IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\n
By listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
All three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n
"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n
"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
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In conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n
“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\n
We invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\n
Feel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\n
By listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
All three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n
"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n
"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\n
In conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n
“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\n
We invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\n
Feel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"8511",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Cyberspace",title:"Cyberspace",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Parallel to the physical space in our world, there exists cyberspace. In the physical space, there are human and nature interactions that produce products and services. On the other hand, in cyberspace there are interactions between humans and computer that also produce products and services. Yet, the products and services in cyberspace don’t materialize—they are electronic, they are millions of bits and bytes that are being transferred over cyberspace infrastructure.",isbn:"978-1-78985-858-7",printIsbn:"978-1-78985-857-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-78985-721-4",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78887",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"cyberspace",numberOfPages:184,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"8c1cdeb133dbe6cc1151367061c1bba6",bookSignature:"Evon Abu-Taieh, Abdelkrim El Mouatasim and Issam H. Al Hadid",publishedDate:"June 17th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8511.jpg",numberOfDownloads:33646,numberOfWosCitations:10,numberOfCrossrefCitations:16,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:31,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:2,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:57,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 14th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"September 18th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 17th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 5th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 5th 2020",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"223522",title:"Dr.",name:"Evon",middleName:"M.O.",surname:"Abu-Taieh",slug:"evon-abu-taieh",fullName:"Evon Abu-Taieh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223522/images/system/223522.png",biography:"Evon Abu-Taieh, PhD, Associate Professor in The University of\nJordan. She has authored or edited 6 scholar books and contributed to more than 8 scholar books. She has more than 55\npublished research studies. She is currently a visiting professor\nat Princess Noura Bint Abdulrahman University in Saudi Arabia.\nShe served as Acting Dean at the University of Jordan-Aqaba\nfor 3 years and Chair of both the CIS and BIT Departments for\n2 years. She has more than 31 years of experience in higher education, computers,\naviation, transport, AI, ciphering, routing algorithms, compression algorithms,\nmultimedia, and simulation. She has served in many conferences as reviewer and\non 4 journal editorial review boards. She was Editor-in-Chief of the International\nJournal of Aviation Technology, Engineering and Management and has been a guest\neditor for the Journal of Information Technology Research.",institutionString:"The University of Jordan",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of Jordan",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Jordan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"250082",title:"Dr.",name:"Issam",middleName:null,surname:"H. Al Hadid",slug:"issam-h.-al-hadid",fullName:"Issam H. Al Hadid",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250082/images/system/250082.jpeg",biography:"Issam Hamad Alhadid is an Assistant Professor at the University\nof Jordan. In 2010 he completed his Ph.D. degree at the University of Banking and Financial Sciences in Jordan. Dr Alhadid\nacted as the Director of the Training and Consultation Center at\nThe University of Jordan, Aqaba Branch. Dr Alhadid has more\nthan 40 published research publications on Service Oriented\nArchitecture (SOA), cloud computing, service composition AI,\nknowledge base systems, compression techniques, and information retrieval. Also,\nDr Alhadid is a Microsoft Certified Business Management Solution Specialist and\nquality assurance officer, holding an EFQM certificate.",institutionString:"University of Jordan",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorTwo:{id:"198150",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Abdelkrim",middleName:null,surname:"El Mouatasim",slug:"abdelkrim-el-mouatasim",fullName:"Abdelkrim El Mouatasim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/198150/images/system/198150.png",biography:"Abdelkrim El Mouatasim, born in 1973, received a Ph.D. degree\nin Applied Mathematics in 2007 from Mohammadia Engineering\nSchool – Mohamed 5 University in Rabat, Morocco. Currently he\nis an Associate Professor of Artificial Intelligence in the Polydisciplinary Faculty of Ouarzazate, Ibn Zohr University, Morocco.\nHis research interests include: AI, optimization, mathematical\nmodeling, and text mining",institutionString:"Ibn Zohr University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Université Ibn Zohr",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Morocco"}}},coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"551",title:"Computer Network",slug:"computer-science-and-engineering-computer-network"}],chapters:[{id:"72160",title:"5G Road Map to Communication Revolution",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92319",slug:"5g-road-map-to-communication-revolution",totalDownloads:891,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The goal of this chapter is to give researchers, practitioners, and students a pedestal to get a comprehensive look at the new technology of communication named 5G. The chapter will present an introduction that shows the importance of 5G to the different uses of the Internet. Then, the chapter will present two essential aspects: (1) 5G research in academia and real world and (2) timeline of Gs. Then, the chapter will discuss three aspects of 5G which are, namely, (1) Regulations, (2) security, and (3) the 5 enabling Technologies. Then, the chapter will discuss the real-life case of South Korea mobile carrier.",signatures:"Evon Abu-Taieh, Issam H. Al Hadid and Ali Zolait",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72160",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72160",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"68281",title:"Cyberspace as a New Existential Dimension of Man",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88156",slug:"cyberspace-as-a-new-existential-dimension-of-man",totalDownloads:1264,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Since the second half of the twentieth century, especially from the 1990s to the present, we have seen significant sociocultural changes that have mostly been influenced by information technology. In the area of information technology, it is mainly the Internet that is the essential part of all modern communication technologies such as smartphones, iPads, and so on. The Internet is a new communication space, also called cyberspace, in which we not only communicate but also work, learn, buy, have fun, and so on. It does not seem to be a mere “tool” of our new way of communication, but a dimension that becomes part of our existence. We then have to ask how our existence is changing under the influence of new technologies. How do we change the value system in cyberspace communication? What are the possibilities and risks of communication in cyberspace? These are just some of the issues that arise in connection with communication in cyberspace to which we will seek answers. In the chapter we use the phenomenological and hermeneutic method. Through the phenomenological method, we examine the basic structure of cyberspace (Clark, Ropolyi) and, using a hermeneutic method, examine the differences between communication in cyberspace and old media (Lohisse, Postman, Bystřický).",signatures:"Slavomír Gálik and Sabína Gáliková Tolnaiová",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68281",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68281",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"68505",title:"Research Design and Methodology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85731",slug:"research-design-and-methodology",totalDownloads:25147,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:18,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"There are a number of approaches used in this research method design. The purpose of this chapter is to design the methodology of the research approach through mixed types of research techniques. The research approach also supports the researcher on how to come across the research result findings. In this chapter, the general design of the research and the methods used for data collection are explained in detail. It includes three main parts. The first part gives a highlight about the dissertation design. The second part discusses about qualitative and quantitative data collection methods. The last part illustrates the general research framework. The purpose of this section is to indicate how the research was conducted throughout the study periods.",signatures:"Kassu Jilcha Sileyew",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68505",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68505",authors:[{id:"292841",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassu",surname:"Jilcha Sileyew",slug:"kassu-jilcha-sileyew",fullName:"Kassu Jilcha Sileyew"}],corrections:null},{id:"71568",title:"Cyberspace as a New Living World and Its Axiological Contexts",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91907",slug:"cyberspace-as-a-new-living-world-and-its-axiological-contexts",totalDownloads:832,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The subject of the chapter is cyberspace in an axiological perspective, which is our new lifeworld. The focus is particularly on the problem of the quality of our life in its specific circumstances. The aim is (on the background of the characteristics of cyberspace as a lifeworld) to solve the problem of values and significance, but also the risks of our so-called cyber experience. In this context, the aim is also to identify various conditions, axiological indicators and the relevant elements of the quality of our life in cyberspace. The authors pursue their goal using the phenomenological-hermeneutic method within the four parts of the chapter. In part 1, cyberspace is interpreted as a life world that is co-constructed in our acts of communication. In part 2, the problem of values, significance and risks of our cyber experience is discussed. The key variable is digital “well-being.” As they point out in part 3, it should be our morally based value “good life,” which is expressed as “ethos” in our life. In part 4, in this perspective, we are faced with the relevant task of the art of living ‘ars vivendi’ with the necessary coherent self-understanding and value-moral claims and the education should also have a “psychological” dimension.",signatures:"Sabína Gáliková Tolnaiová and Slavomír Gálik",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71568",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71568",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"68561",title:"Cyberspace and Artificial Intelligence: The New Face of Cyber-Enhanced Hybrid Threats",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88648",slug:"cyberspace-and-artificial-intelligence-the-new-face-of-cyber-enhanced-hybrid-threats",totalDownloads:1263,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"While, until recently, cyber operations have constituted a specific subset of defense and security concerns, the synergization of cyberspace and artificial intelligence (AI), which are driving the Fourth Industrial Revolution, has raised the threat level of cyber operations, making them a centerpiece of what are called hybrid threats. The concept of hybrid threat is presently a key concern for the defense and security community; cyber-enabled and cyber-enhanced hybrid operations have been amplified in scope, frequency, speed, and threat level due to the synergies that come from the use of cyberspace and machine learning (ML)-based solutions. In the present work, we address the relevance of cyberspace-based operations and artificial intelligence for the implementation of hybrid operations and reflect on what this cyber dimension of hybrid operations implies for the concept of what constitutes a cyberweapon, the concept of hybrid human intelligence (hybrid HUMINT) and possible responses to the hybrid threat patterns.",signatures:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68561",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68561",authors:[{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves"}],corrections:null},{id:"66114",title:"Combined Deep Learning and Traditional NLP Approaches for Fire Burst Detection Based on Twitter Posts",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85075",slug:"combined-deep-learning-and-traditional-nlp-approaches-for-fire-burst-detection-based-on-twitter-post",totalDownloads:845,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The current chapter introduces a procedure that aims at determining regions that are on fire, based on Twitter posts, as soon as possible. The proposed scheme utilizes a deep learning approach for analyzing the text of Twitter posts announcing fire bursts. Deep learning is becoming very popular within different text applications involving text generalization, text summarization, and extracting text information. A deep learning network is to be trained so as to distinguish valid Twitter fire-announcing posts from junk posts. Next, the posts labeled as valid by the network have undergone traditional NLP-based information extraction where the initial unstructured text is converted into a structured one, from which potential location and timestamp of the incident for further exploitation are derived. Analytic processing is then implemented in order to output aggregated reports which are used to finally detect potential geographical areas that are probably threatened by fire. So far, the part that has been implemented is the traditional NLP-based and has already derived promising results under real-world conditions’ testing. The deep learning enrichment is to be implemented and expected to build upon the performance of the existing architecture and further improve it.",signatures:"Konstantinos-George Thanos, Andrianna Polydouri, Antonios Danelakis, Dimitris Kyriazanos and Stelios C.A. Thomopoulos",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66114",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66114",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"69741",title:"Blind Wavelet-Based Image Watermarking",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88131",slug:"blind-wavelet-based-image-watermarking",totalDownloads:684,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, the watermarking technique is blind; blind watermarking does not need any of the original images or any information about it to recover watermark. In this technique the watermark is inserted into the high frequencies. Three-level wavelet transform is applied to the image, and the size of the watermark is equal to the size of the detailed sub-band. Significant coefficients are used to embed the watermark. The proposed technique depends on quantization. The proposed watermarking technique generates images with less degradation.",signatures:"Abeer D. Algarni and Hanaa A. Abdallah",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69741",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69741",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"66610",title:"Text Mining to Facilitate Domain Knowledge Discovery",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85362",slug:"text-mining-to-facilitate-domain-knowledge-discovery",totalDownloads:1094,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The high-precision observation and measurement techniques have accelerated the rapid development of geoscience research in the past decades and have produced large amounts of research outputs. Many findings and discoveries were recorded in the geological literature, which is regarded as unstructured data. For these data, traditional research methods have limited functions for integrating and mining them to make knowledge discovery. Text mining based on natural language processing (NLP) provides the necessary method and technology to analyze unstructured geological literature. In this book chapter, we will review the latest researches of text mining in the domain of geoscience and present results from a few case studies. The research includes three major parts: (1) structuralization of geological literature, (2) information extraction and visualization for geological literature, and (3) geological text mining to assist database construction and knowledge