| 41 | kg CO2eq/GJ | [37] |
| 22 | kg CO2eq/GJ | [37] |
Substitution and operation factors.
The use of the systemic approach in city operation and regional development requires that the interest and demand of the environment, the local communities and the economy would be satisfied on a mutually beneficial level [54]. We also used this approach.
If the sewage plant itself was evaluated environmentally, the decision would be very simple: because of lack of CBM-fuelled vehicle, the CHP technology would be considered as the most favourable option. At the level of municipality (considering the waste management, local transport and central heating system), we need to make a three-sided comparative analysis.
In the case of the conventional CHP technology, direct emission from the operation should be considered as basis, and it should be reduced with the self-consumed heat and electricity. In this case the saved emission of local transport and of central heating remains the same. Regarding the other two technologies, the emission savings will be derived from the saved natural gas or diesel fuel of buses, respectively (Table 6).
Technology | CHP | Upgrading + gas pipeline | Upgrading + transport | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Heat | Electricity | Natural gas | Diesel | |
GJ/yr | MWh/yr | GJ/yr | GJ/yr | |
Savings in fuel (in given unit above) | 4357 | 1815 | 15,316 | 15,316 |
Savings in CO2eq (t/yr) | 217 | 710 | 762 | 1072 |
Biogas input (GJ/yr) | 15,004 | |||
Emission from technology (t/yr) | 165 | 615 | 330 | |
CO2 emission balance of the evaluated technologies.
Source: Own calculations.
Table 6 shows that CBM production for feed-in has the highest energy demand and the lowest emission saving potential. The other two options could be regarded near equal, since though CBM for fuelling has slightly better emission saving potential, it needs more energy for the operation.
The three uses of the biogas produced from the wastewater analysed above can thus be characterised by the following end parameters for a 100,000 PE (population equivalent) sewage capacity (Table 7).
Sphere of use | Investment demand (thousand EUR) | Expected revenue (thousand EUR/year) | Emission saving (t CO2eq/yr) |
---|---|---|---|
Cogeneration (electricity and heat) | 231 | average: 243, max. 272 | 762 |
Cleaning (supplying network) | 860 | −249 | 147 |
Cleaning (for fuel) | 860 | 47 | 742 |
Parameters of the given plant.
Source: Own calculations.
The above values show that introducing biomethane into the natural gas network is the least competitive compared to the other two modes of recovery both in economical and in environmental aspects. In the case of existing digesters, the gas engine is very fast—and the most efficient return on investment, if it is connected to a sufficiently large district heating network, ideally an industrial park. Although sales of biomethane for propellants can theoretically achieve the highest turnover on their own, due to the self-consumption needs of the sewage plant, and the investment cost—which is more than three times higher—it is not the most favourable alternative from the sewage plant’s perspective. Since the environmental effects are near the same, it can be stated that CHP could be evaluated as the best way for biogas utilisation for the sewage plant.
In general, it can be stated that the long-term spread of a product market (in our case CNG/CBM) is only expected if the product is worthwhile to produce, market and use. In the event of any losses suffered by any actor in the market, in the absence of subsidies, the vertical relationship is interrupted, and so the interest of all actors must be ensured. A subsidy is justified by the macroeconomic benefits of the public finances (environmental protection, import substitution, employment). In addition, it must, of course, be cheaper and more accessible than competing fuels and must also ensure that the investment needed to operate is recovered within a reasonable period of time. Does biomethane meet all of these criteria under current economic conditions?
It can be clearly seen from the economic data listed in Table 3 that biomethane can be produced essentially at the consumer price (0.8–1.1 EUR/kg) at relatively small (250 Nm3/h) biogas plants, while the price-equivalent own costs for its substitutes, i.e. petrol and diesel (0.87–0.98 EUR/l on average), are significantly below their average consumer price (1.43–1.44 EUR/l). In the case of non-final sales (i.e. not to private individuals) but for business use (buses, machines), equivalent values for petrol and gas oil prices reduced by VAT and other price discounts must be taken into account (cca 1.08 EUR/l in both cases, with an average 25% reduction), with which the smallest agricultural biomethane plants (with a capacity of 250 Nm3/h) are just competitive (0.8–1.1 EUR/kg), while larger farm sizes are able to produce cheaper biomethane. For farm-sized plants, it is economical to produce and use local CBM only when using their own by-products and primarily for the fuel supply of their own vehicles.
Therefore, in the vertical market structure (with the appropriate size and type of user), profits are generated in the current economic conditions, as well. At the same time, in the case of internal use (e.g. operation of a common sewage plant gas and local public transport system), the state loses significant tax revenue, which is, however, easily offset by the externalities present in the public finances.
Consequently, the cost of compressed biomethane (CBM) as a propellant is typically just below or at the CNG price level (average 1.18 EUR/kg) but much cheaper than the diesel typically used in local transport vehicles.
Finally, the conversion of vehicles to CNG operation and the return on the CNG premium can be estimated as follows.
In the case of a city bus, taking into account a life expectancy of 1000,000 km, single buses use cca. 370,000 l, and articulated buses cca. 470,000 l of diesel fuel in their lifetime. The fuel cost savings during the CNG operation can be estimated at 37,000 EUR and 47,000 EUR per bus, taking into account the average reclaimed VAT and the wholesale discount. Thus, a local public transport service of county town size (e.g. Debrecen, Hungary, with 210,000 local inhabitants; a fleet 100 of single and 40 articulated buses) can save up to € 5–6 million over the entire lifetime but also hundreds of thousands of EUR on a yearly basis. The expected return on the conversion of a single bus is as follows.
Basic calculation data:
60,000 km/year performance (16–17 years calculated lifetime)
37 l/100 km gas oil consumption
An average saving of 0.1 EUR/l of gas oil equivalent with CNG (gas oil wholesale price)
40,000 EUR conversion cost/acquisition surplus cost
Considering 3%/year increase in gas oil price and the same as opportunity cost (assuming use of own money in financing)
Based on CNG purchased on the basis of this data, the investment will be repaid after approximately 18 years without subsidy, so slightly beyond the useful life of the vehicle; however, with a subsidy the payback period is much shorter, and the benefits of environmental protection have not yet been taken into consideration. Increasing performance (better use of buses) and rising gas oil prices can significantly reduce the payback period. Since gas fuelling has a positive effect on engine wear, it does not endanger the potential performance; it is rather determined by the transport features. One-hundred thousand kilometre use of bus per year results in 11-year-long repayment period.
In the case of CBM produced in its own wastewater plant, savings are much greater than with diesel; therefore, with the same technical parameters, the payback period will be reduced, even without subsidy.
Environmental advantages of a CNG-/CBG-fuelled bus fleet are also significant. Considering the average value of 18 kg/GJ GHG saving of CNG/CBG compared to gas oil and the bus fleet of Debrecen with the above-mentioned characteristics, the GHG saving can reach 14.4 tonnes/bus in a year, or 15,000–20,000 tonnes/bus fleet, moreover in the city centre, mostly suffering air pollution.
Average data used for calculation of passenger cars:
15,000 km/year performance (15-year lifetime)
8 l/100 km of petrol consumption
An average saving of 0.57 EUR/l of petrol equivalent with CNG (at consumer prices)
Conversion cost of EUR 1600 and extra purchase cost of EUR 4000
Considering 3%/year increase in petrol price and the same as opportunity cost (assuming use of own money in financing)
In the case of the above parameters, the conversion is expected to take place within 2–3 years, while the purchase price of the new car would be repayable in 5–6 years, mainly depending on the mileage and current petrol prices, if there was no problem with refuelling. In the case of a local public CNG filling station, gas-fuelled cars can be recommended primarily to those private individuals who are involved in local transport and travel long distances in a year (e.g. local taxi drivers) or those that are more environmentally sensitive and thus appreciate the benefits of using gas-fuelled cars.
Biomethane production based on various types of waste and its use as a propellant can be found in several places. At this point, we will introduce some international examples, focusing in more detail on wastewater-based biomethane production.
As the study by Barisa et al. [55] shows, there are many potential waste-based raw materials available to a settlement that are suitable for biogas and biomethane production:
The organic proportion of unsorted municipal solid waste (MSW)
Separately collected biowaste from restaurants and grocery stores
Separately collected green waste from garden and park management
Wastewater sludge (including the amount generated by the dairy plant)
Organic waste from the industry (e.g. brewer’s grain)
With regard to their available volume, it can be said in general that in a given settlement the municipal solid waste, separated green waste and sewage sludge produced in the sewage plant make up the largest amount. However, considering the costs of collecting and separating these three types of raw materials, there may be significant differences. The utilisation of sewage sludge in the sewage plant—continuously and, in a relatively homogeneous amount, free of charge—can be considered cost-effective in this respect. In addition, other waste materials can be used safely for biogas production and its subsequent purification in sewage plants.
In practice, wastewater treatment plants in many cases include organic food waste/by-products that contribute to improving the carbon-nitrogen ratio of sewage and sewage sludge, thereby achieving higher biogas and biomethane yields.
In what follows we present a few examples of biogas or biomethane production plants based on organic waste or sewage.
In Linköping, Sweden, biomethane is used in urban transport, not only for buses and heavy and light motor vehicles but also for trains [56]. The total cost of EUR 14,000,000 invested in 1996 can be mentioned as one of the successful examples of the integration of fuel supply for agriculture, the community and individual transportation. In the Linköping waste-to-energy plant, biogas production was initially based on the by-products and wastes of the crop and livestock (slaughterhouse) sector, while in the framework of a development programme, from 2001, they have also produced renewable propellants from organic waste from public institutions and restaurants [57]. Since 2002, there are only biogas buses in the urban transport fleet, and the CO2 emissions have been reduced by more than 9000 tonnes per year [58].
Another Swedish example is the Nordvästra Skånes Renhållning AB (NSR) biomethane plant in Helsingborg, which generates 80 GWh of biomethane per year from 160,000 tonnes of separated food waste. The methane produced is supplied to the grid and is used for the operation of trucks, taxis and private cars. From 160,000 tonnes of digested food waste in the biogas plant, approximately 490 tonnes of N, 90 tonnes of P and 170 tonnes of K are available for recirculation as fertilizer each year [59].
