\r\n\tto cover major health conditions that may benefit from Tai Chi, including neurodegenerative diseases, cardiopulmonary rehabilitation, psychosocial benefits, chronic fatigue and fibromyalgias, osteoporosis ad bone metabolism, and other chronic degenerative conditions that plague modern health. We seek to include reviews of underlying basic science as well as clinical trial data that demonstrate that multiplicity of benefits of this ancient exercise form to advance evidence-based understanding of Tai Chi exercise as an adjunct treatment.
",isbn:null,printIsbn:"979-953-307-X-X",pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d83cf3e19d5ba6dea45cba1386b5f27",bookSignature:"Dr. Wei-Zen Sun and Dr. Raymond Chang",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10125.jpg",keywords:"fibromyalgia, pain, balance, falling, cognition, dementia, Osteoporosis, Osteopenia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary rehabilitation, Tai Chi, Depression",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"August 29th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 31st 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 30th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 31st 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 30th 2020",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"a year",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"310791",title:"Dr.",name:"Wei-Zen",middleName:null,surname:"Sun",slug:"wei-zen-sun",fullName:"Wei-Zen Sun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/310791/images/system/310791.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"National Taiwan University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null}],coeditorOne:{id:"310792",title:"Dr.",name:"Raymond",middleName:null,surname:"Chang",slug:"raymond-chang",fullName:"Raymond Chang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/310792/images/system/310792.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"Institute of East West Medicine",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"177731",firstName:"Dajana",lastName:"Pemac",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/177731/images/4726_n.jpg",email:"dajana@intechopen.com",biography:"As a Commissioning Editor at IntechOpen, I work closely with our collaborators in the selection of book topics for the yearly publishing plan and in preparing new book catalogues for each season. 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Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"878",title:"Phytochemicals",subtitle:"A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec77671f63975ef2d16192897deb6835",slug:"phytochemicals-a-global-perspective-of-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/878.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4816",title:"Face Recognition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"146063b5359146b7718ea86bad47c8eb",slug:"face_recognition",bookSignature:"Kresimir Delac and Mislav Grgic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"56986",title:"On Quantum Fingerprinting and Quantum Cryptographic Hashing",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70692",slug:"on-quantum-fingerprinting-and-quantum-cryptographic-hashing",body:'\nFingerprinting and hashing are well-known techniques. Fingerprinting is widely used in various meanings in different areas of computer science. We restrict ourselves to the area of computational complexity theory where the notion of fingerprinting is more or less formalized. Cryptographic hashing allows to securely present objects and mathematically is more formalized. Fingerprinting and cryptographic hashing have quite different usages in computer science, but have similar properties. Interpretation of their properties is determined by the area of their usage: fingerprinting methods are methods for constructing efficient randomized and quantum algorithms for computational problems, whereas hashing methods are one of the central cryptographical primitives.
\nFingerprinting and hashing methods are being developed from the mid of the previous century, whereas quantum fingerprinting and quantum hashing have a short history.
\nIn this chapter, we present computational aspects of quantum fingerprinting, discuss cryptographical properties of quantum hashing, and present the possible use of quantum hashing for quantum hash-based message authentication codes (QMAC).
\nFingerprinting in complexity theory is a procedure that maps a large data item to a much shorter string, its fingerprint, that identifies the original data (with high probability). The key properties of classical fingerprinting methods are (i) they allow to build efficient randomized computational algorithms and (ii) the resulting algorithms have bounded error [1].
\nRusins Freivalds was one of the first researchers who introduced methods (later called fingerprinting) for constructing efficient randomized algorithms (which are more efficient than any deterministic algorithm) [2, 3].
\nIn quantum case, fingerprinting is a procedure that maps classical data to a quantum state that identifies the original data (with high probability). One of the first applications of the quantum fingerprinting method is due to Ambainis and Freivalds [4]: for a specific language, they have constructed a quantum finite automaton with an exponentially smaller size than any classical randomized automaton. An explicit definition of the quantum fingerprinting was introduced by Buhrman et al. [5] in (2001) for constructing efficient quantum communication protocol for equality testing. It is worth noting that the fingerprinting by Buhrman et al. has been used as a cryptographic hash function in [6, 7].
\nCryptographic hashing has a lot of fruitful applications in cryptography. Note that in cryptography functions satisfying (i) one-way property and (ii) collision resistance property (in different specific meanings) are called hash functions, and we propose to do so when we are considering cryptographical aspects of quantum functions with the above properties. So, we suggest to call a quantum function that satisfies properties (i) and (ii) (in the quantum setting), a cryptographic quantum hash function or just quantum hash function. Note, however, that there is only a thin line between the notions of quantum fingerprinting and quantum hashing. One of the first considerations of a quantum function (that maps classical words into quantum states) as a cryptographic primitive, having one-way property and collision resistance property is due to [6], where the quantum fingerprinting function from [5] was used. Another approach to constructing quantum hash functions from quantum walks was considered in [8, 9, 10], and it resulted in privacy amplification in quantum key distribution and other useful applications.
\nIn Section 3, we consider quantum fingerprinting as a mapping of classical inputs to quantum states, which allows to construct efficient quantum algorithms for computing Boolean functions. We consider the quantum fingerprinting function from [5] as well as the quantum fingerprinting technique from [11]. The latter was motivated by the paper [4] and its generalization [12].
\nWe define a notion of quantum (δ, ε)-hash function that is quantumly one-way δ-resistant and quantumly collision ε-resistant.
\nWe show that one-way property and collision resistance property are correlated for a quantum hash function. The more the function is one-way, the less it is collision resistant and vice versa. We show that such a correlation can be balanced.
\nWe present an approach for quantum hash function constructions by establishing a connection with small-biased sets [13] and quantum hash function constructions: we prove that each ε-biased set allows to generate quantum collision ε-resistant function. Note that one-way property of this function depends on the size of such ε-biased set: the smaller ε-biased set allows to generate a quantum function with the better one-way characteristics. Such a connection adds to the long list of small-biased sets’ applications.
\nIn particular, it was observed in [13, 14] that the ε-bias property is closely related to the error-correcting properties of linear codes. In particular, for the binary case, a set S is ε-biased iff every pair of distinct code words of corresponding error correcting code CS has relative Hamming distance (1 ± ε)/2.
\nNote that the quantum fingerprinting function from [5] is based on a binary error-correcting code, and so it solves the problem of constructing quantum hash functions for the binary case. For the general (nonbinary) case, ε-bias does not correspond to Hamming distance. Thus, in contrast to the binary case, an arbitrary linear error correcting code cannot be used directly for quantum hash functions.
\nNote that one-way property of function means computational effectiveness of this function. We show that considered construction of quantum (δ, ε)-hash function is computed effectively in the model of quantum branching programs. We consider two complexity measures: a number width(Q) of qubits that QBP Q uses for computation and a number time(Q) of computational steps of QBP Q. Such QBP Q is of width(Q) = O(log log q) and time(Q) = log q.
\nWe prove that such QBP construction is optimal. That is, we prove lower bounds Ω(log log q) for QBP width and Ω(log q) for QBP time for quantum (δ, ε)-hash function presentation.
\nWe recall that mathematically a qubit is described as a unit vector in the two-dimensional Hilbert complex space ℋ2. Let s ≥ 1. Let ℋd be the d = 2s-dimensional Hilbert space, describing the states of s qubits. Another notation for ℋd is (ℋ2)⊗s, i.e., ℋd is made up of s copies of a single qubit space ℋ2.
Conventionally, we use notation |i〉 for the vector from Hd, which has a 1 on the i-th position and 0 elsewhere. An orthonormal basis |1〉, … ,|d〉 is usually referred to as the standard computational basis.
