\\n\\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"stanford-university-identifies-top-2-scientists-over-1-000-are-intechopen-authors-and-editors-20210122",title:"Stanford University Identifies Top 2% Scientists, Over 1,000 are IntechOpen Authors and Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-authors-included-in-the-highly-cited-researchers-list-for-2020-20210121",title:"IntechOpen Authors Included in the Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020"},{slug:"intechopen-maintains-position-as-the-world-s-largest-oa-book-publisher-20201218",title:"IntechOpen Maintains Position as the World’s Largest OA Book Publisher"},{slug:"all-intechopen-books-available-on-perlego-20201215",title:"All IntechOpen Books Available on Perlego"},{slug:"oiv-awards-recognizes-intechopen-s-editors-20201127",title:"OIV Awards Recognizes IntechOpen's Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-crossref-s-initiative-for-open-abstracts-i4oa-to-boost-the-discovery-of-research-20201005",title:"IntechOpen joins Crossref's Initiative for Open Abstracts (I4OA) to Boost the Discovery of Research"},{slug:"intechopen-hits-milestone-5-000-open-access-books-published-20200908",title:"IntechOpen hits milestone: 5,000 Open Access books published!"},{slug:"intechopen-books-hosted-on-the-mathworks-book-program-20200819",title:"IntechOpen Books Hosted on the MathWorks Book Program"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6134",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Intermetallic Compounds - Formation and Applications",title:"Intermetallic Compounds",subtitle:"Formation and Applications",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Intermetallic compounds are usually brittle with high melting points. Their properties are often found among ceramic and metallic materials. In most cases, their hot corrosion resistance and simultaneously hardness are important. One of the main applications of intermetallic compounds is for superalloy turbine blades in which they show appropriate high-temperature-related properties. This book collects new developments about intermetallic compounds and their recent usages.",isbn:"978-1-78923-179-3",printIsbn:"978-1-78923-178-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-298-0",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68256",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"intermetallic-compounds-formation-and-applications",numberOfPages:226,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,hash:"d417aabc209ed4ce28dee750fd15c479",bookSignature:"Mahmood Aliofkhazraei",publishedDate:"May 30th 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6134.jpg",numberOfDownloads:5891,numberOfWosCitations:20,numberOfCrossrefCitations:8,numberOfDimensionsCitations:20,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:48,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 9th 2017",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 30th 2017",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 26th 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 24th 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 23rd 2018",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"155413",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood",middleName:null,surname:"Aliofkhazraei",slug:"mahmood-aliofkhazraei",fullName:"Mahmood Aliofkhazraei",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/155413/images/3939_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mahmood Aliofkhazraei works in the corrosion and surface engineering group at the Tarbiat Modares University. He is the head of Aliofkhazraei research group (www.aliofkhazraei.com). Dr. Aliofkhazraei has received several honors, including the Khwarizmi award and the best young nanotechnologist award of Iran. He is a member of the National Association of Surface Sciences, Iranian Corrosion Association, and National Elite Foundation of Iran. His research focuses on materials science, nanotechnology, and its use in surface and corrosion science.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"13",institution:{name:"Tarbiat Modares University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"950",title:"Solid-State Chemistry",slug:"metals-and-nonmetals-solid-state-chemistry"}],chapters:[{id:"59839",title:"FeAl Intermetallic Alloy: Its Heat-Resistant and Practical Application",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73184",slug:"feal-intermetallic-alloy-its-heat-resistant-and-practical-application",totalDownloads:609,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,signatures:"Janusz Cebulski and Dorota Pasek",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59839",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59839",authors:[{id:"210940",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Janusz",surname:"Cebulski",slug:"janusz-cebulski",fullName:"Janusz Cebulski"},{id:"210942",title:"MSc.",name:"Dorota",surname:"Pasek",slug:"dorota-pasek",fullName:"Dorota Pasek"}],corrections:null},{id:"58937",title:"Intermetallics Formation and Their Effect on Mechanical Properties of Al-Si-X Alloys",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73188",slug:"intermetallics-formation-and-their-effect-on-mechanical-properties-of-al-si-x-alloys",totalDownloads:936,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,signatures:"Williams S. Ebhota and Tien-Chien Jen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58937",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58937",authors:[{id:"206268",title:"Dr.",name:"Williams",surname:"Ebhota",slug:"williams-ebhota",fullName:"Williams Ebhota"},{id:"214786",title:"Prof.",name:"Tien-Chien",surname:"Jen",slug:"tien-chien-jen",fullName:"Tien-Chien Jen"}],corrections:null},{id:"60256",title:"Intermetallic Bonding for High-Temperature Microelectronics and Microsystems: Solid-Liquid Interdiffusion Bonding",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75139",slug:"intermetallic-bonding-for-high-temperature-microelectronics-and-microsystems-solid-liquid-interdiffu",totalDownloads:598,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,signatures:"Knut E. Aasmundtveit, Thi-Thuy Luu, Hoang-Vu Nguyen, Andreas\nLarsson and Torleif A. Tollefsen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60256",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60256",authors:[{id:"216490",title:"Dr.",name:"Knut",surname:"Aasmundtveit",slug:"knut-aasmundtveit",fullName:"Knut Aasmundtveit"},{id:"239422",title:"Dr.",name:"Thi-Thuy",surname:"Luu",slug:"thi-thuy-luu",fullName:"Thi-Thuy Luu"},{id:"239424",title:"Dr.",name:"Hoang-Vu",surname:"Nguyen",slug:"hoang-vu-nguyen",fullName:"Hoang-Vu Nguyen"},{id:"239426",title:"MSc.",name:"Andreas",surname:"Larsson",slug:"andreas-larsson",fullName:"Andreas Larsson"},{id:"239427",title:"Dr.",name:"Torleif A.",surname:"Tollefsen",slug:"torleif-a.-tollefsen",fullName:"Torleif A. Tollefsen"}],corrections:null},{id:"61032",title:"The Importance of the Fluorine Effect on the Oxidation of Intermetallic Titanium Aluminides",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75696",slug:"the-importance-of-the-fluorine-effect-on-the-oxidation-of-intermetallic-titanium-aluminides",totalDownloads:440,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Alexander Georg Donchev and Mathias Christian Galetz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61032",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61032",authors:[{id:"174362",title:"Dr.",name:"Mathias",surname:"Galetz",slug:"mathias-galetz",fullName:"Mathias Galetz"},{id:"222128",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Donchev",slug:"alexander-donchev",fullName:"Alexander Donchev"}],corrections:null},{id:"60516",title:"Structural and Mechanical Behaviour of Al-Fe Intermetallics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73944",slug:"structural-and-mechanical-behaviour-of-al-fe-intermetallics",totalDownloads:847,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,signatures:"Mohammed Ishaq Raviathul Basariya and Nilay Krishna\nMukhopadhyay",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60516",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60516",authors:[{id:"220122",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Raviathul",surname:"Basariya",slug:"m.-raviathul-basariya",fullName:"M. Raviathul Basariya"},{id:"220646",title:"Dr.",name:"N. K.",surname:"Mukhopadhyay",slug:"n.-k.