Another interesting example is the Swedish city of Uppsala. As early as 1996, animal manure and slaughterhouse waste were used for biogas production, and then for biomethane production after purification, which was used for the operation of buses. Thereafter, developments in two stages up to 2010 resulted in the production of biomethane from significant quantities of organic waste from their own city and other settlements; annual production has reached 3000,000 Nm3 [60]. Overall 71 of the city buses were fuelled by biomethane, which amounts for 35% of fuel used in public transport in Uppsala in 2014 [61].
Considering the Swedish examples, it is not surprising that in Swedish households 60% of organic waste is collected separately and utilised.
Sewage water-based biomethane production was implemented in Hammarby Sjöstad (Stockholm), Sweden. Within the framework of the project, an integrated closed wastewater-energy system has been implemented based on local authority/municipal sewage. After the sewage is purified in the system, propellant biogas and biomethane are also produced, as well as heat and electricity. Hammarby Sjöstad is located in one of the most progressive cities in the world with regard to sustainability. The city has reduced carbon emissions by 25% per resident since 1990 and has established a target of reducing emissions to 3 tonnes of CO2 per capita in 2015. This value is extremely low for developed countries, considering the entire country of Sweden has an average emission rate of 4.5 tonnes of CO2 per capita, while the average for Europe is approx. 6.5 tonnes per capita, and the average for the United States is 16.5 tonnes per capita [62, 63].
Sewage-based, biomethane propellant production was also implemented in Zalaegerszeg (Hungary) (Figure 3). The investment began in 2011 and cost 140 million HUF (about 444,000 EUR), of which HUF 120 million was for the biogas cleaning system, while the cost of the filling station was HUF 20 million. Daily biomethane production is 3600 m3, while the biomethane’s unit cost is 0.52 EUR/m3 [64]. Although this value is slightly higher than the consumer price of natural gas, it is just about half as much as the price of diesel oil. Since the substituted buses typically run on diesel oil, the use of CBG should result positive economic effect. The composition of the biogas is 65% methane, 30% carbon dioxide and 5% other gases, including hydrogen sulphide. Raw biogas significantly reduces the lifetime of machines because of its hydrogen sulphide content. For a safe and efficient use, a multistage cleaning process is initiated: gas is pressurised through an activated carbon filter, which reduces sulphur content, other gas content and humidity. Subsequently, 75% methane and 25% carbon dioxide gas is subjected to an aqueous wash, whereby the carbon dioxide is converted to carbonic acid and transferred from the biogas to the aqueous solution. During the production of biomethane, the purified biogas is pressed at a pressure of about 6 bars into the washer, in which the chemical transmission process occurs. After aqueous washing, a 99.7% methane gas is produced, which is excellent for use in CNG vehicles. The biofuel produced fuels for municipal vehicles (12 vans and 3 buses). The CO2 saving can be estimated 22 tonnes/year [65, 66].
Zalaegerszeg wastewater treatment plant with biomethane filling station. Source: Own photo.
At the beginning of the 2000s, the largest wastewater-based power plant in the United Kingdom was operating at Minworth. During the operation of the plant, several technological developments were introduced, resulting in an increasing amount of biogas production.
The total investment cost of the plant was €8,150,000, which allowed the production of 3400 Nm3/h of biogas (nearly half of which is upgraded to biomethane) with 16 digesters, totalling 80,000 m3/day. The type of raw material is sewage sludge (4000 m3/h). The development of biomethanic purification is due to two important factors: (1) simultaneously with the increase in the quantity of biogas produced—due to the variable amount of energy—the amount of electricity that can be supplied to the electricity grid was limited; (2) a significant amount (40%) of heat loss was also a serious problem. All of this led to the construction of biomethane purification capacity, which keeps the energy produced from sewage well stored and also avoids heat loss. The unit uses absorption, which provides a high-pressure water scrubbing process to clean biogas and to increase the methane concentration [67]. With an annual biomethane production of 63,000,000 kWh, Minworth is the first connection of unconventional gas into the local transmission system, with a significant impact on reducing CO2 emissions [68].
In the following we present other international examples, and cases of good practice of use as a fuel and for supply to the natural gas grid, using as a source the Bin2GRID (2016) project [69]:
Good practice for usage of biomethane and CNG vehicles:
Margarethen am Moos (Austria)
Rechnitz (Austria)
Norrköping (Sweden)
St. Gallen (Switzerland)
Lille (France)
Madrid (Spain)
Sevilla (Spain)
Good practice of biomethane injection into the natural gas grid:
Margarethen am Moos (Austria)
Vienna (Austria)
Utzenstorf (Switzerland)
Norrköping (Sweden)
Madrid (Spain)
Public transport, sewage treatment and district heating are mostly operated by local authorities and can therefore be influenced by local decisions, so biomethane can be well integrated into local transport systems, and the terms of sale are not dependent on gas suppliers, either. The latter may be significant in the event of potential future gas price rises, which does not affect the cost of locally produced biomethane. At the same time, it should be noted that the economic interests of biomethane-producing wastewater plants are rather geared towards traditional cogeneration technologies rather than biomethane production because of the significant electricity and heat demand of sewage treatment technologies.
From an environmental point of view, it is also noteworthy that the reduction of the emissions of cadmium due to the use of local public transport with CNG occurs right in the city centre, where air pollution is the most serious problem. From the operation point of view, it is essential that in the case of local transport, there is no danger of emptying fuel tanks, since the filling station is available locally, unlike with long-distance transport. The public education objective of technology is not negligible as many people (those travelling by public transport) are affected by the use of environmentally friendly fuel.
Midterm proliferation is expected to take place, given that in October 2014 the European Parliament and the Commission adopted the “Clean Fuel for Transport” package, which obliges member states to take the first steps by 2020 in cities and suburbs and by 2025 on motorways, to make CNG fuelling stations for cars and then allow transport by LNG trucks on Europe’s main transport lanes.
Due to the above, the production of biomethane at metropolitan wastewater plants for transport purposes can serve the interests of residents in an efficient way, both economically and environmentally, also enabling them to enjoy a kind of energy self-sufficiency.
The publication was supported by EFOP 3.6.3-VEKOP-16-2017-00007 ? “Young researchers for talent” ? Supporting careers in research activities in higher education.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
For developing countries to reach the level of developed countries and to catch the level to compete with them, more than one condition must be met. The most important of these conditions is the industrialization strategies that developing countries will implement. With the decisions of January 24, 1980, which were a turning point in terms of redesigning the Turkish economy, the export-based industrialization strategy was started to be implemented by targeting export-based growth instead of the import substitution strategy implemented since the 1960s, and some institutions were created to eliminate the problems that will be encountered at the implementation stage of these decisions ([1], p. 22).
To increase the competitiveness of exporters in foreign markets, Turkish Exim bank provides export financing in Turkey with credit, guarantee and insurance programs under international rules and principles ([2], p. 180).
In developing countries, Exim bank loans are provided by organizations that support the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey (CBRT) and non-profit exports. Commercial banks, private equity export credit insurance companies and factoring companies are the only organizations that support finance, as the main purpose is profit.
In developed countries, the necessary financing for exports is usually provided by the commercial banking system. Export financing organizations, on the other hand, support the export sector and banks with insurance and guarantee programs, only performs the function of providing a risk-free environment.
Imports are the value of foreign goods and services bought by a country’s households, firms, government agencies, and other organizations in a given period.
Exports are goods and services that are produced in one country and sold to buyers in another. Exports, along with imports, make up international trade.
Eximbank loans are lines of credit made available by Export Credit Bank of Turkey (Exim bank) to enhance exports. This credit is made available during the pre-export stage against a written pledge by the exporter to export Turkish-origin goods and services as stipulated by Exim bank. It provides a price advantage over other export loans offered by banks.
In the Literature view, a summary of information was given about research that examines the relationship between exports, financial development and economic growth in Turkey in the context of causality.
Dodaro [3], examined the relationship between economic growth and exports with the Granger Causality test by using variables between 1967 and 1986 periods. The study found a one-sided causal relationship from economic growth to exports.
Bahmani and Domac [4] examined the relationship between economic growth and exports, with the Co-Integration test by using variables between 1923 and 1990 periods. As a result of the research, it is found that there is a decidedly causal relationship between economic growth and exports.
Tuncer [5], examined the causal relationship between exports, imports, investments and Gross domestic product (GDP) with the method Toda and Yamamoto by using variables between 1980Q1 and 2000Q3 periods. As a result of the study, a one-sided causality relationship has been found from economic growth to exports.
Şimşek [6], tested the export-based growth hypothesis with Error Correction Model, Co-Integration Test and Causality tests by using variables between 1960 and 2002 periods. As a result of the study, the one-sided causality relationship has been found from economic growth to exports.
Erdogan [7], examined the relationship between economic growth and exports, with Co-Integration and Causality tests by using variables between 1923 and 2004 periods. As a result of the study, the long-term double-sided causal relationship between economic growth and exports was found at the level of 10% significance.
Taştan [8], examined the interaction and causal relationships between export, industrial production and import variables, with Co-Integration and Causality tests by using variables between 1985Q1 and 2009Q3 periods. As a result of the study, a one-sided causality relationship has been found from economic growth to exports.
Tıraşoglu [9], examined whether the export-based growth hypothesis is valid in Turkey or not, with Co-Integration and Causality tests by using variables between 1998Q1–2011Q3 periods. As a result of the study, there is a long-term one-sided causal relationship between exports and economic growth.
Korkmaz [10], examined the relationship between economic growth and exports, with Co-Integration and Causality tests by using variables between 1998: Q1–2013:Q3 periods. As a result of the study, a one-sided causality relationship has been found from exports to economic growth.
Pentecost and Kar [11], examined the relationship between economic growth and exports, with Co-Integration and Causality tests by using variables between 1963 and 1995 periods. As a result of the research, there is a one-sided causal relationship from economic growth to financial development.
