Virulence factors of uropathogenic
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More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"IntechOpen Maintains",originalUrl:"/media/original/113"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"9406",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Clinical Implementation of Bone Regeneration and Maintenance",title:"Clinical Implementation of Bone Regeneration and Maintenance",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Bone healing and regeneration is a complex process that can become impaired by disease or the size of a bone fracture or defect. In these instances, bone grafting can be used to aid the regeneration process. Bone grafting materials can be divided into autologous, allogenic, xenogeneic, and alloplastic, and are used to fill the defect/fracture void, thereby providing stability and supporting the infiltration of surrounding bone. This book will cover the most important fundamentals of bone grafting and provide an overview of current and future trends in bone graft research. Over the course of this book, the reader will learn about the most recent advancements in bone tissue biomaterials, the different fabrication techniques of bone tissue scaffolds, and the interaction of bone graft implant materials with the body by their induced cell and tissue reactions. Overall, this book provides an insight into bone grafting and the requirements for successful bone regeneration.",isbn:"978-1-78985-832-7",printIsbn:"978-1-78985-831-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-78984-398-9",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85328",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"clinical-implementation-of-bone-regeneration-and-maintenance",numberOfPages:244,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"875a140c01518fa7a9bceebd688b0147",bookSignature:"Mike Barbeck, Nahum Rosenberg, Patrick Rider, Željka Perić Kačarević and Ole Jung",publishedDate:"February 10th 2021",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9406.jpg",numberOfDownloads:8660,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:4,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:7,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:11,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 13th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"September 24th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 23rd 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 11th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 11th 2020",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"204918",title:"Dr.",name:"Mike",middleName:null,surname:"Barbeck",slug:"mike-barbeck",fullName:"Mike Barbeck",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204918/images/system/204918.jpeg",biography:"Mike Barbeck has vast experience in regenerative biomedical research working at institutes in Germany. He has researched the principles of biomaterial-mediated tissue regeneration (bone substitute materials and collagen materials) resulting in many papers in peer-reviewed journals.\n\nHis research has led to further elucidation of cellular fundamentals of the foreign body response to different biomaterials.",institutionString:"University Medical Center Hamburg- Eppendorf",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"68911",title:"Dr.",name:"Nahum",middleName:null,surname:"Rosenberg",slug:"nahum-rosenberg",fullName:"Nahum Rosenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/68911/images/system/68911.png",biography:"Nahum Rosenberg MD, Ph.D.,MOrthop (magna cum laude), MBA, FRCS (England), Academic Orthopedic surgeon.\r\nMD from Technion – ITT in 1990. He completed his residency in Orthopedic Surgery at the Rambam Medical Center, Haifa.\r\nPh.D. from Portsmouth University\r\nMOrthop with honors from the Tel Aviv University\r\nNuffield Fellow (Orthopedic Surgery) in Oxford University in 1998-9. Dr. Rosenberg was a Fellow in Orthopedic Surgery at the University of Nottingham in 2002. He completed his\r\nMBA from the College of Management Academic Studies, Israel. Dr. Rosenberg has 30 years of experience as a senior orthopedic surgeon at the Rambam Health Care Campus and 15 years of experience as an Assistant Clinical Professor in the Faculty of Medicine, Technion -ITT.\r\nWas appointed as a Professor in the Department of Traumatology, Orthopedic Surgery and Disaster Medicine in IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University in 2018-19. Dr. Rosenberg is a member of the editorial boards in 8 scientific journals served as a member of the Shoulder Committee of ISAKOS (International Society of Arthroscopy, Knee Surgery and Orthopedic Sports Medicine). Author of 80 peer review scientific publications and the editor of 5 books.\r\nResearch interests include shoulder surgery, the outcome of orthopedic procedures,\r\nbone biology, bone regeneration, human biomechanics.",institutionString:"Sheltagen Medical Ltd.",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null},coeditorTwo:{id:"309148",title:"Dr.",name:"Željka",middleName:null,surname:"Perić Kačarević",slug:"zeljka-peric-kacarevic",fullName:"Željka Perić Kačarević",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/309148/images/15653_n.jpg",biography:"Željka Perić Kačarević was born in Osijek, 1986, where she completed elementary and high school. She received her molecular science degree from the Biology Department in 2010.\n\nShe completed her postgraduate study in Biomedicine and Health at the Faculty of Medicine Osijek in 2017. Since 2011, she has been employed by the Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience. After 2018 she transferred to the Department of Anatomy Histology, Embryology, Pathology, Histology,\n\nFaculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Osijek, Croatia.\n\nIn scientific research, her experience lies in functional anatomy, fat tissue structure, and its impact on other organic systems.",institutionString:"University of Osijek",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorThree:{id:"260650",title:"Dr.",name:"Ole",middleName:null,surname:"Jung",slug:"ole-jung",fullName:"Ole Jung",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260650/images/8565_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ole Jung studied medicine from 2014-2015 at the Universities of Hamburg and Witten/Herdecke with stays in the USA, Switzerland, England, and Poland. From 2015 to 2019, he worked as a group leader and assistant doctor in oral and maxillofacial surgery at the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf. Since 2019 he has been working in dermatology at the Rostock University Medical Center.",institutionString:"University Medical Center Rostock",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Germany"}}},coeditorFour:{id:"296864",title:"Dr.",name:"Patrick",middleName:null,surname:"Rider",slug:"patrick-rider",fullName:"Patrick Rider",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/296864/images/15647_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Patrick Rider is a researcher of biomaterials specializing in dental applications. He received his undergraduate degree in biomaterials science and tissue engineering from the University of Sheffield, and later obtained his Ph.D. from the same university for his research involving the reactive inkjet printing of regenerated silk fibroin to produce dental barrier membranes. After finishing his studies in England, he took up his current position as a member of the Botiss Biomaterials GmbH research and development team in Berlin, Germany.",institutionString:"Botiss Biomaterials",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"980",title:"Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine",slug:"tissue-engineering-and-regenerative-medicine"}],chapters:[{id:"68386",title:"Marginal Bone Changes around Dental Implants after LIPUS Application: CBCT Study",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87220",slug:"marginal-bone-changes-around-dental-implants-after-lipus-application-cbct-study",totalDownloads:868,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"To assess the effect of LIPUS on marginal bone regeneration during insertion and following loading using CBCT scan imaging, a trial of RCT of 22 subjects needing dental implant was conducted. The participants were randomly allocated into 2 groups; both groups underwent similar two-stage implant surgery of one maxillary dental implant. The control group (n = 11) of the implant site was allowed to heal in a conventional way, while the intervention group (n = 11) was subjected to LIPUS therapy at the implant site (twice a week, 20-minute duration, from week 2 after stage I implant surgery and continued for 10 weeks). Similar ultrasound protocol was repeated 2 weeks after crown installation and again continued for another 10 weeks. The assessment of marginal bone loss around dental implants was carried out at three different views (coronal, sagittal, and axial) of the implant site immediately after surgery, 3 and 6 months later. Statistical analysis of ANOVA within and between two-group analysis that was applied followed by pairwise comparison with confidence interval adjustment showed that there is a significant difference among the groups (p < 0.05). The CBCT imaging (coronal view) values suggested that bucccal bone regeneration around the dental implant has significantly increased during the early osseointegration period in the LIPUS-treated subjects than in the control group. LIPUS enhances bone formation in particular buccal bone plate around the dental implant as confirmed by the coronal view.",signatures:"Elaf Akram Abdulhameed, Marzuki Omar and A.R. Samsudin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68386",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68386",authors:[{id:"299776",title:"Dr.",name:"Elaf Akram",surname:"Abdulhameed",slug:"elaf-akram-abdulhameed",fullName:"Elaf Akram Abdulhameed"},{id:"299822",title:"Dr.",name:"Marzuki",surname:"Omar",slug:"marzuki-omar",fullName:"Marzuki Omar"},{id:"299823",title:"Prof.",name:"Ab. Rani",surname:"Samsudin",slug:"ab.