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Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
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\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"2328",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Clay Minerals in Nature - Their Characterization, Modification and Application",title:"Clay Minerals in Nature",subtitle:"Their Characterization, Modification and Application",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Clay is an abundant raw material which has a variety of uses and properties depending on their structure and composition. Clay minerals are inexpensive and environmentally friendly naturally occurring nanomaterials, thanks to their 1 nm thick silicate layers, in all types of sediments and sedimentary rocks. \nThe book chapters have been classified according to their characteristics in topics and applications. Therefore, in the first section five chapters is dedicated to the characterization and utilization of clay minerals in deposits. The second section includes four chapters about the significance of clay minerals in soils. Third section is devoted to different aspects of clay minerals research, especially to the characterization of structure and modifications for their application.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0738-5",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4277-5",doi:"10.5772/2708",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"clay-minerals-in-nature-their-characterization-modification-and-application",numberOfPages:328,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!0,hash:"112c3a1f61e5fe575b0a49a9013ebe88",bookSignature:"Marta Valaškova and Gražyna Simha Martynkova",publishedDate:"September 12th 2012",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2328.jpg",numberOfDownloads:68185,numberOfWosCitations:50,numberOfCrossrefCitations:72,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:16,numberOfDimensionsCitations:201,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:21,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:323,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"December 5th 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"January 9th 2012",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"April 14th 2012",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 13th 2012",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"August 12th 2012",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"128173",title:"Dr.",name:"Marta",middleName:null,surname:"Valaskova",slug:"marta-valaskova",fullName:"Marta Valaskova",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/128173/images/2454_n.png",biography:"Marta Valášková, C.Sc., D.Sc. is an academic employee for science and research at Nanotechnology Centre VSB – Technical University of Ostrava in Czech Republic.\nShe completed her M.Sc. at Charles University in Prague in 1980, at the Faculty of Science. In the same year she also got the degree of RNDr (Rerum Naturalium Doctoris) at Charles University in the field of Mineralogy and Crystallography at the Faculty of Science. In the year 1990 she completed her C.Sc. (Candidatus Scientiarum, which is an equivalent degree to Ph.D.) at the Faculty of Science in Prague in the field of Mineralogy and Crystallography. She defended at Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic in Prague degree of Doctor of Geological and Geophysical Sciences (D.Sc.) in 2011.\nHer research areas cover X-ray powder diffraction structure analysis of silicates and focused on phyllosilicates (clay minerals). At present time, its research activities are concerned mainly on preparation and structural characterization of phyllosilicates for their use as clays nanofillers to clay/polymer nanocomposites, phyllosilicate substrates of inorganic and organic compounds and, mixtures of clay minerals precursors into ceramic components in nanocomposites.\nShe is an author and coauthor of 45 original scientific papers and other peer-viewed journals and conference proceedings.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"University of Ostrava",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Czech Republic"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"131833",title:"Dr.",name:"Gražyna",middleName:null,surname:"Simha Martynková",slug:"grazyna-simha-martynkova",fullName:"Gražyna Simha Martynková",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131833/images/3246_n.jpg",biography:"Gražyna Simha Martynková an associate professor at Nanotechnology Centre of VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, got her M.Sc. degree in Processes Engineering and her Ph.D. in Chemical and Energy Processing at VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava. \nIn 2008 she habilitated in Chemical Metallurgy at VŠB-TUO. Her area of focus is on research and development of composites and nanocomposites based on layered materials, especially natural carbon and clay minerals. Using X-ray Powder Diffraction methods she characterizes carbon materials, friction composites, nanocomposites with polymeric and ceramic matrices with the special functional fillers. The experimentaldata generated is utilized for molecular modeling of the designed materials. She lectures on materials science and nanotechnology at her university and is a doctoral supervisor of students pursuing their She had authored and co-authored 35 scientific articles in professional impacted journals, and another 50 articles and conference proceedings. She is a co-author of 4 chapters in books and 4 monographies on composite materials. In 2007 she was awarded the rector’s prize for “Great results in R n’D” at her university VŠB-TUO. 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Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11476",leadTitle:null,title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tThe debate on globalization and sustainability issues has gained momentum in the last few years, thus shedding unprecedented light upon their interrelatedness, as well as their cross-cultural dimensions. They range from the trade-off between global and local aspects to the urban-rural polarization, from global health security to international migration flows, and from cultural globalization to glocalization of technocultures, just to mention a few topics in relation to globalization. Turning to sustainability, it comes naturally to evoke the 2030 Agenda as a strategic to-do list, which leads to focus on its Sustainable Development Goals and associated targets. The areas to be further explored include – but are not limited to – sustainable growth, tourism, and food systems.
\r\n\r\n\t
\r\n\tWithin this scenario, special attention needs to be devoted to financial implications, due to their pervasiveness. Nobody would question the key role that finance plays to complement the real sphere of the economy and that has increasingly attracted both academics and practitioners. As a result, traditional pillars – such as financial markets, products, and institutions – have evolved significantly, with financial innovation fueling further progress over time. The global side of the coin features – among others – financially connected markets, international financial exchanges, and financial conglomerates that provide valuable opportunities in terms of international corporate finance. On the other side, recent advances have involved a wider recourse to ESG factors, allowed forward steps towards a more inclusive financial system, and have made digital finance a must, rather than an option, even though much remains to be accomplished, for instance, to facilitate access to formal financial channels in many underdeveloped regions.
\r\n\t
\r\n\tThis book aims to examine emerging trends, new perspectives, and empirical applications that deal with globalization and sustainability. The goal is to provide a comprehensive overview of these important concepts as valuable support to successfully meet the challenges and take on the opportunities ahead. At the same time, drawing upon empirical evidence can contribute to bridging the gap between theory and practice, which also fits within the scope of this book.