Al-Yousif [12], studied the causal relationship between financial development and economic growth for 30 developing countries, with both Time Series and Panel Data Analysis tests, by using variables between 1970 and 1999 periods. As a result of the study, there is a double-sided relationship between economic growth and financial development.
Ceylan and Durkaya [13], examined the causal relationship between domestic credit volume and economic growth, by taking advantage of Gross domestic product (GDP) and total loans that private banks use domestically by using variables between 1998 and 2008 periods. As a result of the research, there is a one-sided causality relationship from economic growth to loans.
In this study, the data set used were between 2003 and 2019 periods. The source of the data used in the study was taken from the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey (TCMB) and the official website of the bank Exim bank. This data was created with three different variables which are listed in Table 1. All analyses and tests were performed on these variables by using the EViews11 program.
Variable | Code |
---|---|
Import | Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey, Balance Of Payments Analytical Presentation (6.manual), A.2 |
Export | Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey, Balance Of Payments Analytical Presentation (6.manual), A.1 |
Exim bank loans | https://www.eximbank.gov.tr |
Data set.
To obtain econometrically significant relationships between series in time series analysis, it is essential that the analyzed series must be stationary. Unit root tests are usually used to test whether the series has a stationary structure or not. The most commonly used of these tests is the unit root test performed by Dickey-Fuller [14], which assumes that the error term is independent and uniformly distributed. If a time series is stationary, its variance, average, and covariance (with various delays) are the same, no matter when it is measured ([15], p. 757).
Let
The relationship between this period value of Series
If ρ = 1 or γ = 0 is found in this equation, there is a unit root problem. If ρ = 1, the relationship will be as in Eq. (8):
This means that the impact of the shock that the series was subjected in the previous period remains in the system as it was. If ρ < 1, it means that the initial effect of shocks in the past continues and that this effect will disappear over time.
The main regression patterns used in the Dickey-Fuller test are:
Eq. (9), shows a structure with no fixed term and no trend effect. Eq. (10) shows a structure with a fixed term and no trend term, and Eq. (11) shows a structure with a fixed term and no trend effect.
In case of correlation between error terms, the extended Dickey-Fuller (ADF) unit root test was developed again by Augmented Dickey-Fuller [16] by including the delayed values of the dependent variable in the model. The proposed models for this test are shown in the following equations:
Eq. (12) shows the structure in which there is no fixed term and no trend effect. Eq. (13) shows the structure in which there is only a fixed term, and Eq. (14) shows the structure in which both the fixed term and the trend effect are observed.
The stationary test is first performed at the level value. If stationary is not achieved in the level value, the first difference of the
In Eqs. (4) and (7), the
If the ADF test statistic value is more negative than the MacKinnon [17] critical values at various significance levels, it is decided that there is a unit root in the series; in other words, the series are not stationary. In this study, the stability of the series was analyzed using the extended Dickey-Fuller (ADF) unit Root Test.
As we can see in Table 2, Import variables were found stationary in the intercept model in the first difference I(1), Export variables were found stationary in non-intercept and trendless model in the first difference I(1); while Eximbank loans variables were found stationary in intercept model in the second difference I(2).
Variables | Test for unit root in | Include in test equation | Lag Length | ADF |
---|---|---|---|---|
Import | I(1) | Intercept | p = 0 | −4.061237 |
Export | I(1) | None | p = 0 | −3.196258 |
Eximbank loans | I(2) | Intercept | p = 1 | −4.417361 |
ADF unit root test.
To test whether non-stationary series converge to equilibrium over a long period, the cointegration test examines whether there is a long-term relationship between the series or not. But since this test does not provide information about the direction of the relationship, causality tests are used to determine the direction of the relationship. There are two Tests in Johansen’s cointegration analysis. These are trace and max.
Trace hypothesis test H0: r ≤ r0, H1: r ≥ r0 + 1.
Max hypothesis test H0: r = r0, H1: r = r0 + 1.
If r = 0 there is not cointegration vector.
The series were analyzed using the Johansen cointegration test and the results were shown in Table 3. In Table 3, the r = 0 hypothesis, shows that there is no cointegration relationship between the variables; the r ≥ 1 hypothesis, is an alternative hypothesis which shows that there is at least one cointegration relationship; the r ≥ 2 hypothesis is an alternative hypothesis that shows that there are at least two cointegration relations:
Hypothesis | Trace statistic | Max-Eigen statistic | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
H0 | H1 | Statistic | Critical value | Statistic | Critical value |
r = 0 | r ≥ 0 | 76.02502 | 29.79707 | 66.68893 | 21.13162 |
r = 1 | r ≥ 2 | 9.336092 | 15.49471 | 8.804522 | 14.26460 |
Johansen cointegration test results.
According to the Johansen test output, both the Trace test statistic value and the Maximum Eigen test statistic value were greater than the table critical value of 5%. Therefore, the zero hypothesis of r = 0 can be rejected for both test values. In other words, Export, Gross domestic product (GDP), and Loan variables are cointegrated.
The Granger causality test examines the relationship between series based on estimating past and present values. According to Granger, if past information about
Accurate determination of the number of lag lengths in the Granger causality test is very important for the application to give healthy results, because this test is sensitive to the number of lag lengths. To find the appropriate lag length numbers for the Granger causality test, the Vector autoregression (VAR) model is estimated. Here a generic VAR model is estimated primarily to determine the appropriate number of lag length. Then, the number of lag length, will be determined by Akaike information criteria and by the LM test.
For the VAR model, the appropriate lag length was obtained by LogL (Log-We), LR (sequential modified LR test statistic), FPE (Final prediction error), AIC (Akaike information criterion), SC (Schwarz information criterion) and HQ (Hannan-Quinn information criterion) criteria. The model with the largest LogL and LR values and the smallest FPE, AIC, SC and HQ values were selected to determine the appropriate lag length criteria.
As seen from Table 4, Sequentially modified LR test statistic (LR); Final prediction error (FPE), Akaike information criterion (AIC),Schwarz information criterion (SC) and Hannan-Quinn information criterion (HQ) appropriate lag length as 1. According to this information, the lag length will be 1.
Lag | LogL | LR | FPE | AİC | SC | HQ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | −853.9328 | 0 | 6.65e+42 | 107.1166 | 107.2615 | 107.1240 |
1 | −820.4059 | 50.29035* | 3.20e+41* | 104.0507* | 104.6302* | 104.0804* |
2 | −816.0730 | 4.874522 | 6.71e+41 | 104.6341 | 105.6481 | 104.6861 |
Determination of appropriate lag length.
Values shows that the appropriate number of lag lengths according to the relevant criterion.
In Figure 1 it is presented the Var(1) model which provides the stationary condition:
Stationarity analysis.
Since the auto-regressive characteristic roots are all in the unit circle,the model VAR(1) which is used in the study, provided the stationary condition. Subsequently, appropriate delay numbers for the Granger causality test were performed by autocorrelation LM tests, it was determined that there was no autocorrelation and the series was stationary.
The series were analyzed using the Granger causality test, as we can see from Table 5; there is no causal relationship between Eximbank to Export variables (ρ = 0.2485 > 0.05), Import to Export variables (ρ =0.1140 > 0.05), Export and Eximbank variables(ρ = 0.3826 > 0.05), Import to Eximbank variables(ρ = 0.0839 > 0.05), Eximbank to Import(ρ =0.98035 > 0.05), Export to Import(ρ =0.8944 > 05).
H0 Hypothesis | Chi-sq. | Probability | Result |
---|---|---|---|
Eximbank→Export | 1.331500 | 0.2485 | Rejected |
Import→Export | 2.497195 | 0.1140 | Rejected |
Export→Exim bank | 0.762369 | 0.3826 | Rejected |
Import→Eximbank | 2.986957 | 0.0839 | Rejected |
Eximbank→Import | 0.000609 | 0.9803 | Rejected |
Export→Import | 0.017613 | 0.8944 | Rejected |
Granger causality test results.
According to the results which are shown in Table 5, it was determined that there is no causal relationship between Eximbank loans, Import and Export variables at 1 and 5% significance levels.
To decipher the causal relationship between import, export and Eximbank loan variables in the Turkish economy, three different variables were used in the study. All variables used in the study are time series, because they depend on time, so the stationarity of the variables was tested by the ADF test. As a result of the test, stationarity was achieved by taking first-order differences in import and export variables and second-order differences in eximbank loans variables. To test whether non-stationary series converge to equilibrium over a long period or not, the series were analyzed by using the Johansen cointegration test and the results revealed that Export, GDP, and Loan variables were cointegrated. Then the series were analyzed using the Granger causality test, and according to the results, it was determined that there was no causal relationship between Eximbank loans, Import and Export variables at 1 and 5% significance levels.
When we look at the literature review, a summary of information was given about research that examines the relationship between exports, financial development and economic growth in Turkey in the context of causality. From the study of Ceylan and Durkaya [13], there was found one-sided causality relationship from economic growth to loans. From the study of Dodaro [3], Bahmani and Domac [4], Tuncer [5], Şimşek [6] and Taştan [8] it was found a causal relationship from economic growth to exports. Erdogan [7] found causality relationship between economic growth and exports at the level of 10% significance. Tıraşoğlu [9] and Korkmaz [10], found a causal relationship between export and economic growth. Pentecost, Kar [11] and Al-Yousif [12] found causal relationships from economic growth to financial development. But in this study, it was determined that there were no causal relationship between Eximbank loans, Import and Export variables at 1 and 5% significance levels.
Turkey’s export target in 2023, is to set at 500 billion USD. Looking at the export figures at the end of 2015, Turkey must increase exports by an average of 16.5% each year to reach the 2023 target. To achieve this increase, it is necessary to ensure the high growth of the economy, accelerate R&D investments, diversify exports, reach new markets, and provide the necessary regulations and facilities for exporting companies to compete with exporters in other countries.
Eximbank loans provide a price advantage over other export loans offered by banks. It has a strong financial structure. Because of this financial structure, it supports exports at a high rate. To achieve the export potential that the country has, also in international markets, it should implement new and effective credit/insurance programs under international treaties and the restrictions of the institutions to which it is affiliated.