discovery.",signatures:"Chengbin Wang and Xiaogang Ma",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66610",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66610",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"64576",title:"Tagging and Tag Recommendation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82242",slug:"tagging-and-tag-recommendation",totalDownloads:898,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Tagging has emerged as one of the best ways of associating metadata with objects (e.g., videos, texts) in Web 2.0 applications. Consisting of freely chosen keywords assigned to objects by users, tags represent a simpler, cheaper, and a more natural way of organizing content than a fixed taxonomy with a controlled vocabulary. Moreover, recent studies have demonstrated that among other textual features such as title, description, and user comments, tags are the most effective to support information retrieval (IR) services such as search, automatic classification, and content recommendation. In this context, tag recommendation services aim at assisting users in the tagging process, allowing users to select some of the recommended tags or to come up with new ones. Besides improving user experience, tag recommendation services potentially improve the quality of the generated tags, benefiting IR services that rely on tags as data sources. Besides the obvious benefit of improving the description of the objects, tag recommendation can be directly applied in IR services such as search and query expansion. In this chapter, we will provide the main concepts related to tagging systems, as well as an overview of tag recommendation techniques, dividing them into two stages of the tag recommendation process: (1) the candidate tag extraction and (2) the candidate tag ranking.",signatures:"Fabiano M. Belém, Jussara M. Almeida and Marcos A. Gonçalves",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64576",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64576",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"70266",title:"Classification Model for Bullying Posts Detection",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88633",slug:"classification-model-for-bullying-posts-detection",totalDownloads:741,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Nowadays, many research tasks are concentrating on Social Media for Analyzing Sentiments and Opinions, Political Issues, Marketing Strategies and many more. Several text mining structures have been designed for different applications. Harassing is a category of claiming social turmoil in different structures and conduct toward a singular or group, to damage others. Investigation outcomes demonstrated that 7 young people out of 10 become the casualty of cyber bullying. Throughout the world, many prominent cases are existing due to the bad communications over the Web. So there could be suitable solutions for this problem and there is a need to eradicate the lacking in existing strategies in dealing problems with cyber bullying incidents. A prominent aim is to design a scheme to alert the people those who are using social networks and also to prevent them from bullying environments. Tweet corpus carries the messages in the text as well as it has ID, time, and so forth. The messages are imparted in informal form and furthermore, there is variety in the dialect. So, there is a requirement to operate a progression of filtration to handle the raw tweets before feature extraction and frequency extraction. The idea is to regard each tweet as a limited blend over a basic arrangement of topics, each of which is described by dissemination over words, and after that analyze tweets through such topic dispersions. Naturally, bullying topics might be related to higher probabilities for bullying words. An arrangement of training tweets with both bullying and non-bullying texts are required to take in a model that can derive topic distributions from tweets. Topic modeling is used to get lexical collocation designs in the irreverent content and create significant topics for a model.",signatures:"K. Nalini and L. 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Muyeen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3589",title:"ICT - Energy - Concepts Towards Zero",subtitle:"Power Information and Communication Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"52d111bb721e0d749c1cee6c8b6d8ab8",slug:"ict-energy-concepts-towards-zero-power-information-and-communication-technology",bookSignature:"Giorgos Fagas, Luca Gammaitoni, Douglas Paul and Gabriel Abadal Berini",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3589.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"168209",title:"Dr.",name:"Giorgos",surname:"Fagas",slug:"giorgos-fagas",fullName:"Giorgos Fagas"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3724",title:"Distributed Generation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9383c05ece5ed76feff7645f261830ba",slug:"distributed-generation",bookSignature:"D N Gaonkar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3724.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"112984",title:"Dr.",name:"Dattatraya",surname:"Gaonkar",slug:"dattatraya-gaonkar",fullName:"Dattatraya Gaonkar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"62",title:"Power Quality",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"power-quality",bookSignature:"Andreas Eberhard",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/62.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"18782",title:"Mr.",name:"Andreas",surname:"Eberhard",slug:"andreas-eberhard",fullName:"Andreas Eberhard"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3660",title:"Nuclear Power",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"nuclear-power",bookSignature:"Pavel Tsvetkov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3660.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"10023",title:"Dr.",name:"Pavel V.",surname:"Tsvetkov",slug:"pavel-v.-tsvetkov",fullName:"Pavel V. Tsvetkov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"18577",title:"Quantitative Analysis of Iodine Thyroid and Gastrointestinal Tract Biokinetic Models Using MATLAB",doi:"10.5772/20989",slug:"quantitative-analysis-of-iodine-thyroid-and-gastrointestinal-tract-biokinetic-models-using-matlab",body:'\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
1. Introduction
\n\t\t\t
This chapter quantitatively analyzed the biokinetic models of iodine thyroid and the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) using MATLAB software. Biokinetic models are widely used to analyze the internally absorbed dose of radiation in patients who have undergone a nuclear medical examination, or to estimate the dose of I-131 radionuclide that is absorbed by a critical organ in patients who have undergone radiotherapy (ICRP-30, 1978). In the specific biokinetic model, human organs or tissues are grouped into many compartments to perform calculations. The defined compartments vary considerably among models, because each model is developed to elucidate a unique function of the human metabolic system.
\n\t\t\t
The solutions to the time-dependent simultaneous differential equations that are associated with both the iodine and the GI tract model, obtained using the MATLAB default programming feature, yield much medical information, because the calculations that are made using these equations provide not only the precise time-dependent quantities of the radionuclides in each compartment in the biokinetic model but also a theoretical basis for estimating the dose absorbed by each compartment. The results obtained using both biokinetic models can help a medical physicist adjust the settings of the measuring instrumentation in the radioactive therapy protocol or the radio-sensitivity of the dose monitoring to increase the accuracy of detection and reduce the uncertainty in practical measurement.
\n\t\t\t
In this chapter, MATLAB algorithms are utilized to solve the time-dependent simultaneous differential equations that are associated with two biokinetic models and to define the correlated uncertainties that are related to the calculation. MATLAB is seldom used in the medical field, because the engineering-based definition of the MATLAB parameters reduces its ease of use by unfamiliar researchers. Nevertheless, using MATLAB can greatly accelerate analysis in a practical study. Some firm recommendations concerning future studies on similar topics are presented and a brief conclusion is drawn.
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
2. Iodine thyroid model
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
2.1. Biokinetic model
\n\t\t\t\t
The iodine model simulates the effectiveness of healing by patients following the post-surgical administering of 131\n\t\t\t\t\tI for the ablation of residual thyroid. Following initial treatment (a near-total or total thyroidectomy), most patients are treated with 131\n\t\t\t\t\tI for ablation of the residual thyroid gland (De Klerk et al., 2000; Schlumberger 1998). However, estimates of cumulative absorbed doses in patients and people close to them remains controversial, despite the establishment of the criteria for applying the iodine biokinetic model to a healthy person from the ICRP-30 report. Conversely, the biokinetic model of iodine that is applied following the remnant ablation of the thyroid must be reconsidered from various perspectives, because the gland that is designated as dominant, the thyroid, in (near-) total thyroidectomy patients is the remnant gland of interest (Kramer et al., 2002; North et al., 2001).
\n\t\t\t\t
According to the ICRP-30 report in the biokinetic model of iodine, a typical human body can be divided into five major compartments. They are
The terms qi andλi are the time-dependent quantity of 131I in all compartments and the decay constants between pairs of compartment, respectively (R: physical half life, ST: stomach, BF: body fluid, Th: thyroid, WB: whole body). Accordingly, the quantity of iodine nuclide in the stomach decreases regularly, whereas the quantity change inside the body fluid is complicated because the iodine can be transported from either stomach or whole body into the body fluid and then removed outwardly also from two channels (to thyroid or to excretion directly). The quantity change of iodine nuclides in either thyroid or whole body is comparatively direct since only one channel is defined for inside or outside [Fig. 1]. Since the biological half-lives of iodine, as recommended by ICRP-30 for the stomach, body fluid, thyroid and whole body, are 0.029d, 0.25d, 80d and 12d, respectively, the corresponding decay constants for each variable can be calculated [Tab. 1]. Additionally, the time-dependent quantity of iodine in each compartment is depicted in Fig. 2, and the initial time is the time when the 131I is administered to the patient.
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
λ
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
coeff.
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Derivation
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
λR\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0.0862 d\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-1\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
ln2 / 8.0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
λST\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
24 d\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-1\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
ln2 / 0.029
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
λBF1\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0.832 d\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-1\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0.3xln2 / 0.25
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
λBF2\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1.940 d\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-1\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0.7xln2 / 0.25
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
λTh\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0.0058 d\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-1\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
ln2 / 120
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
λWB2\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0.052 d\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-1\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0.9xln2 / 12
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
λWB1\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0.0052 d\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-1\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0.1xln2 / 12
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Table 1.
The coefficients of variables for simultaneous differential equations as adopted in this work. The calculation results are theoretical estimations of the time-dependent quantity of iodine in various compartments for a typical body. Additionally, the decay constant for physical half-life of 131\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tI is indicated as λR and the physical half-life is 8.0 d.
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
2.2. MATLAB algorithms
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\tEqs 1-4 can be reorganized as below and solved by the MATLAB program.
\n\t\t\t\t\tFigure 2 plots the derived time-dependent quantities of iodine in various compartments in the biokinetic model. The solid dots represent either the sum of quantities in the body fluid and the whole body, or the thyroid gland. The practical measurement made regarding body fluid and whole body cannot be separated out, whereas the data concerning the thyroid gland are easily identified data collection.
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
2.3. Experiment
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
2.3.1. Characteristics of patients
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Five patients (4F/1M) aged 37~46 years underwent one to four consecutive weeks of whole body scanning using a gamma camera following the post-surgical administration of 131I for ablation of the residual thyroid. An iodine clearance measurement was made on all five patients before scanning to suppress interference with the data.
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Figure 2.
The theoretical estimation for time-dependent quantities of iodine in various compartments of the biokinetic model.
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
2.3.2. Gamma camera
\n\t\t\t\t\t
The gamma camera (SIEMENS E-CAM) was located at Chung-Shan Medical University Hospital (CSMUH). The gamma camera\'s two NaI 48×33×0.5 cm3 plate detectors were positioned 5 cm above and 6 cm below the patient\'s body during scanning. Each plate was connected to a 2"-diameter 59 Photo Multiplier Tube (PMT) to record the data. Ideally, the two detectors captured ~70% of the emitted gamma ray. Each patient scanned was given a 1.11GBq (30 mCi) 131I capsule for thyroid gland remnant ablation. The 131I capsule was carrier-free with a radionuclide purity that exceeded 99.9% and radiochemical purity that exceeded 95.0%. All radio pharmaceutical capsules were fabricated by Syncor Int., Corp. The coefficient of variance (%CV) of the activity of all capsules from a single batch was less than 1.0%, as verified by spot checks (Chen et al., 2003). Therefore, the position-sensitive gamma ray emitted from the 131I that was administered to patient could be analyzed and plotted.
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
2.3.3. Whole body scanning of patients
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Each patient was treated with 1.11 GBq 131I once weekly for four consecutive weeks, to ensure ablation of the residual thyroid gland. This treatment suppressed the rapid absorption of ultra high doses by normal organs. Post treatment 131I was typically administered six weeks after the thyroidectomy operation. However, thyroid medication was discontinued during the sixth week to reduce the complexity of any side effects. Care was taken to ensure that drugs that were administrated one week before scanning contained no iodine or radiographic contrast agent. Table 2 presents the measured data and the scanning schedule for the first subject for the first week. The schedules for other patients were similar, with only minor modifications. The final column in Tab. 2 presents data obtained from the thigh as ROI. This area was used to determine the pure background for the NaI counting system. Additionally, the body fluid and whole body compartments were treated as a single compartment and re-defined as "remainder" in the empirical evaluation since in-vivo measurements of these compartments were not separable. Therefore, the net counts for the ROI (either the remainder or the thyroid) were simply determined by subtracting either the count in the thigh region plus that in the thyroid areas or that in the thigh area only from the total counts from the entire whole body.
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
2.4. Data analysis
\n\t\t\t\t
Data for each patient are analyzed and normalized to provide initial array in MATLAB output format to fit the optimal data for Eqs. 1-4. Additionally, to distinguish between the results fitted in MATLAB and the practical data from each subject, a value, Agreement (AT), is defined as
where Yn(nor. iten.) and Yn(MATLAB) are the normalized intensity that were practically obtained from each subject in the nth acquisition, and that data computed using MATLAB, respectively. N is defined to be between 11 and 17, corresponding to the different counting schedules of the subjects herein.