Nematodes are microscopic roundworms live in soil, marine, freshwater. Plant parasitic nematodes cause economic damage to cultivated crops in the tropics and subtropics areas, estimated about 10 percent of world crop production is lost due to nematode [1]. More than 4100 species of plant-parasitic nematode of global food security [2] and damage caused by plant nematodes has been estimated at $US80 billion per year [3]. Presently 25 genera of plant parasitic nematodes, include species that are economic pests of crop plants. Ten most important nematode genera are significance at global level
Plant Parasitic nematodes are associated in agricultural crop in global food security. Agriculturally important root-knot nematodes and identified by Berkeley [13] (1855) who observed galls on cucumber roots. Plant-parasitic nematodes have a stylet, which is used for penetration of host plant tissue and release proteinaceous secretions from the glands to the host cell. These glandular secretions induce cellular metabolically active feeding cell [14]. Cellulose is the primary component of plant cell walls, cellulases (β-1,4-endoglucanases) are secreted to degrade the cell wall which allows nematode entry into host tissue. On the basis of their feeding habits, they are migratory ectoparasites, endoparasites, semi-endoparasitic. Ectoparasitic nematodes in the soil, feed at the root surface and Endoparasitic nematodes feed within the root. Endoparasitic nematodes are further divided into migratory and sedentary groups. Migratory endoparasitic nematodes include
The most economically important nematodes, the root-knot and cyst nematodes are wide range of species [16]. The potato (
Fruits are the most important rich in Vitamins A and C and minerals like Calcium and Iron, low caloric values and low in fats. The plant parasitic nematodes are economic importance in fruit production. Fruit crops are perennial in nature, harbor and build-up of nematode population. Roots damaged by the nematodes lose efficiency in the utilization of available soil moisture and nutrients and easy prey to many fungi and bacteria which cause root decay. Symptoms of nematode attack often include reduced growth, chlorosis, wilting and death of plants. These resulted in reduced yields and poor fruit quality of fruits viz., citrus, banana, grapevine, pineapple, pomegranate and papaya. Nematode management is important for high yields and quality of fruits production. The integrated Nematode Management is population reduction of plant parasitic nematodes and development of resistant varieties of crops.
Root-knot nematodes (
Root-knot of infected roots,
Cyst nematodes (
Cyst of
The genus
Lesions on roots caused by
Infected banana plan and lesion on roots.
The citrus nematode was first discovered in California, later described as a new species,
Infected roots by
Reniform nematodes (
Infected roots by
Stem and bulb nematodes (
Infected garlic and onion bulb by
Management practices should be effective, environmentally safe, and economical and must focus on reducing nematode populations to levels below the damage threshold. The common methods of nematodes management used resistant varieties, rotating of crops, soil amendments, soil solarization and applying pesticides. Soil solarization is very effective for control of many nematodes and soil-borne pathogens. Soil solarization of field to ensure adequate moisture, cover with plastic, to make it air tight, at least 45 days during June and July. Resistant plant cultivars is limited because few nematode very specific for specific resistance, correct identification of the nematode species and race before cultivar selected. Crop resistance cultivars with crop rotation is the best management practices.
In crop rotation, crops must be select carefully because some species of nematodes viz., root-knot, reniform, and burrowing are very wide host ranges. Crop rotation and cover cropping are often practices in integrated pest management to reduce plant-parasitic nematode incidence. Soil nematode effectively decreased by rotational cultivation of non-host cultivars of wide host range of
Green manuring as sudangrass and corn are excellent green manure crops that provide good nematode control. The organic agriculture for environmental welfare, biological controls are great interest for crop producers. The efficacy of nematophagous bacteria and fungi in the control of cyst and root-knot nematodes has been well-documented [82, 83]. Parasitic bacteria (
Most nematicides are highly toxic synthetic pesticides health risk. Limitations uses of chemical pesticides are alternative methods and great attention to nematode control. Chemical nematicides are often used in the management of root-knot nematodes, restrictions in some soil fumigants due to increased environmental toxicity expensive costs and risk to humans.
Nematode release β-1,4-endoglucanase and polygalacturonase during primary infection and feeding site and in plants growth proteins are secreted during processes to allow for cell enlargement [89]. Several root-knot resistance gene (
Management of nematodes is an integrated method of pest management system. Because of most commonly practiced methods including crop rotation, developing resistant and tolerant cultivars, using chemicals and cultural practices [24, 73]. Effective management practices are required accurate diagnosis, and proper effective management techniques.
There are several genera and species of nematodes that are of economic importance. Correct nematode diagnosis can developing management program. The nematodes must be eliminate minimize the damage to determine the appropriate method. Commonly practiced methods are including crop rotation, resistant and tolerant cultivars, cultural practices and chemicals. The ability to reduce yield losses caused by nematodes is need to understanding about pathogen biology and the application of appropriate control measures. Use of chemicals is impractical commercial and cultural methods fail to complete control. Breeding for resistance and tolerance is the major strategy for long-term and environmentally sound control. It is necessary to research particularly nematodes race and pathotype, and a great need for global collaborative research to control of these important pathogens.
The concept of resistant starch (RS) has raised interest as a source of dietary fiber. A recent recognition of resistant starch as a functional food ingredient finds application in varieties of food products. The term “Resistant Starch” was first coined by Englyst et al. in 1982 [1] and later defined formally by European Flair Concerted Action on Resistant Starch (EURESTA) as “a fraction of starch that resists digestion in the small intestine of healthy individual and passes to the large intestine where it is a substrate for bacterial fermentation” [2].
RS has potential health benefits similar to soluble fiber. The content of resistant starch in foods has considerable importance because it positively influences functioning of digestive tract, gut microflora, glycemic index, maintain blood cholesterol level and assist in the control of diabetes. These qualities of RS are attracting the attention of food industries and to understand its formation and ways to modulate its content according to the need of the human ailment [3].
History of starch and its usage by man has been extensively studied and are well documented over the years. Starch is the most significant form of carbohydrate in terms of its universality as an energy source in human diet and its applicability in varieties of food products. The understanding that starch is not completely digested and the finding that some starches are poorly digested has led to improved interest for nutritionist. Starch digestion, its impact on glucose release and its relevance to diabetes, obesity and other metabolic disorders resulted in renewed interest in intake of starchy foods. Starchy foods which release glucose slowly and over a longer period of time after digestion are of great interest. Controlling glucose release from starchy foods has become challenge for food developers in the context of worldwide health concern. It is possible to modify the structure of starch for desired functional properties by applying various food processing [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9].
Starch is utilized in several industrial applications due to its ability to impart broad range of functional properties to food and non food products. The new insights have increased the interest in identifying new sources of starches with distinct functional properties and their potential for processing at large scale [10, 11].