-mukhopadhyay",fullName:"N. K. Mukhopadhyay"}],corrections:null},{id:"61063",title:"Technological Aspects of Production and Processing of Functional Materials Based on Intermetallic Fe-Al",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76701",slug:"technological-aspects-of-production-and-processing-of-functional-materials-based-on-intermetallic-fe",totalDownloads:464,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Magdalena Jabłońska, Iwona Bednarczyk, Anna Śmiglewicz and\nTomasz Mikuszewski",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61063",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61063",authors:[{id:"211483",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Magdalena",surname:"Jabłońska",slug:"magdalena-jablonska",fullName:"Magdalena Jabłońska"}],corrections:null},{id:"59086",title:"Inter-Diffusion of Nickel and Palladium with Germanium",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73190",slug:"inter-diffusion-of-nickel-and-palladium-with-germanium",totalDownloads:542,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Adrian Habanyama and Craig M. Comrie",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59086",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59086",authors:[{id:"211243",title:"Dr.",name:"Adrian",surname:"Habanyama",slug:"adrian-habanyama",fullName:"Adrian Habanyama"},{id:"220838",title:"Prof.",name:"Craig",surname:"Comrie",slug:"craig-comrie",fullName:"Craig Comrie"}],corrections:null},{id:"58790",title:"Transition Metal Aluminide Coatings and Initial Steps on Additive Manufacturing",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72582",slug:"transition-metal-aluminide-coatings-and-initial-steps-on-additive-manufacturing",totalDownloads:592,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Núria Cinca i Luis",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58790",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58790",authors:[{id:"209969",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Núria",surname:"Cinca",slug:"nuria-cinca",fullName:"Núria Cinca"}],corrections:null},{id:"59014",title:"Physical Properties of Yttrium-Rhodium and Yttrium-Copper B2-Type Rare Earth Intermetallic Compounds: First Principles Study",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73189",slug:"physical-properties-of-yttrium-rhodium-and-yttrium-copper-b2-type-rare-earth-intermetallic-compounds",totalDownloads:442,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Abdessamad Sekkal, Mohamed Sahlaoui and Abdelnour Benzair",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59014",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59014",authors:[{id:"210648",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdessamad",surname:"Sekkal",slug:"abdessamad-sekkal",fullName:"Abdessamad Sekkal"}],corrections:null},{id:"60530",title:"Effect on Heat Treatment and Doping of Cubic NaZn13-Type La0.7Pr0.3(Fe,Si)13 for Magnetic Refrigerator Application",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75607",slug:"effect-on-heat-treatment-and-doping-of-cubic-nazn13-type-la0-7pr0-3-fe-si-13-for-magnetic-refrigerat",totalDownloads:428,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Muhamad Faiz Md Din, Jianli Wang and Mohd Taufiq Ishak",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60530",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60530",authors:[{id:"209538",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhamad Faiz",surname:"Md Din",slug:"muhamad-faiz-md-din",fullName:"Muhamad Faiz Md Din"},{id:"212495",title:"Dr.",name:"Jianli",surname:"Wang",slug:"jianli-wang",fullName:"Jianli Wang"},{id:"212496",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Taufiq",surname:"Ishak",slug:"mohd-taufiq-ishak",fullName:"Mohd Taufiq Ishak"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3817",title:"Developments in Corrosion Protection",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8ff86fac7ac8bce142fdc3c0e5a79f30",slug:"developments-in-corrosion-protection",bookSignature:"M. Aliofkhazraei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3817.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"155413",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood",surname:"Aliofkhazraei",slug:"mahmood-aliofkhazraei",fullName:"Mahmood Aliofkhazraei"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3558",title:"Advances in Graphene Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f3a2158260a79c0fc8a4298864aa7dcd",slug:"advances-in-graphene-science",bookSignature:"Mahmood Aliofkhazraei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3558.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"155413",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood",surname:"Aliofkhazraei",slug:"mahmood-aliofkhazraei",fullName:"Mahmood Aliofkhazraei"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3530",title:"Modern Surface Engineering Treatments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cfc3d20214aa1f1ee9d6e39dbe76d294",slug:"modern-surface-engineering-treatments",bookSignature:"Mahmood Aliofkhazraei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3530.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"155413",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood",surname:"Aliofkhazraei",slug:"mahmood-aliofkhazraei",fullName:"Mahmood Aliofkhazraei"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5319",title:"Wetting and Wettability",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49767cc09f266bd5bdf55f4a5c57792b",slug:"wetting-and-wettability",bookSignature:"Mahmood Aliofkhazraei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5319.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"155413",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood",surname:"Aliofkhazraei",slug:"mahmood-aliofkhazraei",fullName:"Mahmood Aliofkhazraei"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3859",title:"Modern Electrochemical Methods in Nano, Surface and Corrosion Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8d16a35ef79fcec1ea47f0174cca555c",slug:"modern-electrochemical-methods-in-nano-surface-and-corrosion-science",bookSignature:"Mahmood Aliofkhazraei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3859.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"155413",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood",surname:"Aliofkhazraei",slug:"mahmood-aliofkhazraei",fullName:"Mahmood Aliofkhazraei"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4614",title:"Surface Energy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e17cd77d2616f544522495c30285475",slug:"surface-energy",bookSignature:"Mahmood Aliofkhazraei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4614.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"155413",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood",surname:"Aliofkhazraei",slug:"mahmood-aliofkhazraei",fullName:"Mahmood Aliofkhazraei"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4718",title:"Electroplating of Nanostructures",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"07fbd32f1cb2fb8a99cea60dbfa53fa8",slug:"electroplating-of-nanostructures",bookSignature:"Mahmood Aliofkhazraei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4718.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"155413",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood",surname:"Aliofkhazraei",slug:"mahmood-aliofkhazraei",fullName:"Mahmood Aliofkhazraei"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4615",title:"Superalloys",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a42448fe9dcde752b974c2f79c759ec6",slug:"superalloys",bookSignature:"Mahmood Aliofkhazraei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4615.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"155413",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood",surname:"Aliofkhazraei",slug:"mahmood-aliofkhazraei",fullName:"Mahmood Aliofkhazraei"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5153",title:"Diamond and Carbon Composites and Nanocomposites",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c358194cd9d33671b03808b346f354dc",slug:"diamond-and-carbon-composites-and-nanocomposites",bookSignature:"Mahmood Aliofkhazraei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5153.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"155413",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood",surname:"Aliofkhazraei",slug:"mahmood-aliofkhazraei",fullName:"Mahmood Aliofkhazraei"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5288",title:"Magnesium Alloys",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cfadbd539f562a5a15b15b620701eb4b",slug:"magnesium-alloys",bookSignature:"Mahmood Aliofkhazraei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5288.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"155413",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood",surname:"Aliofkhazraei",slug:"mahmood-aliofkhazraei",fullName:"Mahmood Aliofkhazraei"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"74026",slug:"corrigendum-to-calf-sex-influence-in-bovine-milk-production",title:"Corrigendum to: Calf-Sex Influence in Bovine Milk Production",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/74026.