-rani-samsudin",fullName:"Ab. Rani Samsudin"}],corrections:null},{id:"68254",title:"Cell Attachment and Osteoinductive Properties of Tissue Engineered, Demineralized Bone Fibers for Bone Void Filling Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88290",slug:"cell-attachment-and-osteoinductive-properties-of-tissue-engineered-demineralized-bone-fibers-for-bon",totalDownloads:589,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Demineralized bone matrices (DBMs) have been used in a wide variety of clinical applications involving bone repair. Ideally, DBMs should provide osteoinductive and osteoconductive properties, while offering versatile handling capabilities. With this, a novel fiber technology, LifeNet Health-Moldable Demineralized Fibers (L-MDF), was recently developed. Human cortical bone was milled and demineralized to produce L-MDF. Subsequently, the fibers were lyophilized and terminally sterilized using low-dose and low-temperature gamma irradiation. Using L929 mouse fibroblasts, L-MDF underwent cytotoxicity testing to confirm lack of a cytotoxic response. An alamarBlue assay and scanning electron microscopy demonstrated L-MDF supported the cellular function and attachment of bone-marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs). Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, L-MDF demonstrated BMP-2 and 7 levels similar to those reported in the literature. In vivo data from an athymic mouse model implanted with L-MDF demonstrated the formation of new bone elements and blood vessels. This study showed that L-MDF have the necessary characteristics of a bone void filler to treat osseous defects.",signatures:"Julie B. McLean, Nigeste Carter, Payal Sohoni and Mark A. Moore",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68254",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68254",authors:[{id:"300414",title:"Dr.",name:"Mark A.",surname:"Moore",slug:"mark-a.-moore",fullName:"Mark A. Moore"},{id:"307867",title:"Ms.",name:"Nigeste",surname:"Carter",slug:"nigeste-carter",fullName:"Nigeste Carter"},{id:"308626",title:"Dr.",name:"Julie",surname:"McLean",slug:"julie-mclean",fullName:"Julie McLean"},{id:"308627",title:"Ms.",name:"Payal",surname:"Sohoni",slug:"payal-sohoni",fullName:"Payal Sohoni"}],corrections:null},{id:"67981",title:"Class III Spine Grafts",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87706",slug:"class-iii-spine-grafts",totalDownloads:701,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter is focused on the USFDA regulation and the related efficacy evidence of bone graft materials, especially Class III drug-device combination products for use in the spine. Nonstructural allograft and cellular allograft products that do not rely on the metabolic activity of living cells are HCT/P products, which require no premarket review for safety and efficacy. Synthetic bone grafts and demineralized bone matrices (DBMs) fall under Class II and require a 510(k) for market clearance, generally on the basis of an animal study. Drug-device combination bone grafts are Class III and require an investigational device exemption (IDE) clinical trial followed by a premarket approval (PMA) application with the FDA to review safety and effectiveness. Currently, there are only two PMA-supported Class III drug-device bone graft substitutes with Level I data that demonstrate equivalence to autograft for safety and effectiveness in spine: Infuse® (rhBMP-2) and i-FACTOR (P-15 peptide). Both of these products have been shown to be effective autograft replacement options, vs. the other technologies, which are autograft extenders. The OP-1 Implant (rhBMP-7) was marketed for a period of time, but it has been removed from the market. This chapter will discuss these products along with their supporting clinical data.",signatures:"Jeffrey G. Marx and Morgan P. Lorio",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67981",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67981",authors:[{id:"299861",title:"Dr.",name:"Morgan P.",surname:"Lorio",slug:"morgan-p.-lorio",fullName:"Morgan P. Lorio"},{id:"299863",title:"Dr.",name:"Jeffrey G.",surname:"Marx",slug:"jeffrey-g.-marx",fullName:"Jeffrey G. Marx"}],corrections:null},{id:"68131",title:"Allograft Structural Interbody Spacers Compared to PEEK Cages in Cervical Fusion: Benchtop and Clinical Evidence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88091",slug:"allograft-structural-interbody-spacers-compared-to-peek-cages-in-cervical-fusion-benchtop-and-clinic",totalDownloads:909,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Cervical degenerative disc disease (CDDD) can lead to radiculopathy and myelopathy, resulting in pain, lack of function, and immobility. Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) is a common surgical treatment modality for advanced CDDD. ACDF involves removal of the affected disc(s) followed by replacement with a bone or synthetic graft. Historically, autograft has been considered the gold standard for interbody fusion. However, it is often associated with limitations, including donor site morbidity and limited quality and supply, prompting surgeons to seek alternatives. Two of the most common alternatives are structural bone allografts and polyetheretherketone (PEEK) synthetic cages. Both, advantageously, have similar mechanical properties to autologous bone, with comparable elastic modulus values. However, a lack of osseointegration of PEEK cages has been reported both pre-clinically and clinically. Reported fusion rates assessed radiographically are higher with the use of structural bone allografts compared to PEEK cages, while having a lower incidence of pseudarthrosis. This book chapter will discuss in detail the pre-clinical and clinical performance of structural allografts in comparison to conventional PEEK cages.",signatures:"Nigeste Carter, Elena C. Gianulis and Mark A. Moore",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68131",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68131",authors:[{id:"300414",title:"Dr.",name:"Mark A.",surname:"Moore",slug:"mark-a.-moore",fullName:"Mark A. Moore"},{id:"307867",title:"Ms.",name:"Nigeste",surname:"Carter",slug:"nigeste-carter",fullName:"Nigeste Carter"},{id:"307870",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena C.",surname:"Gianulis",slug:"elena-c.-gianulis",fullName:"Elena C. Gianulis"}],corrections:null},{id:"71220",title:"Bone Graft in the Treatment of the Non-Consolidation of the Scaphoid with Necrosis of the Proximal Pole – A Systematic Review",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90200",slug:"bone-graft-in-the-treatment-of-the-non-consolidation-of-the-scaphoid-with-necrosis-of-the-proximal-p",totalDownloads:479,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The scaphoid fractures are the most common of the carpal bones, corresponding to 60; 10% of these progress to nonconsolidation, moreover, 3% can present necrosis of the proximal pole. There are various methods of treatment using vascularized (VBG) and nonvascularised bone grafts (NVBG). To evaluate and compare the rate of scaphoid consolidation with necrosis of the proximal pole using different surgical techniques. The authors conducted a systematic review of the literature using the following databases: PubMed and Bireme/Lilacs, where 13 case series were selected (10 with use of VBG and 3 of NVBG), according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. In most cases the vascularized bone grafts were used, especially those based on intercompartmental supraretinacular artery 1 and 2 due to greater reproducibility in performing the surgical technique.",signatures:"Antônio Lourenço Severo, Osvandre Lech, Paulo Cesar Faiad Piluski, Marcelo Barreto Lemos, Carlos Castillo, Danilo Barreto Filho, Daniel Paulo Strack and Ivânio Tagliari",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71220",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71220",authors:[{id:"306855",title:"Dr.",name:"Antônio",surname:"Severo",slug:"antonio-severo",fullName:"Antônio Severo"},{id:"306858",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo",surname:"Lemos",slug:"marcelo-lemos",fullName:"Marcelo Lemos"},{id:"307535",title:"MSc.",name:"Ivânio",surname:"Tagliari",slug:"ivanio-tagliari",fullName:"Ivânio Tagliari"},{id:"307536",title:"Dr.",name:"Danilo",surname:"Barreto Filho",slug:"danilo-barreto-filho",fullName:"Danilo Barreto Filho"},{id:"307537",title:"Dr.",name:"Osvandre L.",surname:"C. Lech",slug:"osvandre-l.-c.-lech",fullName:"Osvandre L. C. Lech"},{id:"307540",title:"Dr.",name:"Paulo C. F.",surname:"Piluski",slug:"paulo-c.-f.