\nWe let ℤq to be a finite additive group of Z/qZ, the integers modulo q. Let Σk be a set of words of length k over a finite alphabet Σ. Let \n
In order to outline a computational aspect and present a procedure for quantum function ψ, we define ψ to be a unitary transformation (determined by an element \n
where U(w) is a unitary matrix.
\nExtracting information on w from |ψ(w)〉 is a result of measurements of quantum state |ψ(w)〉. In this chapter, we consider quantum transformations and measurements of quantum states with respect to computational basis.
\nThe ideas of the fingerprinting technique in the quantum setting for the first time appeared in [4]. The authors used a succinct presentation of the classical input by a quantum automata state, which resulted in an exponential improvement over classical algorithm. Later in the works of [12] the ideas were developed further to give an arbitrarily small probability of error. This was the basis for the general quantum fingerprinting framework proposed in [11].
\nHowever, the term “quantum fingerprinting” is mostly used in scientific literature to address a seminal paper [5], where this notion first appeared explicitly. To distinguish between different versions of the quantum fingerprinting techniques, the fingerprinting function from [5] is called as “binary” (since it uses some binary error-correcting code in its construction), whereas the fingerprinting from [11] is called “q-ary” for it uses presentation of the input in ℤq.
\nThe quantum fingerprinting function was formally defined in [5], where it was used for quantum equality testing in a quantum communication model. It is based on the notion of a binary error-correcting code.
\nAn (n, k, d) error-correcting code is a map C : Σk→Σn such that, for any two distinct words w , w′ ∈ Σk, the Hamming distance d(C(w), C(w′)) between code words C(w) and C(w′) is at least d. The code is binary if Σ = {0, 1}.
\nThe construction of the quantum fingerprinting function is as follows.
Let c > 2 and ε < 1. Let k be a positive integer and n = ck. Let E : {0, 1}k→{0, 1}n be a (n, k, d) binary error-correcting code with Hamming distance d ≥ (1 − ε)n.
Define a family of functions FE = {E1, … , En}, where \n
Let s = log n + 1. Define the quantum function ψFE : {0, 1}k→(ℋ2)⊗s, determined by a word w as
Original paper of [5] used this function to construct a quantum communication protocol that tests equality in the simultaneous message passing (SMP) model with no shared resources. This protocol requires O(log n) qubits to compare n-bit binary strings, which is exponentially smaller than any classical deterministic or even randomized protocol in the SMP setting with no shared randomness. The proposed quantum protocol has one-sided error of 1/2(1 + 〈ψFE(x)| ψFE(y)〉2), where |ψFE(x)〉 and |ψFE(y)〉 are two different quantum fingerprints. Their inner product |〈ψFE(x)| ψFE(y)〉| is bounded by ε, if the Hamming distance of the underlying code is (1 − ε)n. Thus, ε is determined by the chosen error-correcting code. For instance, Justesen codes mentioned in the paper give ε < 9/10 + 1/(15c) for any chosen c > 2.
\nIn the same paper, it was shown that this result can be improved by choosing an error-correcting code with Hamming distance between any two distinct code words (1 − ε)n/2 and (1 + ε)n/2 for any ε > 0 (however, the existence of such codes can only be proved nonconstructively via probabilistic argument).
\nFurther research on this topic mostly used the following phase presentation version of quantum fingerprinting. We define the quantum fingerprinting function ψ : {0, 1}k→(ℋ2)⊗s determined by a word w as
This function gives the following bound for the fingerprints of distinct inputs
In this section, we demonstrate the generalization of binary fingerprinting function to the q-ary case. General technique is presented in [11, 15]. Here, we present the idea using specific Boolean function g : {0, 1}n→{0, 1} where g(σ) = 1 iff σ = 0 mod sq. We treat σ also as an integer encoded by binary string σ.
\nTo test g, we rotate the initial state |0〉 of a single qubit by an angle θ = πσ/q:
Then, this state |ψ(σ)〉 is measured and the input σ is accepted iff the result of the measurement is |0〉.
\nObviously, this quantum state is ±|0〉 iff σ = 0 mod q. In the worst case, this algorithm gives the one-sided error of cos2π(q − 1)/q, which can be arbitrarily close to 1.
\nThe above description can be presented as follows using log t + 1 = (log log q) + 1 qubits:
where \n
The above q-ary quantum fingerprinting method can be presented in the following procedure:
The initial state of the quantum register is |0〉⊗ log t|0〉.
The Hadamard transform creates the uniform superposition \n
Based on the input σ, its fingerprint is created: \n
The Hadamard transform turns the fingerprint into the state \n
The quantum state |ψ〉 is measured and the input is accepted iff the result is |0〉⊗ log t|0〉.
In [11, 15, 16], we have applied this technique to construct efficient quantum algorithms for a certain class of Boolean functions in the model of read-once quantum branching programs [17].
\nBranching program is a well-known computational model in computer science, also known as a binary decision diagram in Applied Computer Science. Informally speaking, branching program is a circuit with ability to test in each of its computational step a needed bit of an input. Such circuit is a realization of a program that uses only “if then else” and “go to” primitives. We use the definition from [18]
\nDefinition 1 ([18]) A Quantum Branching Program Q over the Hilbert space ℋd is defined as
where T is a sequence of l instructions: Tj = (xij, Uj(0), Uj(1)) is determined by variable xij tested on the step j, and Uj(0) and Uj(1) are unitary transformations in ℋd.
\nVectors |ψ〉 ∈ ℋd are called states (state vectors) of Q, |ψ0〉 ∈ ℋd is the initial state of Q.
\nWe define a computation of Q on an input σ = σ1 , … , σn ∈ {0, 1}n as follows:
A computation of Q starts from the initial state |ψ0〉.
The j-th instruction of Q reads the input symbol σij (the value of xij) and applies the transition matrix Uj = Uj(σij) to the current state |ψ〉 to obtain the state |ψ′〉 = Uj(σij)|ψ〉.
The final state is
Accepting of an input sequence is a result of measuring of final state |ψ(σ)〉 in computational basis and is formalized as follows. Let Accept ⊆ {1, 2, …d} be the set of indices of accepting basis states. After the l-th (last) step of quantum transformation, Q measures its configuration |ψσ〉 = (α1, … , αd)T and the input σ is accepted with probability
Quantum circuits are good formalism for quantum algorithms representation [19, 20]. A quantum branching programs can be viewed as a quantum circuit aided with an ability to read classical bits as control variables for unitary operations (see Figure 1).
\nBranching program in the form of circuit. Variables xi1 , … , xil denoting classical control (input) bits. Single wires carry quantum information, and double wires denote classical information and control.
In this section, we present notion of quantum (δ, ε)-resistant hash function based on [21].
\nWe present the following definition of a quantum δ-resistant one-way function. Let “information extracting” mechanism M be a function \n
Definition 2 ([21]) Let X be a random variable distributed over \n
it is easy to compute, i.e., a quantum state |ψ(w)〉 for a particular \n
for any mechanism M, the probability Pr[Y = X] that M successfully decodes Y is bounded by δ
For the cryptographic purposes, it is natural to expect (and we do this in the rest of the paper) that random variable X is uniformly distributed.
\nA quantum state of s ≥ 1 qubits can theoretically record an infinite amount of information. On the other hand, the Holevo’s theorem [22] states that by a quantum measurement, one can extract O(s) bits of information about the state. Here, we use the result of [23] motivated by the Holevo’s theorem.