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74026",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74026",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/74026",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/74026",chapter:{id:"73504",slug:"calf-sex-influence-in-bovine-milk-production",signatures:"Miguel Quaresma and R. Payan-Carreira",dateSubmitted:"April 21st 2020",dateReviewed:"September 10th 2020",datePrePublished:"October 8th 2020",datePublished:"January 20th 2021",book:{id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",publishedDate:"January 20th 2021",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"38652",title:"Dr.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",email:"rtpayan@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"309250",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Quaresma",fullName:"Miguel Quaresma",slug:"miguel-quaresma",email:"miguelq@utad.pt",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"73504",slug:"calf-sex-influence-in-bovine-milk-production",signatures:"Miguel Quaresma and R. Payan-Carreira",dateSubmitted:"April 21st 2020",dateReviewed:"September 10th 2020",datePrePublished:"October 8th 2020",datePublished:"January 20th 2021",book:{id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",publishedDate:"January 20th 2021",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"38652",title:"Dr.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",email:"rtpayan@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"309250",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Quaresma",fullName:"Miguel Quaresma",slug:"miguel-quaresma",email:"miguelq@utad.pt",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}]},book:{id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",publishedDate:"January 20th 2021",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"7316",leadTitle:null,title:"Seepage - Steady State Flow of Water",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tThe seepage flow is a phenomenon, where something like water finds gaps in a medium and passes through them. The flow is a slow progression on different time scales in various places. Rainwater that has infiltrated the soil is absorbed by plants through their roots and stems by capillary action. On islands, saltwater intrusion affects field crops and fruit trees. In a sandy beach, the action of waves generates seepage flow, purifying seawater physically and biochemically, which is one of the natural purification mechanisms. Artificial structures are also infiltrated by fresh or saltwater depending on environments. Although these seepage phenomena appear to show a steady-state, the phase proceeds so slowly as not to be noticed, where a certain amount is integrated to cross a threshold, leading to sudden changes. For example, seepage rainwater can trigger landslides. The infiltrated water causes corrosion and degradation of structural components through chemical reactions. In addition, the penetrated high-temperature magma, touching osmotic groundwater, raises the pressure in its chamber via phreatic explosions, resulting in an eruption.
\r\n\r\n\tThis volume will provide new conceptual, qualitative, and quantitative commentaries on seepage flow in various situations, as well as the resultant phenomena due to seepage flow.
\r\n\t
Japan’s declining birthrate and aging population are becoming increasingly serious issues. Indeed, the shrinkage of the working population continues unabated [1]. The Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare [2] reported a future shortage of anywhere from 60,000 to 270,000 nurses in 2025. This shortage might make it difficult to provide sufficient patient care, especially for older adults who need long-term care [3].
\nBeyond this, as of early November 2020, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) became a major threat to global public health. Globally, the number of patients with COVID-19 is approximately 52 million [4]. Notably, COVID-19 is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which spreads among people, mainly when an infected person is in close contact with others [5]. Significantly, many COVID-19 clusters have been reported in clinical settings, including long-term facilities.
\nIn Japan, the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare [6] recommends that people employ basic strategies to prevent the spread of infectious diseases, including COVID-19. These include hand washing, proper cough etiquette, wearing a mask, and avoiding group gatherings in poorly ventilated spaces. Although potential vaccines are under development, it remains necessary to make lifestyle changes that extend to human interaction, recognizing the possibility that new infectious diseases may gain prevalence in the future.
\nRobots are attracting attention as a countermeasure for such serious situations. Of the various forms of human interaction, communication with others is important as it helps improve the quality of life (QOL) and sociality of older adults and patients with dementia. Accordingly, healthcare communication robots (HCRs) have the potential to support the needs of patient dialog as an alternative to healthcare providers, thereby preventing infections and addressing staff shortage situations.
\nUsing HCRs for patient care is a collaborative process that requires not only engineers but also healthcare providers, such as nurses, who have a mandate to protect patient rights and maintain safety. Indeed, it is necessary to consider potential issues that may arise from this development. Thus, this paper discusses expectations and ethical dilemmas in relation to HCRs from the perspective of nurses.
\nCommunication with others is important because it is satisfying and fosters a sense of connection. Especially, conversation with others achieves mutual understanding through shared experiences and feelings. However, in Japan, community relationship networks are becoming degraded by the progressively aging society and the trend of nuclear families, which have become serious local problems. Particularly among older adults who have lived alone or had physical functional disorder, social activity and conversation with others tend to decrease.
\nNotably, long-term facilities have seen a rise in dementia patients, and the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) may cause irritability and restlessness among patients [7]. When nurses care for older adults and patients with dementia, it is important that they take time to listen to them to provide appropriate, high-quality care in a way that suits the patient [8].
\nHowever, the staffing of nurses in long-term facilities and nursing homes for older adults is lower than in acute care hospitals [9]. Due to this shortage of healthcare providers, it might be burdensome for staff to take sufficient time for dialog with older adults [10, 11].
\nClearly, the quality of care for older adults may be suffering because of labor shortages, especially in long-term care settings. This quality of care may be expected to improve when healthcare workers have HCRs as partners. Moreover, HCRs may also provide patients with the opportunity to talk, even in situations where an infectious disease such as COVID-19 is concerned.
\nThe Japanese government has already supported the introduction of HCRs to facilities for the elderly (such as nursing homes) as well as healthcare facilities [12] and hospitals [13]. While HCRs are still being developed and introduced in certain facilities, there are no HCRs specialized for older adults and patients with dementia [14]. Hence, it is necessary to improve the application that enables dialog with members of these demographics and to enhance the safety and features of the robots [15].
\nThe development of HCRs capable of dialog and therapeutic communication is a future goal. Here, “dialog” is not just a conversation, but the recognition and respect for each other’s values and establishing a relationship of trust.
\nThis speaks to the larger need for the development of HCRs that can interact with the elderly, increase conversation opportunities for them, satisfy their desire for approval, maintain their sociality and sense of purpose, and improve their QOL. Furthermore, by collecting information from the cloud database of these robots, healthcare providers may be able to determine whether urgent or immediate care is necessary, allowing them to listen to the patients more intensely.