IntechOpen’s team of Scientific Advisors supports the publishing team by providing editorial and academic input and ensuring the highest quality output of free peer-reviewed articles. The Boards consist of independent external collaborators who assist us on a voluntary basis. Their input includes advising on new topics within their field, proposing potential expert collaborators and reviewing book publishing proposals if required. Board members are experts who cover major STEM and HSS fields. All are trusted IntechOpen collaborators and Academic Editors, ensuring that the needs of the scientific community are met.
",metaTitle:"STM Publishing and Free Peer Reviewed Articles | IntechOpen",metaDescription:"IntechOpen’s scientific advisors support the STM publishing team by offering their editorial input, ensuring a consistent output of free peer reviewed articles.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"scientific-advisors",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:13389},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:11660},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:4168},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:22334},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:2019},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:33642}],offset:12,limit:12,total:135275},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11369",title:"RNA Viruses Infection",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"52f8a3a1486912beae40b34ac557fed3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Yogendra Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11369.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"278914",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yogendra",surname:"Shah",slug:"yogendra-shah",fullName:"Yogendra Shah"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11027",title:"Basics of Hypoglycemia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"98ebc1e36d02be82c204b8fd5d24f97a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Alok Raghav",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11027.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"334465",title:"Dr.",name:"Alok",surname:"Raghav",slug:"alok-raghav",fullName:"Alok Raghav"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11124",title:"Next-Generation Textiles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"093f9e26bb829b8d414d13626aea1086",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Hassan Ibrahim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11124.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"90645",title:"Dr.",name:"Hassan",surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"hassan-ibrahim",fullName:"Hassan Ibrahim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11610",title:"New Insights in Herbicide Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"eb3830b8176caf3d1fd52c32313c5168",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Kassio Ferreira Mendes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11610.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11561",title:"Zeolite From Wastes - New Perspectives on Innovative Resources and Their Valorization Process",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3ed0dfd842de9cd1143212415903e6ad",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Claudia Belviso",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11561.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"61457",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",surname:"Belviso",slug:"claudia-belviso",fullName:"Claudia Belviso"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11709",title:"Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"cc0e61f864a2a8a9595f4975ce301f70",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Shilpa Mehta and Dr. Resmy Palliyil Gopi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11709.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"342545",title:"Dr.",name:"Shilpa",surname:"Mehta",slug:"shilpa-mehta",fullName:"Shilpa Mehta"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11814",title:"Liposomes - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"62d8542d18b8cddcf507f7948b2ae74b",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Rajeev K. Tyagi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11814.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"269120",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajeev",surname:"Tyagi",slug:"rajeev-tyagi",fullName:"Rajeev Tyagi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11889",title:"Sexual Disorders and Dysfunctions",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b988fda30a4e2364ee9d47e417bd0ba9",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Dhastagir Sultan Sheriff",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11889.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"167875",title:"Dr.",name:"Dhastagir Sultan",surname:"Sheriff",slug:"dhastagir-sultan-sheriff",fullName:"Dhastagir Sultan Sheriff"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11867",title:"Echocardiography",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d9159ce31733bf78cc2a79b18c225994",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Gabriel Cismaru",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11867.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"191888",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriel",surname:"Cismaru",slug:"gabriel-cismaru",fullName:"Gabriel Cismaru"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11793",title:"Production, Nutritional and Industrial Perspectives of Barley",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"996125d4599193b3b6b749f5d8aa3cb2",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Farhan Saeed and Dr. Muhammad Afzaal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11793.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"192244",title:"Dr.",name:"Farhan",surname:"Saeed",slug:"farhan-saeed",fullName:"Farhan Saeed"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11698",title:"Pigmentation Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2ac6c9f424eec37ed85232c2c97ef6f6",slug:null,bookSignature:"Associate Prof. Shahin Aghaei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11698.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"64024",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Shahin",surname:"Aghaei",slug:"shahin-aghaei",fullName:"Shahin Aghaei"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11701",title:"Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"ba8e8f4710bed414568846f8162a4942",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Ahmet Mesrur Halefoğlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11701.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"51736",title:"Prof.",name:"Ahmet Mesrur",surname:"Halefoğlu",slug:"ahmet-mesrur-halefoglu",fullName:"Ahmet Mesrur Halefoğlu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:27},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:42},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:68},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:264},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3737",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"Modelling, Programming and Simulations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"matlab-modelling-programming-and-simulations",bookSignature:"Emilson Pereira Leite",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3737.jpg",editors:[{id:"12051",title:"Prof.",name:"Emilson",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira Leite",slug:"emilson-pereira-leite",fullName:"Emilson Pereira Leite"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"1770",title:"Gel Electrophoresis",subtitle:"Principles and Basics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"279701f6c802cf02deef45103e0611ff",slug:"gel-electrophoresis-principles-and-basics",bookSignature:"Sameh Magdeldin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1770.jpg",editors:[{id:"123648",title:"Dr.",name:"Sameh",middleName:null,surname:"Magdeldin",slug:"sameh-magdeldin",fullName:"Sameh Magdeldin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4798},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7175,editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1981,editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2308,editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1473,editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",publishedDate:"April 26th 2011",numberOfDownloads:318571,editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",publishedDate:"September 26th 2012",numberOfDownloads:271836,editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",publishedDate:"July 1st 2013",numberOfDownloads:243450,editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1582,editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2082,editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",publishedDate:"October 17th 2012",numberOfDownloads:256294,editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11328",title:"Botulinum Toxin",subtitle:"Recent Topics and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7dd05a316001cef143e209eda51387a7",slug:"botulinum-toxin-recent-topics-and-applications",bookSignature:"Suna Sabuncuoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11328.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"270856",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Suna",middleName:null,surname:"Sabuncuoglu",slug:"suna-sabuncuoglu",fullName:"Suna Sabuncuoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11085",title:"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome",subtitle:"Functional Investigation and Clinical Application",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3066dd3ff29e1fac072fd60b08d4d3e7",slug:"polycystic-ovary-syndrome-functional-investigation-and-clinical-application",bookSignature:"Zhengchao Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11085.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"204883",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhengchao",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"zhengchao-wang",fullName:"Zhengchao Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10833",title:"Tumor Angiogenesis and Modulators",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f29b575c46128b2da061ef7f9bd1070b",slug:"tumor-angiogenesis-and-modulators",bookSignature:"Ke Xu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10833.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"59529",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"ke-xu",fullName:"Ke Xu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11356",title:"Molecular Cloning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"671c629dd86e97f0fb467b9e70e92296",slug:"molecular-cloning",bookSignature:"Sadık Dincer, Hatice Aysun Mercimek Takcı and Melis Sumengen Ozdenef",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"188141",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadik",middleName:null,surname:"Dincer",slug:"sadik-dincer",fullName:"Sadik Dincer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10677",title:"Advanced Topics of Topology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bf964c52f9e653fac20a7fcab58070e5",slug:"advanced-topics-of-topology",bookSignature:"Francisco Bulnes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10677.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"92918",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Bulnes",slug:"francisco-bulnes",fullName:"Francisco Bulnes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11195",title:"Recent Advances in Biometrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2d32e33e0f499cb5241734bb75dd2a83",slug:"recent-advances-in-biometrics",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11195.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"56",title:"Karyology",slug:"karyology",parent:{id:"6",title:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",slug:"biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology"},numberOfBooks:9,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:296,numberOfWosCitations:291,numberOfCrossrefCitations:214,numberOfDimensionsCitations:459,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"56",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10566",title:"Cytogenetics",subtitle:"Classical and Molecular Strategies for Analysing Heredity Material",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ce9c14b278ddd437d307a396e8a4aa2b",slug:"cytogenetics-classical-and-molecular-strategies-for-analysing-heredity-material",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10566.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5713",title:"Chromosomal Abnormalities",subtitle:"A Hallmark Manifestation of Genomic Instability",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cedce9580c13738278e91867a964668e",slug:"chromosomal-abnormalities-a-hallmark-manifestation-of-genomic-instability",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5713.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5085",title:"Telomere",subtitle:"A Complex End of a Chromosome",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2a8f40859d7bc312dea327fd9b058a20",slug:"telomere-a-complex-end-of-a-chromosome",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5085.