\n\t\t\t\t
An AT value of zero indicates perfect agreement between analytical and empirical results. Generally, an AT value of less than 5.00 can be regarded as indicating excellent consistency between computational and practical data, whereas an AT within the range 10.00-15.00 may still offer reliable confidence in the consistency between analytical and empirical results (Pan et al., 2000; 2001). Table 3 shows the calculated data for five subjects over four weeks of whole body scanning. As shown in Tab. 3, the T1/2(thy.) and T1/2(BF) are changed from 80d and 0.25d to 0.66±0.50d and 0.52±0.23d, respectively. Yet, the branching ratio from the body fluid compartment to either the thyroid compartment (Ithy.) or the excretion compartment (Iexc.) is changed from 30% or; 70%, respectively to 11.4±14.6% or; 88.4±14.6%, respectively. A shorter biological half-life (80d→0.66d) and a smaller branching ratio from body fluid to remnant thyroid gland (30%→11.4%) also reveal the rapid excretion of the iodine nuclides by the metabolic mechanism in thyroidectomy patients.
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\tFigure 3 presents the results computed using MATLAB along with practical measurement for various subjects, to clarify the evaluation of the 131I nuclides of either the thyroid compartment or the remainder. As clearly shown in Fig. 3, the consistency between each calculated curve and practical data for various subjects reveals not only the accuracy of calculation but also the different characteristics of patients’ biokinetic mechanism, reflecting the real status of remnant thyroid glands.
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
2.5. Discussion
\n\t\t\t\t
Defining the biological half-life of iodine in the thyroid compartment without considering the effects of other compartments in the biokinetic model remains controversial. For healthy people, the thyroid compartment dominates the biokinetic model of iodine. In contrast, based on the analytical results, for (near) total thyroidectomy patients, both the body fluid and the thyroid dominate the revised biokinetic model. Additionally, the biological half-life of iodine in the thyroid of a healthy person can be evaluated directly using the time-dependent curve. The time-dependent curve for thyroidectomy patients degrades rapidly because of iodine has a short biological half-life in the remnant thyroid gland. Withholding iodine from the body fluid compartment of thyroidectomy patients rapidly increases the percentage of iodine nuclides detected in subsequent in-vivo scanning.
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
counting No.
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
elapsed time(hrs)
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
whole body
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
thyroid
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
thigh
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0.05
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
21504618
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
355224
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
101133
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0.25
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
19894586
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
434947
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
219306
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
3
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0.5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
22896468
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
754599
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
308951
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
4
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0.75
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
23417836
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
834463
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
298034
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1.00
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
23645836
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
944563
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
316862
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
6
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2.00
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
21987448
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1014885
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
311113
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
7
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
3.00
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
18901178
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1124704
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
260065
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
8
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
4.00
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
18997956
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1329043
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
245960
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
9
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
5.00
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
19006712
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1297005
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
242498
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
10
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
6.00
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
16861720
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1247396
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
204844
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
11
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
7.00
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
16178016
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1334864
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
191212
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
12
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
8.00
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
14884935
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1222750
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
175766
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
13
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
32.00
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
7810032
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1080369
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
70999
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
14
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
56.00
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
3709699
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
949135
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
17926
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
15
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
80.00
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2100217
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
673606
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
7377
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
16
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
104.00
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1639266
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
540182
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
4627
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
17
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
128.00
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1477639
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
429230
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
5457
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Table 2.
The time schedule for, and measured data from, whole body scanning of patient case 5. The last column presents data for the thigh area. This specific area simulated the pure background for the NaI counting system.
\n\t\t\t\t
In a further examination of the theoretical biokinetic model, since 90% of the administered 131I to the whole body (compartment 4) feeds back to the body fluid (compartment 2) and only 30% of the administered 131I in the body fluid flows directly into the thyroid (compartment 3) [Fig. 1], the cross-links between compartments make obtaining solutions to Eqs. 1-4 extremely difficult. Just a small change in the biological half-life of iodine in the thyroid compartment significantly affects the outcomes for all compartments in the biokinetic model. Moreover, the effect of the stomach (compartment 1) on all compartments is negligible in this calculation because the biological half-life of iodine in the stomach is a mere 0.029 day (~40min). The scanned gamma camera counts from the stomach yield no useful data two hours after I-131 is administered, since almost 90% of all of the iodine nuclides are transferred to other compartments. Therefore, analysis of the calculated 131I nuclides in the biokinetic model remains in either the remainder or the thyroid compartment only (Chen et al., 2007).
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Case No.
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
week
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
T1/2(thy.) (d)
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
T1/2(BF)(d)
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Ithy (%)
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Iexc (%)
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
ATthy\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
ATBF\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
ICRP-30
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
80
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0.25
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
30
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
70
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1.10
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0.65
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
12.5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
87.5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1.74
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
31.22.
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0.50
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0.50
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
5.0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
95.0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0.60
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
12.58
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
3
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0.50
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0.50
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
5.0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
95.0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0.60
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
12.10
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
4
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0.50
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0.50
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
5.0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
95.0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0.55
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
6.23
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1.70
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1.20
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
55.0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
45.0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
4.34
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
7.56
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1.25
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0.80
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
32.5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
67.5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
5.24
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
25.38
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
3
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1.10
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0.55
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
12.5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
87.5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
3.21
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
30.13
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
4
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0.50
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0.30
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
5.0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
95.0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1.20
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
35.90
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
3
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0.15
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0.40
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
5.0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
95.0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0.53
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
8.93
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0.15
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0.40
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
5.0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
95.0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0.22
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2.07
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
3
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0.15
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0.40
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
5.0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
95.0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0.10
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
3.64
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
4
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0.15
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0.40
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
5.0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
95.0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0.70
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
7.56
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
4
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0.25
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0.25
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
5.0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
95.0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0.62
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
27.65
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1.25
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0.50
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
5.0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
95.0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1.74
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
5.79
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Average
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0.66±0.50
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0.52±0.23
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
11.4±14.6
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
88.4±14.6
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1.52±1.54
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
14.05±11.01
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Table 3.
The reevaluated results for five patients in this work. The theoretical data quoted from ICRP-30 report is also listed in the first row for comparing.
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
3. Gastrointestinal tract model
\n\t\t\t
The gastric emptying half time (GET) of solid food in 24 healthy volunteers is evaluated using the gamma camera method. The GET of solids is used to screen for gastric motor disorders and can be determined using many approaches, among which the gamma camera survey is simple and reliable. Additionally, scintigraphic gastric emptying tests are used extensively in both academic research and clinical practice, and are regarded as the gold-standard for evaluating gastric emptying (Minderhoud et al., 2004; Kim et al., 2000). The GET can also be estimated by monitoring the change in the concentration of an ingested tracer in the blood, urine, or breath, since the tracer is rapidly absorbed only after it leaves the stomach. The tracer, the paracetamol absorption approach and the 13C-octanoate breath test (OBT), all support convenient means of evaluating GET. However, the breath test yields only a convolution index of GE, although it requires no gamma camera and can be performed at the bedside (Sanaka et al., 1998; 2006).
\n\t\t\t
Figure 3.
The time-dependent intensity of either whole body plus body fluid compartments or thyroid compartment from the optimized results of revised biokinetic model of iodine. The various data from in-vivo scanning of 5 patients are also included.
\n\t\t\t
The use of a gamma camera to survey the absorption by subjects of Tc-99m radionuclide-labeled products satisfies the criteria for the application of the GI tract biokinetic model, because the short physical half life of Tc-99m is such that a limited dose is delivered. In this study, the revised GET of solids is determined from several in-vivo measurements made of healthy volunteers. Twenty-four healthy volunteers underwent a 5 min. scan from neck to knee once every 30 min. for six hours using a gamma camera. Measured data were analyzed and normalized as input data to a program in MATLAB. The revised GET of solids for volunteers differed significantly from those obtained using a theoretical simulation that was based on the ICRP-30 recommendation.
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
3.1. Biokinetic model
\n\t\t\t\t
According to the ICRP-30 report, the biokinetic model of the GI tract divides a typical human body into five major compartments, which are
\n\t\t\t\t\tEquations 6-9 are the simultaneous differential equations that specify the time-dependent correlation among the quantities of the radio-activated Tc-99m nuclides in the compartments.
\n\t\t\t\t
Figure 4.
Biokinetic model of Gastric Intestine Tract for a standard healthy man. The model is recommended by the ICRP-30 report.
The terms qi and λi are defined as the time-dependent quantities of radionuclide, Tc-99m, and the biological half-emptying constants, respectively, for the compartments. λR is the physical decay constant of the Tc-99m radionuclide.
\n\t\t\t\t
Since the biological half lives of Tc-99m, given by ICRP-30, in the stomach, small intestine, upper large intestine and lower large intestine are 0.029d, 0.116d, 0.385d and 0.693d, respectively, the corresponding half-emptying constants can be calculated, and are presented in Fig. 4. Additionally, λb is the metabolic removal rate and equals [f1×λSI/(1-f1)]. This term varies with the chemical compound and is 0.143 for Tc-99m nuclides.
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
λ
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Half-emptying constant
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Derivation
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
λR\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2.77 d-1\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
(ln2 / 6.0058) × 24
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
λST\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
24 d-1\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
ln 2 / 0.029
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
λSI\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
6 d-1\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
ln 2 / 0.116
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
λULI\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1.8 d-1\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
ln 2 / 0.385
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
λLLI\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1 d-1\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
ln 2 / 0.693
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
λb\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1 d-1\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0.143×6 / (1-0.143)
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Table 4.
The coefficients of variables for simultaneous differential equations as adopted in this work. The calculation results are theoretical estimations of the time-dependent quantity of Tc-99m in various compartments for a typical body. Additionally, the decay constant for physical half life of Tc-99m is indicated as λR and the physical half-life is 6.0058 h.
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
3.2. MATLAB algorithms
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\tEqs 6-9 can be reorganized again as below and solved by the MATLAB program.
\n\t\t\t\t\tFigure 5 shows the time-dependent amount of Tc-99m in each compartment, and the initial time is defined as the time when a Tc-99m dose is administered to the volunteer. The results can be calculated and plotted using a program in MATLAB.
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
3.3. Experiment
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
3.3.1. Characteristics of volunteers
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Twenty-four healthy volunteers (13F/11M) aged 19~75 years underwent six continuous hours of whole body scanning using a gamma camera after they had ingested Tc-99m- labeled phytate with solid food.
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
3.3.2. Tc-99m-labeled phytate solid food
\n\t\t\t\t\t
The test meal comprised solid food and a cup of 150 ml water that contained 5% dextrose. The solid food was two pieces of toast and a two-egg-omelet. The two eggs were broken, stirred and mixed with 18.5 MBq (0.5 mCi) Tc-99m-labeled phytate. Each omelet was baked in an oven for 20 min at 250 0C, and then served to a volunteer. Each volunteer had fasted for at least eight hours before eating the meal and finished it in 20 minutes, to avoid interference with the data.
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Figure 5.
The theoretical estimation for time-dependent amounts of Tc-99m in various compartments of the biokinetic model.
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
3.3.3. Gamma camera
\n\t\t\t\t\t
The gamma camera (SIEMENS E-CAM) was located at the Department of Nuclear Medicine, TaiChung Veterans General Hospital (TVGH). The camera\'s two NaI (48×33×0.5 cm3) plate detectors were positioned 5 cm above and 6 cm below the volunteer\'s body during scanning. Each plate was connected to a 2"-diameter 59 Photo Multiplier Tube (PMT) to record data. The two detectors captured ~70% of the emitted gamma rays.
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
3.3.4. Whole body scanning of volunteers
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Each volunteer underwent his/her first gamma camera scan immediately after finishing the meal. The scan protocol was as follows; supine position, energy peak of 140 keV (window: 20%), LEHS collimator, 128×128 matrix, and scan speed of 30 cm/min. over a distance of 150 cm (~5 min. scan from neck to knee) for 5 min. every half hour. The complete scan took six hours. Thirteen sets of data were recorded for every volunteer for analysis. The regions of interest (ROIs) of the images in the subsequent analysis were
\n\t\t\t\t\t
whole body, WB,
stomach, ST, and
small intestine, upper large intestine and lower large intestine, SI+ULI+LLI.