\nProperty 1 ([23]) Let X be a random variable uniformly distributed over {0, 1}k. Let ψ : {0, 1}k→(ℋ2)⊗s be a quantum function. Let Y be a random variable over {0, 1}k obtained by some mechanism M making some measurement of the encoding ψ of X and decoding the result of measurement to {0, 1}k. Then, the probability of correct decoding is given by
So, extracting an information on input σ from state |ψ(σ)〉 in conditions of Property 1 is “hard.” The effectiveness of computation |ψ(σ)〉 depends on construction of quantum hash function ψ. In Section 4.4, we consider quantum hash function construction based on small-biased sets and prove effectiveness of this construction.
\nThe following definition was presented in [24].
\nDefinition 3 Let ε > 0. We call a quantum function \n
Informally speaking, we need two states |ψ(w)〉 and |ψ(w′)〉 that is almost orthogonal in order to get small probability of collision, that is, if one tests states |ψ(w)〉 and |ψ(w′)〉 for equality, then a testing procedure should give positive result with a small probability. We start with quantum testing procedures.
\nThe crucial procedure for quantum hashing is an equality test for |ψ(v)〉 and |ψ(w)〉 that can be used to compare encoded classical messages v and w. This procedure can be a well-known SWAP test [5] or something that is adapted for specific hashing function, like REVERSE test, see for example [6].
\nThe SWAP test is the known quantum test for the equality of two unknown quantum states |ψ〉 and |ψ′〉 (see [6, 25] for more information).
\nWe denote PrSWAP[v = w] a probability that the SWAP test having quantum hashes |ψ(v)〉 and |ψ(w)〉 outputs the result “v = w” (outputs the result “|ψ(v)〉 = |ψ(w)〉”).
\nProperty 2 ([6]) Let function ψ : w↦|ψ(w)〉 satisfy the following condition. For any two different elements \n
Proof. From the description of SWAP test, it follows that
The test for equality, which we are presenting here, was first mentioned in [6]. In our paper [25], we call this test a REVERSE test. This test checks if a quantum state |ψ〉 is a hash of an element v by applying the procedure that inverts the creation of a quantum quantum hash. That is, the REVERSE test procedure transforms the quantum hash to the initial quantum state.
\nFormally, let the procedure of quantum hashing, given initial state |0〉, maps the input w by unitary transformation U(w): i.e., quantum hashing produces quantum state |ψ(w)〉 = U(w)|0〉. Then, the REVERSE test, given v and |ψ(w)〉, applies U−1(v) to the state |ψ(w)〉 and measures the resulting state with respect to initial state |0〉. The output of REVERSE test is “v = w” iff the measurement outcome is |0〉. The output of REVERSE test is “\n
Property 3 ([23]) Let hash function ψ : w↦|ψ(w)〉 satisfies the following condition. For any two different elements, \n
PrREVERSE[v = w] = ∣〈0|U−1(v)ψ(w)〉|2 = ∣〈U−1(v)ψ(v)|U−1(v)ψ(w)〉|2
The combination of one-way and collision-resistant function definitions gives the definition of quantum cryptographic function.
\nDefinition 4 ([21]) Let \n
We present below the following two examples to demonstrate how one-way δ resistance and collision ε resistance are correlated. The first example was presented in [4] in terms of quantum automata.
\nExample 1 Let v ∈ {0, … , 2k − 1}. Number v is encoded by a single qubit as follows:
Extracting information from |ψ〉 by measuring |ψ〉 with respect to the basis {|0〉, |1〉} gives the following result. The function ψ is one-way \n
Clearly, that one can store (to hash) in this way an arbitrary large amount of classical information, that is, for arbitrary large k one can store all numbers from {0, … , 2k − 1} in a single qubit. Holevo bound [22] proves that given s ≥ 1 qubits, the amount of classical information that can be retrieved, i.e., accessed, can be only up to s classical bits. This is a quantum mechanical approach for the one-way property.
\nThe map ψ is one to one. So, there is no collision in a “quantum level.” But extracting the result from quantum state is a probabilistic procedure. This means that one can get the situation when some procedure that tests the equality of different quantum hashes |ψ(v)〉, |ψ(w)〉 outputs “the hashes are the same” (equivalently “the numbers v, w are the same”), while the numbers v and w are different. For example, two numbers 0 and 2k − 2 generate orthogonal states |ψ(0)〉 = |1〉 and |ψ(2k − 2)〉 = |0〉. So, numbers 0 and 2k − 2 are distinguishably reliable in respect of the above encoding. But two numbers 0 and 1 cannot be reliably distinguished by encoding ψ.
\nExample 2 Binary word v = σ1 , … , σk ∈ {0, 1}k encoded by k qubits (each bit encoded by a qubit): ψ : v↦|v〉 = |σ1〉 , ⋯ , |σk〉.
\nClearly, we have that such encoding is collision one-way, 1-resistant, and 0-resistant. So, in contrast to Example 1, the encoding ψ from Example 2 for different words v and w, their images (quantum states) |ψ(v)〉 and |ψ(v)〉 are orthogonal and therefore reliably distinguished; but ψ is easily invertible: the function ψ is not one-way resistant.
\nThe following result [24] proves that a quantum collision ε-resistant function needs at least log log K − c(ε) qubits.
\nProperty 4 ([24]) Let s ≥ 1 and \n
Proof. First, we observe that from the definition \n
Hence, for an arbitrary pair w , w′ of different elements from \n
We let \n
Hence,
Properties 1 and 4 provide a basis for building a “balanced” one-way δ-resistance and collision ε-resistance properties. That is, roughly speaking, if we need to hash elements w from the domain \n
To summarize the above considerations, we can state the following. A quantum (δ, ε)-hash function is a function that satisfies all of the properties that a “classical” hash function should satisfy. Preimage resistance follows from Property 1. Second preimage resistance and collision resistance follow, because all inputs are mapped to states that are nearly orthogonal. Therefore, we see that quantum hash functions can satisfy the three properties of a classical cryptographic hash function.
\nThis section is based on the paper [26]. We first present a brief background on ε-biased sets. For more information, see [27]. Note that ε-biased sets are generally defined for arbitrary finite groups, but here we restrict ourselves to ℤq.
\nFor an a ∈ ℤq, a character χa of ℤq is a homomorphism χa : ℤq→μq, where μq is the (multiplicative) group of complex q-th roots of unity. That is, χa(x) = ωax, where \n
Definition 5 A set S ⊆ ℤq is called ε biased, if for any nontrivial character χ ∈ {χa : a ∈ ℤq}
These sets are interesting when ∣S∣ ≪ ∣ℤq∣ (as S = ℤq is 0 biased). In their seminal paper, Naor and Naor [13] defined these small-biased sets, gave the first explicit constructions of such sets, and demonstrated the power of small-biased sets for several applications.
\nRemark 1 Note that a set S of O(log q/ε2) elements selected uniformly at random from ℤq is ε biased with positive probability [28].
\nMany other constructions of small-biased sets followed during the last decades.
\nVasiliev [26] showed that ε-biased sets generate (δ,ε)-resistant hash functions. We present the result of [26] in the following form.
\nTheorem 1 Let S ⊆ ℤq be an ε-biased set. Let HS = {ha(x) = ax(mod q), a ∈ S, ha : ℤq→ℤq} be a set of functions determined by S. Then, a quantum function ψHS : ℤq→(ℋ2)⊗ log ∣S∣
Proof. One-way δ-resistance property of ψHS follows from Property 1: a probability of correct decoding an x from a quantum state |ψHS(x)〉 is bounded by ∣S∣/q.
\nCollision ε-resistance property of ψHS follows directly from the corresponding property of [26]. Note that
We will prove that for arbitrary different elements v , v′ ∈ ℤq, it is true that
Let χv(x) and χv′(x) be characters of group ℤq. Then, \n
In this section, we give two explicit examples of the quantum hashing for specific finite abelian groups, which turn out to be the known quantum fingerprinting schemas.