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4720",title:"Flow Cytometry",subtitle:"Select Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5a842a00d86bc7f956a5fd1fe6d62b8a",slug:"flow-cytometry-select-topics",bookSignature:"Ingrid Schmid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4720.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109787",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Ingrid",middleName:null,surname:"Schmid",slug:"ingrid-schmid",fullName:"Ingrid Schmid"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5070",title:"Next Generation Sequencing",subtitle:"Advances, Applications and Challenges",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"674916bc6a4ef97379f637d6f194e8c3",slug:"next-generation-sequencing-advances-applications-and-challenges",bookSignature:"Jerzy K Kulski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5070.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"169295",title:"Dr.",name:"Jerzy",middleName:"Kazimierz",surname:"Kulski",slug:"jerzy-kulski",fullName:"Jerzy Kulski"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3190",title:"Current Progress in Biological Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"57e549d7882c0be94a2aaaf96baf2ec6",slug:"current-progress-in-biological-research",bookSignature:"Marina Silva-Opps",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3190.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62557",title:"Dr.",name:"Marina",middleName:null,surname:"Silva-Opps",slug:"marina-silva-opps",fullName:"Marina Silva-Opps"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3536",title:"Chromatin Remodelling",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"31abe97fe35989e4547bab854b38e03a",slug:"chromatin-remodelling",bookSignature:"Danuta Radzioch",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3536.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"165250",title:"Dr.",name:"Danuta",middleName:null,surname:"Radzioch",slug:"danuta-radzioch",fullName:"Danuta Radzioch"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1578",title:"Flow Cytometry",subtitle:"Recent Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fccad401cbcf998ea4de62d524abf82d",slug:"flow-cytometry-recent-perspectives",bookSignature:"Ingrid Schmid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1578.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109787",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Ingrid",middleName:null,surname:"Schmid",slug:"ingrid-schmid",fullName:"Ingrid Schmid"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2291",title:"Clinical Flow Cytometry",subtitle:"Emerging Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a5414617aafe62d7c6ec8205028f6967",slug:"clinical-flow-cytometry-emerging-applications",bookSignature:"Ingrid Schmid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2291.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109787",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Ingrid",middleName:null,surname:"Schmid",slug:"ingrid-schmid",fullName:"Ingrid Schmid"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:9,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"49602",doi:"10.5772/61964",title:"Next-Generation Sequencing — An Overview of the History, Tools, and “Omic” Applications",slug:"next-generation-sequencing-an-overview-of-the-history-tools-and-omic-applications",totalDownloads:14301,totalCrossrefCites:57,totalDimensionsCites:111,abstract:"Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies using DNA, RNA, or methylation sequencing have impacted enormously on the life sciences. NGS is the choice for large-scale genomic and transcriptomic sequencing because of the high-throughput production and outputs of sequencing data in the gigabase range per instrument run and the lower cost compared to the traditional Sanger first-generation sequencing method. The vast amounts of data generated by NGS have broadened our understanding of structural and functional genomics through the concepts of “omics” ranging from basic genomics to integrated systeomics, providing new insight into the workings and meaning of genetic conservation and diversity of living things. NGS today is more than ever about how different organisms use genetic information and molecular biology to survive and reproduce with and without mutations, disease, and diversity within their population networks and changing environments. In this chapter, the advances, applications, and challenges of NGS are reviewed starting with a history of first-generation sequencing followed by the major NGS platforms, the bioinformatics issues confronting NGS data storage and analysis, and the impacts made in the fields of genetics, biology, agriculture, and medicine in the brave, new world of ”omics.”",book:{id:"5070",slug:"next-generation-sequencing-advances-applications-and-challenges",title:"Next Generation Sequencing",fullTitle:"Next Generation Sequencing - Advances, Applications and Challenges"},signatures:"Jerzy K. Kulski",authors:[{id:"169295",title:"Dr.",name:"Jerzy",middleName:"Kazimierz",surname:"Kulski",slug:"jerzy-kulski",fullName:"Jerzy Kulski"}]},{id:"44118",doi:"10.5772/55786",title:"Microorganisms in Biological Pest Control — A Review (Bacterial Toxin Application and Effect of Environmental Factors)",slug:"microorganisms-in-biological-pest-control-a-review-bacterial-toxin-application-and-effect-of-environ",totalDownloads:13211,totalCrossrefCites:36,totalDimensionsCites:61,abstract:null,book:{id:"3190",slug:"current-progress-in-biological-research",title:"Current Progress in Biological Research",fullTitle:"Current Progress in Biological Research"},signatures:"Canan Usta",authors:[{id:"155271",title:"Dr.",name:"Canan",middleName:null,surname:"Usta",slug:"canan-usta",fullName:"Canan Usta"}]},{id:"44293",doi:"10.5772/53001",title:"Callose in Plant Sexual Reproduction",slug:"callose-in-plant-sexual-reproduction",totalDownloads:3857,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:20,abstract:null,book:{id:"3190",slug:"current-progress-in-biological-research",title:"Current Progress in Biological Research",fullTitle:"Current Progress in Biological Research"},signatures:"Meral Ünal, Filiz Vardar and Özlem Aytürk",authors:[{id:"155144",title:"Dr.",name:"Özlem",middleName:null,surname:"Aytürk",slug:"ozlem-ayturk",fullName:"Özlem Aytürk"},{id:"155374",title:"Prof.",name:"Meral",middleName:null,surname:"Ünal",slug:"meral-unal",fullName:"Meral Ünal"}]},{id:"44297",doi:"10.5772/55458",title:"Twenty Years of Molecular Biogeography in the West Mediterranean Islands of Corsica and Sardinia: Lessons Learnt and Future Prospects",slug:"twenty-years-of-molecular-biogeography-in-the-west-mediterranean-islands-of-corsica-and-sardinia-les",totalDownloads:2108,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:18,abstract:null,book:{id:"3190",slug:"current-progress-in-biological-research",title:"Current Progress in Biological Research",fullTitle:"Current Progress in Biological Research"},signatures:"Valerio Ketmaier and Adalgisa Caccone",authors:[{id:"162053",title:"Dr.",name:"Valerio",middleName:null,surname:"Ketmaier",slug:"valerio-ketmaier",fullName:"Valerio Ketmaier"},{id:"162245",title:"Dr.",name:"Adalgisa",middleName:null,surname:"Caccone",slug:"adalgisa-caccone",fullName:"Adalgisa Caccone"}]},{id:"42929",doi:"10.5772/53076",title:"The Effect of Lead and Zeolite on Hematological and Some Biochemical Parameters in Nile Fish (Oreochromis niloticus)",slug:"the-effect-of-lead-and-zeolite-on-hematological-and-some-biochemical-parameters-in-nile-fish-oreochr",totalDownloads:2171,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:null,book:{id:"3190",slug:"current-progress-in-biological-research",title:"Current Progress in Biological Research",fullTitle:"Current Progress in Biological Research"},signatures:"Hikmet Y. Çoğun and Mehmet Şahin",authors:[{id:"154145",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Hikmet Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Çoğun",slug:"hikmet-y.-cogun",fullName:"Hikmet Y. Çoğun"},{id:"155477",title:"Mr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Şahin",slug:"mehmet-sahin",fullName:"Mehmet Şahin"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"49602",title:"Next-Generation Sequencing — An Overview of the History, Tools, and “Omic” Applications",slug:"next-generation-sequencing-an-overview-of-the-history-tools-and-omic-applications",totalDownloads:14299,totalCrossrefCites:57,totalDimensionsCites:111,abstract:"Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies using DNA, RNA, or methylation sequencing have impacted enormously on the life sciences. NGS is the choice for large-scale genomic and transcriptomic sequencing because of the high-throughput production and outputs of sequencing data in the gigabase range per instrument run and the lower cost compared to the traditional Sanger first-generation sequencing method. The vast amounts of data generated by NGS have broadened our understanding of structural and functional genomics through the concepts of “omics” ranging from basic genomics to integrated systeomics, providing new insight into the workings and meaning of genetic conservation and diversity of living things. NGS today is more than ever about how different organisms use genetic information and molecular biology to survive and reproduce with and without mutations, disease, and diversity within their population networks and changing environments. In this chapter, the advances, applications, and challenges of NGS are reviewed starting with a history of first-generation sequencing followed by the major NGS platforms, the bioinformatics issues confronting NGS data storage and analysis, and the impacts made in the fields of genetics, biology, agriculture, and medicine in the brave, new world of ”omics.”",book:{id:"5070",slug:"next-generation-sequencing-advances-applications-and-challenges",title:"Next Generation Sequencing",fullTitle:"Next Generation Sequencing - Advances, Applications and Challenges"},signatures:"Jerzy K. Kulski",authors:[{id:"169295",title:"Dr.",name:"Jerzy",middleName:"Kazimierz",surname:"Kulski",slug:"jerzy-kulski",fullName:"Jerzy Kulski"}]},{id:"44118",title:"Microorganisms in Biological Pest Control — A Review (Bacterial Toxin Application and Effect of Environmental Factors)",slug:"microorganisms-in-biological-pest-control-a-review-bacterial-toxin-application-and-effect-of-environ",totalDownloads:13207,totalCrossrefCites:35,totalDimensionsCites:60,abstract:null,book:{id:"3190",slug:"current-progress-in-biological-research",title:"Current Progress in Biological Research",fullTitle:"Current Progress in Biological Research"},signatures:"Canan Usta",authors:[{id:"155271",title:"Dr.",name:"Canan",middleName:null,surname:"Usta",slug:"canan-usta",fullName:"Canan Usta"}]},{id:"49878",title:"Immunophenotyping of Acute Leukemias – From Biology to Clinical Application",slug:"immunophenotyping-of-acute-leukemias-from-biology-to-clinical-application",totalDownloads:3341,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Immunophenotyping is an essential part of the modern diagnostic workup of acute leukemias and thus for an appropriate treatment of these complex and heterogeneous diseases. It provides a lot of useful information in this setting that transfers directly from laboratory to clinical management of patients. Lineage definition is the first goal leading to proper initial therapy. Some phenotypic patterns define specific subsets correlating with poor (mixed phenotype, dendritic cell neoplasm) or favorable (cortical T-lymphoblastic leukemia) outcome, thus guiding the application of treatment modalities. An advanced analysis of phenotypic data can address specific issues, such as the still debated role of multilineage dysplasia. The quality of response to chemotherapy is monitored by the detection of minimal residual disease and peripheral blast clearance during chemotherapy delivering. That allows a sharp discrimination of prognosis and again can drive the intensity of therapies proportionally to the disease chemosensitivity.",book:{id:"4720",slug:"flow-cytometry-select-topics",title:"Flow Cytometry",fullTitle:"Flow Cytometry - Select Topics"},signatures:"Francesco Mannelli",authors:[{id:"178848",title:"M.D.",name:"Francesco",middleName:null,surname:"Mannelli",slug:"francesco-mannelli",fullName:"Francesco Mannelli"}]},{id:"75292",title:"Chromosome Banding and Mechanism of Chromosome Aberrations",slug:"chromosome-banding-and-mechanism-of-chromosome-aberrations",totalDownloads:724,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Chromosome identification depends on the morphological features of the chromosome and therefore karyotype and its banding pattern analyses are the most suitable technique to identify each and every chromosome of a chromosome complement. Moreover, aberrations caused by breaks play an important role in the evolution of a chromosome set and chromosome complement by decreasing or increasing the chromosome number. Therefore, both the aspects are discussed in detail in the present chapter. At present, the chapter will highlight the karyotype and its components, karyotype trends, evolution and its role in speciation, banding pattern and techniques, chromosome differentiation and linearization, banding applications and their uses, detection and analysis of chromosomal aberrations, chromosome and chromatid types of aberrations and mechanism of the formation of chromosome aberrations and breaks for karyotype evolutionary trends.",book:{id:"10566",slug:"cytogenetics-classical-and-molecular-strategies-for-analysing-heredity-material",title:"Cytogenetics",fullTitle:"Cytogenetics - Classical and Molecular Strategies for Analysing Heredity Material"},signatures:"Sanjay Kumar, Asikho Kiso and N. Abenthung Kithan",authors:[{id:"88508",title:"Dr.",name:"Sanjay",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",slug:"sanjay-kumar",fullName:"Sanjay Kumar"},{id:"347247",title:"Dr.",name:"N. Abenthung",middleName:null,surname:"Kithan",slug:"n.