\n\t\t\t\t\t
The data that were obtained from SI could not be separated from those obtained from ULI or LLI, whereas the data for ST were easily distinguished during the collection of data. Therefore, the SI, ULI, and LLI data were summed in the data analysis.
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Figure 6.
The time dependent curve of ST and SI+ULI+LLI for males and females, respectively. The inconsistence in comparing the theoretical calculation and practical evaluation is significant.
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
3.4. Data analysis
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\tTable 5 shows the results that were obtained for 24 healthy volunteers. The first row includes theoretical recommendations in the ICRP-30 report for comparison. The results are grouped into male and female, and each volunteer is indicated. The GET is the effective half life of Tc-99m in the stomach. It equals the reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocal of the biological half life and that of the radiological half life (GET-1= T1/2eff(ST)-1= [T1/2(Tc-99m)-1 + T1/2(ST)-1]). The biological half lives in the stomach T1/2(ST) and small intestine T1/2(SI) in
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Case No.
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Sex
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
T1/2(ST) Min.
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
T1/2(SI) Min.
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
T1/2(ULI) Min.
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
T1/2(LLI) Min.
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
T1/2(b) Min.
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
ATST %
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
ATLSI %
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
ICRP-30
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
41.8
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
167.0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
554.5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
998.0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
998.0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
F
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
166.4
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
199.6
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
554.5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
998.0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1.0E+05
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
8.4
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
7.5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
F
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
142.6
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
199.6
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
554.5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
998.0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1.0E+05
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
10.5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
7.3
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
3
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
F
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
110.9
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
166.4
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
554.5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
998.0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1.0E+05
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
5.9
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
7.6
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
4
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
F
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
142.6
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
199.6
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
554.5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
998.0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1.0E+05
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
5.9
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
3.6
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
F
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
124.8
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
199.6
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
554.5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
998.0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1.2E+04
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
11.3
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
6.9
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
6
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
F
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
166.4
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
199.6
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
554.5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
998.0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1.0E+05
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
9.8
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
8.5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
7
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
F
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
99.8
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
332.7
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
554.5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
998.0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1.0E+05
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
12.7
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
17.0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
8
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
F
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
142.6
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
249.5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
554.5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
998.0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1.0E+05
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
14.5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
10.6
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
9
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
F
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
99.8
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
249.5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
554.5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
998.0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1.0E+05
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
10.9
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
14.9
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
10
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
F
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
199.6
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
166.4
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
554.5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
998.0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1.0E+05
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
11.9
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
10.1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
11
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
F
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
99.8
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
166.4
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
554.5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
998.0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1.0E+05
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
8.2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
7.6
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
12
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
F
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
124.8
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
166.4
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
554.5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
998.0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1.0E+05
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
14.2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
9.6
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
13
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
F
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
166.4
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
199.6
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
554.5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
998.0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1.0E+05
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
15.8
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
8.6
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Average (1~13)
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
137.4 ±31.3
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
207.3 ±46.9
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
554.5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
998.0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
9.3E+04± 2.4E+04
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
10.8± 3.1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
9.2 ±3.5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
14
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
M
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
83.2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
199.6
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
554.5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
998.0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1.0E+05
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
12.1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
13.3
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
15
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
M
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
99.8
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
249.5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
554.5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
998.0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1.0E+05
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
11.4
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
16.3
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
16
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
M
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
99.8
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
166.4
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
554.5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
998.0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1.0E+05
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
7.6
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
8.6
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
17
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
M
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
99.8
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
249.5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
554.5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
998.0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1.0E+05
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
8.1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
15.7
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
18
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
M
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
62.4
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
166.4
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
554.5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
998.0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
3.3E+04
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
3.3
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
6.5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
19
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
M
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
142.6
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
124.8
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
554.5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
998.0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1.0E+05
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
11.5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
6.9
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
20
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
M
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
76.8
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
166.4
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
554.5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
998.0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1.0E+05
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
3.7
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
5.1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
21
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
M
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
45.4
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
166.4
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
554.5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
998.0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
5.0E+04
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
10.9
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
9.6
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
22
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
M
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
62.4
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
166.4
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
554.5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
998.0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1.0E+05
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
10.3
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
9.7
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
23
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
M
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
90.7
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
166.4
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
554.5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
998.0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1.0E+05
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
13.8
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
13.9
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
24
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
M
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
52.5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
998.1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
554.5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
998.0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1.0E+05
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
10.9
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
14.4
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Average (14~24)
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
76.7 ±23.0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
256.3 ±248.9
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
554.5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
998.0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
8.9E+04± 2.4E+04
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
9.3 ±3.4
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
10.5 ±4.0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Table 5.
The evaluated results for 24 healthy volunteers in this work. The Theoretical recommendation from ICRP-30 report is also listed in the first row for comparing. Either ATST or ATLSI indicates the curve fitting agreement between theoretical estimation and practical measurement for stomach (ST) or small intestine (SI) + upper large intestine (ULI) + lower large intestine (LLI).
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males are 76.7± 23.0 min. and 256.3± 248.9 min. respectively, and in females are 137.4± 31.3 min., 207.3± 46.9 min, respectively. Therefore, the GET and T1/2eff(SI) for males are 63.2±18.9 min. and 149.8±145.1 min. and those for females are 99.5±22.6 min. and 131.6±29.8 min., respectively. The values of both T1/2(ULI) and T1/2(LLI) that were used in the program calculation were those suggested in the ICRP-30 report. The calculated T1/2(b) 10,000, is greatly higher that that, 998, recommended by the original ICRP-30 report. The increased half life, associated with metabolic removal (around an order of magnitude greater than its suggested value), indicates that only a negligible amount of Tc-99m phytate is transported to the body fluid (BF).
\n\t\t\t\t
Both ATST and ATLSI reveal consistency between the measured and estimated fitted curves for ST and SI+ULI+LLI [Eq. 5]. The ATs are around 3.6~16.3; the average ATs for males are 9.3± 3.4 and 10.5± 4.0 and those for females are 10.8± 3.1 and 9.2± 3.5 [Tab. 5, last two columns]. Twenty-six correlated data are used in the program in MATLAB to find an optimal value of Tc-99m quantities for each volunteer (13×2=26, ST and SI+ULI+LLI). Equations 6-9 must be solved simultaneously and include all four compartments of the GI tract biokinetic model [cf. Fig. 4]. Figure 6 plots the time-dependent curves of ST and SI+ULI+LLI for males and females. The inconsistency between the theoretical and empirical values is significant.
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
3.5. Discussion
\n\t\t\t\t
Unlike the thyroid biokinetic model, which includes a feedback loop between the body fluid compartment and the whole body compartment, the GI Tract biokinetic model applies exactly the direct chain emptying principle, and assumes that no equilibrium exists between the parent and daughter compartments, because the parent’s (ST) biological half emptying time is shorter than the daughter’s (SI+ULI+LLI) biological half emptying time. The unique integration of parent’s and daughter’s biological half emptying times also reflects the unpredictability of the real GET of the gastrointestinal system. Therefore, a total of 13 groups of data were obtained for each volunteer over six continuous hours of scanning and input to the program in MATLAB to determine the complete correlation between ST and SI+ULI+LLI. Simplifying either the biokinetic model or the calculation may generate errors in the output and conclusion. Very few studies have addressed the time-dependent curve for SI+ULI+LLI, because this curve is not a straight line that is associated with a particular emptying constant (slope) [Fig. 6]. Any two or three sets of discrete measurements cannot provide enough data to yield a conclusive result. The optimal fitted time-dependent SI+ULI+LLI curve is a polynomial function of fourth or fifth order. Therefore, the data must be measured discretely in five or six trials to draw conclusions with a satisfactory confidence level.
\n\t\t\t\t
The biological half emptying time of SI dominates the time-dependent curve of SI+ULI+LLI, since the SI biological half emptying time, T1/2(SI), fluctuates markedly, whereas the values of both T1/2(ULI) and T1/2(LLI) contribute inconsiderably to solve the simultaneous differential equations in the program in MATLAB [cf. Tab. 5]. Additionally, a close examination of the time-dependent SI+ULI+LLI curve of either males or females reveals that quantities of Tc-99m radionuclides in the SI compartment for males more rapidly approaches saturation than does that for the females, and so the biological half emptying time is shorter in males [cf. Fig. 6]. However, the analyzed results concerning GETs herein do not support this claim (female: 207.3±46.9 min.; male: 256.3±248.9 min.) because the extent of changes of the SI (daughter compartment) is governed by the chain emptying rate from the ST (parent compartment), and the T1/2(ST) for males (76.7±23.0 min.) is shorter than that for females (137.4±31.3 min.). Restated, the correct interpretation of the results must be based on the GI Tract biokinetic model and satisfy the simultaneous differential equations, Eqs. 6-9.
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\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
4. Recommendation and conclusion
\n\t\t\t
Both the effective half-life of iodine in either the thyroid or the body fluid compartment of (near) total thyroidectomy patients and the gastric emptying half time of solid food in 24 healthy volunteers (11M/13F) were determined using the in-vivo gamma camera method. The real images that were captured using the gamma camera provide reliable information for biokinetic model-based analysis, since the easy and accurate positioning feature enables the time-dependent quantities of cumulated gamma rays in various biokinetic compartments to be determined.
\n\t\t\t
MATLAB is rarely used in the medical field because of its complicated demanding programming. However, its powerful ability to define time-dependent simultaneous differential equations and to derive optimal numerical solutions can accelerate correlative analyses in most practical studies. Notably, only an appropriate definition at the beginning of study can ensure a reliable outcome that is consistent with practical measurements. The application of a simplistic or excessively direct hypothesis about any radiological topic can yield very erroneous results.
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4.1. Iodine thyroid model
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The revised values of Teff of iodine in the thyroid compartment were initially obtained from computations made for each subject using the iodine biokinetic model and averaged over all five subjects. The Teff of iodine in the thyroid compartment was revised from the original 7.3d to 0.61d, while that of iodine in the body fluid compartment was increased from 0.24d to 0.49d. The Ithy. and Iexc. were revised from the original 30% and 70% to 11.4% and 88.4%, respectively following in-vivo measurement. The differences between the results of the original and the revised iodine biokinetic models were used AT to determine the biological half-life of iodine in the thyroid and the remainder. The Teff of the integrated remainder (both body fluid and whole body compartments) remained around 5.8d, since the body fluid and whole body compartment were inseparable in practical scanning of the whole body. The different effective half lies of radioiodine nuclides in thyroidectomy patients had to be considered in evaluating effective dose.
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\n\t\t\t\t
4.2. Gastrointestinal tract model
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The results obtained using the program in MATLAB were based on four time-dependent simultaneous differential equations that were derived to be consistent with the measured gamma ray counts in different compartments in the GI Tract biokinetic model. The GET and T1/2eff(SI) for males thus obtained were 63.2±18.9 min. and 149.8±145.1 min. and those for females were 99.5±22.6 min. and 131.6±29.8 min. The calculated T1/2(b), 10,000 was greatly higher that that, 998, recommended by the original ICRP-30 report. The fact that the half life associated with metabolic removal, T1/2(b), was around ten times the original value implied that a negligible amount of Tc-99m phytate was transported to the body fluid.
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\n\t\t
\n\t
Acknowledgments
\n\t\t\t
The authors would like to thank the National Science Council of the Republic of China for financially supporting this research under Contract No. NSC~93-2213-E-166-004. Ted Knoy is appreciated for his editorial assistance.