Starch is the only natural polysaccharide digested by enzymes of human gastrointestinal tract. Starch digestion starts in mouth where α-amylase in saliva breaks down starch into oligosaccharides and maltose. The bolus is then transported to the stomach where the enzyme activity is inhibited due to low pH and therefore starch does not break down until reaches to the small intestine. By the action of pancreatic α-amylase in the small intestine starch is broken down to glucose and maltose however all the starch is not hydrolysed and absorbed. Fraction of starch which escapes digestion is passed into the large intestine and fermented by intestinal microflora. Hydrolysis of starch by enzymatic digestion may be affected by digestion conditions, granule size, amylose/amylopectin ratio and processing method of starch [12]. Starch is normally processed or cooked before being consumed by humans; hence extent of disruption of starch structure determines its susceptibility to enzymatic digestion [13].
According to in vitro digestion, starch is classified into three categories
Depending on its resistance to digestion, RS is classified as RS1, RS2, RS3 and RS4 (Table 1).
Type | Description | Food sources | Resistance reduced by |
---|---|---|---|
RS I | Physically protected | Whole or partially milled seeds, legumes, pasta | Milling and chewing |
RS II | Non gelatinized granules with B-type crystallinity and are hydrolyzed slowly by α-amylase | Raw potatoes, green banana, some legumes, high amylose starch | Food processing and cooking |
RS III | Retrograded starch | Cooked and cooled cereal products with prolong and/ or repeated moist heat treatment | Processing conditions |
RS IV | Chemically modified starches due to cross-bonding with chemical reagents. | Some fiber drink, foods in which modified starches has been used (e.g. certain breads and cakes) | Less susceptible to |
Recently, two components have been proposed as RS5. The first component is amylose-lipid-complex and second component is resistant maltodextrins [17, 26]. RS occurs naturally in all starchy foods and can be developed in others by combination of several processing conditions.
High amount of resistant starch is found in raw potato and unripe banana. Several studies conferred the beneficial effects of unripe banana on human health which is associated with its high RS content. Raw potato starch has the highest RS content (75%). Whole grains are rich sources of dietary fiber and resistant starch. Table 2 provides RS content of some basic foods [27].
Source | Total starch | Total dietary fiber | Resistant starch |
---|---|---|---|
Legumes Red kidney beans Lentils Black-eyed peas | 42.6 53.3 53.9 | 36.8 33.3 32.8 | 24.6 25.4 17.7 |
Cereal grains Barley Corn Wheat White rice | 55.5 77.9 50.0 95.1 | 17.0 19.6 17.0 1.5 | 18.2 25.2 13.6 14.1 |
Cereal products Crisp bread White bread Puffed wheat cereal | 67.4 46.7 67.0 | n/a n/a n/a | 1.4 1.9 1.2 |
‘Prebiotics’ are food ingredients that help support growth of probiotic bacteria. Prebiotics are considered as nondigestible carbohydrates such as resistant starch which ferment in the colon by gut microflora. Essentially they stimulate activity of good bacteria such as
Resistant starch escapes digestion in the small intestine and is fermented in the large intestine resulting in the production of short chain fatty acids (SCFA), some gases like methane, hydrogen and carbon dioxide and organic acid (e.g. lactic acid) [28]. SCFAinclude acetate, propionate and butyrate. A number of studies have indicated the benefits of resistant starch as it produces SCFA, as compared to dietary fiber, especially butyrate production is more. Butyrate is the main energy substrate for colonocytes and several in vitro studies have shown that butyrate inhibits malignant transformation of cells by arresting one of the phases of cell cycle (G1) [23, 25]. More butyrate production is associated with lower incidence of colon cancer [29, 30]. Table 3 presents data on SCFA produced by the fermentation of some foods in the large intestine.
Substrate | SCFA (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Acetate | Propionate | Butyrate | References | |
Resistant starch | 41 | 21 | 38 | 35 |
Oat bran | 57 | 21 | 23 | 35 |
Wheat bran | 57 | 15 | 19 | 35 |
Cellulose | 61 | 20 | 19 | 35 |
Guar gum | 59 | 26 | 11 | 35 |
Pectin | 75 | 14 | 9 | 35 |
Foods containing high resistant starch reduce the rate of digestion. Slow rate of digestion has implications for the use of RS in controlled glucose release applications. Starch digestion and concurrent changes in blood glucose levels are largely dependent on its rate of hydrolysis by α-amylase and extent of digestion. From the health point of view, the starches that are less susceptible to α-amylase attack score high as they bring about less change in post prandial glucose level and more starch enters the colon undigested.RS consumption is associated with reduced post prandial glycemic and insulinemic response. Therefore RS can help in the treatment of diabetes, obesity and in weight management [30].
Based on the studies in rats, RS is shown to affect lipid metabolism where reductions in measures of lipid metabolism is observed (total lipids, total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, VLDL) [30].
Various studies examined that high RS meals may increase the use of fat stores as a result of reduction in insulin secretions. High RS meals imparted less satiety than low RS meals whereas in another study on human volunteers, high RS meal caused greater satiety [32]. Keenan et.al reported in their study that incorporating RS in diet may increase the gut hormones that are effective in reducing energy intake. This may be an effective approach for the treatment of obesity [33].
The functional properties of resistant starch such as swelling, viscosity, gel consistency, water holding capacity make it useful in variety of food applications. Low water holding capacity of RS makes it a functional ingredient which provides good handling in processing, crispness, expansion and improved texture of food products [14, 19]. Hi-maize is the first commercial RS introduced in the market in 1993 in Australia. The other sources of commercial RS 3 are CrystaLean, Novelose and Actistar which are highly retrograded starches. Fibersym is a chemically modified RS 4 product [14]. RS may find applications in varieties of food products such as bakery products [34, 35], pastas and puddings [14, 36, 37], yoghurt, cheese, icecreams [19, 38, 39]. RS incorporated biscuits has been investigated and reported that incorporating RS in foods have potential to develop fiber rich products without changing their general properties. RS can also be used as thickening agent and substituted fat in imitation cheese and many other products where insoluble fiber is desirable conferring the benefits of RS as a functional fiber. Bread and pasta are the most widely consumed starch based products. RS as a food ingredient is increasingly important as resistant starch has low calorific value (8 kJ/g) compared to fully digestible starch (15 kJ/g) [18].
The structural changes of starch during processing are the major determinants of starch functional properties for food processing, during digestion and in industrial applications [25, 40]. Wide range of techniques has been used for processing the food materials which involve chemical and hydrothermal treatments. The processing methods are reported to influence the nutritional characteristics of foods. Roasting and cooking without pressure are some of the major processes used in household whereas domestic storage is also a widely used method now-a-days. Processing methods are the major determinants of starch digestibility and amount of starches reaching the colon [41]. Gelatinization and retrogradation are important properties of starch that determine its functionality, quality, acceptability and nutritional value [22]. Several inherent properties of starch influence the formation of RS and starch digestibility are discussed below.