\nFor \n
The resulting hash function is exactly the quantum fingerprinting by Buhrman et al. [5], once we consider an error-correcting code, whose matrix is built from the elements of S. Indeed, as stated in [29] an ε-balanced error-correcting code can be constructed out of an ε-biased set. Thus, the inner product (a, x) in the exponent is equivalent to the corresponding bit of the code word, and altogether, this gives the quantum fingerprinting function that stores information in the phase of quantum states de Wolf [30].
\nFor group G = ℤq, the corresponding quantum hash function is given by
The above quantum hash function is essentially equivalent to the one we have defined earlier in [25], which is in turn based on the quantum fingerprinting function from [11].
In the content of the definition of quantum hash generator [24] and the above consideration, it is natural to call the set HS of functions (formed from ε-biased set S) a uniform quantum (δ, ε)-hash generator for δ = O(| S| /(q log q)).
As a corollary from Theorem 1 and the above consideration, we can state the following.
\nProperty 5 For an ε-biased set \n
Theorem 2 Quantum (δ, ε)-hash function (6)
Proof. Quantum function ψHS (6) for an input \n
Such a QFT is controlled by the input x. QBP Q for computing quantum hash |ψHS(x)〉 determined as follows. We represent an integer x ∈ {0, … , q − 1} as the bit-string x = x0 … xlogq − 1 that is, x = x0 + 21x1 + … + 2logq − 1xlogq − 1. For a binary string x = x0 … xlogq − 1 a quantum branching program Q over the space (ℋ2)⊗s for computing |ψHS(x)〉 (composed of s = log T qubits) is defined as
where |ψ0〉 is the initial state and \n
We define a computation of Q on an input x = x0 , … , xlogq − 1 ∈ {0, 1}logq as follows:
\n1. A computation of Q starts from the initial state |ψ0〉.
\n2. The j-th instruction of Q reads the input symbol xj (the value of x) and applies the transition matrix Uj(xj) to the current state |ψ〉 to obtain the state |ψ′〉 = Uj(xj)|ψ〉.
\n3. The final state is
We consider the following notations. For the QBP Q from Theorem 2, we let width(Q) = s and \n
where minimum is taken over all QBPs that compute ψHS.
\nThen from Theorem 2, we have the following corollary
\nTheorem 3
Here, we show that the quantum branching program from Theorem 2 is optimal for function ψHS
\nTheorem 4
Proof. Let Q be a QBP for the function ψHS computation. ψHS presented by Q as follows:
The lower bound (10) for width(ψHS) follows immediately from Property 4
The lower bound (11) for time(ψHS) follows from the fact that ψHS is collision ε-resistant function. Indeed, the assumption that QBP Q for ψHS can test less than logq (that is, not all logq) variables of inputs \n
To conclude, we first like to mention the results of the paper [31], which presents further development of quantum hash functions construction.
\nRecall that any ε-biased set gives rise to a Cayley expander graph [28]. We show how such graphs generate balanced quantum hash functions. Every expander graph can be converted to a bipartite expander graph. The generalization of these bipartite expander graphs is the notion of extractor graphs. Such point of view gives a method for constructing quantum hash functions based on extractors. This construction of quantum hash functions is applied to define the notion of keyed quantum hash functions. The latter is used for constructing quantum hash-based message authentication codes (QMAC). The security proof of QMAC is based on using strong extractors against quantum storage developed by Ta-Shma [32].
\nSecondly, in [24], we offered a design that allows to build a large amount of different quantum hash functions. The construction is based on composition of classical δ-universal hash family and a given family Hδ , q, a quantum hash generator. A resulting family of functions is a new quantum hash generator. In particular, we present a quantum hash generator GRS based on Reed-Solomon code.
\nNeutron activation system is a diagnostic measuring the absolute neutron flux and fluence on the first wall [1]. It utilizes pneumatic post method to send a sample of material close to the plasma, where it gets activated by neutrons. This sample is then retrieved back with the same pneumatic post technique and the activation of the sample is measured with gamma-gay spectrometers [2]. The main goal of the ITER neutron activation system (NAS) is to evaluate the total neutron production rate from all over the plasma. The measurement accuracy depends on the position and profile of the plasma and the material in front of the irradiation end. It is required to minimize the amount of material and its density variation across the field of view between the plasma and the irradiation end. Due to the radiation and thermal environment of the ITER in-vessel, however, the measurement from ITER NAS cannot avoid the strong influence from in-vessel materials such as the diagnostic first wall, blanket modules, and divertor cassettes that are located near the irradiation ends. A number of irradiation positions located above and below the plasma as well as on high-field side and low-field side has been selected for the ITER NAS to compensate the strong influence from in-vessel materials such as the diagnostic first wall, blanket modules, and divertor cassettes.
ITER NAS measures gamma radiation from samples activated by fusion neutron flux. Encapsulated samples are transferred between irradiation ends and counting station by the driving of nitrogen (or helium) gas. Tubes of diameter 12.7 mm will be used for the transfer lines of the capsule.
NAS consists of the pneumatic transfer system and the counting system (Figure 1) Cheon et al. [3]. The pneumatic transfer system includes gas supply, transfer station, transfer line, irradiation ends, counter ends, and disposal bin. It is the subsystem related with the transfer of the encapsulated samples from the loading to the disposal. The PLC-based control system will be harnessed for the accurate operation of the system. The counting system consists of gamma-ray detectors, electronic devices such as high voltage supplies and amplifiers, and tool for neutron source strength evaluation. It is the system for the evaluation of the parameters of the NAS by counting gamma-rays from the activated samples [4].
The scheme of neutron activation system for ITER.
Due to the large size and the elongated shape of ITER plasma, multiple positions for the irradiation ends in toroidal section are required for highly reliable measurements. At present, four irradiation end locations per toroidal section (A, B, C and D in Figure 2) are planned for ITER NAS considering reliability of the measurement and redundancy of the system.
Distribution of irradiation ends in a toroidal section and allocated port numbers.
Transfer tubes of the NAS should be bent many times to reach the irradiation ends from the transfer station. To avoid capsule stuck problem around tube bends, there should be a minimum bending radius of the tube in designing tube route. All bends of the tube should have larger radius than this minimum bending radius. Assuming the capsule of OD 8 mm and L 30 mm, and the tube of ID 9 mm, the minimum bending radius of the tube is about 100 mm. The current design value of the minimum bending radius is 150 mm, with the safety factor 50% applied.
Current port allocation for the NAS is #11 and #18 for the upper port, #11 and #17 for the equatorial port, and #12 and #18 for the lower ports. For points A and B, the irradiation ends will be located inside the port plugs. Other irradiation ends will be installed on the vacuum vessel wall with the pipelines routed through the lower level ports [5]. Allocated ports and port numbers for the irradiation locations are shown in Figure 2. Total number of the irradiation ends which will be installed is 12.
Transfer station distributes capsules to the appropriate locations such as irradiation end, counting station, or disposal bin. It consists of capsule loader and distribution machine ‘carousel.’ When capsule is loaded on the carousel from the loader, the platter inside the carousel rotates to place capsule to the point connected to the designated place. The capsule loader and the carousel are separated by the air lock system to prevent the leakage of the driving gas. At every transfer line ends the air cushion technique, which will be implemented to prevent capsule breakage.
Counting station locates outside the bioshield of ITER where neutron flux effect on the detectors is negligible. Detectors such as HPGe or NaI will be used to count gamma-rays from the activated samples. The required parameters for the NAS such as neutron fluence will be evaluated from the gamma spectrum considering the location of the irradiation end, sample material and its mass, and irradiation and cooling time.