\n\t\t
\n',keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/18577.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/18577.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/18577",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/18577",totalDownloads:3958,totalViews:227,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,introChapter:null,impactScore:1,impactScorePercentile:53,impactScoreQuartile:3,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"November 11th 2010",dateReviewed:"April 28th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"September 9th 2011",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/18577",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/18577",book:{id:"1027",slug:"applications-of-matlab-in-science-and-engineering"},signatures:"Chia Chun Hsu, Chien Yi Chen and Lung Kwang Pan",authors:[{id:"41319",title:"Prof.",name:"Lung-Kwang",middleName:null,surname:"Pan",fullName:"Lung-Kwang Pan",slug:"lung-kwang-pan",email:"lkpan@ctust.edu.tw",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41319/images/84_n.jpg",institution:null},{id:"48731",title:"Dr.",name:"Chia Chun",middleName:null,surname:"Hsu",fullName:"Chia Chun Hsu",slug:"chia-chun-hsu",email:"jiajium@hotmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"52711",title:"Prof.",name:"Chien Yi",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Chien Yi Chen",slug:"chien-yi-chen",email:"ccy@csmu.edu.tw",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction ",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Iodine thyroid model",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1. Biokinetic model",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2. MATLAB algorithms",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"2.3. Experiment",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_3",title:"2.3.1. Characteristics of patients",level:"3"},{id:"sec_5_3",title:"2.3.2. Gamma camera",level:"3"},{id:"sec_6_3",title:"2.3.3. Whole body scanning of patients",level:"3"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"2.4. Data analysis ",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9_2",title:"2.5. Discussion",level:"2"},{id:"sec_11",title:"3. Gastrointestinal tract model",level:"1"},{id:"sec_11_2",title:"3.1. Biokinetic model",level:"2"},{id:"sec_12_2",title:"3.2. MATLAB algorithms",level:"2"},{id:"sec_13_2",title:"3.3. Experiment",level:"2"},{id:"sec_13_3",title:"3.3.1. Characteristics of volunteers",level:"3"},{id:"sec_14_3",title:"3.3.2. Tc-99m-labeled phytate solid food",level:"3"},{id:"sec_15_3",title:"3.3.3. Gamma camera",level:"3"},{id:"sec_16_3",title:"3.3.4. Whole body scanning of volunteers",level:"3"},{id:"sec_18_2",title:"3.4. Data analysis",level:"2"},{id:"sec_19_2",title:"3.5. Discussion",level:"2"},{id:"sec_21",title:"4. Recommendation and conclusion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_21_2",title:"4.1. Iodine thyroid model",level:"2"},{id:"sec_22_2",title:"4.2. Gastrointestinal tract model",level:"2"},{id:"sec_24",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tChen\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC. Y.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tChang\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPan\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL. K.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tChang\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLai. S. P.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tChan\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC. C.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2003Effective half life of I-131 of whole body and individual organs for thyroidectomy patient using scintigraphic images of gamma-camera. 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Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taiwan
Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Taichung Branch, Taiwan
'},{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Chien Yi Chen",address:null,affiliation:'
Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taiwan
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\n
1. Introduction
\n
The theory of asymmetric elasticity introduced in 1909 by the Cosserat brothers [1] gave rise to a variety of Cosserat plate theories. In 1960s, Green and Naghdi specialized their general theory of Cosserat surface to obtain the linear Cosserat plate [2], while independently Eringen proposed a complete theory of plates in the framework of Cosserat elasticity [3]. Numerous plate theories were formulated afterwards; for the review of the latest developments in the area of Cosserat plates we recommend to turn to [4].
\n
The first theory of Cosserat plates based on the Reissner plate theory was developed in [5] and its finite element modeling is provided in [6]. The parametric theory of Cosserat plate, presented by the authors in [7], includes some additional assumptions leading to the introduction of the splitting parameter. This provided the highest level of approximation to the original three-dimensional problem. The theory provides the equilibrium equations and constitutive relations, and the optimal value of the minimization of the elastic energy of the Cosserat plate. The paper [7] also provides the analytical solutions of the presented plate theory and the three-dimensional Cosserat elasticity for simply supported rectangular plate. The comparison of these solutions showed that the precision of the developed Cosserat plate theory is similar to the precision of the classical plate theory developed by Reissner [8, 9].
\n
The numerical modeling of bending of simply supported rectangular plates is given in [10]. We developed the Cosserat plate field equations and a rigorous formula for the optimal value of the splitting parameter. The solution of the Cosserat plate was shown to converge to the Reissner plate as the elastic asymmetric parameters tend to zero. The Cosserat plate theory demonstrates the agreement with the size effect, confirming that the plates of smaller thickness are more rigid than is expected from the Reissner model. The modeling of Cosserat plates with simply supported rectangular holes is also provided. The finite element analysis of the perforated Cosserat plates is given in [11].
\n
The extension of the static model of Cosserat elastic plates to the dynamic problems is presented in [12]. The computations predict a new kind of natural frequencies associated with the material microstructure and were shown to be compatible with the size effect principle reported in [10] for the Cosserat plate bending.
\n
This chapter represents an extension of the paper [12] for different shapes and orientations of micro-elements incorporated into the Cosserat plates. It is based on the generalized variational principle for elastodynamics and includes a non-diagonal rotatory inertia tensor. The numerical computations of the plate free vibrations showed the existence of some additional high frequencies of micro-vibrations depending on the orientation of micro-elements. The comparison with three-dimensional Cosserat elastodynamics shows a high agreement with the exact values of the eigenvalue frequencies.
where the \n\n\nσ\nji\n\n\n is the stress tensor, \n\n\nμ\nji\n\n\n the couple stress tensor, \n\n\np\ni\n\n=\nρ\n\n\n∂\n\nu\ni\n\n\n\n∂\nt\n\n\n\n and \n\n\nq\ni\n\n=\n\nJ\nji\n\n\n\n∂\n\nϕ\nj\n\n\n\n∂\nt\n\n\n\n are the linear and angular momenta, \n\nρ\n\n and \n\n\nJ\nji\n\n\n are the material density and the rotatory inertia characteristics, \n\n\nε\nijk\n\n\n is the Levi-Civita tensor.
\n
We will also consider the constitutive equations as in [13]:
Here \n\n\nu\ni\n\n\n and \n\n\nϕ\ni\n\n\n represent the displacement and microrotation vectors, \n\n\nγ\nji\n\n\n and \n\n\nχ\nji\n\n\n represent the strain and bend-twist tensors, \n\nμ\n\n, \n\nλ\n\n are the Lamé parameters and \n\nα\n\n, \n\nβ\n\n, \n\nγ\n\n, \n\nε\n\n are the Cosserat elasticity parameters.
\n
The constitutive Eqs. (3)–(4) can be written in the reverse form [5].
where \n\n\nμ\n′\n\n=\n\n1\n\n4\nμ\n\n\n\n, \n\n\nα\n′\n\n=\n\n1\n\n4\nα\n\n\n\n, \n\n\nγ\n′\n\n=\n\n1\n\n4\nγ\n\n\n\n, \n\nε\n=\n\n1\n\n4\nε\n\n\n\n, \n\n\nλ\n′\n\n=\n\n\n−\nλ\n\n\n6\nμ\n\n\nλ\n+\n\n\n2\nμ\n\n3\n\n\n\n\n\n\n and \n\n\nβ\n′\n\n=\n\n\n−\nβ\n\n\n6\nμ\n\n\nβ\n+\n\n\n2\nγ\n\n3\n\n\n\n\n\n\n.
\n
We will consider the boundary conditions given in [12].
where \n\n\nu\ni\n0\n\n\n and \n\n\nϕ\ni\n0\n\n\n are prescribed on \n\n\nG\n1\n\n\n, \n\n\nσ\nj\n0\n\n\n and \n\n\nμ\nj\n0\n\n\n on \n\n\nG\n2\n\n\n, and \n\n\nn\ni\n\n\n is the unit vector normal to the boundary \n\n∂\n\nB\n0\n\n\n of the elastic body \n\n\nB\n0\n\n\n.
\n
\n
\n
2.2 Cosserat elastic energy
\n
The strain stored energy \n\n\nU\nC\n\n\n of the body \n\n\nB\n0\n\n\n is defined by the integral [13]:
Keeping in mind that the variation of \n\np\n\n\n\n\nu\n\n, \n\nq\n\n, \n\nϕ\n\n, \n\nδ\nu\n\n, and \n\nδ\nϕ\n\n is zero at \n\n\nt\n0\n\n\n and \n\n\nt\nk\n\n\n we can integrate by parts
We modify the HPR principle [14] for the case of Cosserat elastodynamics in the following way: for any set \n\nA\n\nv of all admissible states \n\ns\n=\n\nu\nϕ\nγ\nχ\nσ\nμ\n\n\n that satisfy the strain-displacement and torsion-rotation relations Eq. (5), the zero variation
at \n\ns\n∈\nA\n\n is equivalent of \n\ns\n\n to be a solution of the system of equilibrium Eqs. (1)–(2), constitutive relations Eqs. (6)–(7), which satisfies the mixed boundary conditions Eqs. (8)–(9).
\n
\nProof of the variational principle for elastodynamics\n
\n
Let us consider the variation of the functional \n\nΘ\n\ns\n\n\n:
Then keeping in mind that \n\nδ\n\nT\nK\n\n=\n−\nδT\n\n and Eq. (28) we can rewrite the expression for the variation of the functional \n\nδ\nΘ\n\ns\n\n\n in the following form
In this section we review our stress, couple stress and kinematic assumptions of the Cosserat plate [7]. We consider the thin plate \n\nP\n\n, where \n\nh\n\n is the thickness of the plate and \n\n\nx\n3\n\n=\n0\n\n represents its middle plane. The sets \n\nT\n\n and \n\nB\n\n are the top and bottom surfaces contained in the planes \n\n\nx\n3\n\n=\nh\n/\n2\n\n, \n\n\nx\n3\n\n=\n−\nh\n/\n2\n\n respectively and the curve \n\nΓ\n\n is the boundary of the middle plane of the plate.
\n
The set of points \n\nP\n=\n\n\nΓ\n×\n[\n−\n\nh\n2\n\n\n\n\nh\n2\n\n]\n\n\n∪\nT\n∪\nB\n\n forms the entire surface of the plate and \n\n\nΓ\nu\n\n×\n[\n−\n\nh\n2\n\n,\n\nh\n2\n\n]\n\n is the lateral part of the boundary where displacements and microrotations are prescribed. The notation \n\n\nΓ\nσ\n\n=\nΓ\n\\\n\nΓ\nu\n\n\n of the remainder we use to describe the lateral part of the boundary edge \n\n\nΓ\nσ\n\n×\n[\n−\n\nh\n2\n\n,\n\nh\n2\n\n]\n\n where stress and couple stress are prescribed. We also use notation \n\n\nP\n0\n\n\n for the middle plane internal domain of the plate.
\n
In our case we consider the vertical load and pure twisting momentum boundary conditions at the top and bottom of the plate, which can be written in the form:
Let \n\nA\n\n denote the set of all admissible states that satisfy the Cosserat plate strain-displacement relation Eq. (5) and let \n\nΘ\n\n be a functional on \n\nA\n\n defined by
for every \n\ns\n=\n\nU\nE\nS\n\n∈\nA\n.\n\n Here \n\n\nP\n̂\n\n=\n\n\n\np\n̂\n\n1\n\n\n\np\n̂\n\n2\n\n\n\n and \n\nW\n=\n\nW\n\nW\n∗\n\n\n\n, \n\n\n\np\n̂\n\n1\n\n=\nηp\n\n and \n\n\n\np\n̂\n\n2\n\n=\n\n2\n3\n\n\n\n1\n−\nη\n\n\np\n\n\n
\n
Here the plate stress and kinetic energy density by the formulas
where \n\n\nM\nαβ\n\n\nn\nβ\n\n=\n\nΠ\noα\n\n\n, \n\n\nR\nαβ\n\n\nn\nβ\n\n=\n\nM\noα\n\n\n, \n\n\nQ\nα\n∗\n\n\nn\nα\n\n=\n\nΠ\n\no\n3\n\n\n\n, \n\n\nS\nα\n∗\n\n\nn\nα\n\n=\n\nM\n\no\n3\n\n∗\n\n\n, \n\n\n\nQ\n̂\n\nα\n\n\nn\nα\n\n=\n\nΠ\n\no\n3\n\n∗\n\n\n, \n\n\nR\nαβ\n∗\n\n\nn\nβ\n\n=\n\nM\noα\n∗\n\n\n, \n\n\n\nM\nˇ\n\nα\n\n=\n\nM\nαβ\n\n\nn\nβ\n\n\n, \n\n\n\nQ\nˇ\n\n∗\n\n=\n\nQ\nβ\n∗\n\n\nn\nβ\n\n\n, \n\n\n\nR\nˇ\n\nα\n\n=\n\nR\nαβ\n\n\nn\nβ\n\n\n, \n\n\n\nS\nˇ\n\n∗\n\n=\n\nS\nβ\n∗\n\n\nn\nβ\n\n\n, \n\n\n\nQ\nˇ\n\n̂\n\n=\n\n\nQ\nˇ\n\nβ\n̂\n\n\nn\nβ\n\n\n, \n\n\n\nR\nˇ\n\nα\n∗\n\n=\n\n\nR\nˇ\n\n\nαβ\n\n∗\n\n\nn\nβ\n\n\n. (\n\n\nn\nβ\n\n\n is the outward unit normal vector to \n\n\nΓ\nu\n\n\n).