\nThe acute care field is marked by the responsibility to care for patients suffering from threatening infectious diseases such as COVID-19. The risk of infection is very high for medical staff [16], who must find a way to take care of patients within the boundaries of time constraints, while also striving to prevent getting infected. Unsurprisingly, most medical staff find it difficult to take enough time to listen to patients’ feelings, particularly when they are fighting the fear of COVID-19 infection [17, 18]. Thus, patients with COVID-19 may lose the opportunity to express themselves because they have limited time to talk to their medical staff and limited visits with family and friends.
\nTraditional (human) nurses are accustomed to listening to a patient’s voice. However, in an emergency, HCRs may be able to note a patient’s anxiety and complaints and provide them with appropriate care in response. If the HCR can be linked with information from thermography and electronic medical records, it will also be possible to observe simple physical conditions among patients. Thus, the HCR may also serve as an alternative to care supporters for people who have been in shelters for long periods due to large earthquakes, etc.
\nAs recent years have seen the rapid development of robots and artificial intelligence (AI), ethical codes and guidelines have been issued by related academic societies largely in the engineering field [19, 20]. Ethical studies concerning AI and robots are also underway. UK-RAS network describes that the ethical concerns raised by robotics and autonomous systems (RAS) depend on their capabilities and domain of usage of Robotics, there are ethical issues such as Bias, Deception, Employment, Opacity, Safety, Oversight, and Privacy [21]. Of course, ethics are crucial to healthcare because healthcare workers must recognize dilemmas: using good judgment to make decisions informed by their values but also governed by the law.
\nA nurse, a type of healthcare provider, is a person who engages in providing care to persons with injuries and/or illnesses, and/or postpartum women, and/or assists in the provision of medical treatment under the license of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (Article 5 of the Act on Public Health Nurses, Midwives, and Nurses). Based on the Nursing Code of Ethics of the International Council of Nurses (ICN) [22], and the Japanese Nursing Association (JNA) [23], nurses are required to provide care while respecting human life, dignity, and rights according to the law.
\nHowever, just as patients are unique and vary in age and condition, nurses have their own cultural, religious, moral, and professional values. Thus, there are often conflicting values, disagreements, and ethical conflicts in nursing settings.
\nEthical dilemmas in nursing settings are far-reaching. From time to time, nurses make ethical decisions by taking a variety of information into account to determine the best choice for the patient. Nurses can take appropriate actions when faced with an ethical dilemma by understanding and applying ethical guidelines such as the American Nurses Association’s Code of Ethics [24], the ICN Code of Ethics for Nurses [22], and the JNA Code of Ethics [23].
\nIn Japan, decisions about ethical dilemmas are informed by the six principles of ethics (Beneficence, Non-maleficence, Autonomy, Veracity, Justice, and Fidelity) (Table 1) [25, 26]. These principles are familiar to nurses. Even after making ethical decisions, nurses reflect on those decisions and strive to increase their ethical sensitivity daily.
\nBeneficence: Actions that consider the welfare of others and include attributes like kindness and charity. | \n
Nonmaleficence: Actions that prevent or inflict minimal harm to others. | \n
Autonomy: Recognizing the individual’s right to self-determination and decision-making. | \n
Veracity: Interacting with others in a truthful, trustworthy, and accurate manner. | \n
Justice: Treating others with fairness and with equal degree of respect and concern. | \n
Fidelity: Being loyal and faithful to patients who trust the nurse. | \n
When HCRs are introduced to long-term facilities and hospitals, different ethical dilemmas might occur.
\nIf the HCRs, in the near future, can use dialog to make autonomous decisions regarding patients, and serve to replace a human nurse, relevant ethical discussions must precede this change. For instance, one would logically consider the questions of whether HCRs can have a sense of ethics like human nurses, and whether the former can make ethical decisions in the midst of ethical conflicts within nursing settings.
\nOur research currently uses the humanoid robot, Pepper (SoftBank Robotics Corp.) [28], in a long-term facility to develop an application for healthcare robots that can communicate with older adults based on principles of care. It also seeks to evaluate a program that can be run in a clinical context (developed by the Xing Company). However, in the implementation of this strategy, the communication function of Pepper’s application has proven deficient.
\nIt is important to understand the present HCRs’ competency as well as other factors that may enhance this application, making it suitable for use among older adults. To explore HCR-related issues in healthcare settings, we interviewed five healthcare providers (nurses, caregivers, and physiotherapists) at three facilities about current usage issues with Pepper. From these results, I examined ethical dilemmas from the nurse’s perspective concerning the development and introduction of HCRs that can interact with older adults. This analysis was based on four issues: burden on staff and insufficient support system, inadequate communication function, leakage of personal information and violation of right to privacy, and guaranteeing the safety and security of HCRs.
\nThe complexity of the robot’s operation, the ambiguity of the HCR support system, and the burden of preparation and cleanup of HCRs are some of the issues faced by the staff while working with HCRs. Pepper weighs approximately 30 kg (around 66 lbs.), stands 120 cm (approximately 47 inches) tall [28], and requires extra staff to prepare it for use and clean it. In addition, there are other issues related to its operational complexity and unclear support system (e.g., where to check when the robot freezes). These issues sometimes occur due to the application’s up-data. In many cases, a specific healthcare staff member accustomed to handling such equipment is in charge of making the introduction, placing additional burden on that staff member. At such times, staff support is required to facilitate interactions and conversations between humans and robots [29].
\nWhen HCRs are used in healthcare settings, it is important to avoid increasing the human burden and preventing the traditional nurse from being deprived of time to care for the patient. This is related to the ethical principle of justice. Nurses must decide the just or fair allocation of healthcare resources [25, 26]. With the introduction of robots, the principles of beneficence (providing good nursing to all patients), non-maleficence (avoiding harm caused from using HCRs), and justice (providing proper and fair nursing to all patients) should not come at the cost of staff conflict. Undue burden placed upon nurses, such as the aforementioned HCR handling and use requirements, may incline nurses to put an end to the introduction of robots in healthcare settings as they cannot provide adequate care and ensure the patient’s safety. Indeed, convenience (which includes appropriate sizing) and generous support are key for HCR use. It is also necessary to have functions that can be used by medical professionals who are not well versed in robotics and/or engineering.
\nA human nurse naturally changes the manner (speed, volume, delivery, tone) and content of their speech depending on the patient, the nurse’s personal experience, and various other factors. Conversely, the current HCRs cannot change how they talk to patients. Thus, older adults and patients with dementia may give up the conversation, feel discouraged, and/or experience negative emotions because the timing of HCRs’ utterances and the content of the response may be insufficient and the conversations may be unengaging. This has implications for the ethical principle of non-maleficence.