Size and shape of starch granule is influenced by botanical origin. Several studies have indicated negative relationship between large granule size of wheat, barley, and potato and starch digestibility. The rate of starch hydrolysis is increased by decreasing the size of the granule. This was observed among starches with different botanical origin [15]. Smaller granules have the higher susceptibility to enzyme binding [42].
Starch hydrolysis is also dependent on the shape of the granules which varies from spherical to polyhedral. The molecular association of starch granules may reduce the binding of amylase to granule surface [43].
The surface characteristics such as pin holes, equatorial grooves, indentations and small nodules have an impact on starch digestibility [12] smooth surface of potato and high amylose starches with few pits and pores explain the starch resistance to amylases [42, 43].
The different crystalline patterns of starches such as A, B and C differ in their packing of double helical structures of amylopectin molecules thereby influencing their hydrolysis [44] It is reported that B type crystalline starches are more resistant to amylolytic attack than A type. Amylase attack also depends on linear chain length of amylopectin molecule which forms the helices. The longer chains are more resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis due to more stable helices [12, 15]. The hydrolysis starts earlier in the amorphous region of C type crystalline starches. Additionally, the crystalline distribution in granules has an impact on digestibility. Higher resistance was observed in starches with higher amount of double helices. This may be attributed to the resistance of high amylose native starches, which are less crystalline than native starches with high crystallinity.
There is a positive correlation between amylose content and resistant starch formation. The linear amylose chains are bound to each other by hydrogen bonds which make them less accessible to hydrolysis [12]. The high proportion of amylopectin molecule in starch granule makes the larger surface area and therefore a molecule becomes more accessible to amylolytic attack. Starch gelatinization is difficult in high amylose starches and is more susceptible to retrogradation [36]. The
Food matrixes such as proteins and lipids play significant role during processing and affect the starch digestibility.
Lipids are associated with starch granules. The free fatty acids and phospholipids are complexed with amylose and make the starch resistant to digestion. The lipids are usually present on the surface of the granules and reduce the binding of enzymes. The enzymatic digestibility is also reduced by addition of lauric, palmitic and oleic acid [43, 46].
The surface proteins influences enzyme binding and limit the rate of hydrolysis. The starch from pulses is hard to digest due to interaction with proteins and presence of protective network around the granule [12].
Gaur and xanthan gums are some of the dietary fibers which affect the digestibility due to their high viscosity which slows down the movement and absorption of digestion products in the small intestine [14].
Phosphorous as phosphate monoesters and phospholipids significantly affect the starch properties. The tendency of phospholipids to form complexes with amylose and amylopectin makes the starch less susceptible to enzyme hydrolysis. Calcium and potassium ions reported to decrease RS yield [47].
Understanding the molecular characteristics of starches to study the functional behavior and their suitability and applicability in various food industries is of great importance.
The infrared (IR) spectroscopy can detect the molecular bond vibrations (especially C▬O and C▬C bonds) which yield both qualitative and quantitative information, such as that on the amorphous and crystalline regions of the starch granule [49]. Using FT-IR technique it was also observed that the high amylose maize and potato starches (RS2) exhibited greater level of ordered structure in the external region than wheat, maize or waxy maize starches. Due to retrogradation during storage, conformational changes in starches can be monitored and the intensity changes of conformational-sensitive bands in the 1300–800 cm−1 region could be observed [23].
SEM image of native versus resistant starches. Note: (A) TS native, (B) RS native, (C) TS roasted, (D) RS roasted, (E) TS cooked, (F) RS cooked, (G) TS cooked and stored at −20°C for 30 days, (H) RS cooked and stored at −20°C for 30 days. TS: total starch; and RS: resistant starch. Source: R. Wanikar [
There is an increased awareness in consumers for health and diet which has led enormous research on resistant starch, its content in foods and structural characterization. When combined the information generated from the above techniques can provide comprehensive analysis of structural characteristics of resistant starch, as well as changes occur during the formation of RS when compared with the structure of their native starches.
Resistant starch is not accessible to digestive enzymes. This undigested starch fraction is of particular significance to human health as it lowers the calorific value of food and therefore provides a means to use as a potential food ingredient. The content of resistant starch can be increased by various food processing. Consumer’s awareness about health and food is one of the reasons for increased popularity of extensive research on resistant starch and their health impact. Structural characterization of RS by using different techniques and their relationship needs a deeper understanding. Further studies are needed to clarify the relationship between physiological effects and molecular characterization of RS. In vitro RS fermentation and colon cancer incidence is an important aspect for further study.
"Open access contributes to scientific excellence and integrity. It opens up research results to wider analysis. It allows research results to be reused for new discoveries. And it enables the multi-disciplinary research that is needed to solve global 21st century problems. Open access connects science with society. It allows the public to engage with research. To go behind the headlines. And look at the scientific evidence. And it enables policy makers to draw on innovative solutions to societal challenges".
\n\nCarlos Moedas, the European Commissioner for Research Science and Innovation at the STM Annual Frankfurt Conference, October 2016.
",metaTitle:"About Open Access",metaDescription:"Open access contributes to scientific excellence and integrity. It opens up research results to wider analysis. It allows research results to be reused for new discoveries. And it enables the multi-disciplinary research that is needed to solve global 21st century problems. Open access connects science with society. It allows the public to engage with research. To go behind the headlines. And look at the scientific evidence. And it enables policy makers to draw on innovative solutions to societal challenges.\n\nCarlos Moedas, the European Commissioner for Research Science and Innovation at the STM Annual Frankfurt Conference, October 2016.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"about-open-access",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"The Open Access publishing movement started in the early 2000s when academic leaders from around the world participated in the formation of the Budapest Initiative. They developed recommendations for an Open Access publishing process, “which has worked for the past decade to provide the public with unrestricted, free access to scholarly research—much of which is publicly funded. Making the research publicly available to everyone—free of charge and without most copyright and licensing restrictions—will accelerate scientific research efforts and allow authors to reach a larger number of readers” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
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\\n\\nIntechOpen is committed to ensuring the long-term preservation and the availability of all scholarly research we publish. We employ a variety of means to enable us to deliver on our commitments to the scientific community. Apart from preservation by the Croatian National Library (for publications prior to April 18, 2018) and the British Library (for publications after April 18, 2018), our entire catalogue is preserved in the CLOCKSS archive.