\n
The plate characteristics provide the approximation of the components of the three-dimensional tensors \n\n\nσ\nji\n\n\n and \n\n\nμ\nji\n\n\n\n
where \n\n\nI\n1\n\n=\n\n\nh\n3\n\n12\n\nρ\n\n, \n\n\nI\n2\n\n=\n\n\n2\nh\n\n3\n\nρ\n\n, \n\n\nI\nαβ\n\n=\n\n\n5\nh\n\n6\n\n\nJ\nαβ\n\n\n, \n\n\nI\n3\n\n=\n\n\nh\n2\n\n6\n\n\nJ\n33\n\n\n, \n\n\nI\nαβ\n0\n\n=\n\n\n2\nh\n\n3\n\n\nJ\nαβ\n\n\n, \n\n\n\np\n̂\n\n1\n\n=\n\nη\nopt\n\np\n\n, and \n\n\n\np\n̂\n\n2\n\n=\n\n2\n3\n\n\n\n1\n−\n\nη\nopt\n\n\n\np\n\n, with the resultant traction boundary conditions:
For the validation purposes we provide the algorithm and computation results for the three-dimensional Cosserat elastodynamics. We also present the analysis of the numerical results based on the plate theory for the microelements of different shapes and orientations incorporated into the Cosserat plate.
\n
\n
5.1 Analysis of Cosserat plate vibrations based on the three-dimensional theory
\n
In our computations we consider the plates made of polyurethane foam—a material reported in the literature to behave Cosserat like—and the values of the technical elastic parameters presented in [15]: \n\nE\n=\n299.5\n\nMPa\n\n, \n\nν\n=\n0.44\n\n, \n\n\nl\nt\n\n=\n0.62\n\nmm\n\n, \n\n\nl\nb\n\n=\n0.327\n\nmm\n\n, \n\n\nN\n2\n\n=\n0.04\n\n. Taking into account that the ratio \n\nβ\n/\nγ\n\n is equal to 1 for bending [15], these values of the technical constants correspond to the following values of Lamé and Cosserat parameters: \n\nλ\n=\n762.616\n\nMPa\n\n, \n\nμ\n=\n103.993\n\nMPa\n\n, \n\nα\n=\n4.333\n\nMPa\n\n, \n\nβ\n=\n39.975\n\nMPa\n\n, \n\nγ\n=\n39.975\n\nMPa\n\n, \n\nε\n=\n4.505\n\nMPa\n\n. We consider a low-density rigid foam usually characterized by the densities of 24–50 kg/m3 [16]. In all further numerical computations we used the density value \n\nρ\n=\n34\n\n kg/m3 and different values the rotatory inertia \n\nJ\n\n.
\n
Let us consider the plate \n\n\nB\n0\n\n\n being a rectangular cuboid \n\n\n0\na\n\n×\n0\n,\na\n]\n×\n\n\n−\n\nh\n2\n\n\n\nh\n2\n\n\n\n. Let the sets \n\nT\n\n and \n\nB\n\n be the top and the bottom surfaces contained in the planes \n\n\nx\n3\n\n=\n\nh\n2\n\n\n and \n\n\nx\n3\n\n=\n−\n\nh\n2\n\n\n respectively, and the curve \n\nΓ\n=\n\nΓ\n1\n\n∪\n\nΓ\n2\n\n\n be the lateral part of the boundary:
We solve the three-dimensional Cosserat equilibrium Eqs. (1)–(2) accompanied by the constitutive Eqs. (3)–(4) and strain-displacement and torsion-rotation relations Eq. (5) complemented by the following boundary conditions:
where the initial distribution of the pressure is given as \n\np\n=\nsin\n\n\n\nπ\n\nx\n1\n\n\na\n\n\nsin\n\n\n\nπ\n\nx\n2\n\n\na\n\n\nsin\nωt\n\n and the rotatory inertia tensor \n\nJ\n\n is assumed to have a diagonal form
Using the method of separation of variables and taking into account the boundary conditions Eqs. (86)–(87), we express the kinematic variables in the form:
The system of differential Eq. (97) is complemented by the following boundary conditions \n\nD\nz\n=\n\nD\n0\n\n\n for \n\n\nx\n3\n\n=\n\nh\n2\n\n\n and \n\nD\nz\n=\n0\n\n for \n\n\nx\n3\n\n=\n−\n\nh\n2\n\n\n.
The idea for the solution of the eigenvalue problem Eq. (97) is based on the following algorithm:
\n
\nStep 1.\nFix certain frequency value.
\n
We fix certain value of the frequency \n\nω\n\n and force the Cosserat body to vibrate at this frequency.
\n
\nStep 2.\nSolve the three-dimensional Cosserat system of equations.
\n
Mathematically, fixing certain value of \n\nω\n\n implies that three-dimensional system of Eq. (97) has a constant right-hand side and therefore can be solved for the kinematic variables as a static system of equations. We solve the system Eq. (97) using the high-precision Runge-Kutta method incorporated in Mathematica software similar to how it was done in [7].
\n
\nStep 3.\nFind large amplitudes of the kinematic variables.
\n
We run \n\nω\n\n through an interval of positive real values and take note where the solution changes its sign and the amplitude of the solutions starts to grow indefinitely. This corresponds to the oscillation of the Cosserat body at its resonant frequency. Thus, when the frequency \n\nω\n\n coincides with the natural frequency of the plate the resonance will occur and the large amplitude linear vibrations can be observed (\nFigure 1\n).
\n
Figure 1.
Large amplitude linear vibrations of the Cosserat body forced to vibrate close to its natural frequency \n\n\nω\n1\n\n\n.
\n
The comparison of the eigenfrequencies of the Cosserat plate with the eigenfrequencies of the three-dimensional Cosserat elasticity is given in the \nTable 1\n. The rotatory inertia principle moments used are \n\n\nJ\nx\n\n=\n0.001\n\n, \n\n\nJ\ny\n\n=\n0.001\n\n, \n\n\nJ\nz\n\n=\n0.001\n\n, which represent a ball-shaped microelement (\nFigure 2\n). The relative error of the natural macro frequencies associated with the rotation of the middle plane and the flexural motion is less than 1%.
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n\n
\n
\n
\n\n\n\nω\n1\n\n\n, \n\n\nω\n2\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n\nω\n3\n\n\n, \n\n\nω\n7\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n\nω\n4\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n\nω\n5\n\n\n, \n\n\nω\n8\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n\nω\n6\n\n\n, \n\n\nω\n9\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n
Plate theory
\n
0.310
\n
17.881
\n
501.13
\n
205.62
\n
338.95
\n
\n
\n
D Cosserat elasticity
\n
0.309
\n
17.763
\n
530.82
\n
211.98
\n
317.87
\n
\n\n
Table 1.
Comparison of the eigenfrequencies \n\n\nω\ni\n\n\n (Hz) with the exact values of the 3D Cosserat elasticity.
Similar to [12] we apply the method of separation of variables for the eigenvalue problem Eq. (85) to solve for the kinematic variables \n\n\nΨ\nα\n\n\n, \n\nW\n\n, \n\n\nΩ\n3\n\n\n, \n\n\nΩ\nα\n0\n\n\n, \n\n\nW\n∗\n\n\n and \n\n\nΩ\nα\n0\n\n\n. The kinematic variables can be further expressed in the following form
where \n\n\nA\ni\n\n\n and \n\n\nB\ni\n\n\n are constants.
\n
We solve an eigenvalue problem by substituting these expressions into the system of Eq. (85). The obtained nine sequences of positive eigenfrequencies \n\n\nω\ni\nnm\n\n\n are associated with the rotation of the middle plane (\n\n\nω\n1\nnm\n\n\n and \n\n\nω\n2\nnm\n\n\n), flexural motion and its transverse variation (\n\n\nω\n3\nnm\n\n\n and \n\n\nω\n7\nnm\n\n\n), micro rotatory inertia (\n\n\nω\n4\nnm\n\n\n, \n\n\nω\n5\nnm\n\n\n and \n\n\nω\n6\nnm\n\n\n) and its transverse variation (\n\n\nω\n8\nnm\n\n\n and \n\n\nω\n9\nnm\n\n\n) [12].
\n
We perform all our numerical simulations for \n\na\n=\n3.0\n\n m and \n\nh\n=\n0.1\n\n m. We consider different forms of micro elements: ball-shaped elements, horizontally and vertically stretched ellipsoids (see \nFigure 2\n). For simplicity we will use the notation \n\n\nω\ni\n\n\n for the first elements \n\n\nω\ni\n11\n\n\n of the sequences \n\n\nω\ni\nnm\n\n\n. The results of the computations are given in the \nTable 2\n. The shape of the micro-elements does not effect the natural macro frequencies \n\n\nω\n1\n\n\n and \n\n\nω\n2\n\n\n associated with the rotation of the middle plane and \n\n\nω\n3\n\n\n and \n\n\nω\n7\n\n\n associated with the flexural motion and its transverse variation. The ellipsoid elements have higher micro frequencies associated with the micro rotatory inertia (\n\n\nω\n4\n\n\n, \n\n\nω\n5\n\n\n and \n\n\nω\n6\n\n\n) and its transverse variation (\n\n\nω\n8\n\n\n and \n\n\nω\n9\n\n\n), than the ball-shaped elements.
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n\n
\n
\n
\n\n\n\nω\n1\n\n\n, \n\n\nω\n2\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n\nω\n3\n\n\n, \n\n\nω\n7\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n\nω\n4\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n\nω\n5\n\n\n, \n\n\nω\n8\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n\nω\n6\n\n\n, \n\n\nω\n9\n\n\n\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n
\nShape\n
\n
\n\n\n\nJ\nx\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n\nJ\ny\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n\nJ\nz\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n\nω\n1\n\n\n, \n\n\nω\n2\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n\nω\n3\n\n\n, \n\n\nω\n7\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n\nω\n4\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n\nω\n5\n\n\n, \n\n\nω\n8\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n\nω\n6\n\n\n, \n\n\nω\n9\n\n\n\n
\n
\n
\n
Ball
\n
0.001
\n
0.001
\n
0.001
\n
17.88
\n
0.31
\n
501.13
\n
205.62
\n
338.95
\n
\n
\n
Vertical ellipsoid
\n
0.001
\n
0.001
\n
0.0001
\n
17.88
\n
0.31
\n
501.13
\n
650.22
\n
338.95
\n
\n
\n
Horizontal ellipsoid
\n
0.0001
\n
0.001
\n
0.001
\n
17.88
\n
0.31
\n
1363.01
\n
205.62
\n
394.08
\n
\n\n
Table 2.
Eigenfrequencies \n\n\nω\ni\n11\n\n\n (Hz) for different shapes of micro-elements.