-abenthung-kithan",fullName:"N. Abenthung Kithan"},{id:"347248",title:"Dr.",name:"Asikho",middleName:null,surname:"Kiso",slug:"asikho-kiso",fullName:"Asikho Kiso"}]},{id:"49585",title:"MHC Genotyping in Human and Nonhuman Species by PCRbased Next-Generation Sequencing",slug:"mhc-genotyping-in-human-and-nonhuman-species-by-pcrbased-next-generation-sequencing",totalDownloads:3158,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a highly polymorphic genomic region that encodes the transplantation and immune regulatory molecules. It receives special attention for genetic investigation because of its important role in the regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses and its strong association with numerous infectious and/or autoimmune diseases. Recently, genotyping of the polymorphisms of MHC genes using targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies was developed for humans and some nonhuman species. Most species have numerous highly homologous MHC loci so the NGS technologies are likely to replace traditional genotyping methods in the near future for the investigation of human and animal MHC genes in evolutionary biology, ecology, population genetics, and disease and transplantation studies. In this chapter, we provide a short review of the use of targeted NGS for MHC genotyping in humans and nonhuman species, particularly for the class I and class II regions of the Crab-eating Macaque MHC (Mafa).",book:{id:"5070",slug:"next-generation-sequencing-advances-applications-and-challenges",title:"Next Generation Sequencing",fullTitle:"Next Generation Sequencing - Advances, Applications and Challenges"},signatures:"Takashi Shiina, Shingo Suzuki and Jerzy K. Kulski",authors:[{id:"170245",title:"Prof.",name:"Takashi",middleName:null,surname:"Shiina",slug:"takashi-shiina",fullName:"Takashi Shiina"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"56",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. This Series is intended for researchers and students alike interested in this fascinating field and its many applications.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/14.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"July 5th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"218714",title:"Prof.",name:"Andries",middleName:null,surname:"Engelbrecht",slug:"andries-engelbrecht",fullName:"Andries Engelbrecht",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNR8QAO/Profile_Picture_1622640468300",biography:"Andries Engelbrecht received the Masters and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). In addition to a number of research articles, he has written two books, Computational Intelligence: An Introduction and Fundamentals of Computational Swarm Intelligence.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Stellenbosch University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",slug:"mehmet-aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mehmet Emin Aydin is a Senior Lecturer with the Department of Computer Science and Creative Technology, the University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. His research interests include swarm intelligence, parallel and distributed metaheuristics, machine learning, intelligent agents and multi-agent systems, resource planning, scheduling and optimization, combinatorial optimization. Dr. Aydin is currently a Fellow of Higher Education Academy, UK, a member of EPSRC College, a senior member of IEEE and a senior member of ACM. In addition to being a member of advisory committees of many international conferences, he is an Editorial Board Member of various peer-reviewed international journals. He has served as guest editor for a number of special issues of peer-reviewed international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the West of England",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:20,paginationItems:[{id:"82526",title:"Deep Multiagent Reinforcement Learning Methods Addressing the Scalability Challenge",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105627",signatures:"Theocharis Kravaris and George A. Vouros",slug:"deep-multiagent-reinforcement-learning-methods-addressing-the-scalability-challenge",totalDownloads:19,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Multi-Agent Technologies and Machine Learning",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11445.jpg",subseries:{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems"}}},{id:"82196",title:"Multi-Features Assisted Age Invariant Face Recognition and Retrieval Using CNN with Scale Invariant Heat Kernel Signature",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104944",signatures:"Kamarajugadda Kishore Kumar and Movva Pavani",slug:"multi-features-assisted-age-invariant-face-recognition-and-retrieval-using-cnn-with-scale-invariant-",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"82063",title:"Evaluating Similarities and Differences between Machine Learning and Traditional Statistical Modeling in Healthcare Analytics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105116",signatures:"Michele Bennett, Ewa J. Kleczyk, Karin Hayes and Rajesh Mehta",slug:"evaluating-similarities-and-differences-between-machine-learning-and-traditional-statistical-modelin",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11422.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81791",title:"Self-Supervised Contrastive Representation Learning in Computer Vision",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104785",signatures:"Yalin Bastanlar and Semih Orhan",slug:"self-supervised-contrastive-representation-learning-in-computer-vision",totalDownloads:59,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7723",title:"Artificial Intelligence",subtitle:"Applications in Medicine and Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7723.jpg",slug:"artificial-intelligence-applications-in-medicine-and-biology",publishedDate:"July 31st 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"a3852659e727f95c98c740ed98146011",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Artificial Intelligence - Applications in Medicine and Biology",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7726",title:"Swarm Intelligence",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7726.jpg",slug:"swarm-intelligence-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Javier Del Ser, Esther Villar and Eneko Osaba",hash:"e7ea7e74ce7a7a8e5359629e07c68d31",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",editors:[{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7656",title:"Fuzzy Logic",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7656.jpg",slug:"fuzzy-logic",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Constantin Volosencu",hash:"54f092d4ffe0abf5e4172a80025019bc",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Fuzzy Logic",editors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"9963",title:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9963.jpg",slug:"advances-and-applications-in-deep-learning",publishedDate:"December 9th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"0d51ba46f22e55cb89140f60d86a071e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"12086",title:"Cattle Diseases - Molecular and Biochemical Approach",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12086.jpg",hash:"afdbf57e32d996556a94528c06623cf3",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 5th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11579",title:"Animal Welfare - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11579.jpg",hash:"12e4f41264cbe99028655e5463fa941a",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 8th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"51520",title:"Dr.",name:"Shao-Wen",surname:"Hung",slug:"shao-wen-hung",fullName:"Shao-Wen Hung"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:20,paginationItems:[{id:"82991",title:"Diseases of the Canine Prostate Gland",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105835",signatures:"Sabine Schäfer-Somi",slug:"diseases-of-the-canine-prostate-gland",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82956",title:"Potential Substitutes of Antibiotics for Swine and Poultry Production",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106081",signatures:"Ho Trung Thong, Le Nu Anh Thu and Ho Viet Duc",slug:"potential-substitutes-of-antibiotics-for-swine-and-poultry-production",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Antibiotics and Probiotics in Animal Food - Impact and Regulation",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11578.jpg",subseries:{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition"}}},{id:"82905",title:"A Review of Application Strategies and Efficacy of Probiotics in Pet Food",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105829",signatures:"Heather Acuff and Charles G. Aldrich",slug:"a-review-of-application-strategies-and-efficacy-of-probiotics-in-pet-food",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Antibiotics and Probiotics in Animal Food - Impact and Regulation",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11578.jpg",subseries:{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition"}}},{id:"82773",title:"Canine Transmissible Venereal Tumor: An Infectious Neoplasia in Dogs",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106150",signatures:"Chanokchon Setthawongsin, Somporn Techangamsuwan and Anudep Rungsipipat",slug:"canine-transmissible-venereal-tumor-an-infectious-neoplasia-in-dogs",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82797",title:"Anatomical Guide to the Paranasal Sinuses of Domestic Animals",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106157",signatures:"Mohamed A.M. Alsafy, Samir A.A. El-Gendy and Catrin Sian Rutland",slug:"anatomical-guide-to-the-paranasal-sinuses-of-domestic-animals",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82457",title:"Canine Hearing Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105515",signatures:"Peter M. Skip Scheifele, Devan Marshall, Stephen Lee, Paul Reid, Thomas McCreery and David Byrne",slug:"canine-hearing-management",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82285",title:"Parvovirus Vectors: The Future of Gene Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105085",signatures:"Megha Gupta",slug:"parvovirus-vectors-the-future-of-gene-therapy",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82170",title:"Equine Stress: Neuroendocrine Physiology and Pathophysiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105045",signatures:"Milomir Kovac, Tatiana Vladimirovna Ippolitova, Sergey Pozyabin, Ruslan Aliev, Viktoria Lobanova, Nevena Drakul and Catrin S. Rutland",slug:"equine-stress-neuroendocrine-physiology-and-pathophysiology",totalDownloads:31,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"81793",title:"Canine parvovirus-2: An Emerging Threat to Young Pets",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104846",signatures:"Mithilesh Singh, Rajendran Manikandan, Ujjwal Kumar De, Vishal Chander, Babul Rudra Paul, Saravanan Ramakrishnan and Darshini Maramreddy",slug:"canine-parvovirus-2-an-emerging-threat-to-young-pets",totalDownloads:34,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"81271",title:"The Diversity of Parvovirus Telomeres",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102684",signatures:"Marianne Laugel, Emilie Lecomte, Eduard Ayuso, Oumeya Adjali, Mathieu Mével and Magalie Penaud-Budloo",slug:"the-diversity-of-parvovirus-telomeres",totalDownloads:43,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Animal Nutrition",value:20,count:3,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Animal Science",value:19,count:17,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:11,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10664",title:"Animal Reproduction",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10664.jpg",slug:"animal-reproduction",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Yusuf Bozkurt and Mustafa Numan Bucak",hash:"2d66af42fb17d0a6556bb9ef28e273c7",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Animal Reproduction",editors:[{id:"90846",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Bozkurt",slug:"yusuf-bozkurt",fullName:"Yusuf Bozkurt",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/90846/images/system/90846.jpg",institutionString:"İskenderun Technical University",institution:{name:"İskenderun Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition - Production, Health and Environment",editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/310962/images/system/310962.