\nThe challenge here is to set the goals for the HCRs’ dialog function to include the examination of word choice (including the determination of inappropriate words). Clearly, the dialog function will rapidly improve in the future. However, traditional nurses are currently better placed to provide care to patients based on nursing ethics and while exercising professional responsibility.
\nEven during the clinical trials for HCR development, nurses must protect patients’ rights. Patients should not be harmed; they should not experience negative feelings or feel discouraged by HCRs (the principle of non-maleficence). Nurses should ensure that patients receive the best care from HCRs and human nurses (the principle of beneficence). Furthermore, it is particularly important to solicit patients’ opinions concerning their willingness or desire to interact with the HCRs (principle of autonomy); they should be permitted the personal liberty to determine their own decisions on whether to receive care from HCRs [25, 26]. Nurses give top priority to the safety of the subject and thereby play an advocacy role. Therefore, if patient rights and their ethical principles are violated, nurses may need to halt the promotion of robot development.
\nThe third issue involves the collection of patient information stored in the cloud server or body of HCRs, and how this information is managed. Indeed, HCRs need to store information to a cloud server for improved functioning. A cloud server allows for information input from various sources, along with simultaneous compilation and analysis [30]. This is significant, as there is a lot of information in the dialog between patients and HCRs.
\nThe guidelines regarding AI and robots have included effective policies such as protection and promotion of human rights, safety, and privacy [19, 20, 31]. Nevertheless, in the near future, when HCRs use the cloud server to store big data collected from their patients, an information leakage accident may occur [32]. This issue could, for instance, arise due to some malfunction during the development stage.
\nThe right to privacy does not have a legal basis in Japan. However, the right to privacy is recognized under the law of precedent as part of the pursuit of happiness referred to in Article 13 of the Constitution. In addition, personal information, in principle, cannot be provided to a third party (Article 23), except in cases where the allowance is based on laws and regulations (Article 23–1).
\nNurses also have a duty to protect patients’ privacy as a component of patient care (Article 42–2 of the Act on Public Health Nurses, Midwives, and Nurses). As stated in the code of nurse ethics, “Nurses should honor confidentiality and strive for the protection of personal information, while using appropriate discretion in the sharing of this information” [32]. Hence, it is important to safeguard against personal information leakage from HCRs or iCloud servers (the principles of fidelity, and non-maleficence).
\nThe fourth issue is the need to ensure the safety of interactive robots. In healthcare settings, there are hazardous things that might result in daily medical accidents or incidents. A medical accident involving a nurse may happen while providing nursing care or while assisting medical treatment that involves medical interventions [33]. Healthcare institutions continue to improve their policies and framework to secure organization-wide safety [34]. Nurses consistently make patient safety a top priority (the principles of non-maleficence: avoiding harm caused by HCRs, and beneficence: providing better nursing to all patients). This consideration entails predicting potentially dangerous patient behavior and performing other forms of safety and risk management (the principle of non-maleficence).
\nPresently, there are no reported medical accidents due to the use of HCRs. Unless there is a guarantee that accidents due to patient falls or contact will not occur, and that the safety of nurses and medical staff will be ensured, the introduction of HCRs should not be viewed passively.
\nFor instance, we must consider whether HCRs that can interact with older adults and patients with dementia need a self-propelled function and/or humanoid figures, and whether these things would enhance patient safety. Moreover, different cases must be studied along with the safety-related responsibilities they present.
\nThis chapter discusses expectations and ethical dilemmas concerning the use of HCRs that will interact with patients in medical and welfare settings in the future. These considerations have been made from the nurses’ perspective.
\nConversation with others is important to human beings. However, appropriate reactions and responses are complex, not just for HCRs, but also for traditional nurses. This means that, HCRs require improved functions, including specifications concerning appropriate listening practices, conversation, behavior, etc.
\nFurthermore, nurses must continue to protect the rights and safety of patients in all instances and at all times. Thus, HCRs should not be allowed to infringe on these principles in healthcare settings.
\nIn the future, HCRs may serve as patient interlocutors. Their conversation program may include AI with an interactive or transactive dialog function and the capacity to make decisions concerning ethical conflicts. To this end, discussion and collaboration with an interdisciplinary team is crucial to the process of developing these robots for use among patients.
\nThis work was partially supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP19K10735. Part of this work was presented to the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers in 2020.
\nThe authors declare no conflicts of interest.
\nGeneral requirements for Open Access to Horizon 2020 research project outputs are found within Guidelines on Open Access to Scientific Publication and Research Data in Horizon 2020. The guidelines, in their simplest form, state that if you are a Horizon 2020 recipient, you must ensure open access to your scientific publications by enabling them to be downloaded, printed and read online. Additionally, said publications must be peer reviewed.
',metaTitle:"Horizon 2020 Compliance",metaDescription:"General requirements for Open Access to Horizon 2020 research project outputs are found within Guidelines on Open Access to Scientific Publication and Research Data in Horizon 2020. The guidelines, in their simplest form, state that if you are a Horizon 2020 recipient, you must ensure open access to your scientific publications by enabling them to be downloaded, printed and read online. Additionally, said publications must be peer reviewed. ",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:null,contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Publishing with IntechOpen means that your scientific publications already meet these basic requirements. It also means that through our utilization of open licensing, our publications are also able to be copied, shared, searched, linked, crawled, and mined for text and data, optimizing our authors' compliance as suggested by the European Commission.
\\n\\nMetadata for all publications is also automatically deposited in IntechOpen's OAI repository, making them available through the Open Access Infrastructure for Research in Europe's (OpenAIRE) search interface further establishing our compliance.
\\n\\nIn other words, publishing with IntechOpen guarantees compliance.
\\n\\nRead more about Open Access in Horizon 2020 here.
\\n\\nWhich scientific publication to choose?
\\n\\nWhen choosing a publication, Horizon 2020 grant recipients are encouraged to provide open access to various types of scientific publications including monographs, edited books and conference proceedings.
\\n\\nIntechOpen publishes all of the aforementioned formats in compliance with the requirements and criteria established by the European Commission for the Horizon 2020 Program.
\\n\\nAuthors requiring additional information are welcome to send their inquiries to funders@intechopen.com
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'Publishing with IntechOpen means that your scientific publications already meet these basic requirements. It also means that through our utilization of open licensing, our publications are also able to be copied, shared, searched, linked, crawled, and mined for text and data, optimizing our authors' compliance as suggested by the European Commission.
\n\nMetadata for all publications is also automatically deposited in IntechOpen's OAI repository, making them available through the Open Access Infrastructure for Research in Europe's (OpenAIRE) search interface further establishing our compliance.
\n\nIn other words, publishing with IntechOpen guarantees compliance.