-piluski",fullName:"Paulo C. F. Piluski"},{id:"307541",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",surname:"Castillo",slug:"carlos-castillo",fullName:"Carlos Castillo"}],corrections:null},{id:"68993",title:"Distraction Osteogenesis: Biological Principles and Its Application in Companion Animals",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89157",slug:"distraction-osteogenesis-biological-principles-and-its-application-in-companion-animals",totalDownloads:845,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Distraction osteogenesis is a surgical technique widely used in orthopedic surgery for treatment of various pathological skeletal conditions, namely correction of limb-length discrepancies, angular deformity and treatment of distal and severely comminuted fractures, or bone defects through bone transport. The basic principle consists on the gradual distraction of two bone segments, previously submitted to a corticotomy and promptly fixated generally using of circular external skeletal fixation. New bone tissue is generated in the bone gap between the two segments. This review aims to describe the biological fundaments and principles of this technique, the surgical steps performed to attempt distraction osteogenesis, and its possible complications with main focus on its application in companion animals.",signatures:"Guilherme Domingos, Henrique Armés, Isabel Dias, Carlos Viegas and João Requicha",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68993",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68993",authors:[{id:"303216",title:"Prof.",name:"Joao",surname:"Requicha",slug:"joao-requicha",fullName:"Joao Requicha"},{id:"303217",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria",surname:"Dias",slug:"maria-dias",fullName:"Maria Dias"},{id:"303218",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",surname:"Viegas",slug:"carlos-viegas",fullName:"Carlos Viegas"},{id:"309580",title:"Prof.",name:"Henrique",surname:"Armés",slug:"henrique-armes",fullName:"Henrique Armés"},{id:"309581",title:"Dr.",name:"Guilherme",surname:"Domingos",slug:"guilherme-domingos",fullName:"Guilherme Domingos"}],corrections:null},{id:"67977",title:"Thyroid Disorders and Osteoporosis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87129",slug:"thyroid-disorders-and-osteoporosis",totalDownloads:781,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Adequate amount of thyroid hormone is an essential requirement for normal development and maturity of bones in the early life as well as for the maintenance of the skeletal system (bone remodeling). Osteoporosis, one of the most common metabolic bone disorders, is strongly associated with hyperthyroidism (endogenous and exogenous), whereas association of the same disease with hypothyroidism is not quite established. Most of the data describing the association between osteoporosis and hyperthyroidism are collected among elderly population (especially postmenopausal women), and only a few studies in literature researched into osteoporosis and hyperthyroidism in <50 years of age; hence further studies are required in the younger population (including premenopausal women and younger males).",signatures:"Ayotunde Oladunni Ale",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67977",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67977",authors:[{id:"292957",title:"Dr.",name:"Ayotunde Oladunni",surname:"Ale",slug:"ayotunde-oladunni-ale",fullName:"Ayotunde Oladunni Ale"}],corrections:null},{id:"70137",title:"Relation between Vitamin K and Osteoporosis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89656",slug:"relation-between-vitamin-k-and-osteoporosis",totalDownloads:809,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Vitamin K is an essential fat-soluble vitamin. The role of vitamin K as a cofactor involved in blood coagulation is well demonstrated. In the past two decades, vitamin K has been receiving more attention due to its role in bone health and metabolism. Vitamin K plays a role in activation of vitamin K-dependent proteins, which are involved not only in blood coagulation but in bone metabolism and the inhibition of arterial calcification. Numerous studies have exhibited the importance of vitamin K in bone health. The bone mineral density (BMD) does not remain steady with age, particularly declining after menopause. Osteoporosis is a metabolic bone disease of reduced bone density, fragile bone, and elevated susceptibility to fracture. A greater understanding of the biological linkages between vitamin K and bone may conduce to new treatment for osteoporosis that may improve bone density and prevent the adverse outcomes of osteoporosis.",signatures:"Sawsan Jaghsi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70137",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70137",authors:[{id:"294799",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sawsan",surname:"Jaghsi",slug:"sawsan-jaghsi",fullName:"Sawsan Jaghsi"}],corrections:null},{id:"72405",title:"Metabolic Disorders in Patients with Chronic Osteomyelitis: Etiology and Pathogenesis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92052",slug:"metabolic-disorders-in-patients-with-chronic-osteomyelitis-etiology-and-pathogenesis",totalDownloads:668,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this study, we discuss the peculiarities of metabolic disorders that follow the development of chronic osteomyelitis. For the purposes of this study, we analyzed the available data as well as results of our own clinical and scientific research. Chronic osteomyelitis leads not only to the destruction of bone tissue by pathogen but also to the shift of equilibrium between osteogenesis and bone resorption in the locus of bone infections. Such shift leads to additional damage not only to the bone cells (primarily osteoblasts) but also to the bone matrix. The final complications include difficulties with bone consolidation and prolongation of therapy, even when the patient is treated using an external fixation method like Ilizarov or similar techniques. Etiopathogenetic therapy, aimed at correction of metabolic disorders, allows to shorten the bone consolidation time (and respectively, the treatment time), preventing different pathogenetic processes that exacerbate and enhance each other’s effects. This study emphasizes the importance of etiopathogenetic therapy of metabolic disorders in patients with chronic osteomyelitis. Etiopathogenetic therapy should be combined with other necessary methods of the patient’s treatment, such as surgical debridement of the infection locus and antibiotic therapy.",signatures:"Archil Tsiskarashvili, Nikolay Zagorodny, Svetlana Rodionova and Dmitry Gorbatyuk",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72405",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72405",authors:[{id:"312391",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Archil",surname:"Tsiskarashvili",slug:"archil-tsiskarashvili",fullName:"Archil Tsiskarashvili"}],corrections:null},{id:"72043",title:"Immunological Monitoring of Osteogenesis Disorder",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92099",slug:"immunological-monitoring-of-osteogenesis-disorder",totalDownloads:556,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The study of immune responses of peripheral blood in bone regeneration for bone formation predicting complications is relevant. Studies were carried out on patients with the facial skeleton injury before and after stable osteosynthesis of the mandible in a fixing device for external fixation. Of the 136 patients, 17 people’s bone tissue regeneration has been slow. Laboratory tests were carried out before and after the operation. The studies included the study of cellular immunity, humoral immunity, phagocytosis, acute phase proteins and cytokine status. The obtained data were processed using variation statistics methods and the modified theorem of T. Bayes. The study revealed that alternating stages of regeneration of bone tissue (inflammation, proliferation of osteoblasts, collagenogenesis and ossification) are accompanied by changes in the immunological status. A comparative study of the dynamics of immunological parameters at normal and slow osteogenesis had made it possible to establish criteria for delayed consolidation of bone tissue. Prognostic criteria before the operations include increasing the concentration of IgM and decreasing the concentration of C-reactive protein, in the early postoperative period-increasing the number of leukocytes, the concentration of tumor necrosis factor, IgM, as well as reducing the number of CD45+CD3+-cells, the complement activity and the amount of lactoferrin.",signatures:"Olga Viktorovna Berdyugina and Kirill Alexandrovich Berdyugin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72043",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72043",authors:[{id:"312679",title:"D.Sc.",name:"Olga Viktorovna",surname:"Berdyugina",slug:"olga-viktorovna-berdyugina",fullName:"Olga Viktorovna Berdyugina"},{id:"312681",title:"Dr.",name:"Kirill Alexandrovich",surname:"Berdyugin",slug:"kirill-alexandrovich-berdyugin",fullName:"Kirill Alexandrovich Berdyugin"}],corrections:null},{id:"72696",title:"Application of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells in Treatment of Bone Tissue Defects",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92897",slug:"application-of-adipose-derived-stem-cells-in-treatment-of-bone-tissue-defects",totalDownloads:769,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Despite excellent self-regeneration capacity of bone tissue, there are some large bone defects that cannot be healed spontaneously. Numerous literature data in the field of cell-based bone tissue engineering showed that adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) after isolation could be subsequently applied in a one-step approach for treatment of bone defect, without previous in vitro expansion and osteoinduction. However, standard approaches usually involve in vitro expansion and osteoinduction of ADSCs as an additional preparation step before its final application. Bioreactors are also used for the preparation of ADSC-based graft prior application. The commonly used approaches are reviewed, and their outcomes, advantages, disadvantages, as well as their potential for successful application in the treatment of bone defects are discussed. Difficulty in spontaneous healing of bone defects is very often due to poor vascularization. To overcome this problem, numerous methods in bone tissue engineering (BTE) were developed. We focused on freshly isolated stromal vascular fraction (SVF) cells and ADSCs in vitro induced into endothelial cells (ECs) as cells with vasculogenic capacity for the further application in bone defect treatment. We have reviewed orthotopic and ectopic models in BTE that include the application of SVFs or ADSCs in vitro induced into ECs, with special reference to co-cultivation.",signatures:"Stevo Najman, Jelena Najdanović and Vladimir Cvetković",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72696",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72696",authors:[{id:"87193",title:"Prof.",name:"Stevo",surname:"Najman",slug:"stevo-najman",fullName:"Stevo Najman"},{id:"214091",title:"Dr.",name:"Jelena G.",surname:"Najdanović",slug:"jelena-g.