\n
Let \n\n\nJ\nx\n\n\n, \n\n\nJ\ny\n\n\n and \n\n\nJ\nz\n\n\n be the principal moments of inertia of the microelements corresponding to the principal axes of their rotation. We assume that the quantities \n\n\nJ\nx\n\n\n, \n\n\nJ\ny\n\n\n and \n\n\nJ\nz\n\n\n are constant throughout the plate \n\n\nB\n0\n\n\n. If the microelements are rotated around the \n\nz\n\n-axis by the angle \n\nθ\n\n the rotatory inertia tensor \n\nJ\n\n can be expressed as
The eigenfrequencies for different angles of microrotation of the microelements are given in the \nTable 3\n and the \nFigure 3\n. The rotatory inertia principle moments used are \n\n\nJ\nx\n\n=\n0.002\n\n, \n\n\nJ\ny\n\n=\n0.001\n\n, \n\n\nJ\nz\n\n=\n0.0001\n\n, which represent a horizontally stretched ellipsoid microelement. The case when the microelements are not aligned with the edges of the plate the model predicts some additional natural frequencies related with the microstructure of the material.
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n\n
\n
Angle \n\nθ\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n\nω\n1\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n\nω\n2\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n\nω\n3\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n\nω\n7\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n\nω\n4\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n\nω\n5\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n\nω\n8\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n\nω\n6\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n\nω\n9\n\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n
\n\n\n\n0\n∘\n\n\n\n
\n
17.88
\n
17.88
\n
0.31
\n
0.31
\n
650.221
\n
265.37
\n
265.37
\n
450.61
\n
450.61
\n
\n
\n
\n\n\n\n10\n∘\n\n\n\n
\n
17.88
\n
17.88
\n
0.31
\n
0.31
\n
650.221
\n
255.59
\n
279.40
\n
429.89
\n
469.93
\n
\n
\n
\n\n\n\n20\n∘\n\n\n\n
\n
17.88
\n
17.88
\n
0.31
\n
0.31
\n
650.221
\n
247.75
\n
295.33
\n
406.70
\n
484.79
\n
\n
\n
\n\n\n\n30\n∘\n\n\n\n
\n
17.88
\n
17.88
\n
0.31
\n
0.31
\n
650.221
\n
242.57
\n
313.65
\n
382.94
\n
495.14
\n
\n
\n
\n\n\n\n40\n∘\n\n\n\n
\n
17.88
\n
17.88
\n
0.31
\n
0.31
\n
650.221
\n
239.99
\n
333.10
\n
360.57
\n
500.46
\n
\n
\n
\n\n\n\n45\n∘\n\n\n\n
\n
17.88
\n
17.88
\n
0.31
\n
0.31
\n
650.221
\n
239.68
\n
338.95
\n
354.35
\n
501.13
\n
\n
\n
\n\n\n\n50\n∘\n\n\n\n
\n
17.88
\n
17.88
\n
0.31
\n
0.31
\n
650.221
\n
239.99
\n
333.10
\n
360.57
\n
500.46
\n
\n
\n
\n\n\n\n60\n∘\n\n\n\n
\n
17.88
\n
17.88
\n
0.31
\n
0.31
\n
650.221
\n
242.57
\n
313.65
\n
382.94
\n
495.14
\n
\n
\n
\n\n\n\n70\n∘\n\n\n\n
\n
17.88
\n
17.88
\n
0.31
\n
0.31
\n
650.221
\n
247.75
\n
295.33
\n
406.70
\n
484.79
\n
\n
\n
\n\n\n\n80\n∘\n\n\n\n
\n
17.88
\n
17.88
\n
0.31
\n
0.31
\n
650.221
\n
255.59
\n
279.40
\n
429.89
\n
469.93
\n
\n
\n
\n\n\n\n90\n∘\n\n\n\n
\n
17.88
\n
17.88
\n
0.31
\n
0.31
\n
650.221
\n
265.37
\n
265.37
\n
450.61
\n
450.61
\n
\n\n
Table 3.
Eigenfrequencies \n\n\nω\ni\n11\n\n\n (Hz) for different angles of rotation of horizontal ellipsoid micro-elements.
\n
Figure 3.
Micro frequencies \n\n\nω\n4\n\n\n, \n\n\nω\n5\n\n\n, \n\n\nω\n8\n\n\n, \n\n\nω\n6\n\n\n and \n\n\nω\n9\n\n\n.
\n
\n
\n
\n
6. Conclusions
\n
In this chapter, we presented a mathematical model of Cosserat plate vibrations. The dynamic model of the plates has been developed as a dynamic extension of the Reissner plate theory. The equations has been presented in both tensorial and the matrix forms. We also described the validation of the model, which is based on the comparison with the three-dimensional Cosserat elastodynamics exact solutions. Based on the presented results of the computer simulations we were able to detect and classify the additional high resonance frequencies of a plate. We have shown that the frequencies depend on the shape and orientation of microelements (ball-shaped elements, horizontally and vertically stretched ellipsoids) incorporated into the Cosserat plates. We also have been able to identify that micro frequencies associated with the micro rotatory inertia and its transverse variation of the ellipsoid elements have higher micro frequencies than the ball-shaped elements. We also showed the dependence of the eigenfrequencies on the angles of rotation of the horizontal ellipsoid micro-elements. These results can be used to identify the characteristics of the plate micro-elements.
\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n
A.1 Conventions
\n
We use the following notation convention:
the values of the Latin subindex \n\ni\n\n take values in the set \n\n\n1,2,3\n\n\n\n
the values of the Greek indices \n\nα\n\n and \n\nβ\n\n take values in the set \n\n\n1\n2\n\n\n\n
the Einstein summation notation is used throughout the chapter
rotations of the middle plane around \n\n\nx\nα\n\n\n axis
\n\n\n\n\n\n\nW\n,\n\nW\n∗\n\n\n\n\n\n
vertical deflections of the middle plate
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nΩ\nα\n0\n\n\n\n\n\n
microrotations in the middle plate around \n\n\nx\nα\n\n\n axis
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nΩ\n3\n\n\n\n\n\n
rate of change of the microrotation
\n\n\n\n
\n\n
\n',keywords:"variational principle, Cosserat plate vibrations, frequencies of micro-vibrations",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/67928.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/67928.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67928",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67928",totalDownloads:657,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"May 1st 2019",dateReviewed:"May 24th 2019",datePrePublished:"July 10th 2019",datePublished:"March 25th 2020",dateFinished:"July 1st 2019",readingETA:"0",abstract:"In this chapter, we present the theoretical analysis of the distinctive characteristics of Cosserat plate vibrations. This analysis is based on the dynamic model of the Cosserat plates, which we developed as an extension of the Reissner plate theory. Primarily, we describe the validation of the model, which is based on the comparison with three-dimensional exact solutions. We present the results of the computer simulations, which allow us to identify different characteristics of the plate vibrations. Particularly, we illustrate and discuss the detection and the classification of the additional high resonance frequencies of a plate depending on the shape and orientation of microelements incorporated into the Cosserat plates.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/67928",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/67928",signatures:"Lev Steinberg and Roman Kvasov",book:{id:"9324",type:"book",title:"Dynamical Systems Theory",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Dynamical Systems Theory",slug:"dynamical-systems-theory",publishedDate:"March 25th 2020",bookSignature:"Jan Awrejcewicz and Dariusz Grzelczyk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9324.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83880-230-1",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-229-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-457-2",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"68338",title:"Prof.",name:"Jan",middleName:null,surname:"Awrejcewicz",slug:"jan-awrejcewicz",fullName:"Jan Awrejcewicz"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Cosserat linear elastodynamics",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 Fundamental equations",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2 Cosserat elastic energy",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"2.3 Variational principle for elastodynamics",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6",title:"3. Dynamic Cosserat plate theory",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7",title:"4. Cosserat plate dynamic field equations",level:"1"},{id:"sec_8",title:"5. Numerical validation",level:"1"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"5.1 Analysis of Cosserat plate vibrations based on the three-dimensional theory",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9_2",title:"5.2 Analysis of Cosserat plate vibrations based on the plate theory",level:"2"},{id:"sec_11",title:"6. Conclusions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_13",title:"",level:"1"},{id:"sec_12",title:"A.1 Conventions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_13",title:"A.2 Notations",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'\nCosserat E, Cosserat F. Theorie des corps deformables [Theory of Deformable Bodies]. Paris: A. Hermann et fils; 1909\n'},{id:"B2",body:'\nGreen A, Naghdi P. The linear theory of an elastic Cosserat plate. Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. 1966;63:537-550\n'},{id:"B3",body:'\nEringen A. Theory of micropolar plates. Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics. 1967;18:12-31\n'},{id:"B4",body:'\nAltenbach H, Eremeyev V. On the theories of plates based on the Cosserat approach. Advances in Applied Mathematics and Mechanics. 2010;21:73-92\n'},{id:"B5",body:'\nSteinberg L. Deformation of micropolar plates of moderate thickness. International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics. 2010;6(17):1-24\n'},{id:"B6",body:'\nKvasov R, Steinberg L. Numerical modeling of bending of Cosserat elastic plates. In: Proceedings of the 5th Computing Alliance of Hispanic-Serving Institutions; 2011. pp. 67-70\n'},{id:"B7",body:'\nSteinberg L, Kvasov R. Enhanced mathematical model for Cosserat plate bending. Thin-Walled Structures. 2013;63:51-62\n'},{id:"B8",body:'\nReissner E. On the theory of elastic plates. Journal of Mathematics and Physics. 1944;23:184-191\n'},{id:"B9",body:'\nReissner E. The effect of transverse shear deformation on the bending of elastic plates. Journal of Applied Mechanics. 1945:69-77\n'},{id:"B10",body:'\nKvasov R, Steinberg L. Numerical modeling of bending of micropolar plates. Thin-Walled Structures. 2013;69:67-78\n'},{id:"B11",body:'\nKvasov R, Steinberg L. Modeling of size effects in bending of perforated Cosserat plates. Modelling and Simulation in Engineering. 2017;2017:1-19\n'},{id:"B12",body:'\nSteinberg L, Kvasov R. Analytical modeling of vibration of micropolar plates. Applied Mathematics. 2015;6:817-836\n'},{id:"B13",body:'\nNowacki W. Theory of Asymmetric Elasticity. Oxford, New York: Pergamon Press; 1986\n'},{id:"B14",body:'\nGurtin M. The linear theory of elasticity. In: Truesdell C, editor. Handbuch der Physik. Vol. VIa/2. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1972. pp. 1-296\n'},{id:"B15",body:'\nLakes R. Experimental methods for study of Cosserat elastic solids and other generalized elastic continua. In: Mühlhaus H, editor. Continuum Models for Materials with Microstructures. New York: Wiley J; 1995. pp. 1-22\n'},{id:"B16",body:'\nSingh S. Blowing agents for polyurethane foams. Rapra Review Report. 2002;12(10)\n'}],footnotes:[{id:"fn1",explanation:"In the following formulas a subindex β = 1 \n\nif\n\n α = 2 and β = 2 if α = 1."}],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Lev Steinberg",address:"lev.steinberg@upr.edu",affiliation:'
Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez, USA
Department of Mathematics, University of Puerto Rico at Aguadilla, USA
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Only bioactive glass possesses osteogenic property that stimulates proliferation and differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells and in some cases influencing the fibroblastic properties. But, this material has also some disadvantages such as short-term and low mechanical strength along with decreased fracture resistance; but, this was further minimised by ion doping that positively enhanced new bone formation. There are many metal ions such as magnesium (Mg), strontium (Sr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), silver (Ag) and some rare earths that have been doped successfully into bioactive glass to enhance their mechanical and biological properties. In some of the cases, mesoporous bioactive glass materials with or without such doping have also been employed (with homogeneous distribution of pores in the size ranging between 2 and 50 nm). These biomaterials can be served as scaffold for bone regeneration with adequate mechanical properties to restore bone defects and facilitate healing process by regeneration of soft tissues as well. This chapter encompasses the use of bioactive glass in bulk and mesoporous form with doped therapeutic ions, their role in bone tissue regeneration, use as delivery of growth factors as well as coating material for orthopaedic implants.",book:{id:"5164",slug:"advanced-techniques-in-bone-regeneration",title:"Advanced Techniques in Bone Regeneration",fullTitle:"Advanced Techniques in Bone Regeneration"},signatures:"Samit Kumar Nandi, Arnab Mahato, Biswanath Kundu and Prasenjit\nMukherjee",authors:[{id:"60514",title:"Dr.",name:"Samit",middleName:null,surname:"Nandi",slug:"samit-nandi",fullName:"Samit Nandi"}]},{id:"37120",doi:"10.5772/29607",title:"Trigeminocardiac Reflex in Neurosurgery - Current Knowledge and Prospects",slug:"the-trigeminocardiac-reflex-in-neurosurgery-current-knowledge-and-prospects",totalDownloads:3434,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:27,abstract:null,book:{id:"749",slug:"explicative-cases-of-controversial-issues-in-neurosurgery",title:"Explicative