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8737",title:"Rabies Virus at the Beginning of 21st Century",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8737.jpg",slug:"rabies-virus-at-the-beginning-of-21st-century",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Sergey Tkachev",hash:"49cce3f548da548c718c865feb343509",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Rabies Virus at the Beginning of 21st Century",editors:[{id:"61139",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Tkachev",slug:"sergey-tkachev",fullName:"Sergey Tkachev",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61139/images/system/61139.png",institutionString:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institution:{name:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10496",title:"Advanced Studies in the 21st Century Animal Nutrition",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10496.jpg",slug:"advanced-studies-in-the-21st-century-animal-nutrition",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"László Babinszky, Juliana Oliveira and Edson Mauro Santos",hash:"8ffe43a82ac48b309abc3632bbf3efd0",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Advanced Studies in the 21st Century Animal Nutrition",editors:[{id:"53998",title:"Prof.",name:"László",middleName:null,surname:"Babinszky",slug:"laszlo-babinszky",fullName:"László Babinszky",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/53998/images/system/53998.png",institutionString:"University of Debrecen",institution:{name:"University of Debrecen",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Hungary"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10497",title:"Canine Genetics, Health and Medicine",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10497.jpg",slug:"canine-genetics-health-and-medicine",publishedDate:"June 2nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Rutland",hash:"b91512e31ce34032e560362e6cbccc1c",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Canine Genetics, Health and Medicine",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",publishedDate:"January 20th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/25600/images/system/25600.jpg",institutionString:"Independent Researcher",institution:{name:"Harran University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9081",title:"Equine Science",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9081.jpg",slug:"equine-science",publishedDate:"September 23rd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Rutland and Albert Rizvanov",hash:"ac415ef2f5450fa80fdb9cf6cf32cd2d",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Equine Science",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8460",title:"Reproductive Biology and Technology in Animals",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8460.jpg",slug:"reproductive-biology-and-technology-in-animals",publishedDate:"April 15th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi and Katy Satué Ambrojo",hash:"32ef5fe73998dd723d308225d756fa1e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Reproductive Biology and Technology in Animals",editors:[{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón Poggi",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon-poggi",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Valencia Catholic University Saint Vincent Martyr",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8524",title:"Lactation in Farm Animals",subtitle:"Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8524.jpg",slug:"lactation-in-farm-animals-biology-physiological-basis-nutritional-requirements-and-modelization",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Naceur M'Hamdi",hash:"2aa2a9a0ec13040bbf0455e34625504e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Lactation in Farm Animals - Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",editors:[{id:"73376",title:"Dr.",name:"Naceur",middleName:null,surname:"M'Hamdi",slug:"naceur-m'hamdi",fullName:"Naceur M'Hamdi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73376/images/system/73376.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7144",title:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7144.jpg",slug:"veterinary-anatomy-and-physiology",publishedDate:"March 13th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Sian Rutland and Valentina Kubale",hash:"75cdacb570e0e6d15a5f6e69640d87c9",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7233",title:"New Insights into Theriogenology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7233.jpg",slug:"new-insights-into-theriogenology",publishedDate:"December 5th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rita Payan-Carreira",hash:"74f4147e3fb214dd050e5edd3aaf53bc",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"New Insights into Theriogenology",editors:[{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Nutrition",value:20,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology",value:28,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Science",value:19,count:5}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:1},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:35,paginationItems:[{id:"248645",title:"Dr.",name:"Sérgio",middleName:null,surname:"Lousada",slug:"sergio-lousada",fullName:"Sérgio Lousada",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248645/images/system/248645.jpg",biography:"Sérgio António Neves Lousada has an international Ph.D. in Civil Engineering (Hydraulics). He teaches Hydraulics, Environment, and Water Resources and Construction at the University of Madeira, Portugal. He has published articles and books and participated in events mainly in the areas of hydraulics, urban planning, and land management. Furthermore, he collaborates with the Environmental Resources Analysis Research Group (ARAM), University of Extremadura (UEx); VALORIZA - Research Center for the Enhancement of Endogenous Resources, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre (IPP), Portugal; CITUR - Madeira - Centre for Tourism Research, Development and Innovation, Madeira, Portugal; and Institute of Research on Territorial Governance and Inter-Organizational Cooperation, Dąbrowa Górnicza, Poland. Moreover, he holds an International master\\'s degree in Ports and Coasts Engineering.",institutionString:"University of Madeira",institution:{name:"University of Madeira",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"424419",title:"Dr.",name:"Matthew",middleName:"Ayorinde",surname:"Ayorinde Adebayo",slug:"matthew-ayorinde-adebayo",fullName:"Matthew Ayorinde Adebayo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/424419/images/17356_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"215342",title:"Prof.",name:"José Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Naranjo Gómez",slug:"jose-manuel-naranjo-gomez",fullName:"José Manuel Naranjo Gómez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"354033",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Nasri",slug:"ahmed-nasri",fullName:"Ahmed Nasri",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Carthage",country:{name:"Tunisia"}}},{id:"435702",title:"Dr.",name:"Amel",middleName:null,surname:"Hannachi",slug:"amel-hannachi",fullName:"Amel Hannachi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Carthage",country:{name:"Tunisia"}}},{id:"420857",title:"Prof.",name:"Ezzeddine",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoudi",slug:"ezzeddine-mahmoudi",fullName:"Ezzeddine Mahmoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Carthage",country:{name:"Tunisia"}}},{id:"420856",title:"Prof.",name:"Hamouda",middleName:null,surname:"Beyrem",slug:"hamouda-beyrem",fullName:"Hamouda Beyrem",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Carthage",country:{name:"Tunisia"}}},{id:"435703",title:"Dr.",name:"Hary",middleName:null,surname:"Demey",slug:"hary-demey",fullName:"Hary Demey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Cartagena",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"425026",title:"Mr.",name:"Kholofelo",middleName:null,surname:"Clifford Malematja",slug:"kholofelo-clifford-malematja",fullName:"Kholofelo Clifford Malematja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tshwane University of Technology",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"435701",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Allouche",slug:"mohamed-allouche",fullName:"Mohamed Allouche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Carthage",country:{name:"Tunisia"}}},{id:"420855",title:"Prof.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Aïssa",slug:"patricia-aissa",fullName:"Patricia Aïssa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Carthage",country:{name:"Tunisia"}}},{id:"435699",title:"Dr.",name:"Takoua",middleName:null,surname:"Mhadhbi",slug:"takoua-mhadhbi",fullName:"Takoua Mhadhbi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Carthage",country:{name:"Tunisia"}}},{id:"442300",title:"Prof.",name:"Véronique",middleName:null,surname:"Perrier",slug:"veronique-perrier",fullName:"Véronique Perrier",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Montpellier",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"445179",title:"Mr.",name:"Aman",middleName:null,surname:"Jaiswal",slug:"aman-jaiswal",fullName:"Aman Jaiswal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"445178",title:"Mr.",name:"Dhiraj",middleName:null,surname:"Dutta",slug:"dhiraj-dutta",fullName:"Dhiraj Dutta",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Defence Research Laboratory",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"445180",title:"Dr.",name:"Rama",middleName:null,surname:"Dubey",slug:"rama-dubey",fullName:"Rama Dubey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Defence Research Laboratory",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"424992",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Helal",slug:"mohamed-helal",fullName:"Mohamed Helal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"426808",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Yesim",middleName:null,surname:"Gucbilmez",slug:"yesim-gucbilmez",fullName:"Yesim Gucbilmez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Eskisehir Technical University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"428329",title:"Mr.",name:"Collet",middleName:null,surname:"Maswanganyi",slug:"collet-maswanganyi",fullName:"Collet Maswanganyi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Limpopo",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"428546",title:"MSc.",name:"Ndivhuwo",middleName:null,surname:"Shumbula",slug:"ndivhuwo-shumbula",fullName:"Ndivhuwo Shumbula",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"352155",title:"Dr.",name:"Poslet",middleName:"Morgan",surname:"Shumbula",slug:"poslet-shumbula",fullName:"Poslet Shumbula",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Limpopo",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"435064",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammadtaghi",middleName:null,surname:"Vakili",slug:"mohammadtaghi-vakili",fullName:"Mohammadtaghi Vakili",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Yangtze Normal University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"437268",title:"Dr.",name:"Linda Lunga",middleName:null,surname:"Sibali",slug:"linda-lunga-sibali",fullName:"Linda Lunga Sibali",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"437269",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter P.",middleName:null,surname:"Ndibewu",slug:"peter-p.-ndibewu",fullName:"Peter P. Ndibewu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"424106",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Siyabonga",middleName:null,surname:"Aubrey Mhlongo",slug:"siyabonga-aubrey-mhlongo",fullName:"Siyabonga Aubrey Mhlongo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"424233",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Ifeoluwa Oluwafunmilayo",middleName:null,surname:"Daramola",slug:"ifeoluwa-oluwafunmilayo-daramola",fullName:"Ifeoluwa Oluwafunmilayo Daramola",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"446429",title:"Dr.",name:"Dev Vrat",middleName:null,surname:"Kamboj",slug:"dev-vrat-kamboj",fullName:"Dev Vrat Kamboj",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"425585",title:"Dr.",name:"NISHA",middleName:null,surname:"GAUR",slug:"nisha-gaur",fullName:"NISHA GAUR",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"226635",title:"Prof.",name:"Amany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Sikaily",slug:"amany-el-sikaily",fullName:"Amany El-Sikaily",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"435668",title:"Dr.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Ghanem",slug:"sara-ghanem",fullName:"Sara Ghanem",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"26",type:"subseries",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",keywords:"Intelligent Systems, Machine Learning, Data Science, Data Mining, Artificial Intelligence",scope:"The scope of machine learning and data mining is immense and is growing every day. It has become a massive part of our daily lives, making predictions based on experience, making this a fascinating area that solves problems that otherwise would not be possible or easy to solve. This topic aims to encompass algorithms that learn from experience (supervised and unsupervised), improve their performance over time and enable machines to make data-driven decisions. It is not limited to any particular applications, but contributions are encouraged from all disciplines.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11422,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403"},editorialBoard:[{id:"43680",title:"Prof.",name:"Ciza",middleName:null,surname:"Thomas",slug:"ciza-thomas",fullName:"Ciza Thomas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/43680/images/system/43680.