\\n\\nOpen Science is transparent and accessible knowledge that is shared and developed through collaborative networks.
\\n\\nOpen Science is about increased rigour, accountability, and reproducibility for research. It is based on the principles of inclusion, fairness, equity, and sharing, and ultimately seeks to change the way research is done, who is involved and how it is valued. It aims to make research more open to participation, review/refutation, improvement and (re)use for the world to benefit.
\\n\\nOpen Science refers to doing traditional science with more transparency involved at various stages, for example by openly sharing code and data. It implies a growing set of practices - within different disciplines - aiming at:
\\n\\nWe aim at improving the quality and availability of scholarly communication by promoting and practicing:
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The Open Access publishing movement started in the early 2000s when academic leaders from around the world participated in the formation of the Budapest Initiative. They developed recommendations for an Open Access publishing process, “which has worked for the past decade to provide the public with unrestricted, free access to scholarly research—much of which is publicly funded. Making the research publicly available to everyone—free of charge and without most copyright and licensing restrictions—will accelerate scientific research efforts and allow authors to reach a larger number of readers” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\n\nIntechOpen’s co-founders, both scientists themselves, created the company while undertaking research in robotics at Vienna University. Their goal was to spread research freely “for scientists, by scientists’ to the rest of the world via the Open Access publishing model. The company soon became a signatory of the Budapest Initiative, which currently has more than 1000 supporting organizations worldwide, ranging from universities to funders.
\n\nAt IntechOpen today, we are still as committed to working with organizations and people who care about scientific discovery, to putting the academic needs of the scientific community first, and to providing an Open Access environment where scientists can maximize their contribution to scientific advancement. By opening up access to the world’s scientific research articles and book chapters, we aim to facilitate greater opportunity for collaboration, scientific discovery and progress. We subscribe wholeheartedly to the Open Access definition:
\n\n“By “open access” to [peer-reviewed research literature], we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\n\nOAI-PMH
\n\nAs a firm believer in the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the Open Access Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH Version 2.0). Read more
\n\nLicense
\n\nBook chapters published in edited volumes are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (CC BY 3.0). IntechOpen upholds a very flexible Copyright Policy. There is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their work. All Monographs/Compacts are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). Read more
\n\nPeer Review Policies
\n\nAll scientific works are Peer Reviewed prior to publishing. Read more
\n\nOA Publishing Fees
\n\nThe Open Access publishing model employed by IntechOpen eliminates subscription charges and pay-per-view fees, enabling readers to access research at no cost. In order to sustain operations and keep our publications freely accessible we levy an Open Access Publishing Fee for manuscripts, which helps us cover the costs of editorial work and the production of books. Read more
\n\nDigital Archiving Policy
\n\nIntechOpen is committed to ensuring the long-term preservation and the availability of all scholarly research we publish. We employ a variety of means to enable us to deliver on our commitments to the scientific community. Apart from preservation by the Croatian National Library (for publications prior to April 18, 2018) and the British Library (for publications after April 18, 2018), our entire catalogue is preserved in the CLOCKSS archive.
\n\nOpen Science is transparent and accessible knowledge that is shared and developed through collaborative networks.
\n\nOpen Science is about increased rigour, accountability, and reproducibility for research. It is based on the principles of inclusion, fairness, equity, and sharing, and ultimately seeks to change the way research is done, who is involved and how it is valued. It aims to make research more open to participation, review/refutation, improvement and (re)use for the world to benefit.
\n\nOpen Science refers to doing traditional science with more transparency involved at various stages, for example by openly sharing code and data. It implies a growing set of practices - within different disciplines - aiming at:
\n\nWe aim at improving the quality and availability of scholarly communication by promoting and practicing:
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On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. 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After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. 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However, the current system evaluation toolkit does not recommend specific areas required for further improvement. The objective of this chapter was to identify those constructs and their attributes that were the most suitable candidates for managerial intervention by applying partial least squares structural equation modeling. In doing so, the quantitative survey was adopted from the past studies together with new items creation representing system quality, records quality, service quality, and knowledge quality as the predictors while effective use and user performance as the outcomes. When extending the findings in importance‐performance map analysis, two‐system quality attributes (workflows fit and work styles fit) and all‐knowledge quality attributes exhibited higher importance rank for managerial actions. The chapter also provides a valuable recommendation for the policy and decision‐makers at the managerial level on how to apply the proposed system evaluation method in producing more efficient strategic‐planning strategies for further system upgrades and new implementation at health facilities.",book:{id:"5808",slug:"advances-in-health-management",title:"Advances in Health Management",fullTitle:"Advances in Health Management"},signatures:"Mohd Idzwan Mohd Salleh, Rosni Abdullah and Nasriah Zakaria",authors:[{id:"198049",title:"Mr.",name:"Mohd Idzwan",middleName:null,surname:"Mohd Salleh",slug:"mohd-idzwan-mohd-salleh",fullName:"Mohd Idzwan Mohd Salleh"},{id:"205599",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosni",middleName:null,surname:"Abdullah",slug:"rosni-abdullah",fullName:"Rosni Abdullah"},{id:"205600",title:"Dr.",name:"Nasriah",middleName:null,surname:"Zakaria",slug:"nasriah-zakaria",fullName:"Nasriah Zakaria"}]},{id:"54483",doi:"10.5772/67818",title:"Assessment of Avoidable Mortality Concepts in the European Union Countries, Their Benefits and Limitations",slug:"assessment-of-avoidable-mortality-concepts-in-the-european-union-countries-their-benefits-and-limita",totalDownloads:1372,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"The concept of avoidable mortality is intended to assessing health care system performance. It is defined as premature deaths from selected disease groups that are considered either treatable through the timely and effective health care (amenable mortality), or preventable by public health interventions (preventable mortality). The purpose of study is to analyse the impact of four lists of causes of death created by researchers on amenable mortality by country, sex and cause of death. Data on deaths were obtained from the WHO database for 20 European Union countries in 2014. We applied the method of direct standardisation using the European Standard Population, Spearman rank‐order correlation with statistical significance tests and confidence