\n\nRead more about Open Access in Horizon 2020 here.
\n\nWhich scientific publication to choose?
\n\nWhen choosing a publication, Horizon 2020 grant recipients are encouraged to provide open access to various types of scientific publications including monographs, edited books and conference proceedings.
\n\nIntechOpen publishes all of the aforementioned formats in compliance with the requirements and criteria established by the European Commission for the Horizon 2020 Program.
\n\nAuthors requiring additional information are welcome to send their inquiries to funders@intechopen.com
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5766},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5228},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1717},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10370},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:897},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15791}],offset:12,limit:12,total:118192},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"ebgfFaeGuveeFgfcChcyvfu"},books:[],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:19},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:1}],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9671",title:"Macrophages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"03b00fdc5f24b71d1ecdfd75076bfde6",slug:"macrophages",bookSignature:"Hridayesh Prakash",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9671.jpg",editors:[{id:"287184",title:"Dr.",name:"Hridayesh",middleName:null,surname:"Prakash",slug:"hridayesh-prakash",fullName:"Hridayesh Prakash"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7841",title:"New Insights Into Metabolic Syndrome",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef5accfac9772b9e2c9eff884f085510",slug:"new-insights-into-metabolic-syndrome",bookSignature:"Akikazu Takada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7841.jpg",editors:[{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8558",title:"Aerodynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db7263fc198dfb539073ba0260a7f1aa",slug:"aerodynamics",bookSignature:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy and Aly-Mousaad Aly",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8558.jpg",editors:[{id:"35542",title:"Prof.",name:"Mofid",middleName:null,surname:"Gorji-Bandpy",slug:"mofid-gorji-bandpy",fullName:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7847",title:"Medical Toxicology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db9b65bea093de17a0855a1b27046247",slug:"medical-toxicology",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Tomohisa Ogawa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7847.jpg",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoglu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10432",title:"Casting Processes and Modelling of Metallic Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c5c9df938666bf5d1797727db203a6d",slug:"casting-processes-and-modelling-of-metallic-materials",bookSignature:"Zakaria Abdallah and Nada Aldoumani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10432.jpg",editors:[{id:"201670",title:"Dr.",name:"Zak",middleName:null,surname:"Abdallah",slug:"zak-abdallah",fullName:"Zak Abdallah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5240},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9671",title:"Macrophages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"03b00fdc5f24b71d1ecdfd75076bfde6",slug:"macrophages",bookSignature:"Hridayesh Prakash",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9671.jpg",editors:[{id:"287184",title:"Dr.",name:"Hridayesh",middleName:null,surname:"Prakash",slug:"hridayesh-prakash",fullName:"Hridayesh Prakash"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10432",title:"Casting Processes and Modelling of Metallic Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c5c9df938666bf5d1797727db203a6d",slug:"casting-processes-and-modelling-of-metallic-materials",bookSignature:"Zakaria Abdallah and Nada Aldoumani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10432.jpg",editors:[{id:"201670",title:"Dr.",name:"Zak",middleName:null,surname:"Abdallah",slug:"zak-abdallah",fullName:"Zak Abdallah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7841",title:"New Insights Into Metabolic Syndrome",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef5accfac9772b9e2c9eff884f085510",slug:"new-insights-into-metabolic-syndrome",bookSignature:"Akikazu Takada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7841.jpg",editors:[{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9243",title:"Coastal Environments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e05e5f631e935eef366980f2e28295d",slug:"coastal-environments",bookSignature:"Yuanzhi Zhang and X. San Liang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9243.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"77597",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuanzhi-zhang",fullName:"Yuanzhi Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10020",title:"Operations Management",subtitle:"Emerging Trend in the Digital Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"526f0dbdc7e4d85b82ce8383ab894b4c",slug:"operations-management-emerging-trend-in-the-digital-era",bookSignature:"Antonella Petrillo, Fabio De Felice, Germano Lambert-Torres and Erik Bonaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10020.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9521",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",subtitle:"A One Health Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30949e78832e1afba5606634b52056ab",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-one-health-perspective",bookSignature:"Mihai Mareș, Swee Hua Erin Lim, Kok-Song Lai and Romeo-Teodor Cristina",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9521.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88785",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihai",middleName:null,surname:"Mares",slug:"mihai-mares",fullName:"Mihai Mares"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"190224",title:"Dr.",name:"Swee Hua Erin",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"swee-hua-erin-lim",fullName:"Swee Hua Erin Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190224/images/system/190224.png",biography:"Dr. Erin Lim is presently working as an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates and is affiliated as an Associate Professor to Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Selangor, Malaysia. She obtained her Ph.D. from Universiti Putra Malaysia in 2010 with a National Science Fellowship awarded from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia and has been actively involved in research ever since. Her main research interests include analysis of carriage and transmission of multidrug resistant bacteria in non-conventional settings, besides an interest in natural products for antimicrobial testing. She is heavily involved in the elucidation of mechanisms of reversal of resistance in bacteria in addition to investigating the immunological analyses of diseases, development of vaccination and treatment models in animals. She hopes her work will support the discovery of therapeutics in the clinical setting and assist in the combat against the burden of antibiotic resistance.",institutionString:"Abu Dhabi Women’s College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Perdana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"221544",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok-Song",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",slug:"kok-song-lai",fullName:"Kok-Song Lai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221544/images/system/221544.