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government of Kerala",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"16614",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan Ignacio",middleName:null,surname:"Guerrero Alonso",slug:"juan-ignacio-guerrero-alonso",fullName:"Juan Ignacio Guerrero Alonso",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6HB8QAM/Profile_Picture_1627901127555",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/3095/images/1592_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Chicago",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"214067",title:"Dr.",name:"W. David",middleName:null,surname:"Pan",slug:"w.-david-pan",fullName:"W. David Pan",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSEI9QAO/Profile_Picture_1623656213532",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alabama in Huntsville",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"72920",title:"Prof.",name:"Yves",middleName:"Philippe",surname:"Rybarczyk",slug:"yves-rybarczyk",fullName:"Yves Rybarczyk",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72920/images/system/72920.jpeg",institutionString:"Dalarna University, Faculty of Data and Information Sciences",institution:{name:"Dalarna University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:10,paginationItems:[{id:"82196",title:"Multi-Features Assisted Age Invariant Face Recognition and Retrieval Using CNN with Scale Invariant Heat Kernel Signature",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104944",signatures:"Kamarajugadda Kishore Kumar and Movva Pavani",slug:"multi-features-assisted-age-invariant-face-recognition-and-retrieval-using-cnn-with-scale-invariant-",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"82063",title:"Evaluating Similarities and Differences between Machine Learning and Traditional Statistical Modeling in Healthcare Analytics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105116",signatures:"Michele Bennett, Ewa J. Kleczyk, Karin Hayes and Rajesh Mehta",slug:"evaluating-similarities-and-differences-between-machine-learning-and-traditional-statistical-modelin",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11422.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81791",title:"Self-Supervised Contrastive Representation Learning in Computer Vision",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104785",signatures:"Yalin Bastanlar and Semih Orhan",slug:"self-supervised-contrastive-representation-learning-in-computer-vision",totalDownloads:59,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"79345",title:"Application of Jump Diffusion Models in Insurance Claim Estimation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99853",signatures:"Leonard Mushunje, Chiedza Elvina Mashiri, Edina Chandiwana and Maxwell Mashasha",slug:"application-of-jump-diffusion-models-in-insurance-claim-estimation",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81471",title:"Semantic Map: Bringing Together Groups and Discourses",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103818",signatures:"Theodore Chadjipadelis and Georgia Panagiotidou",slug:"semantic-map-bringing-together-groups-and-discourses",totalDownloads:25,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"79491",title:"Fuzzy Perceptron Learning for Non-Linearly Separable Patterns",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101312",signatures:"Raja Kishor Duggirala",slug:"fuzzy-perceptron-learning-for-non-linearly-separable-patterns",totalDownloads:19,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Raja Kishor",surname:"Duggirala"}],book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81331",title:"Machine Learning Algorithm-Based Contraceptive Practice among Ever-Married Women in Bangladesh: A Hierarchical Machine Learning Classification Approach",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103187",signatures:"Iqramul Haq, Md. Ismail Hossain, Md. Moshiur Rahman, Md. Injamul Haq Methun, Ashis Talukder, Md. Jakaria Habib and Md. Sanwar Hossain",slug:"machine-learning-algorithm-based-contraceptive-practice-among-ever-married-women-in-bangladesh-a-hie",totalDownloads:21,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11422.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"80937",title:"Assessing Heterogeneity of Two-Part Model via Bayesian Model-Based Clustering with Its Application to Cocaine Use Data",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103089",signatures:"Ye-Mao Xia, Qi-Hang Zhu and Jian-Wei Gou",slug:"assessing-heterogeneity-of-two-part-model-via-bayesian-model-based-clustering-with-its-application-t",totalDownloads:26,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"78846",title:"Clustering Algorithms: An Exploratory Review",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100376",signatures:"R.S.M. Lakshmi Patibandla and Veeranjaneyulu N",slug:"clustering-algorithms-an-exploratory-review",totalDownloads:154,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"78463",title:"Clustering by Similarity of Brazilian Legal Documents Using Natural Language Processing Approaches",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99875",signatures:"Raphael Souza de Oliveira and Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"clustering-by-similarity-of-brazilian-legal-documents-using-natural-language-processing-approaches",totalDownloads:169,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:14,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10840",title:"Benzimidazole",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10840.jpg",slug:"benzimidazole",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Pravin Kendrekar and Vinayak Adimule",hash:"e28c770013e7a8dd0fc37aea6aa9def8",volumeInSeries:34,fullTitle:"Benzimidazole",editors:[{id:"310674",title:"Dr.",name:"Pravin",middleName:null,surname:"Kendrekar",slug:"pravin-kendrekar",fullName:"Pravin Kendrekar",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/310674/images/system/310674.jpg",institutionString:"Visiting Scientist at Lipid Nanostructures Laboratory, Centre for Smart Materials, School of Natural Sciences, University of Central Lancashire",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10798",title:"Starch",subtitle:"Evolution and Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10798.jpg",slug:"starch-evolution-and-recent-advances",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",hash:"f197f6062c1574a9a90e50a369271bcf",volumeInSeries:33,fullTitle:"Starch - Evolution and Recent Advances",editors:[{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Nigeria"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",volumeInSeries:32,fullTitle:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195290/images/system/195290.png",institutionString:"Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi",institution:{name:"Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10841",title:"Hydrolases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10841.jpg",slug:"hydrolases",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Sajjad Haider, Adnan Haider and Angel Catalá",hash:"4e868cde273d65a7ff54b1817d640629",volumeInSeries:29,fullTitle:"Hydrolases",editors:[{id:"110708",title:"Dr.",name:"Sajjad",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"sajjad-haider",fullName:"Sajjad Haider",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/110708/images/system/110708.png",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10799",title:"Phenolic Compounds",subtitle:"Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10799.jpg",slug:"phenolic-compounds-chemistry-synthesis-diversity-non-conventional-industrial-pharmaceutical-and-therapeutic-applications",publishedDate:"February 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",hash:"339199f254d2987ef3167eef74fb8a38",volumeInSeries:26,fullTitle:"Phenolic Compounds - Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9753",title:"Terpenes and Terpenoids",subtitle:"Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9753.jpg",slug:"terpenes-and-terpenoids-recent-advances",publishedDate:"July 28th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shagufta Perveen and Areej Mohammad Al-Taweel",hash:"575689df13c78bf0e6c1be40804cd010",volumeInSeries:21,fullTitle:"Terpenes and Terpenoids - Recent Advances",editors:[{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9731",title:"Oxidoreductase",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9731.jpg",slug:"oxidoreductase",publishedDate:"February 17th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",hash:"852e6f862c85fc3adecdbaf822e64e6e",volumeInSeries:19,fullTitle:"Oxidoreductase",editors:[{id:"224662",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmoud Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Mansour",slug:"mahmoud-ahmed-mansour",fullName:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/224662/images/system/224662.jpg",institutionString:"King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences",institution:{name:"King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8094",title:"Aflatoxin B1 Occurrence, Detection and Toxicological Effects",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8094.jpg",slug:"aflatoxin-b1-occurrence-detection-and-toxicological-effects",publishedDate:"June 3rd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xi-Dai Long",hash:"44f4ad52d8a8cbb22ef3d505d6b18027",volumeInSeries:14,fullTitle:"Aflatoxin B1 Occurrence, Detection and Toxicological Effects",editors:[{id:"202142",title:"Prof.",name:"Xi-Dai",middleName:null,surname:"Long",slug:"xi-dai-long",fullName:"Xi-Dai Long",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202142/images/system/202142.jpeg",institutionString:"Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities",institution:{name:"University of Macau",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Macau"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8004",title:"Nitrogen Fixation",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8004.jpg",slug:"nitrogen-fixation",publishedDate:"April 8th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Everlon Cid Rigobelo and Ademar Pereira Serra",hash:"02f39c8365ba155d1c520184c2f26976",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Nitrogen Fixation",editors:[{id:"39553",title:"Prof.",name:"Everlon",middleName:"Cid",surname:"Rigobelo",slug:"everlon-rigobelo",fullName:"Everlon Rigobelo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/39553/images/system/39553.jpg",institutionString:"São Paulo State University",institution:{name:"Sao Paulo State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8028",title:"Flavonoids",subtitle:"A Coloring Model for Cheering up Life",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8028.jpg",slug:"flavonoids-a-coloring-model-for-cheering-up-life",publishedDate:"March 11th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria and Anthony Ananga",hash:"6c33178a5c7d2b276d2c6af4255def64",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Flavonoids - A Coloring Model for Cheering up Life",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8170",title:"Chemical Properties of Starch",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8170.jpg",slug:"chemical-properties-of-starch",publishedDate:"March 11th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Martins Emeje",hash:"0aedfdb374631bb3a33870c4ed16559a",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Chemical Properties of Starch",editors:[{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Nigeria"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8019",title:"Alginates",subtitle:"Recent Uses of This Natural Polymer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8019.jpg",slug:"alginates-recent-uses-of-this-natural-polymer",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira",hash:"61ea5c1aef462684a3b2215631b7dbf2",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Alginates - Recent Uses of This Natural Polymer",editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/279788/images/system/279788.jpg",institutionString:"University of Coimbra",institution:{name:"University of Coimbra",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 3rd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},subseries:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. Osma",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDv7QAG/Profile_Picture_1626602531691",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad de Los Andes",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Colombia"}}},{id:"69697",title:"Dr.",name:"Mani T.",middleName:null,surname:"Valarmathi",fullName:"Mani T. Valarmathi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/69697/images/system/69697.jpg",institutionString:"Religen Inc. | A Life Science Company, United States of America",institution:null},{id:"205081",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:"Vinícius",surname:"Chaud",fullName:"Marco Chaud",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDGeQAO/Profile_Picture_1622624307737",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Sorocaba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/169241",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"169241"},fullPath:"/profiles/169241",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()