intervals. We found that the selection of diseases considered as amenable has not significantly impact on the cross‐country comparison, but the weight of selected list of causes of death is significant at the national level. The concept has several limitations relating to selection of diseases and setting age threshold over time, availability of health care resources, prevalence of diseases or variation of causes of death coding among countries. However, indicator of avoidable mortality offers a way of the evaluating effectiveness of health systems in maintaining and improving population health.",book:{id:"5808",slug:"advances-in-health-management",title:"Advances in Health Management",fullTitle:"Advances in Health Management"},signatures:"Beata Gavurova and Tatiana Vagasova",authors:[{id:"197261",title:"Prof.",name:"Beata",middleName:null,surname:"Gavurova",slug:"beata-gavurova",fullName:"Beata Gavurova"},{id:"201172",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatiana",middleName:null,surname:"Vagasova",slug:"tatiana-vagasova",fullName:"Tatiana Vagasova"}]},{id:"54609",doi:"10.5772/67817",title:"The Efficiency of Post‐Communist Countries’ Health Systems",slug:"the-efficiency-of-post-communist-countries-health-systems",totalDownloads:1246,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Health‐care costs are a major financial burden for the transition economies, which have experienced rapidly increasing demand for health‐care services. The former communist countries of the Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia needed to reform the financing of their health‐care systems and make efforts to strengthen the role of primary care while limiting the role of hospital care. The growing health needs and, consequently, costs resulted in the increased attention paid to the performance of health systems. The aim of this chapter is to determine the efficiency of health systems in post‐communist countries. The data envelopment analysis method was used. The effective health systems were identified and recommendations for the inefficient countries were formulated.",book:{id:"5808",slug:"advances-in-health-management",title:"Advances in Health Management",fullTitle:"Advances in Health Management"},signatures:"Justyna Kujawska",authors:[{id:"198853",title:"Dr.",name:"Justyna",middleName:null,surname:"Kujawska",slug:"justyna-kujawska",fullName:"Justyna Kujawska"}]},{id:"56415",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69954",title:"Low-Cost Health/Medical Tourism of Italians",slug:"low-cost-health-medical-tourism-of-italians",totalDownloads:1176,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"In recent years, becoming a form of spatial mobility of people is mainly called “medical tourism or health tourism”. In Italy the adoption of the expression “turismo sanitario” is often used as an international expression synonymous with “medical tourism or health tourism”: this situation raises a number of conceptual problems. In fact, the Italian public health service is one of the most developed in the world and is distinguished by many nations to the fact to offer its citizens free of charge and many health care services. In this situation, the Italian citizen in need of medical care is not convenient to travel to other places and is not obliged to do so. In fact, the Italian citizen tends to move for medical and health care that the Italian public health service does not deliver at no charge: such as dental care, we will deal with this case illustrating some examples of dental tourism low cost of the Italians. However, from our point of view, tourism period may be coupled to the trips to the health or well-being only in cases where the journey is “voluntary.” All this will be discussed in this paper.",book:{id:"5808",slug:"advances-in-health-management",title:"Advances in Health Management",fullTitle:"Advances in Health Management"},signatures:"Tullio Romita and Antonella Perri",authors:[{id:"204991",title:"Dr.",name:"Tullio",middleName:null,surname:"Romita",slug:"tullio-romita",fullName:"Tullio Romita"},{id:"213614",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Perri",slug:"antonella-perri",fullName:"Antonella Perri"}]},{id:"73241",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93604",title:"Epidemiology of Obesity in Children and Adolescents",slug:"epidemiology-of-obesity-in-children-and-adolescents",totalDownloads:708,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"The childhood overweight and obesity epidemic has become a global emergency in public health and a crucial challenge of the twenty-first century. Nowadays, childhood and adolescent obesity represent a significant public health problem both in developing and developed countries. Globally, above 340 million children and adolescents aged 5–19 years were overweight or obese in 2016. Childhood obesity is a critical burden because it can be associated with a higher possibility of obesity, premature death, and disability in adults, as well as early markers of cardiovascular disease. In Europe, childhood obesity remains a significant health challenge and is distributed disparately across and between countries and population groups. In 2019, over 398,000 children aged 6–9 years were severely obese in Europe. Particularly, Southern European countries such as Greece, Italy, Malta, San Marino, and Spain had one in five children obese in 2018. In Europe, different initiatives and actions have been launched in recent years to fight childhood obesity. However, the progress on combating obesity in children has been slow and inconsistent across the region. In this chapter, we have discussed the prevalence of obesity in children and existing policies to combat childhood obesity in the World Health Organization (WHO) European Region.",book:{id:"9559",slug:"teamwork-in-healthcare",title:"Teamwork in Healthcare",fullTitle:"Teamwork in Healthcare"},signatures:"Giulio Nittari, Stefania Scuri, Getu Gamo Sagaro, Fabio Petrelli and Iolanda Grappasonni",authors:[{id:"322429",title:"Dr.",name:"Giulio",middleName:null,surname:"Nittari",slug:"giulio-nittari",fullName:"Giulio Nittari"},{id:"322447",title:"Prof.",name:"Iolanda",middleName:null,surname:"Grappasonni",slug:"iolanda-grappasonni",fullName:"Iolanda Grappasonni"},{id:"322448",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefania",middleName:null,surname:"Scuri",slug:"stefania-scuri",fullName:"Stefania Scuri"},{id:"323556",title:"Prof.",name:"Fabio",middleName:null,surname:"Petrelli",slug:"fabio-petrelli",fullName:"Fabio Petrelli"},{id:"323558",title:"Dr.",name:"Getu Gamo",middleName:null,surname:"Sagaro",slug:"getu-gamo-sagaro",fullName:"Getu Gamo Sagaro"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"73280",title:"Teamwork in a Surgical Department",slug:"teamwork-in-a-surgical-department",totalDownloads:1166,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Teamwork is essential in surgery. A surgeon alone cannot fulfill his daily tasks. Surgical departments are divided into surgical teams: the surgical team in the operating theater, the surgical ward team, and the surgical emergency team. The common task of those teams is adequate patient care. The characteristics of team members describe necessary abilities such as: open communication, effective coordination skills, collaboration willingness, interdependency, mutual performance monitoring, backup behavior, adaptability, team orientation, and personality type. Team processes are recurring and ongoing short-term courses that occur in the team. The team developmental model separates the development of a team in four stages over a longer period of time. In the last stage, the team reaches the highest level of teamwork performance. Each team must be assessed for their nontechnical skills with team measurement tools. Surgical teams are insufficiently measured. There are possible disadvantages in teamwork, which must be considered and discussed versus the obvious benefits. Leadership is a process where the leading team member sets the direction for the others. There are different styles of leadership, whereby the