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Lai Kok Song is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. He obtained his Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan in 2012. Prior to his academic appointment, Dr. Lai worked as a Senior Scientist at the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia. His current research areas include antimicrobial resistance and plant-pathogen interaction. His particular interest lies in the study of the antimicrobial mechanism via membrane disruption of essential oils against multi-drug resistance bacteria through various biochemical, molecular and proteomic approaches. Ultimately, he hopes to uncover and determine novel biomarkers related to antibiotic resistance that can be developed into new therapeutic strategies.",institutionString:"Higher Colleges of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Higher Colleges of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9560",title:"Creativity",subtitle:"A Force to Innovation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"58f740bc17807d5d88d647c525857b11",slug:"creativity-a-force-to-innovation",bookSignature:"Pooja Jain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9560.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"316765",title:"Dr.",name:"Pooja",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"pooja-jain",fullName:"Pooja Jain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9669",title:"Recent Advances in Rice Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"12b06cc73e89af1e104399321cc16a75",slug:"recent-advances-in-rice-research",bookSignature:"Mahmood-ur- Rahman Ansari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-Ur-",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-Ur- Rahman Ansari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10192",title:"Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca24028d89912b5efea56e179dff089",slug:"background-and-management-of-muscular-atrophy",bookSignature:"Julianna Cseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10192.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"135579",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianna",middleName:null,surname:"Cseri",slug:"julianna-cseri",fullName:"Julianna Cseri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9550",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Contemporary Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b4ac1ee5b743abf6f88495452b1e5e7",slug:"entrepreneurship-contemporary-issues",bookSignature:"Mladen Turuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"319755",title:"Prof.",name:"Mladen",middleName:null,surname:"Turuk",slug:"mladen-turuk",fullName:"Mladen Turuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1225",title:"Optical Physics",slug:"optics-and-lasers-optical-physics",parent:{title:"Optics and Lasers",slug:"optics-and-lasers"},numberOfBooks:5,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:92,numberOfWosCitations:47,numberOfCrossrefCitations:36,numberOfDimensionsCitations:55,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"optics-and-lasers-optical-physics",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10075",title:"Nonlinear Optics",subtitle:"From Solitons to Similaritons",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b034b2a060292c8511359aec0db1002c",slug:"nonlinear-optics-from-solitons-to-similaritons",bookSignature:"İlkay Bakırtaş and Nalan Antar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10075.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"186388",title:"Prof.",name:"İlkay",middleName:null,surname:"Bakırtaş",slug:"ilkay-bakirtas",fullName:"İlkay Bakırtaş"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8350",title:"Fiber Optic Sensing",subtitle:"Principle, Measurement and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d35774b28952d3c4c4643b58dec25549",slug:"fiber-optic-sensing-principle-measurement-and-applications",bookSignature:"Shien-Kuei Liaw",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8350.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"206109",title:"Dr.",name:"Shien-Kuei",middleName:null,surname:"Liaw",slug:"shien-kuei-liaw",fullName:"Shien-Kuei Liaw"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7582",title:"Nonlinear Optics",subtitle:"Novel Results in Theory and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a3ad4a3553a3ec59f7992d4f6495ac07",slug:"nonlinear-optics-novel-results-in-theory-and-applications",bookSignature:"Boris I. Lembrikov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7582.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"2359",title:"Dr.",name:"Boris",middleName:"I.",surname:"Lembrikov",slug:"boris-lembrikov",fullName:"Boris Lembrikov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6599",title:"Small Angle Scattering and Diffraction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b1efb6a54c3fbdadd875f7bac0f6718",slug:"small-angle-scattering-and-diffraction",bookSignature:"Margareth K. K. D. Franco and Fabiano Yokaichiya",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6599.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"186337",title:"Dr.",name:"Margareth Kazuyo Kobayashi",middleName:null,surname:"Dias Franco",slug:"margareth-kazuyo-kobayashi-dias-franco",fullName:"Margareth Kazuyo Kobayashi Dias Franco"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5348",title:"Luminescence",subtitle:"An Outlook on the Phenomena and their Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d982c49fed4423a0ea7367af4f917b82",slug:"luminescence-an-outlook-on-the-phenomena-and-their-applications",bookSignature:"Jagannathan Thirumalai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5348.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"99242",title:"Prof.",name:"Jagannathan",middleName:null,surname:"Thirumalai",slug:"jagannathan-thirumalai",fullName:"Jagannathan Thirumalai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:5,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"52294",doi:"10.5772/65118",title:"Photon-Upconverting Materials: Advances and Prospects for Various Emerging Applications",slug:"photon-upconverting-materials-advances-and-prospects-for-various-emerging-applications",totalDownloads:2472,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:9,book:{slug:"luminescence-an-outlook-on-the-phenomena-and-their-applications",title:"Luminescence",fullTitle:"Luminescence - An Outlook on the Phenomena and their Applications"},signatures:"Manoj Kumar Mahata, Hans Christian Hofsäss and Ulrich Vetter",authors:[{id:"185891",title:"Dr.",name:"Manoj Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Mahata",slug:"manoj-kumar-mahata",fullName:"Manoj Kumar Mahata"},{id:"194423",title:"Prof.",name:"Hans",middleName:null,surname:"Hofsäss",slug:"hans-hofsass",fullName:"Hans Hofsäss"},{id:"194424",title:"Dr.",name:"Ulrich",middleName:null,surname:"Vetter",slug:"ulrich-vetter",fullName:"Ulrich Vetter"}]},{id:"52465",doi:"10.5772/65385",title:"Bioluminescent Fishes and their Eyes",slug:"bioluminescent-fishes-and-their-eyes",totalDownloads:1372,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:7,book:{slug:"luminescence-an-outlook-on-the-phenomena-and-their-applications",title:"Luminescence",fullTitle:"Luminescence - An Outlook on the Phenomena and their Applications"},signatures:"José Paitio, Yuichi Oba and Victor Benno Meyer-Rochow",authors:[{id:"185998",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuichi",middleName:null,surname:"Oba",slug:"yuichi-oba",fullName:"Yuichi Oba"},{id:"186175",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Rui",middleName:null,surname:"Lima Paitio",slug:"jose-rui-lima-paitio",fullName:"Jose Rui Lima Paitio"},{id:"202747",title:"Dr.",name:"Victor B.",middleName:null,surname:"Meyer-Rochow",slug:"victor-b.