NAS is supposed to provide reliable and robust measurement data because it will be used for the calibration of other neutron diagnostics. From the point of reliability and robustness of the measurement, optimum location of the irradiation end is where the activation coefficient is insensitive to any environmental changes during the plasma operation and measurement, such as geometrical change of the surrounding material, plasma movement, and slight movement of irradiation end location. The geometrical changes of the irradiation end surrounding material can be happened due to the thermal expansion, vibration, distortion, and so on. Thus, location far away from plasma without any scattering material can be the best place for the irradiation end.
However, materials between the plasma and irradiation end cannot be avoided in real situation. If the location of the irradiation end is far away from the plasma, too much material in-between will increase the measurement uncertainty. On the other hand, if the location of the irradiation end is very close to the plasma, plasma movement will increase the measurement uncertainty as well. So we should find a location where the effect of the plasma movement and the effect of the material are the modest. Normally, an irradiation end without any surrounding material nearby is chosen as the location in given position (by the port location, for example). If the effect of the plasma movement is very significant, compensation of the measurement can be necessary: (1) by using plasma location information from other diagnostics or (2) by measuring simultaneously in the opposite location vertically or radially.
However in ITER, where the radiation environment is extremely harsh, it is very difficult to avoid material around the irradiation end. Instead, we will try to find geometry of the surrounding material, whose impact on the measurement is minimized, with the help of neutron transport calculation.
The irradiation end in the upper port is selected as the object of the investigation because it is one of the locations inside the port plug, where the effect of the geometry change of the surrounding material is less severe than other locations. Most of the in-vessel irradiation ends are located between the blanket shields, where is vulnerable to the geometrical change. The activation coefficients of various samples with and without DFW material have been compared around the irradiation end (see Figure 4 for instance). The effect of the geometry of the cutout in DFW was investigated to find a design: (1) whose absolute value of the activation coefficient is similar with the one without DFW material and (2) whose response to the plasma movement is not so severe.
Activation coefficients of three samples, that is, silicon, copper, and titanium at the upper port irradiation end were calculated using FISPACT and MCNP code. Objective nuclear reactions are 28Si(n,p)28Al, 63Cu(n,2n)62Cu, and 48Ti(n,p)48Sc.
Figure 3 shows the MCNP model for the calculation. The cutout of DFW was designed to have a toroidal and poloidal angle of view as large as possible, while minimizing the amount of material in front of the irradiation end to the plasma direction, in order to minimize errors from the plasma movement and neutron transport calculation. Initial values for each dimension are:
Depth: 130 mm.
Poloidal angle: 105°.
Toroidal angle: 60°.
Toroidal width: 30 mm.
MCNP model for calculation: (left) side view and (right) front view.
Calculated activation coefficients are shown in Figure 4. When there is no DFW material (upper line) and when there is a cutout in DFW material (lower line). Absolute values of the activation coefficient are reduced by about 10% when the irradiation end is surrounded by DFW material. In spite of the DFW surrounding the response of the irradiation end to the vertical movement of plasma is almost the same with the one without DFW except for the absolute value shift. However, clear decrease of the activation coefficient can be identified when plasma moves outward radially. This can introduce additional error about 2.5% by ±10 cm radial movement of plasma.
Comparison of plasma movement effect with and without DFW.
Effect of the toroidal width of the cutout was investigated, and the result is shown in Figure 5. The width was increased from the initial value (30 mm) up to the geometrical maximum (170 mm) and the activation coefficient of 63Cu(n,2n)62Cu reaction was investigated by moving the plasma position in the radial direction. The absolute values of the activation coefficients become closer as the width of the cutout increases. The differences between the ‘No-DFW material’ case are about 10, 2, and 0.8%, when the widths are 30, 100, and 170 mm, respectively, when the plasma is kept at its central place. Also the response to the plasma movement is improved by increasing the width. It is easily identified the response of the irradiation end become more insensitive to the plasma movement as the size of the width increases. Slops of the linearly fit equations of the calculated activation coefficients are 9.2, 3.8, and 2.2 (×10−34) per 1 cm plasma movement, when the widths are 30, 100, and 170 mm, respectively. Calculated maximum errors according to this equation are 0.8 and 1.4%, when the plasma movement values are ±5 cm and ± 10 cm, respectively.
Toroidal width effect on activation coefficients of 63Cu(n,2n)62Cu response by radial plasma movement.
The effect of the DFW cutout design on the measurement accuracy was investigated. The initial design values are proved to be proper except the toroidal width. It is recommended the toroidal width of the cutout to be as large as possible. The recommended design of the DFW cutout is shown in Figure 6. By making a cutout according to the design recommended by this calculation, we can imitate as much as possible the response of the ideal irradiation end, where there is no surrounding material nearby.
Image of DFW cutout for NAS.
Measurement accuracy of NAS with 12 irradiation ends is estimated using MCNP calculations. The response of each irradiation location is evaluated by changing the location and the profile of the neutron source (see Figure 7).
Evaluation of the effect of neutron source position and broadening.
The evaluated result of the neutron source displacement effect (Figure 8) shows that the upper port is the best position for the irradiation due to its lowest sensitivity. The induced error due to the vertical displacement can be even lower when it is compensated with the measurement at divertor position, as long as the irradiation end at divertor is well characterized during the plasma operation. It is estimated that induced error from the neutron source displacement can be ~ ± 1% even without compensation from other diagnostics, from the simultaneous measurement from the upper and divertor position, when the displacement range is within ±20 cm vertically and radially. The equatorial port position can be used for backup when the data are compensated from other diagnostics.
Evaluation of the effect of neutron source position.
The effect of neutron source broadening (Figure 9) on the measurement, which cannot be estimated during the in-vessel calibration, was evaluated. The result also indicates that the upper port is the best position because it has the lowest effect from the neutron source broadening, and shows good characteristic of depending only on the vertical broadening. It is interesting to note that the equatorial port position shows symmetric measurement with the upper port position. Therefore, the simultaneous measurements from the upper and equatorial port position are expected to provide the total neutron production with the broadening error of ~1% without compensation from other diagnostics, when the profile peaking factor is in the range of 3 < α < 7.
Evaluation of the effect of neutron source broadening.
The calculations show that with the combination of the measurements from the upper port, equatorial port, and divertor region can provide relatively good evaluation of the total neutron production in the plasma. In spite of the low reliability of the measurement from the inboard midplain position, it is reasonable to keep this irradiation ends, as they are the only ones capable of providing the absolute value of the neutron flux coming to the inboard side.
Thermal analysis has made significant impact on the design of the NAS front-end components (Figure 10). All NAS components installed inside the vacuum vessel shall follow the design guideline SDC-IC (Structural Design Criteria for ITER In-vessel Components), which requires the maximum temperature of the components to be less than about 500°C. According to the simple thermal analysis on the irradiation end in the upper port, the temperature of the irradiation end is found to exceed 500°C when the irradiation end protrudes only by 6 cm from the actively cooled diagnostic shield module (DSM) inside (but not touching) the diagnostic first wall (DFW) that has a full depth of 60 cm. Similarly, all in-vessel irradiation ends located inboard side of the vacuum vessel are found to exceed 500°C, when there is no active cooling of the irradiation end structures. The temperature could be below 500°C only when the forced circulation of He gas with the velocity higher than 10 m/s is provided for the in-vessel transfer line during the plasma operation, which can be problematic when the gas blowing with such velocity fails, for example, when the capsule touches the irradiation location and plugs the hole for the gas circulation. In order to resolve the thermal issue, the design is updated to cool down all in-port irradiation ends by attaching the cooling jacket around the irradiation end structure, where coolant can be supplied from the in-port coolant manifold.