dominant role of the leader is more or less pronounced. Leadership and teamwork are not contradicting characteristics of teams in the surgical department.",book:{id:"9559",slug:"teamwork-in-healthcare",title:"Teamwork in Healthcare",fullTitle:"Teamwork in Healthcare"},signatures:"Nikolai Ramadanov",authors:[{id:"322676",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikolai",middleName:null,surname:"Ramadanov",slug:"nikolai-ramadanov",fullName:"Nikolai Ramadanov"}]},{id:"54844",title:"Extending Health Information System Evaluation with an Importance‐Performance Map Analysis",slug:"extending-health-information-system-evaluation-with-an-importance-performance-map-analysis",totalDownloads:1465,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Evaluation of a health information system is necessary for determining effective use and for enhancing the productivity of medical practitioners. However, the current system evaluation toolkit does not recommend specific areas required for further improvement. The objective of this chapter was to identify those constructs and their attributes that were the most suitable candidates for managerial intervention by applying partial least squares structural equation modeling. In doing so, the quantitative survey was adopted from the past studies together with new items creation representing system quality, records quality, service quality, and knowledge quality as the predictors while effective use and user performance as the outcomes. When extending the findings in importance‐performance map analysis, two‐system quality attributes (workflows fit and work styles fit) and all‐knowledge quality attributes exhibited higher importance rank for managerial actions. The chapter also provides a valuable recommendation for the policy and decision‐makers at the managerial level on how to apply the proposed system evaluation method in producing more efficient strategic‐planning strategies for further system upgrades and new implementation at health facilities.",book:{id:"5808",slug:"advances-in-health-management",title:"Advances in Health Management",fullTitle:"Advances in Health Management"},signatures:"Mohd Idzwan Mohd Salleh, Rosni Abdullah and Nasriah Zakaria",authors:[{id:"198049",title:"Mr.",name:"Mohd Idzwan",middleName:null,surname:"Mohd Salleh",slug:"mohd-idzwan-mohd-salleh",fullName:"Mohd Idzwan Mohd Salleh"},{id:"205599",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosni",middleName:null,surname:"Abdullah",slug:"rosni-abdullah",fullName:"Rosni Abdullah"},{id:"205600",title:"Dr.",name:"Nasriah",middleName:null,surname:"Zakaria",slug:"nasriah-zakaria",fullName:"Nasriah Zakaria"}]},{id:"73241",title:"Epidemiology of Obesity in Children and Adolescents",slug:"epidemiology-of-obesity-in-children-and-adolescents",totalDownloads:709,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"The childhood overweight and obesity epidemic has become a global emergency in public health and a crucial challenge of the twenty-first century. Nowadays, childhood and adolescent obesity represent a significant public health problem both in developing and developed countries. Globally, above 340 million children and adolescents aged 5–19 years were overweight or obese in 2016. Childhood obesity is a critical burden because it can be associated with a higher possibility of obesity, premature death, and disability in adults, as well as early markers of cardiovascular disease. In Europe, childhood obesity remains a significant health challenge and is distributed disparately across and between countries and population groups. In 2019, over 398,000 children aged 6–9 years were severely obese in Europe. Particularly, Southern European countries such as Greece, Italy, Malta, San Marino, and Spain had one in five children obese in 2018. In Europe, different initiatives and actions have been launched in recent years to fight childhood obesity. However, the progress on combating obesity in children has been slow and inconsistent across the region. In this chapter, we have discussed the prevalence of obesity in children and existing policies to combat childhood obesity in the World Health Organization (WHO) European Region.",book:{id:"9559",slug:"teamwork-in-healthcare",title:"Teamwork in Healthcare",fullTitle:"Teamwork in Healthcare"},signatures:"Giulio Nittari, Stefania Scuri, Getu Gamo Sagaro, Fabio Petrelli and Iolanda Grappasonni",authors:[{id:"322429",title:"Dr.",name:"Giulio",middleName:null,surname:"Nittari",slug:"giulio-nittari",fullName:"Giulio Nittari"},{id:"322447",title:"Prof.",name:"Iolanda",middleName:null,surname:"Grappasonni",slug:"iolanda-grappasonni",fullName:"Iolanda Grappasonni"},{id:"322448",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefania",middleName:null,surname:"Scuri",slug:"stefania-scuri",fullName:"Stefania Scuri"},{id:"323556",title:"Prof.",name:"Fabio",middleName:null,surname:"Petrelli",slug:"fabio-petrelli",fullName:"Fabio Petrelli"},{id:"323558",title:"Dr.",name:"Getu Gamo",middleName:null,surname:"Sagaro",slug:"getu-gamo-sagaro",fullName:"Getu Gamo Sagaro"}]},{id:"73609",title:"Spiritual Environment Management Tool",slug:"spiritual-environment-management-tool",totalDownloads:545,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"This chapter is about the spiritual environment management tool, which includes spirituality at work and spiritual practices. This management tool is divided into two steps: diagnostic of the worker’s perceptions about spirituality at work (first step) and spiritual practices design (second step). By meaning, spirituality at work can help healthcare managers to build effective teamwork in medicine. Spirituality at work has a multidimensional and measurable nature and is aligned with the three principles of the World Health Organization, based on two arguments: the new approach should be preventive and should promote partnership. This fact allows the managers as well the human resource department to classify the organizational environment on the next spiritual issues in the first step: meaningful work; opportunities for inner life; the sense of community; alignment with the organization’s value; emotional balance and inner peace. The reduction of medical errors to improve patient safety require the performance of multistep tasks of the great complexity of healthcare professionals, and this chapter pretends to show how the spiritual environment management tool can contribute with the “all working together” goal through a multi-disciplinary care team.",book:{id:"9559",slug:"teamwork-in-healthcare",title:"Teamwork in Healthcare",fullTitle:"Teamwork in Healthcare"},signatures:"Maria Joelle",authors:[{id:"230270",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Joelle",slug:"maria-joelle",fullName:"Maria Joelle"}]},{id:"54168",title:"European Health System Typologies: Last 30 Years Under Review",slug:"european-health-system-typologies-last-30-years-under-review",totalDownloads:1667,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The quest of the researcher to classify national health systems into homogeneous groups has a long history. In this paper, the last 30 years are divided in two periods (1985–2000 and 2000–2015) in order to present and briefly describe the most influential national health system typologies.",book:{id:"5808",slug:"advances-in-health-management",title:"Advances in Health Management",fullTitle:"Advances in Health Management"},signatures:"Aida Isabel Pereira Tavares",authors:[{id:"196819",title:"Prof.",name:"Aida Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Tavares",slug:"aida-isabel-tavares",fullName:"Aida Isabel Tavares"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"461",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 29th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:32,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:36,paginationItems:[{id:"82195",title:"Endoplasmic Reticulum: A Hub in Lipid Homeostasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105450",signatures:"Raúl Ventura and María Isabel