-najdanovic",fullName:"Jelena G. Najdanović"},{id:"214092",title:"Prof.",name:"Vladimir",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"vladimir-cvetkovic",fullName:"Vladimir Cvetković"}],corrections:null},{id:"71125",title:"MicroRNAs as Next Generation Therapeutics in Osteoporosis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91223",slug:"micrornas-as-next-generation-therapeutics-in-osteoporosis",totalDownloads:688,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Bone is an active tissue that works as a tissue and an organ as well. It is constituted of cells and blood vessels by nearly 10% of its volume, while the rest 90% is majorly contributed by extracellular portion. Bone is a living structure stably undertaking continual remodeling between bone formation and bone resorption, where bone-forming cells (osteoblasts) and bone-resorbing cells (osteoclasts) exhibit a crucial role. The differentiation process of osteoblasts and osteoclasts takes place in a balanced manner under normal conditions. This intricate balance is chiefly sustained by biochemical signaling cascades, facilitating accurate bone homeostasis in the body. Loss of balance/misregulated signaling in the bone development or disruption may lead to pathological conditions such as osteoporosis, arthritis, etc. Among several regulators for bone-signaling pathways, microRNAs have appeared as an imperative control of gene expression at the level of post-transcription while addressing the genes that control bone remodeling with appropriate responses in the pathogenesis and perhaps the management of bone diseases. Further, microRNAs control the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which finally influence the bone formation. Hence, there is a great possibility in exploiting microRNAs as putative therapeutic targets for the medical relief of bone associated disorders, including osteoporosis.",signatures:"Taruneet Kaur, Rajeev Kapila and Suman Kapila",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71125",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71125",authors:[{id:"299303",title:"Dr.",name:"Suman",surname:"Kapila",slug:"suman-kapila",fullName:"Suman Kapila"},{id:"307819",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Taruneet",surname:"Kaur",slug:"taruneet-kaur",fullName:"Taruneet Kaur"},{id:"313012",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajeev",surname:"Kapila",slug:"rajeev-kapila",fullName:"Rajeev Kapila"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7926",title:"Biomaterial-supported Tissue Reconstruction or Regeneration",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8a84bfdf7cd30b440b339fc046b155f3",slug:"biomaterial-supported-tissue-reconstruction-or-regeneration",bookSignature:"Mike Barbeck, Ole Jung, Ralf Smeets and Tadas Koržinskas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7926.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"204918",title:"Dr.",name:"Mike",surname:"Barbeck",slug:"mike-barbeck",fullName:"Mike Barbeck"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3348",title:"Tissue Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"39bb39271df3b373edb7d5e2cdeffb18",slug:"tissue-engineering",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3348.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3361",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fe914d49a96b3dcd00d27292ae23536e",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering",bookSignature:"Jose A. 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M. Sohel",middleName:null,surname:"Murshed",slug:"s.-m.-sohel-murshed",fullName:"S. M. Sohel Murshed"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"93483",title:"Prof.",name:"Md Salim Newaz",middleName:null,surname:"Kazi",fullName:"Md Salim Newaz Kazi",slug:"md-salim-newaz-kazi",email:"salimnewaz@um.edu.my",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaya",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"187135",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kah Hou",middleName:null,surname:"Teng",fullName:"Kah Hou Teng",slug:"kah-hou-teng",email:"alex_teng1989@hotmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Liverpool John Moores University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"194347",title:"Prof.",name:"Abu Bakar",middleName:null,surname:"Mahat",fullName:"Abu Bakar Mahat",slug:"abu-bakar-mahat",email:"ir_abakar@um.edu.my",position:null,institution:{name:"Liverpool John Moores University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"194348",title:"Dr.",name:"Bee Teng",middleName:null,surname:"Chew",fullName:"Bee Teng Chew",slug:"bee-teng-chew",email:"chewbeeteng@um.edu.my",position:null,institution:{name:"Liverpool John Moores University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"194349",title:"Prof.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Shamma'A",fullName:"Ahmed Al-Shamma'A",slug:"ahmed-al-shamma'a",email:"A.Al-Shamma'a@ljmu.ac.uk",position:null,institution:{name:"Liverpool John Moores University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"194350",title:"Prof.",name:"Andy",middleName:null,surname:"Shaw",fullName:"Andy Shaw",slug:"andy-shaw",email:"A.Shaw@ljmu.ac.uk",position:null,institution:{name:"Liverpool John Moores University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"52929",slug:"industrial-heat-exchanger-operation-and-maintenance-to-minimize-fouling-and-corrosion",signatures:"Teng Kah Hou, Salim Newaz Kazi, Abu Bakar Mahat, Chew Bee Teng,\nAhmed Al-Shamma’a and Andy Shaw",dateSubmitted:"March 23rd 2016",dateReviewed:"October 10th 2016",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"April 26th 2017",book:{id:"6080",title:"Heat Exchangers",subtitle:"Advanced Features and Applications",fullTitle:"Heat Exchangers - Advanced Features and Applications",slug:"heat-exchangers-advanced-features-and-applications",publishedDate:"April 26th 2017",bookSignature:"S M Sohel Murshed and Manuel Matos Lopes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6080.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"24904",title:"Prof.",name:"S. M. Sohel",middleName:null,surname:"Murshed",slug:"s.-m.-sohel-murshed",fullName:"S. M. Sohel Murshed"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"93483",title:"Prof.",name:"Md Salim Newaz",middleName:null,surname:"Kazi",fullName:"Md Salim Newaz Kazi",slug:"md-salim-newaz-kazi",email:"salimnewaz@um.edu.my",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaya",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"187135",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kah Hou",middleName:null,surname:"Teng",fullName:"Kah Hou Teng",slug:"kah-hou-teng",email:"alex_teng1989@hotmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Liverpool John Moores University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"194347",title:"Prof.",name:"Abu Bakar",middleName:null,surname:"Mahat",fullName:"Abu Bakar Mahat",slug:"abu-bakar-mahat",email:"ir_abakar@um.edu.my",position:null,institution:{name:"Liverpool John Moores University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"194348",title:"Dr.",name:"Bee Teng",middleName:null,surname:"Chew",fullName:"Bee Teng Chew",slug:"bee-teng-chew",email:"chewbeeteng@um.edu.my",position:null,institution:{name:"Liverpool John Moores University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"194349",title:"Prof.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Shamma'A",fullName:"Ahmed Al-Shamma'A",slug:"ahmed-al-shamma'a",email:"A.Al-Shamma'a@ljmu.ac.uk",position:null,institution:{name:"Liverpool John Moores University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"194350",title:"Prof.",name:"Andy",middleName:null,surname:"Shaw",fullName:"Andy Shaw",slug:"andy-shaw",email:"A.Shaw@ljmu.ac.uk",position:null,institution:{name:"Liverpool John Moores University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}]},book:{id:"6080",title:"Heat Exchangers",subtitle:"Advanced Features and Applications",fullTitle:"Heat Exchangers - Advanced Features and Applications",slug:"heat-exchangers-advanced-features-and-applications",publishedDate:"April 26th 2017",bookSignature:"S M Sohel Murshed and Manuel Matos Lopes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6080.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"24904",title:"Prof.",name:"S. M. Sohel",middleName:null,surname:"Murshed",slug:"s.-m.-sohel-murshed",fullName:"S. M. Sohel Murshed"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"1999",leadTitle:null,title:"Archaeology",subtitle:"New Approaches in Theory and Techniques",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The contents of this book show the implementation of new methodologies applied to archaeological sites. Chapters have been grouped in four sections: New Approaches About Archaeological Theory and Methodology; The Use of Geophysics on Archaeological Fieldwork; New Applied Techniques - Improving Material Culture and Experimentation; and Sharing Knowledge - Some Proposals Concerning Heritage and Education.\nMany different research projects, many different scientists and authors from different countries, many different historical times and periods, but only one objective: working together to increase our knowledge of ancient populations through archaeological work.\nThe proposal of this book is to diffuse new methods and techniques developed by scientists to be used in archaeological works. That is the reason why we have thought that a publication on line is the best way of using new technology for sharing knowledge everywhere.