Calculated temperature of NAS irradiation ends.
Port plug irradiation ends mainly consist of two transfer lines which are composed of coaxial or parallel tubes (Figure 11). Most components will be fabricated with SS316L except the capsule monitoring cabling, which consists of MgO mineral insulated (MI) cables and Al2O3-based electrical feedthrough. The front part of the irradiation end is enclosed with the coolant housing, which is connected with the coolant tubing. Two guiding rings are attached on the outside of the coolant housing for the smooth insertion of the irradiation end into the DSM. The feedthroughs will be welded on the closure plate of the port plugs.
Port plug transfer line in EP11.
Transfer station consists of many moving components such as a servo-motor, linear actuators and many solenoid or gas-driven valves. Pneumatic properties of the transfer system for transferring capsule are as below:
Pressure of gas in reservoir: ~8 bars max.
Pressure of driving gas: 1–8 bars
OD of sample transfer tube: 12.7 mm
Thickness of sample transfer tube: 1.25 mm
OD of retrieving gas tube: 12.7 mm
Thickness of retrieving gas tube: 1.25 mm
Diameter of capsule: ~8 mm
Length of capsule: ~20 mm
Samples will be transferred to the designated position by the action of distribution machine ‘carousel’ (Figure 12). Rotating platter inside the carousel will transfer sample to the loading position which are connected to the designated position. When the samples are ready, the valves behind are opened to shoot them to the designated positions. Before arriving at the designated position, the speed of them will be slowed down to prevent breakage. A Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) will control the operation of the transfer system. Figure 9.4.2 is a current design of the carousel.
Design of sample distribution machine ‘carousel’.
Counting station measures gamma-rays from the activated samples. It consists of gamma-ray detector, signal processing electronics such as high voltage supply, preamplifier, amplifier, and multichannel analyzer, and data analyzing software. Many gamma-ray detectors such as gas chambers, scintillators, and semiconductor detectors are commercially available. Among these detectors, NaI detectors and HPGe detectors are the most commonly used ones for neutron activation analysis, but other types of detector can be also considered. Appropriate detectors will be chosen for the proper operation of ITER NAS considering state of the art.
The NAS system has been designed for determining the total neutron yield during the DT operation. The system must provide also time-resolved measurements of the global neutron source strength and evaluation of the fusion power. Measurement of absolutely calibrated neutron flux and fusion power will be performed.
Various tools are used for carrying out the analysis:
MCNP v.5 (Monte Carlo N-Particle) transport code is used for the calculation of neutron fluxes and neutron energy spectra at the designated locations for the irradiation.
FENDL-2.1 (Fusion Evaluated Nuclear Data Library) is used as the material database for the MCNP calculation
FISPACT-2007 is used for the inventory of neutron induced activation of the sample materials.
EAF-2007 (European Activation File) is used for the source of cross-section data for FISPACT-2007
Lite series (A-lite, B-lite, and C-lite) 40° sector ITER geometrical model with a fusion plasma neutron source is used for the MCNP calculation.
An irradiation location at midplane inboard region is selected for the calculation of neutron flux and spectrum with MCNP code. The flux of this location is the second strongest among seven poloidal irradiation locations. Two tallies are designated for the irradiation ends, one is very close to the first wall, and the other is behind the blanket module very close to the vacuum vessel wall. Both are located at the cross point of horizontal and vertical gap centers of four blanket modules. Tally 15 is located near the inner VV wall whereas Tally 25 is facing the plasma. Figure 13 shows two tally locations. Si, Al, Ti, Fe, Nb, and Cu have been selected as sample materials for the investigation [6]. Samples are assumed to be a foil type with the diameter of 7 mm and the thickness of 0.1 mm.
Tally locations in the Alite model.
Figure 14 shows the calculated neutron spectra at two tallies. Total neutron fluxes at tally 15 and tally 25 are 5.45 × 1013 and 5.9 × 1014 s−1 cm−2 respectively, assuming 500 MW of fusion power. In spite of the heavy blanket modules structure in front of the irradiation end, the spectrum of tally 15 shows clear 14 MeV neutron peak. This is due to the blanket modules acting as a collimator that absorbs scattered neutrons. Calculated neutron flux and spectrum are used for input data of FISPACT for the calculation of the sample activity.
Neutron spectra at tally 15 and tally 25.
As one of the requirements of the ITER NAS is to measure time-integrated neutron fluence to the first wall for all discharge duration, it is desirable for samples to be irradiated as long as possible time within the discharge time. Thus, the activities of various samples are calculated with the irradiation of 1000 s, and the result is shown in Figure 15 D-T fusion power of 500 MW is assumed for the flux calculation.
Activation by irradiation of 1000 s (a) tally 15, (b) tally 25.
Another requirement is to provide supplementary neutron flux data with a crude temporal resolution of about 10 s, when necessary for a backup or calibration of other flux measurement systems, such as Microfission Chambers (MFC) and neutron flux monitors (NFM). Thus, the activities of various samples are calculated with the irradiation of 10 s, and the result is shown in Figure 16.
Activity by irradiation of 10 s (a) tally 15, (b) tally 25.
The activation desired for a sample should be similar to that provided by a standard source used for absolute calibration of the gamma-ray detectors. A typical maximum value for modestly safe handling would be 100 μCi. Figure 17 shows the fusion power needed to create 100 μCi samples assuming 10-s irradiation and 20-s cooling at a irradiation location D.
Fusion power needed to create 100 μCi samples by the 10-s irradiation and 20-s cooling (left) at tally 15, and (right) at tally 25.
Assuming the mass of samples to be from a few milligrams to a few grams, the fusion power that NAS can cover ranges from a few hundred watts to gigawatts by using various sample materials at different irradiation end locations. This measurement range satisfies the required measurement range both of the neutron flux and the fusion power.
Figure 18 shows the fusion power needed to create 100 μCi samples assuming 1000-s irradiation and 1000-s cooling at an irradiation location D. This result also shows that the NAS can measure neutron fluence in a long pulse operation condition of ITER. Si is not an appropriate sample material for the long time irradiation because the activity of Si saturates when the irradiation is much longer than the half-life of Si.
Fusion power needed to create 100 μCi samples by the 1000-s irradiation and 1000-s cooling (left) at tally 15, and (right) at tally 25.
The ITER neutron activation system that has been briefly presented in the earlier sections is under development by the Korean Domestic Agency of ITER. Despite the challenges driven by ITER’s unprecedented thermal, electromagnetic and nuclear loads, those driven by high activation in full-power operation leading to very limited personnel access and the highest safety and reliability requirements [7], despite all these aspects, the presented NAS design proves to be suitable to satisfy ITER’s measurement requirements.
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\\n\\nThe Author and Co-Authors also confirm and warrant that: (i) he/she has the power to enter into this Publication Agreement on his or her own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author; and (ii) has the necessary rights and/or title in and to the Work to grant IntechOpen, on behalf of themselves and any Co-Author, the rights and licences in this Publication Agreement. If the Work was prepared jointly by the Author and Co-Authors, the Author confirms that: (i) all Co-Authors agree to the submission, license and publication of the Work on the terms of this Publication Agreement; and (ii) the Author has the authority to enter into this biding Publication Agreement on behalf of each Co-Author. The Author shall: (i) ensure each Co-Author complies with all relevant provisions of this Publication Agreement, including those relating to confidentiality, performance and standards, as if a party to this Publication Agreement; and (ii) remain primarily liable for all acts and/or omissions of each Co-Author.