Hernández-Alvarez",slug:"endoplasmic-reticulum-a-hub-in-lipid-homeostasis",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82409",title:"Purinergic Signaling in Covid-19 Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105008",signatures:"Hailian Shen",slug:"purinergic-signaling-in-covid-19-disease",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82374",title:"The Potential of the Purinergic System as a Therapeutic Target of Natural Compounds in Cutaneous Melanoma",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105457",signatures:"Gilnei Bruno da Silva, Daiane Manica, Marcelo Moreno and Margarete Dulce Bagatini",slug:"the-potential-of-the-purinergic-system-as-a-therapeutic-target-of-natural-compounds-in-cutaneous-mel",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82103",title:"The Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Its Regulation in the Progression of Neurological and Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105543",signatures:"Mary Dover, Michael Kishek, Miranda Eddins, Naneeta Desar, Ketema Paul and Milan Fiala",slug:"the-role-of-endoplasmic-reticulum-stress-and-its-regulation-in-the-progression-of-neurological-and-i",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:32,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7006",title:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7006.jpg",slug:"biochemistry-and-health-benefits-of-fatty-acids",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Viduranga Waisundara",hash:"c93a00abd68b5eba67e5e719f67fd20b",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-y.-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Y. Waisundara",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194281/images/system/194281.jpg",biography:"Dr. Viduranga Waisundara obtained her Ph.D. in Food Science\nand Technology from the Department of Chemistry, National\nUniversity of Singapore, in 2010. She was a lecturer at Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore from July 2009 to March 2013.\nShe relocated to her motherland of Sri Lanka and spearheaded the Functional Food Product Development Project at the\nNational Institute of Fundamental Studies from April 2013 to\nOctober 2016. She was a senior lecturer on a temporary basis at the Department of\nFood Technology, Faculty of Technology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. She is\ncurrently Deputy Principal of the Australian College of Business and Technology –\nKandy Campus, Sri Lanka. She is also the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI)",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7978",title:"Vitamin A",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7978.jpg",slug:"vitamin-a",publishedDate:"May 15th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",hash:"dad04a658ab9e3d851d23705980a688b",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Vitamin A",editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261969/images/system/261969.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Leila Queiroz Zepka is currently an associate professor in the Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. She has more than fifteen years of teaching and research experience. She has published more than 550 scientific publications/communications, including 15 books, 50 book chapters, 100 original research papers, 380 research communications in national and international conferences, and 12 patents. She is a member of the editorial board of five journals and acts as a reviewer for several national and international journals. 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I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:null},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"337446",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zavala-Colon",slug:"maria-zavala-colon",fullName:"Maria Zavala-Colon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"338856",title:"Mrs.",name:"Nur Alvira",middleName:null,surname:"Pascawati",slug:"nur-alvira-pascawati",fullName:"Nur Alvira Pascawati",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Respati Yogyakarta",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"441116",title:"Dr.",name:"Jovanka M.",middleName:null,surname:"Voyich",slug:"jovanka-m.-voyich",fullName:"Jovanka M. Voyich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Montana State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"330412",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Farhab",slug:"muhammad-farhab",fullName:"Muhammad Farhab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"349495",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Ijaz",slug:"muhammad-ijaz",fullName:"Muhammad Ijaz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"12",type:"subseries",title:"Human Physiology",keywords:"Anatomy, Cells, Organs, Systems, Homeostasis, Functions",scope:"Human physiology is the scientific exploration of the various functions (physical, biochemical, and mechanical properties) of humans, their organs, and their constituent cells. The endocrine and nervous systems play important roles in maintaining homeostasis in the human body. Integration, which is the biological basis of physiology, is achieved through communication between the many overlapping functions of the human body's systems, which takes place through electrical and chemical means. Much of the basis of our knowledge of human physiology has been provided by animal experiments. Because of the close relationship between structure and function, studies in human physiology and anatomy seek to understand the mechanisms that help the human body function. The series on human physiology deals with the various mechanisms of interaction between the various organs, nerves, and cells in the human body.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/12.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11408,editor:{id:"195829",title:"Prof.",name:"Kunihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Sakuma",slug:"kunihiro-sakuma",fullName:"Kunihiro Sakuma",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195829/images/system/195829.jpg",biography:"Professor Kunihiro Sakuma, Ph.D., currently works in the Institute for Liberal Arts at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. He is a physiologist working in the field of skeletal muscle. He was awarded his sports science diploma in 1995 by the University of Tsukuba and began his scientific work at the Department of Physiology, Aichi Human Service Center, focusing on the molecular mechanism of congenital muscular dystrophy and normal muscle regeneration. His interest later turned to the molecular mechanism and attenuating strategy of sarcopenia (age-related muscle atrophy). His opinion is to attenuate sarcopenia by improving autophagic defects using nutrient- and pharmaceutical-based treatments.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tokyo Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:{id:"331519",title:"Dr.",name:"Kotomi",middleName:null,surname:"Sakai",slug:"kotomi-sakai",fullName:"Kotomi Sakai",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000031QtFXQA0/Profile_Picture_1637053227318",biography:"Senior researcher Kotomi Sakai, Ph.D., MPH, works at the Research Organization of Science and Technology in Ritsumeikan University. She is a researcher in the geriatric rehabilitation and public health field. She received Ph.D. from Nihon University and MPH from St.Luke’s International University. Her main research interest is sarcopenia in older adults, especially its association with nutritional status. Additionally, to understand how to maintain and improve physical function in older adults, to conduct studies about the mechanism of sarcopenia and determine when possible interventions are needed.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ritsumeikan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorThree:null,series:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261"},editorialBoard:[{id:"213786",title:"Dr.",name:"Henrique P.",middleName:null,surname:"Neiva",slug:"henrique-p.-neiva",fullName:"Henrique P. 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