\nDiscovering, sharing knowledge, asking questions about our remote past and origins, are in the basis of humanity, and also are in the basis of archaeology as a science.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0590-9",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5127-2",doi:"10.5772/2412",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"archaeology-new-approaches-in-theory-and-techniques",numberOfPages:306,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"ec63f4de8c846ec578d2bca6cbf35ac2",bookSignature:"Imma Ollich-Castanyer",publishedDate:"May 9th 2012",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1999.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:37773,numberOfWosCitations:32,numberOfCrossrefCitations:16,numberOfDimensionsCitations:43,numberOfTotalCitations:91,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 30th 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 27th 2011",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 1st 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 1st 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"March 30th 2012",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"11 years",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"118972",title:"Dr.",name:"Imma",middleName:null,surname:"Ollich-Castanyer",slug:"imma-ollich-castanyer",fullName:"Imma Ollich-Castanyer",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/118972/images/system/118972.jpg",biography:"Dr. Imma Ollich-Castanyer (b. 1951) is Archaeologist and Titular Professor at the University of Barcelona (Catalonia, Spain), where she teaches Mediaeval History and Archaeology. Her research has been always developped around mediaeval archaeology, specially on Catalan deserted villages. Author of some books on this matter, she directs since 1991 a research project on Experimental Archaeology near the site of l’Esquerda, where new geophysical tecniques are tested by a pluridisciplinary team.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"University of Barcelona",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1313",title:"Material Culture",slug:"material-culture"}],chapters:[{id:"36566",title:"Optimizing Energy - The Epistemology of Primitive Economic Man",slug:"optimizing-energy-the-epistemology-of-primitive-economic-man",totalDownloads:2541,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"111755",title:"Dr.",name:"Bryan",surname:"Hockett",slug:"bryan-hockett",fullName:"Bryan Hockett"}]},{id:"36567",title:"An Integrated Implementation of Written and Material Sources - Conceptual Challenge and Technological Resources",slug:"an-integrated-implementation-of-written-and-material-sources-conceptual-challenge-and-technological-",totalDownloads:2450,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"123472",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfred",surname:"Mauri",slug:"alfred-mauri",fullName:"Alfred Mauri"},{id:"123476",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",surname:"Travé",slug:"esther-trave",fullName:"Esther Travé"},{id:"123477",title:"Mr.",name:"Pablo",surname:"Del Fresno",slug:"pablo-del-fresno",fullName:"Pablo Del Fresno"}]},{id:"36568",title:"Geoarchaeology of Palaeo-American Sites in Pleistocene Glacigenic Deposits",slug:"geoarchaeology-of-the-palaeo-american-sites-buried-in-pleistocene-glacial-glacigenic-contexts",totalDownloads:3329,totalCrossrefCites:2,authors:[{id:"58290",title:"Dr.",name:"Jiri",surname:"Chlachula",slug:"jiri-chlachula",fullName:"Jiri Chlachula"}]},{id:"36569",title:"GIS Techniques in Archaeology: An Archaeoastronomical Approach",slug:"gis-techniques-in-archaeology-an-archaeoastronomical-approach",totalDownloads:3190,totalCrossrefCites:2,authors:[{id:"118683",title:"Dr.",name:"Gracia",surname:"Rodriguez-Caderot",slug:"gracia-rodriguez-caderot",fullName:"Gracia Rodriguez-Caderot"},{id:"138620",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",surname:"Mejuto",slug:"javier-mejuto",fullName:"Javier Mejuto"}]},{id:"36570",title:"Archaeological Geophysics - 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Cesarean is a commonly performed obstetric surgery and in the recent times its number is constantly increasing. Standard technique for abdominal wall closure should be practiced considering the need to provide good support, prevent infections, sinus formation, and incision pain and scar dehiscence. There are multiple sutures and suturing techniques practiced worldwide for the closure of abdominal layers following cesarean section.
The history of sutures begins more than 2,000 years ago. Surgical and suture techniques evolved in the late 1800s with the development of sterilization procedures. It has been said that the scar is the “autograph of a surgeon”. Every surgeon wants cosmetically acceptable scars along with optimal healing.
An ideal suture material should be cheap, sterile, non-electrolytic, non-allergenic, with adequate tensile strength, good handling characteristics, should not induce tissue reaction or cut through tissue.
A good suturing technique should ideally eliminate the dead space and minimize tension that causes wound separation. It involves correct wound placement with respect to relaxed tension lines. Consideration should focus on factors, such as systemic diseases and selection of ideal suture material that influence the outcome. The surgical technique used to close a given wound depends on the force and direction of tensions on the wound, the thickness of the tissues to be opposed and anatomic considerations.
The physiology of wound healing has 3 phases: inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. Various factors like cytokines, cellular mediators are involved in the healing process.
Phase I: Inflammation (Onset of injury to day 4–6): The first phase of wound healing is characterized by hypoxic, ischemic environment with macrophages, neutrophils and platelet. Collagen, platelet, thrombin, fibronectin and fibrin with complements form a blood clot which has 3 major functions
Expresses cellular mediators
Serves as reservoir to amplify cellular signaling
Provides support and communication matrix for arriving inflammatory cells
Phase II: Proliferation (Days 4–14): It is marked by rapid construction of new tissue. Macrophages emit nitrous oxide thus dilating the vessels to accommodate influx of new cells. Granulation begins to form at this phase. Fibroblast which are recruited from the surrounding normal tissue starts synthesizing and depositing collagen.
Phase III: Maturation and remodeling (1 week- 1 year): The final stage of wound healing is characterized by evolution of matrix into ordered collagen complex. At one week, the wound has about 3 percent of its final strength, 30 percent of final strength at 3 weeks and ultimately achieves 80 percent of its final strength at 3 months and beyond. However wound will never regain the strength of an uninjured tissue.
A scarred uterus carries long term consequences. Thus, the technique and the suture material used are crucial for the uterine scar healing. But strong evidence regarding optimal techniques is scarce [1]. There are multiple techniques and suture materials used for closure of uterus during cesarean section.
Usually intraperitoneal repair of the uterus is undertaken. RCOG [2] and Cochrane review [3] on exteriorization of the uterus for repair of the uterine incision does not recommend routine exteriorization of the uterus as it is associated with more pain and does not improve operative outcomes such as hemorrhage and infection. However, a RCT conducted by Isabela Cristina et al., showed that number of sutures required is lower and the surgical time is shorter with extra-abdominal repair, although moderate and severe pain at 6 hours is less frequent with in situ uterine repair [4]. A meta-analysis in 2015 also showed that uterine repair by exteriorization may reduce blood loss and the associated decrease in hemoglobin, but did not find any difference between the two techniques with respect to intraoperative nausea, vomiting, or pain [5].
Uterine closure can be done either in a single layer or by double layer and both interlocking and unlocked suturing techniques have been used. Methods concerning closure of the uterine incision need to be considered with regards to benefit and potential harm in order to offer the best available surgical care to women undergoing cesarean section.
Blumenfeld in a study with 127 women opines that single layer closure is associated with 7 fold increase in the risk of developing bladder adhesions compared to double layer closure but there was no difference in the outcome of other pelvic or abdominal adhesions thus favoring double layer closure [6].
Glavind in a similar study, using 2D TVS (Transvaginal sonography), assessed for the residual myometrial thickness, scar defect, depth, width and length in 68 women with single layer and 81 women with double layer closure. Study concluded that double layer closure improves the quality of the scar with significantly higher myometrial thickness and shorter scar defect. He also favors double layer closure for better long term outcomes [7].
A Cochrane review based on 19 studies on single versus double layer closure of the uterus, found that there was no statistically significant differences for the primary outcome, febrile morbidity, although the meta-analysis suggested single layer closure was associated with a reduction in mean blood loss [8]. RCOG recommends that, except within research content, the uterine incision should be sutured within two layers [2]. A meta-analysis of 9 RCTs including 3969 women, showed that single layer closure and double layer closure are associated with similar incidence of cesarean scar defects, uterine dehiscence, uterine rupture in subsequent pregnancies [9].