\\n\\nThe Author agrees to indemnify IntechOpen harmless against all liabilities, costs, expenses, damages and losses, as well as all reasonable legal costs and expenses suffered or incurred by IntechOpen arising out of, or in connection with, any breach of the agreed confirmations and warranties. This indemnity shall not apply in a situation in which a claim results from IntechOpen's negligence or willful misconduct.
\\n\\nNothing in this Publication Agreement shall have the effect of excluding or limiting any liability for death or personal injury caused by negligence or any other liability that cannot be excluded or limited by applicable law.
\\n\\nTERMINATION
\\n\\nIntechOpen has the right to terminate this Publication Agreement for quality, program, technical or other reasons with immediate effect, including without limitation (i) if the Author and/or any Co-Author commits a material breach of this Publication Agreement; (ii) if the Author and/or any Co-Author (being a private individual) is the subject of a bankruptcy petition, application or order; or (iii) if the Author and/or any Co-Author (as a corporate entity) commences negotiations with all or any class of its creditors with a view to rescheduling any of its debts, or makes a proposal for, or enters into, any compromise or arrangement with any of its creditors.
\\n\\nIn the event of termination, IntechOpen will notify the Author of the decision in writing.
\\n\\nIntechOpen’s DUTIES AND RIGHTS
\\n\\nUnless prevented from doing so by events beyond its reasonable control, IntechOpen, at its discretion, agrees to publish the Work attributing it to the Author and Co-Authors.
\\n\\nUnless prevented from doing so by events beyond its reasonable control, IntechOpen agrees to provide publishing services which include: managing editing (editorial and publishing process coordination, Author assistance); publishing software technology; language copyediting; typesetting; online publishing; hosting and web management; and abstracting and indexing services.
\\n\\nIntechOpen agrees to offer free online access to readers and use reasonable efforts to promote the Publication to relevant audiences.
\\n\\nIntechOpen is granted the authority to enforce the rights from this Publication Agreement on behalf of the Author and Co-Authors against third parties, for example in cases of plagiarism or copyright infringements. In respect of any such infringement or suspected infringement of the copyright in the Work, IntechOpen shall have absolute discretion in addressing any such infringement that is likely to affect IntechOpen's rights under this Publication Agreement, including issuing and conducting proceedings against the suspected infringer.
\\n\\nIntechOpen has the right to include/use the Author and Co-Authors names and likeness in connection with scientific dissemination, retrieval, archiving, web hosting and promotion and marketing of the Work and has the right to contact the Author and Co-Authors until the Work is publicly available on any platform owned and/or operated by IntechOpen.
\\n\\nMISCELLANEOUS
\\n\\nFurther Assurance: The Author shall ensure that any relevant third party, including any Co-Author, shall execute and deliver whatever further documents or deeds and perform such acts as IntechOpen reasonably requires from time to time for the purpose of giving IntechOpen the full benefit of the provisions of this Publication Agreement.
\\n\\nThird Party Rights: A person who is not a party to this Publication Agreement may not enforce any of its provisions under the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999.
\\n\\nEntire Agreement: This Publication Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties in relation to its subject matter. It replaces all prior agreements, draft agreements, arrangements, collateral warranties, collateral contracts, statements, assurances, representations and undertakings of any nature made by, or on behalf of, the parties, whether oral or written, in relation to that subject matter. Each party acknowledges that in entering into this Publication Agreement it has not relied upon any oral or written statements, collateral or other warranties, assurances, representations or undertakings which were made by or on behalf of the other party in relation to the subject matter of this Publication Agreement at any time before its signature (known as the "Pre-Contractual Statements"), other than those which are set out in this Publication Agreement. Each party hereby waives all rights and remedies which might otherwise be available to it in relation to such Pre-Contractual Statements. Nothing in this clause shall exclude or restrict the liability of either party arising out of any fraudulent pre-contract misrepresentation or concealment.
\\n\\nWaiver: No failure or delay by a party to exercise any right or remedy provided under this Publication Agreement or by law shall constitute a waiver of that or any other right or remedy, nor shall it preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy. No single or partial exercise of such right or remedy shall preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy.
\\n\\nVariation: No variation of this Publication Agreement shall have effect unless it is in writing and signed by the parties, or their duly authorized representatives.
\\n\\nSeverance: If any provision, or part-provision, of this Publication Agreement is, or becomes invalid, illegal or unenforceable, it shall be deemed modified to the minimum extent necessary to make it valid, legal and enforceable. If such modification is not possible, the relevant provision or part-provision shall be deemed deleted. Any modification to, or deletion of, a provision or part-provision under this clause shall not affect the validity and enforceability of the rest of this Publication Agreement.
\\n\\nNo partnership: Nothing in this Publication Agreement is intended to, or shall be deemed to, establish or create any partnership or joint venture or the relationship of principal and agent or employer and employee between IntechOpen and the Author or any Co-Author, nor authorize any party to make or enter into any commitments for, or on behalf of, any other party.
\\n\\nGoverning law: This Publication Agreement and any dispute or claim, including non-contractual disputes or claims arising out of, or in connection with it, or its subject matter or formation, shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the law of England and Wales. The parties submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts to settle any dispute or claim arising out of, or in connection with, this Publication Agreement, including any non-contractual disputes or claims.
\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2018-09-11
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'When submitting a manuscript, the Author is required to accept the Terms and Conditions set out in our Publication Agreement – Monographs/Compacts as follows:
\n\nCORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S GRANT OF RIGHTS
\n\nSubject to the following Article, the Author grants to IntechOpen, during the full term of copyright, and any extensions or renewals of that term, the following:
\n\nThe foregoing licenses shall survive the expiry or termination of this Publication Agreement for any reason.
\n\nThe Author, on his or her own behalf and on behalf of any of the Co-Authors, reserves the following rights in the Work but agrees not to exercise them in such a way as to adversely affect IntechOpen's ability to utilize the full benefit of this Publication Agreement: (i) reprographic rights worldwide, other than those which subsist in the typographical arrangement of the Work as published by IntechOpen; and (ii) public lending rights arising under the Public Lending Right Act 1979, as amended from time to time, and any similar rights arising in any part of the world.
\n\nThe Author, and any Co-Author, confirms that they are, and will remain, a member of any applicable licensing and collecting society and any successor to that body responsible for administering royalties for the reprographic reproduction of copyright works.
\n\nSubject to the license granted above, copyright in the Work and all versions of it created during IntechOpen's editing process, including all published versions, is retained by the Author and any Co-Authors.
\n\nSubject to the license granted above, the Author and Co-Authors retain patent, trademark and other intellectual property rights to the Work.
\n\nAll rights granted to IntechOpen in this Article are assignable, sublicensable or otherwise transferrable to third parties without the specific approval of the Author or Co-Authors.
\n\nThe Author, on his/her own behalf and on behalf of the Co-Authors, will not assert any rights under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 to object to derogatory treatment of the Work as a consequence of IntechOpen's changes to the Work arising from the translation of it, corrections and edits for house style, removal of problematic material and other reasonable edits as determined by IntechOpen.
\n\nAUTHOR'S DUTIES
\n\nWhen distributing or re-publishing the Work, the Author agrees to credit the Monograph/Compacts as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen. The Author guarantees that Co-Authors will also credit the Monograph/Compacts as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen, when they are distributing or re-publishing the Work.
\n\nThe Author agrees to:
\n\nThe Author will be held responsible for the payment of the agreed Open Access Publishing Fee before the completion of the project (Monograph/Compacts publication).
\n\nAll payments shall be due 30 days from the date of issue of the invoice. The Author or whoever is paying on behalf of the Author and Co-Authors will bear all banking and similar charges incurred.