-meyer-rochow",fullName:"Victor B. Meyer-Rochow"}]},{id:"52672",doi:"10.5772/65185",title:"Luminescence in Rare Earth Ion‐Doped Oxide Compounds",slug:"luminescence-in-rare-earth-ion-doped-oxide-compounds",totalDownloads:2918,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:7,book:{slug:"luminescence-an-outlook-on-the-phenomena-and-their-applications",title:"Luminescence",fullTitle:"Luminescence - An Outlook on the Phenomena and their Applications"},signatures:"Carlos Ruvalcaba Cornejo",authors:[{id:"186306",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Ruvalcaba",slug:"carlos-ruvalcaba",fullName:"Carlos Ruvalcaba"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"52173",title:"The Dynamics of Luminescence",slug:"the-dynamics-of-luminescence",totalDownloads:1531,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"luminescence-an-outlook-on-the-phenomena-and-their-applications",title:"Luminescence",fullTitle:"Luminescence - An Outlook on the Phenomena and their Applications"},signatures:"Luyanda L. Noto, Hendrik C. Swart, Bakang M. Mothudi, Pontsho S.\nMbule and Mokhotjwa S. Dhlamini",authors:[{id:"102985",title:"Dr.",name:"Mokhotswa",middleName:null,surname:"Dhlamini",slug:"mokhotswa-dhlamini",fullName:"Mokhotswa Dhlamini"}]},{id:"52294",title:"Photon-Upconverting Materials: Advances and Prospects for Various Emerging Applications",slug:"photon-upconverting-materials-advances-and-prospects-for-various-emerging-applications",totalDownloads:2476,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:10,book:{slug:"luminescence-an-outlook-on-the-phenomena-and-their-applications",title:"Luminescence",fullTitle:"Luminescence - An Outlook on the Phenomena and their Applications"},signatures:"Manoj Kumar Mahata, Hans Christian Hofsäss and Ulrich Vetter",authors:[{id:"185891",title:"Dr.",name:"Manoj Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Mahata",slug:"manoj-kumar-mahata",fullName:"Manoj Kumar Mahata"},{id:"194423",title:"Prof.",name:"Hans",middleName:null,surname:"Hofsäss",slug:"hans-hofsass",fullName:"Hans Hofsäss"},{id:"194424",title:"Dr.",name:"Ulrich",middleName:null,surname:"Vetter",slug:"ulrich-vetter",fullName:"Ulrich Vetter"}]},{id:"52672",title:"Luminescence in Rare Earth Ion‐Doped Oxide Compounds",slug:"luminescence-in-rare-earth-ion-doped-oxide-compounds",totalDownloads:2922,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:7,book:{slug:"luminescence-an-outlook-on-the-phenomena-and-their-applications",title:"Luminescence",fullTitle:"Luminescence - An Outlook on the Phenomena and their Applications"},signatures:"Carlos Ruvalcaba Cornejo",authors:[{id:"186306",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Ruvalcaba",slug:"carlos-ruvalcaba",fullName:"Carlos Ruvalcaba"}]},{id:"65854",title:"The State-of-the-Art of Brillouin Distributed Fiber Sensing",slug:"the-state-of-the-art-of-brillouin-distributed-fiber-sensing",totalDownloads:793,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,book:{slug:"fiber-optic-sensing-principle-measurement-and-applications",title:"Fiber Optic Sensing",fullTitle:"Fiber Optic Sensing - Principle, Measurement and Applications"},signatures:"Cheng Feng, Jaffar Emad Kadum and Thomas Schneider",authors:[{id:"280943",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Cheng",middleName:null,surname:"Feng",slug:"cheng-feng",fullName:"Cheng Feng"},{id:"290271",title:"Mr.",name:"Jaffar",middleName:null,surname:"Kadum",slug:"jaffar-kadum",fullName:"Jaffar Kadum"},{id:"290272",title:"Prof.",name:"Thomas",middleName:null,surname:"Schneider",slug:"thomas-schneider",fullName:"Thomas Schneider"}]},{id:"64727",title:"Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation",slug:"nonlinear-schr-dinger-equation",totalDownloads:822,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"nonlinear-optics-novel-results-in-theory-and-applications",title:"Nonlinear Optics",fullTitle:"Nonlinear Optics - Novel Results in Theory and Applications"},signatures:"Jing Huang",authors:[{id:"198550",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jing",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",slug:"jing-huang",fullName:"Jing Huang"}]},{id:"52568",title:"Trap Level Measurements in Wide Band Gap Materials by Thermoluminescence",slug:"trap-level-measurements-in-wide-band-gap-materials-by-thermoluminescence",totalDownloads:1546,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"luminescence-an-outlook-on-the-phenomena-and-their-applications",title:"Luminescence",fullTitle:"Luminescence - An Outlook on the Phenomena and their Applications"},signatures:"Pooneh Saadatkia, Chris Varney and Farida Selim",authors:[{id:"185781",title:"Prof.",name:"Farida",middleName:null,surname:"Selim",slug:"farida-selim",fullName:"Farida Selim"},{id:"186734",title:"Ms.",name:"Pooneh",middleName:null,surname:"Saadatkia",slug:"pooneh-saadatkia",fullName:"Pooneh Saadatkia"},{id:"186735",title:"Dr.",name:"Chris",middleName:null,surname:"Varney",slug:"chris-varney",fullName:"Chris Varney"}]},{id:"66415",title:"Magnetic Solitons in Optical Lattice",slug:"magnetic-solitons-in-optical-lattice",totalDownloads:227,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"nonlinear-optics-from-solitons-to-similaritons",title:"Nonlinear Optics",fullTitle:"Nonlinear Optics - From Solitons to Similaritons"},signatures:"Xing-Dong Zhao",authors:[{id:"283277",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhao",middleName:null,surname:"Xingdong",slug:"zhao-xingdong",fullName:"Zhao Xingdong"}]},{id:"52708",title:"Bioluminescence of the Black Sea Ctenophores-Aliens as an Index of their Physiological State",slug:"bioluminescence-of-the-black-sea-ctenophores-aliens-as-an-index-of-their-physiological-state",totalDownloads:1126,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"luminescence-an-outlook-on-the-phenomena-and-their-applications",title:"Luminescence",fullTitle:"Luminescence - An Outlook on the Phenomena and their Applications"},signatures:"Tokarev Yuriy Nikolaevich and Mashukova Olga Vladimirovna",authors:[{id:"186292",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuriy",middleName:null,surname:"Tokarev",slug:"yuriy-tokarev",fullName:"Yuriy Tokarev"},{id:"186293",title:"Dr.",name:"Olga",middleName:null,surname:"Mashukova",slug:"olga-mashukova",fullName:"Olga Mashukova"}]},{id:"52133",title:"Excitation‐Intensity (EI) Effect on Photoluminescence of ZnO Materials with Various Morphologies",slug:"excitation-intensity-ei-effect-on-photoluminescence-of-zno-materials-with-various-morphologies",totalDownloads:1427,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"luminescence-an-outlook-on-the-phenomena-and-their-applications",title:"Luminescence",fullTitle:"Luminescence - An Outlook on the Phenomena and their Applications"},signatures:"Prasada Rao Talakonda",authors:[{id:"185838",title:"Dr.",name:"Prasada Rao",middleName:null,surname:"Talakonda",slug:"prasada-rao-talakonda",fullName:"Prasada Rao Talakonda"}]},{id:"52293",title:"Luminescent Glass for Lasers and Solar Concentrators",slug:"luminescent-glass-for-lasers-and-solar-concentrators",totalDownloads:1537,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"luminescence-an-outlook-on-the-phenomena-and-their-applications",title:"Luminescence",fullTitle:"Luminescence - An Outlook on the Phenomena and their Applications"},signatures:"Meruva Seshadri, Virgilio de Carvalho dos Anjos and Maria Jose\nValenzuela Bell",authors:[{id:"185581",title:"Dr.",name:"Seshadri",middleName:null,surname:"Meruva",slug:"seshadri-meruva",fullName:"Seshadri Meruva"},{id:"193648",title:"Prof.",name:"Anjos",middleName:null,surname:"V",slug:"anjos-v",fullName:"Anjos V"},{id:"193649",title:"Prof.",name:"Bell",middleName:null,surname:"M.J.V",slug:"bell-m.j.v",fullName:"Bell M.J.V"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"optics-and-lasers-optical-physics",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/165993/magdalena-figlerowicz",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"165993",slug:"magdalena-figlerowicz"},fullPath:"/profiles/165993/magdalena-figlerowicz",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()