Single layer closure and double layer closure carry the same risk of uterine rupture in subsequent pregnancy. However a LOCKED single layer closure is associated with an increase of uterine rupture compared to double layer closure. They demonstrated that the double-layer uterine closure with a first unlocked layer that excludes the decidua, compared with locked single-layer closure that includes the decidua, is associated with a greater residual myometrial thickness (RMT) and healing ratio, which suggests that this technique is associated with better healing of the uterine scar (Figure 1) [10].
Locked versus unlocked suturing techniques.
However Jun Woo Han in his study on impact of uterine closure on residual myometrial thickness after cesarean section disagrees with the Roberge study. He believes the main causative factor of the RMT is the coaptation ratio of incised myometrium (BX/A0B; Figure 2A). When a single layer with a locking suture is used to penetrate the full thickness of myometrium and the decidua, the 2 points of A0 and A0’ barely join each other, even after the absorption of suture materials (Figure 2B–D), because the uterus that delivered the baby is a dynamically contracting, globular, and muscular organ. Moreover, the presence and length of the uncoaptated portion (X-A0) are the predominant factors that influence the different degree of RMT. Therefore, the surgeon should aim to minimize the length of the line “D0-D1” and not exclude the decidua itself. This would minimize the potential adverse effect that is associated with the inversion of the decidua (such as adenomyosis) or influence RMT and prevent the postoperative endometrial defect of exposure of the myometrium to the endometrial cavity [11].
Cut plane of uterine incision site when closing with single layer locking suture that penetrates the full thickness of myometrium and includes the decidua.
Including full thickness of the uterine wall may bring decidua into the scar. Decidual inclusion results in defective uterine healing in 78% of cases. When deciduas was excluded from the suture, all cases resulted in perfect healing [12].
Isthmocele is a uterine scar defect as a result of poor healing of uterine incision. It results in menstrual spotting, dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, chronic pelvic pain, with an increased risk of scar pregnancy, placentation abnormalities and development of uterine rupture in future pregnancies. Uterine closure technique is considered to be the most important factor associated with isthmocele formation. A study to demonstrate the factors associated with isthmocele concluded that uterine closure using the FFNN (Far far near near technique) continuous unlocked double layer technique is beneficial in terms of providing protection from isthmocele formation and ensuring sufficient RMT [13].
The uterine incision is closed using an absorbable suture of number 0 or number 1. The commonly used suture materials are chromic catgut and polyglactin. Chromic catgut, being a natural suture material, has comparatively marked tissue reactivity, inconsistent tensile strength retention and reabsorption.
Plain catgut is a natural suture material derived from the submucosa of sheep intestine or the serosa of cattle intestine. Chromic catgut is a modification of plain catgut that is tanned with chromic salts to improve strength and delay dissolution. Catgut is absorbed by phagocytosis, and is associated with a marked tissue inflammation that can be detrimental to healing. Conversely, tissue inflammation may lead to a more rapid breakdown of catgut. Plain gut has a median survival time of 4 days in the oral cavity, whereas chromic gut retains its strength for 2 to 3 weeks. In moist environments such as the oral cavity, the strength of gut is reduced by 20–30%.Gut is a stiff material that must be moistened in alcohol, and forms knots that can be irritating to the oral tissues. Infection rates may increase with the use of gut. The advent of synthetic materials preferable to gut, with less tissue reactivity and more predictable resorption, has almost made catgut obsolete [14].
Polyglactin 910 is a absorbable, braided, multifilament, coated synthetic suture. It is a heteropolymer consisting of 90% of glycolideand 10% of lactide and is degraded by hydrolysis. It is available with an antibiotic impregnation with triclosan. The residual tensile strength of a polyglactin 910 suture is consistently greater than that of polyglycolic acid suture and is absorbed more rapidly. Absorption starts at 40 days, and completes by day 70 with no remains by day 90. It retains 75% of its tensile strength at 2 weeks and 50% at 3 weeks. It elicits less tissue reactions and promote faster wound healing with good strength [15].
But, chromic gut has an excellent historical record in obstetrics and the knotted tensile strength of 0 chromic gut is adequate to withstand the disruptive forces on the repaired hysterotomy [16].
PGA is a synthetic, braided polymer. When compared with chromic catgut, PGA is less reactive and is experimentally better able to resist infection from contaminating bacteria. PGA has excellent knot security and maintains at least 50% of its tensile strength for 25 days. The main drawback of PGA is that it has a high friction coefficient and “binds and snags” when wet. It is for the same reason that some experience is required to pass this material properly through tissues and to “seat” the throws during knotting. There is a modified PGA (dexon plus) which is coated with poloxamer 188, an agent that significantly reduces the friction and drag through the tissues. Although handling has become easier with this modification, more throws (four to six) are required to prevent knot slippage than for plain PGA (three to four). The main uses of PGA are for closures of superficial fascia (subcutaneous tissue) in wounds and ligature of small blood vessels for effective hemostasis [17].
A study to assess different suturing techniques and different materials (catgut plain, Dexon and Vicryl) on healing of uterine incision in Cesarean section (CS) concluded that the best uterine scar was seen after using one layer interrupted Vicryl and Dexon suture and the worst healing results were obtained after two-row interrupted and continuous sutures using catgut [18]. As compared to catgut, use of synthetic sutures were associated with thicker myometrium in subsequent delivery. Increased inflammation in natural absorbable suture may lead to increase in fibrosis and impaired healing rendering difficulty in subsequent pregnancies and delivery [19].
The CORONIS trial on the cesarean section surgical techniques compared the chromic catgut and polyglactin-910 for uterine closure. There were no statistically significant differences noted in the primary outcome, which was the composite of death, maternal infectious morbidity, further operative procedures, or blood transfusion (>1 unit) up to the 6 weeks follow up visit [20]. A 3 year follow up study was done to the CORONIS trial and there was no evidence of a difference in the main comparisons for adverse pregnancy outcomes in subsequent pregnancy, such as uterine rupture [21].
Thus, it can be concluded that both chromic catgut and polyglactin-910 of number 0 or 1 can be safely used for the uterine repair during cesarean section, though polyglactin has been used more often in the recent times.
The B-Lynch surgical technique is used for the management of massive postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) secondary to uterine atony with failed conservative management. Long term study demonstrated, the B-Lynch surgical technique is safe, effective and free of short- and long-term complication [22].
A large Mayo needle with absorbable suture is used to enter the uterine cavity from below the uterine incision and exit just above the incision. The suture is looped over the fundus, then enters and exits the uterine cavity posteriorly, forms a second loop over the fundus and finally enters just above and exits just below the uterine incision The suture should be pulled very tight at this point and tied anteriorly (Figure 3).
B lynch suture.
It is performed to control bleeding in atonic postpartum hemorrhage post vaginal delivery and rarely after uterine incision closure in cesarean delivery. Two loops are formed over the fundus and tied after applying compression (Figure 4).
Hayman suture.
A needle transfixes the uterus from anterior to posterior(point 1) and then from posterior to anterior (point 2), the same is done again at points 3 and 4 to approximate the uterine walls in a square manner. Usually 4 to 5 sutures are required Figure 5a and b.
Cho square suture.
Several studies are conducted to assess the ideal suture and size for uterine compression sutures but they have concluded no variations in outcome with type of suture used but it was observed that uterine preservation rate was significantly higher in cases with size 2 suture than in those with size 1 suture [23].
Placement of compression sutures that transverse the uterine cavity postpartum for PPH may be associated with a significant risk of uterine synechiae. Risk of synechiae following uterine compression sutures in the management of major postpartum hemorrhage [24].