\n\nThe Author shall obtain in writing all consents necessary for the reproduction of any material in which a third-party right exists, including quotations, photographs and illustrations, in all editions of the Work worldwide for the full term of the above licenses, and shall provide to IntechOpen, at its request, the original copies of such consents for inspection or the photocopies of such consents.
\n\nThe Author shall obtain written informed consent for publication from those who might recognize themselves or be identified by others, for example from case reports or photographs.
\n\nThe Author shall respect confidentiality during and after the termination of this Agreement. The information contained in all correspondence and documents as part of the publishing activity between IntechOpen and the Author and Co-Authors are confidential and are intended only for the recipients. The contents of any communication may not be disclosed publicly and are not intended for unauthorized use or distribution. Any use, disclosure, copying, or distribution is prohibited and may be unlawful.
\n\nAUTHOR'S WARRANTY
\n\nThe Author and Co-Authors confirm and warrant that the Work does not and will not breach any applicable law or the rights of any third party and, specifically, that the Work contains no matter that is defamatory or that infringes any literary or proprietary rights, intellectual property rights, or any rights of privacy.
\n\nThe Author and Co-Authors confirm that: (i) the Work is their original work and is not copied wholly or substantially from any other work or material or any other source; (ii) the Work has not been formally published in any other peer-reviewed journal or in a book or edited collection, and is not under consideration for any such publication; (iii) Authors and any applicable Co-Authors are qualifying persons under section 154 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988; (iv) Authors and any applicable Co-Authors have not assigned, and will not during the term of this Publication Agreement purport to assign, any of the rights granted to IntechOpen under this Publication Agreement; and (v) the rights granted by this Publication Agreement are free from any security interest, option, mortgage, charge or lien.
\n\nThe Author and Co-Authors also confirm and warrant that: (i) he/she has the power to enter into this Publication Agreement on his or her own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author; and (ii) has the necessary rights and/or title in and to the Work to grant IntechOpen, on behalf of themselves and any Co-Author, the rights and licences in this Publication Agreement. If the Work was prepared jointly by the Author and Co-Authors, the Author confirms that: (i) all Co-Authors agree to the submission, license and publication of the Work on the terms of this Publication Agreement; and (ii) the Author has the authority to enter into this biding Publication Agreement on behalf of each Co-Author. The Author shall: (i) ensure each Co-Author complies with all relevant provisions of this Publication Agreement, including those relating to confidentiality, performance and standards, as if a party to this Publication Agreement; and (ii) remain primarily liable for all acts and/or omissions of each Co-Author.
\n\nThe Author agrees to indemnify IntechOpen harmless against all liabilities, costs, expenses, damages and losses, as well as all reasonable legal costs and expenses suffered or incurred by IntechOpen arising out of, or in connection with, any breach of the agreed confirmations and warranties. This indemnity shall not apply in a situation in which a claim results from IntechOpen's negligence or willful misconduct.
\n\nNothing in this Publication Agreement shall have the effect of excluding or limiting any liability for death or personal injury caused by negligence or any other liability that cannot be excluded or limited by applicable law.
\n\nTERMINATION
\n\nIntechOpen has the right to terminate this Publication Agreement for quality, program, technical or other reasons with immediate effect, including without limitation (i) if the Author and/or any Co-Author commits a material breach of this Publication Agreement; (ii) if the Author and/or any Co-Author (being a private individual) is the subject of a bankruptcy petition, application or order; or (iii) if the Author and/or any Co-Author (as a corporate entity) commences negotiations with all or any class of its creditors with a view to rescheduling any of its debts, or makes a proposal for, or enters into, any compromise or arrangement with any of its creditors.
\n\nIn the event of termination, IntechOpen will notify the Author of the decision in writing.
\n\nIntechOpen’s DUTIES AND RIGHTS
\n\nUnless prevented from doing so by events beyond its reasonable control, IntechOpen, at its discretion, agrees to publish the Work attributing it to the Author and Co-Authors.
\n\nUnless prevented from doing so by events beyond its reasonable control, IntechOpen agrees to provide publishing services which include: managing editing (editorial and publishing process coordination, Author assistance); publishing software technology; language copyediting; typesetting; online publishing; hosting and web management; and abstracting and indexing services.
\n\nIntechOpen agrees to offer free online access to readers and use reasonable efforts to promote the Publication to relevant audiences.
\n\nIntechOpen is granted the authority to enforce the rights from this Publication Agreement on behalf of the Author and Co-Authors against third parties, for example in cases of plagiarism or copyright infringements. In respect of any such infringement or suspected infringement of the copyright in the Work, IntechOpen shall have absolute discretion in addressing any such infringement that is likely to affect IntechOpen's rights under this Publication Agreement, including issuing and conducting proceedings against the suspected infringer.
\n\nIntechOpen has the right to include/use the Author and Co-Authors names and likeness in connection with scientific dissemination, retrieval, archiving, web hosting and promotion and marketing of the Work and has the right to contact the Author and Co-Authors until the Work is publicly available on any platform owned and/or operated by IntechOpen.
\n\nMISCELLANEOUS
\n\nFurther Assurance: The Author shall ensure that any relevant third party, including any Co-Author, shall execute and deliver whatever further documents or deeds and perform such acts as IntechOpen reasonably requires from time to time for the purpose of giving IntechOpen the full benefit of the provisions of this Publication Agreement.
\n\nThird Party Rights: A person who is not a party to this Publication Agreement may not enforce any of its provisions under the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999.
\n\nEntire Agreement: This Publication Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties in relation to its subject matter. It replaces all prior agreements, draft agreements, arrangements, collateral warranties, collateral contracts, statements, assurances, representations and undertakings of any nature made by, or on behalf of, the parties, whether oral or written, in relation to that subject matter. Each party acknowledges that in entering into this Publication Agreement it has not relied upon any oral or written statements, collateral or other warranties, assurances, representations or undertakings which were made by or on behalf of the other party in relation to the subject matter of this Publication Agreement at any time before its signature (known as the "Pre-Contractual Statements"), other than those which are set out in this Publication Agreement. Each party hereby waives all rights and remedies which might otherwise be available to it in relation to such Pre-Contractual Statements. Nothing in this clause shall exclude or restrict the liability of either party arising out of any fraudulent pre-contract misrepresentation or concealment.
\n\nWaiver: No failure or delay by a party to exercise any right or remedy provided under this Publication Agreement or by law shall constitute a waiver of that or any other right or remedy, nor shall it preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy. No single or partial exercise of such right or remedy shall preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy.
\n\nVariation: No variation of this Publication Agreement shall have effect unless it is in writing and signed by the parties, or their duly authorized representatives.
\n\nSeverance: If any provision, or part-provision, of this Publication Agreement is, or becomes invalid, illegal or unenforceable, it shall be deemed modified to the minimum extent necessary to make it valid, legal and enforceable. If such modification is not possible, the relevant provision or part-provision shall be deemed deleted. Any modification to, or deletion of, a provision or part-provision under this clause shall not affect the validity and enforceability of the rest of this Publication Agreement.
\n\nNo partnership: Nothing in this Publication Agreement is intended to, or shall be deemed to, establish or create any partnership or joint venture or the relationship of principal and agent or employer and employee between IntechOpen and the Author or any Co-Author, nor authorize any party to make or enter into any commitments for, or on behalf of, any other party.
\n\nGoverning law: This Publication Agreement and any dispute or claim, including non-contractual disputes or claims arising out of, or in connection with it, or its subject matter or formation, shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the law of England and Wales. The parties submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts to settle any dispute or claim arising out of, or in connection with, this Publication Agreement, including any non-contractual disputes or claims.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2018-09-11
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