The closure of peritoneum and the approximation the rectus muscle at cesarean section has always been debatable. The promoters of practicing peritoneal closure argue that this leads to less adhesion formation and comparative ease during a repeat cesarean section, but it also has an added disadvantage of prolonging the operative time and increased need for maternal analgesia. As far as peritoneal closure is concerned, visceral peritoneum is generally not closed as bladder adhesion is increased [25]. A review of 21 trials comparing closure versus non closure of the peritoneum showed that there was a reduction in operative time and the evidence on adhesion formation was limited and inconsistent [26]. RCOG too recommends that neither the visceral nor the parietal peritoneum should be sutured at cesarean section because this reduces operating time and the need for postoperative analgesia and improves maternal satisfaction [2]. Rectus muscle reapproximation increases immediate postoperative pain without difference in operative time, surgical complications, or maternal satisfaction but, closure of the rectus muscles at cesarean delivery was found to reduce adhesions.
If peritoneal closure and rectus muscle approximation is done in cases with diastasis recti abdominis, use absorbable sutures such as chromic catgut and polyglactin-910. A new modified undermined suture technique for rectus muscle, which gives increased post-operative satisfaction, has been tried, using Z suture method with absorbable 1/0 suture material [27].
Different techniques and suture materials are used in cesarean section for closure of the rectus sheath. Few general principles are to be followed while closing the abdominal wall to achieve good healing and reduce complications. All sutures used to close the musculofascial wall must be tied with enough tension to approximate the edges of the incision. If greater tension is applied, the tissue will become ischemic and necrosis will develop. The sutures should be placed at least 1 to 1.5 cm from the wound edge. In patients at increased risk of wound disruption, sutures should be placed 2 cm from the edge [28].
The commonly used technique is to put continuous sutures without any locking. Continuous suture when used in one layer avoids high tension on suture and does not compress the wound edges. This prevents devascularization of the sheath and formation of a good quality collagen, i.e., type I [29]. Running sutures have the advantage of speed, since knots need only be tied at two or three points. Interrupted and figure-of-eight sutures can be used for reinforcing in thin rectus sheath and has an advantage, of not coming apart if insecurely tied.
Rectus sheath closure is routinely performed with non-absorbable or delayed absorbable sutures. It is generally accepted that non-absorbable sutures cause less tissue reaction and are more resistant to infection than the absorbable sutures. However, these sutures are associated with higher incidence of buttonhole hernias and sinus formation leading to increased wound pain. Care should be taken while tying the knots to avoid slippage. The commonly used suture materials for rectus sheath closure are polyglactin-910 number 1 and polypropylene number 1. Cochrane review found no studies examining different suture techniques or material for rectus sheath closure.
Suturing of the subcutaneous tissue has always been debated. Level one evidence says that suture closure of the subcutaneous fat at the time of CS reduces the risk of wound disruption in women with a subcutaneous tissue larger than two centimeters. Doing so will not only reduce collection in this space but also decrease wound tension. Though studies do show that it does not affect long-term cosmetic outcome [30].
A basic need of skin closure is good approximation. Apart from cosmetically good scars it is also necessary that the skin closure technique should be technically easy, acceptable, speedy and economical. Good tissue union and cosmetically acceptable scars are vital for ideal surgical practice.
Technique of skin closure in a cesarean section can be continuous subcuticular stitch, interrupted mattress stitch, staples or adhesive compounds.
With a plethora of skin closure materials currently available, choosing a solution that combines excellent and rapid cosmetic results with practicality and cost-effectiveness can be difficult, if not tricky. Suture materials currently available are natural, synthetic, absorbable, or non-absorbable, single filament or braided.
Mattress sutures have an advantage of occluding dead space and keeping the skin edges everted without tension. This is useful especially in older women where skin tends to get inverted.
The disadvantage with this type of suture is that there can be difficulty in approximation and prominent suture marks as sutures tend to be removed later.
To overcome the disadvantage of traditional interrupted mattress suture, Hohenleutner et al., described the intradermal buried vertical mattress suture [31]. This suture technique is safe, easy and fast to perform, everts skin edges and achieves good cosmetic results without leaving suture marks.
Subcuticular suture was first described by Halsted [32]. It is a cosmetic stitch, more difficult, but a good choice especially in younger women whose skin is soft and supple, hence making approximation easy. It is preferable to use absorbable suture for this stitch as the ends are also buried and suture removal is not required.
Though subcuticular stitch has better patient compliance than mattress stitch, the post-operative scar assessment at 6 weeks have yielded similar results in both.
Staples are attractive because of the speed of application.
An RCT study of staples with subcuticular stitch by Figueroa D showed that surgical staples were significantly associated with a higher incidence wound disruptions among those randomized to staples. This observation persisted when the outcome is restricted to disruptions >1 cm in length or > 0.5 cm in depth and typically led to additional scheduled clinic follow-up visits [33].
Another RCT by Madsen AM, comparing absorbable subcuticular staples with suture showed that wound complications, and cosmesis were similar [34]. So if one wants to use staples for closure then the absorbable one would be preferred, as metal staples though faster, has more wound morbidity.
There are many advantages of tissue adhesives over suturing and other methods of wound closure, such as a lower infection rate, less operating room time, good cosmetic results, lower costs, ease of use, immediate wound sealing, faster return to work, elimination of needle-stick injuries and eliminating the need for post-operative suture removal [35]. An RCT by Daykan Y, says that skin closure with glue or synthetic subcuticular suture have similar outcomes with respect to surgical site infection and wound disruptions [36]. The commonly used adhesive is octyl-2-cyanoacrylat.
Various techniques and suture materials for closure of uterus and the abdominal wall following cesarean section have been described. Many studies and meta-analysis have been done to compare different methods with varying results. It is best left to the decision of the operating surgeon and the institutional protocols to decide about the technique of closure and the suture material to be used.
Authors declare no conflict of interest.
Uropathogenic
Adhesins are adhesive organelles, notably fimbriae, that promote bacterial colonization. Some adhesins also promote bacterial invasion of the host cell. Adhesins are thought to be the most important virulence-associated molecules which function in UPEC pathogenicity. The adhesins can also directly trigger host and bacterial cell signaling pathways. They can also facilitate the delivery of other bacterial products to the host tissues [17]. Prominent bacterial cell surface virulence factors, which play significant roles in UPEC pathogenicity include type 1 fimbriae [11]; Class I, Class II, and Class III of P-fimbriae [18, 19, 20]; Dr. family of adhesins for binding to the decay-accelerating factor (DAF) [21]; Curli fimbriae which functions as binding factor and biofilm producer [22]; and S-fimbriae [14, 23, 24]. Type 1 fimbriae have the most significant effects in UTIs as they enhance bacterial survival and growth, enhance inflammatory reaction at the mucosa, bacterial invasion, and control biofilm production [7]. P-fimbriae have the second most prominent role in UPEC-associated pathogenesis of human ascending UTIs and pyelonephritis. They promote UPEC adherence to the matrix of the mucosa and tissues and trigger cytokine production [25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30].
UPEC secrete several virulence toxins which are responsible for the damage of the host cells and host inflammatory response. α-hemolysin (HlyA) is the most virulent toxin produced by UPEC. The effects of HlyA in UTIs are dependent on its dosage produced by UPEC. At high concentration, HlyA destroys the erythrocytes and allow UPEC to break through the mucosal barriers, damage immune system, and depletes iron stores of the host [31, 32, 33, 34]. At low concentration, HlyA induces cell death in the bladder using proinflammatorycaspase-1/caspase-4. This causes kidney damage and scarring; oscillations of Ca2+; ascension and colonization of ureters and kidney parenchyma in the renal tubule epithelia resulting in the disruption of normal flow of urine [35, 36, 37, 38]. The stimulation of
Urinary tract has limited iron. However, UPEC are able to produce small iron chelator molecules, known as siderophores, to scavenge ferric iron (Fe3+) in the host. The most prominent ones are yersiniabactin, salmochelin, and aerobactin [48, 49]. The yersiniabactin and its receptor, FyuA, are encoded in a PAI [50, 51]. It has also been reported that for efficient biofilm formation by UPEC, FyuA is required [52]. UPEC also secretes another important hydroxamate siderophore called aerobactin. This is produced from the condensation of two lysine and a citrate molecules. During UPEC invasion, the bacterium secretes salmochelin. Its outer membrane siderophore receptor (IroN) transports different catechol siderophores, including N-(2,3-dihydroxybenzoy)-L-serine and enterochelin also called enterobactin [53]. Enterobactin has less solubility and stability than aerobactin [54, 55, 56] but has higher iron affinity than aerobactin in aqueous [55, 57]. UPEC also uses enterobactin for Fe3+ scavenging in the urinary tract [9]. However, enterobactin can be inactivated by the host proteins such as serum albumin and siderocalin thereby preventing its uptake [58]. UPEC overcomes this instability by modifying the enterobactin to salmochelin by glucosylation through the enzymatic action of glucosyltransferase and prevents it from being recognized by the host proteins [9]. Also, UPEC has another iron acquisition system called haemin uptake system consisting of Ton-B dependent receptor (ChuA) and heavy metal associated (
UPEC-associated fitness and virulence. Adapted from the work by Servin [
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a major part of the cell wall which has highly conserved lipid A-core and repeating O-antigen subunits which vary in different strains of
Capsule is made up of polysaccharides and it covers and protects UPEC from various harsh environmental conditions [66]. The capsule helps UPEC to resist phagocytosis and bactericidal effects of complements in the host. It also confers antimicrobial resistance and antiserum activity to UPEC [54, 61]. Capsules like K1 and K5 interfere with the proper response of the humoral immunity of the infected host [66]. The K1 polysaccharide plays a significant role in intracellular bacterial community (IBC) development and the pathogenesis of several UTI stages [54, 67].
Toll receptor (TIR)/interleukin1 (IL-1) receptor domain-containing protein (TcpC) is a novel class of virulence factors that destabilize TIR signaling for UPEC to survive during UTIs [68]. Interaction of TcpC with myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) found in the host ends the downstream signaling pathways mediated by TLRs [69].
UPEC produces outer membrane protease T (OmpT) that catalyzes plasminogen activation to plasmin [70]. OmpT helps UPEC to persist in the urinary tract when protamine and other cation peptides cleave with antibiotic activity [71, 72]. UPEC also decreases cytokines production by blocking nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-ĸB) [68]. In Table 1, prominent UPEC virulence factors, their role and genetic markers are presented.
Virulence factor | Role | Genetic markers/gene name | References |
---|---|---|---|
Afimbrial adhesions | Binding factor | [23, 24, 54] | |
Cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 | Toxin | [38, 39] | |
Curlifimbriae | Binding factor | [22] | |
Dr family of adhesions | Binding factor | [21] | |
Haemin | Iron uptake and biofilm formation | [59, 60, 61] | |
Type 1 fimbriae | Binding factor | [8] | |
Ferric yersiniabactin uptake receptor | Iron uptake and biofilm formation | [62] | |
α-hemolysin | Lyses red blood cells | [33] | |
Salmochelin | Siderophore receptor | [51] | |
Aerobactin | Iron chelation and uptake | [50] | |
Outer membrane protease T | Outer membrane protease production to degrade protamine peptides | [73, 74] | |
Uropathogen specific protein | Movement of UPEC from the urinary tract to the bloodstream | [42] | |
Class I, Class II, and Class III P-fimbriae | For binding to the uroepithelial cells | [18, 20, 21] | |
Serine-protease autotransporter toxin | Vacuolation and tissue damage | [73, 74] | |
S-fimbrial family | Binding factor | [8, 23, 24] |
Virulence factors of uropathogenic
Apart from possessing virulence factors, for the medical importance of
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In all cases, cyclical ups and downs depend not only on internal system cyclical processes and their factors in countries but also on the consequences of intercountry interaction. The ability to measure and predict business cycles, taking into account their mutual influence, is a prerequisite for the development of an adequate business policy of countries and their associations.",book:{id:"6703",slug:"statistics-growing-data-sets-and-growing-demand-for-statistics",title:"Statistics",fullTitle:"Statistics - Growing Data Sets and Growing Demand for Statistics"},signatures:"Elena Zarova",authors:null},{id:"60246",title:"Statistical Research of Investment Appeal of Russian Regions",slug:"statistical-research-of-investment-appeal-of-russian-regions",totalDownloads:1014,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"In this chapter, the methodological results directed on realization statistical research of investment appeal of Russian regions are offered. 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The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. 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He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. 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He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. 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Dr. Aydin is currently a Fellow of Higher Education Academy, UK, a member of EPSRC College, a senior member of IEEE and a senior member of ACM. In addition to being a member of advisory committees of many international conferences, he is an Editorial Board Member of various peer-reviewed international journals. He has served as guest editor for a number of special issues of peer-reviewed international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the West of England",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:20,paginationItems:[{id:"82526",title:"Deep Multiagent Reinforcement Learning Methods Addressing the Scalability Challenge",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105627",signatures:"Theocharis Kravaris and George A. 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(Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. 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He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. 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He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. 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I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"117248",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Macnab",slug:"andrew-macnab",fullName:"Andrew Macnab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"322007",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Elizbeth",middleName:null,surname:"Alvarez-Sánchez",slug:"maria-elizbeth-alvarez-sanchez",fullName:"Maria Elizbeth Alvarez-Sánchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"337443",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"A. Gonzalez-Sanchez",slug:"juan-a.-gonzalez-sanchez",fullName:"Juan A. Gonzalez-Sanchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"337446",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zavala-Colon",slug:"maria-zavala-colon",fullName:"Maria Zavala-Colon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus",country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"27",type:"subseries",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",keywords:"Collaborative Intelligence, Learning, Distributed Control System, Swarm Robotics, Decision Science, Software Engineering",scope:"Multi-agent systems are recognised as a state of the art field in Artificial Intelligence studies, which is popular due to the usefulness in facilitation capabilities to handle real-world problem-solving in a distributed fashion. The area covers many techniques that offer solutions to emerging problems in robotics and enterprise-level software systems. Collaborative intelligence is highly and effectively achieved with multi-agent systems. Areas of application include swarms of robots, flocks of UAVs, collaborative software management. Given the level of technological enhancements, the popularity of machine learning in use has opened a new chapter in multi-agent studies alongside the practical challenges and long-lasting collaboration issues in the field. It has increased the urgency and the need for further studies in this field. We welcome chapters presenting research on the many applications of multi-agent studies including, but not limited to, the following key areas: machine learning for multi-agent systems; modeling swarms robots and flocks of UAVs with multi-agent systems; decision science and multi-agent systems; software engineering for and with multi-agent systems; tools and technologies of multi-agent systems.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11423,editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",slug:"mehmet-aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mehmet Emin Aydin is a Senior Lecturer with the Department of Computer Science and Creative Technology, the University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. His research interests include swarm intelligence, parallel and distributed metaheuristics, machine learning, intelligent agents and multi-agent systems, resource planning, scheduling and optimization, combinatorial optimization. Dr. Aydin is currently a Fellow of Higher Education Academy, UK, a member of EPSRC College, a senior member of IEEE and a senior member of ACM. In addition to being a member of advisory committees of many international conferences, he is an Editorial Board Member of various peer-reviewed international journals. He has served as guest editor for a number of special issues of peer-reviewed international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the West of England",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403"},editorialBoard:[{id:"275140",title:"Dr.",name:"Dinh Hoa",middleName:null,surname:"Nguyen",slug:"dinh-hoa-nguyen",fullName:"Dinh Hoa Nguyen",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRbnKQAS/Profile_Picture_1622204093453",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kyushu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"20259",title:"Dr.",name:"Hongbin",middleName:null,surname:"Ma",slug:"hongbin-ma",fullName:"Hongbin Ma",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRhDJQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-05-02T08:25:21.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"28640",title:"Prof.",name:"Yasushi",middleName:null,surname:"Kambayashi",slug:"yasushi-kambayashi",fullName:"Yasushi Kambayashi",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYOQxQAO/Profile_Picture_1625660525470",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nippon Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:18,paginationItems:[{id:"82875",title:"Lipidomics as a Tool in the Diagnosis and Clinical Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105857",signatures:"María Elizbeth Alvarez Sánchez, Erick Nolasco Ontiveros, Rodrigo Arreola, Adriana Montserrat Espinosa González, Ana María García Bores, Roberto Eduardo López Urrutia, Ignacio Peñalosa Castro, María del Socorro Sánchez Correa and Edgar Antonio Estrella Parra",slug:"lipidomics-as-a-tool-in-the-diagnosis-and-clinical-therapy",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - 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