Cases of Controversial Issues in Neurosurgery",fullTitle:"Explicative Cases of Controversial Issues in Neurosurgery"},signatures:"Amr Abdulazim, Martin N. Stienen, Pooyan Sadr-Eshkevari, Nora Prochnow, Nora Sandu, Benham Bohluli and Bernhard Schaller",authors:[{id:"78171",title:"Prof.",name:"Bernhard",middleName:null,surname:"Schaller",slug:"bernhard-schaller",fullName:"Bernhard Schaller"},{id:"78525",title:"Mr.",name:"Amr",middleName:null,surname:"Abdulazim",slug:"amr-abdulazim",fullName:"Amr Abdulazim"},{id:"78530",title:"Dr",name:"Pooyan",middleName:null,surname:"Sadr-Eshkevari",slug:"pooyan-sadr-eshkevari",fullName:"Pooyan Sadr-Eshkevari"},{id:"126039",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",middleName:"Nikolaus",surname:"Stienen",slug:"martin-stienen",fullName:"Martin Stienen"},{id:"126040",title:"Dr.",name:"Nora",middleName:null,surname:"Prochnow",slug:"nora-prochnow",fullName:"Nora Prochnow"},{id:"126041",title:"Dr.",name:"Benham",middleName:null,surname:"Bohluli",slug:"benham-bohluli",fullName:"Benham Bohluli"}]},{id:"26863",doi:"10.5772/26362",title:"The Bearing Surfaces in Total Hip Arthroplasty – Options, Material Characteristics and Selection",slug:"the-bearing-surfaces-in-total-hip-arthroplasty-options-material-characteristics-and-selection",totalDownloads:9526,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:21,abstract:null,book:{id:"938",slug:"recent-advances-in-arthroplasty",title:"Recent Advances in Arthroplasty",fullTitle:"Recent Advances in Arthroplasty"},signatures:"Hamid Reza Seyyed Hosseinzadeh, Alireza Eajazi and Ali Sina Shahi",authors:[{id:"66361",title:"Dr.",name:"Alireza",middleName:null,surname:"Eajazi",slug:"alireza-eajazi",fullName:"Alireza Eajazi"},{id:"74857",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamid Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Seyyed Hosseinzadeh",slug:"hamid-reza-seyyed-hosseinzadeh",fullName:"Hamid Reza Seyyed Hosseinzadeh"},{id:"173207",title:"Dr.",name:"Alisina",middleName:null,surname:"Shahi",slug:"alisina-shahi",fullName:"Alisina Shahi"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"65467",title:"Anesthesia Management for Large-Volume Liposuction",slug:"anesthesia-management-for-large-volume-liposuction",totalDownloads:6203,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"The apparent easiness with which liposuction is performed favors that patients, young surgeons, and anesthesiologists without experience in this field ignore the many events that occur during this procedure. Liposuction is a procedure to improve the body contour and not a surgery to reduce weight, although recently people who have failed in their plans to lose weight look at liposuction as a means to contour their body figure. Tumescent liposuction of large volumes requires a meticulous selection of each patient; their preoperative evaluation and perioperative management are essential to obtain the expected results. The various techniques of general anesthesia are the most recommended and should be monitored in the usual way, as well as monitoring the total doses of infiltrated local anesthetics to avoid systemic toxicity. The management of intravenous fluids is controversial, but the current trend is the restricted use of hydrosaline solutions. The most feared complications are deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary thromboembolism, fat embolism, lung edema, hypothermia, infections and even death. The adherence to the management guidelines and prophylaxis of venous thrombosis/thromboembolism is mandatory.",book:{id:"6221",slug:"anesthesia-topics-for-plastic-and-reconstructive-surgery",title:"Anesthesia Topics for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery",fullTitle:"Anesthesia Topics for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery"},signatures:"Sergio Granados-Tinajero, Carlos Buenrostro-Vásquez, Cecilia\nCárdenas-Maytorena and Marcela Contreras-López",authors:[{id:"273532",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergio Octavio",middleName:null,surname:"Granados Tinajero",slug:"sergio-octavio-granados-tinajero",fullName:"Sergio Octavio Granados Tinajero"}]},{id:"42855",title:"Critical Care Issues After Major Hepatic Surgery",slug:"critical-care-issues-after-major-hepatic-surgery",totalDownloads:8935,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"3164",slug:"hepatic-surgery",title:"Hepatic Surgery",fullTitle:"Hepatic Surgery"},signatures:"Ashok Thorat and Wei-Chen Lee",authors:[{id:"52360",title:"Prof.",name:"Wei-Chen",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",slug:"wei-chen-lee",fullName:"Wei-Chen Lee"},{id:"157213",title:"Dr.",name:"Ashok",middleName:null,surname:"Thorat",slug:"ashok-thorat",fullName:"Ashok Thorat"}]},{id:"72175",title:"Fontan Operation: A Comprehensive Review",slug:"fontan-operation-a-comprehensive-review",totalDownloads:1299,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Since the first description of the Fontan operation in the early 1970s, a number of modifications have been introduced and currently staged, total cavopulmonary connection with fenestration has become the most commonly used multistage surgery in diverting the vena caval blood flow into the lungs. The existing ventricle, whether it is left or right, is utilized to supply systemic circuit. During Stage I, palliative surgery is performed, usually at presentation in the neonatal period/early infancy, on the basis of pathophysiology of the cardiac defect. During Stage II, a bidirectional Glenn procedure is undertaken in which the superior vena caval flow is diverted into the lungs at an approximate age of 6 months. During Stage IIIA, the blood flow from the inferior vena cava (IVC) is rerouted into the pulmonary arteries, typically by an extra-cardiac conduit along with a fenestration, generally around 2 years of age. During Stage IIIB, the fenestration is closed by transcatheter methodology 6–12 months after Stage IIIA. The evolution of Fontan concepts, the indications for Fontan surgery, and the results of old and current types of Fontan operation form the focus of this review.",book:{id:"9585",slug:"advances-in-complex-valvular-disease",title:"Advances in Complex Valvular Disease",fullTitle:"Advances in Complex Valvular Disease"},signatures:"P. Syamasundar Rao",authors:[{id:"68531",title:"Dr.",name:"P. Syamasundar",middleName:null,surname:"Rao",slug:"p.-syamasundar-rao",fullName:"P. Syamasundar Rao"}]},{id:"45712",title:"Serdev Sutures® in Middle Face",slug:"serdev-sutures-in-middle-face",totalDownloads:4952,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"2989",slug:"miniinvasive-face-and-body-lifts-closed-suture-lifts-or-barbed-thread-lifts",title:"Miniinvasive Face and Body Lifts",fullTitle:"Miniinvasive Face and Body Lifts - Closed Suture Lifts or Barbed Thread Lifts"},signatures:"Nikolay Serdev",authors:[{id:"32585",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikolay",middleName:null,surname:"Serdev",slug:"nikolay-serdev",fullName:"Nikolay Serdev"}]},{id:"55812",title:"Postural Restoration: A Tri-Planar Asymmetrical Framework for Understanding, Assessing, and Treating Scoliosis and Other Spinal Dysfunctions",slug:"postural-restoration-a-tri-planar-asymmetrical-framework-for-understanding-assessing-and-treating-sc",totalDownloads:7701,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Current medical practice does not recognize the influence of innate, physiological, human asymmetry on scoliosis and other postural disorders. Interventions meant to correct these conditions are commonly based on symmetrical models of appearance and do not take into account asymmetric organ weight distribution, asymmetries of respiratory mechanics, and dominant movement patterns that are reinforced in daily functional activities. A model of innate, human asymmetry derived from the theoretical framework of the Postural Restoration Institute® (PRI) explicitly describes the physiological, biomechanical, and respiratory components of human asymmetry. This model is important because it gives an accurate baseline for understanding predisposing factors for the development of postural disorders, which, without intervention, will likely progress to structural dysfunction. Clinical tests to evaluate tri-planar musculoskeletal relationships and function, developed by PRI, are based on this asymmetric model. These tests are valuable for assessing patient’s status in the context of human asymmetry and in guiding appropriate exercise prescription and progression. Balancing musculoskeletal asymmetry is the aim of PRI treatment. Restoration of relative balance decreases pain, restores improved alignment, and strengthens appropriate muscle function. It can also halt the progression of dysfunction and improve respiration, quality of life, and appearance. PRI’s extensive body of targeted exercise progressions are highly effective due to their basis in the tri-planar asymmetric human model.",book:{id:"5816",slug:"innovations-in-spinal-deformities-and-postural-disorders",title:"Innovations in Spinal Deformities and Postural Disorders",fullTitle:"Innovations in Spinal Deformities and Postural Disorders"},signatures:"Susan Henning, Lisa C. Mangino and Jean Massé",authors:[{id:"204825",title:"Dr.",name:"Susan",middleName:null,surname:"Henning",slug:"susan-henning",fullName:"Susan Henning"},{id:"206242",title:"Dr.",name:"Lisa C",middleName:null,surname:"Mangino",slug:"lisa-c-mangino",fullName:"Lisa C Mangino"},{id:"206245",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Massé",slug:"jean-masse",fullName:"Jean Massé"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"202",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82020",title:"Minimally Invasive Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion: A Novel Technique and Technology with Case Series",slug:"minimally-invasive-transforaminal-lumbar-interbody-fusion-a-novel-technique-and-technology-with-case",totalDownloads:6,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105187",abstract:"Minimally invasive spine surgery (MIS) transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MI-TLIF) has been utilized to treat a variety of spinal disorders. Like other minimally invasive spine surgery techniques and technology, the MI-TLIF approach has the potential to limit the morbidity associated with larger exposures required for open surgery. The MI-TLIF approach has a number of advantages over many other minimally invasive spine surgery approaches including direct decompression of neural elements, collection of morselized autograph from the surgical site to achieve high fusion rates, restoration of spinal canal diameter, foraminal diameter, disk height, and reduction of spondylolisthesis. In this chapter, we discuss a novel technique for performing MI-TLIF developed by the senior author who is a leading minimally invasive spine surgeon. The technique and technology illustrated in this chapter were developed out of a recognition of a need to reduce the learning curve for performing MI-TLIF, as well as need for a cost-effective method that provides a high fusion rate, excellent clinical outcomes, and low complication rate. The indications, surgical planning, postoperative care, complications, and patient outcomes in a large series will be reviewed using this novel MI-TLIF technique.",book:{id:"10634",title:"Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery - Advances and Innovations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10634.jpg"},signatures:"Mick Perez-Cruet, Ramiro Pérez de la Torre and Siddharth Ramanathan"},{id:"78335",title:"Safety and Efficiency of Cervical Disc Arthroplasty in Ambulatory Surgery Centers",slug:"safety-and-efficiency-of-cervical-disc-arthroplasty-in-ambulatory-surgery-centers",totalDownloads:5,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99589",abstract:"Introduction Anterior cervical surgeries have been safely performed in ambulatory surgery centers since 1995 with the first cases being one level anterior cervical discectomies without fusion, then in 1996, one level anterior cervical discectomies with fusion (ACDF). When it is was certain that outpatient fusion was safe, the number of ACDF levels slowly and methodically were increased to the now standard outpatient maximum of four level ACDF. During this evolution, with the introduction of arthroplasty surgery, one level arthroplasties were considered appropriate for outpatient surgery and now two-level outpatient cervical arthroplasties are routine and some three level arthroplasties have been performed with no additional morbidity compared to one level procedures. The author first reported a series of 27 patients in 2010 who underwent cervical disc replacement at an ASC. (Wohns, R. Safety and cost-effectiveness of outpatient cervical disc arthroplasty. Surg. Neurol. Int. 1, 77, 2010). The average operative time was 40 minutes and the patients were observed over a period of three hours prior to discharge. None of the patients had major complications and there were no reports of worsening or persistent pain. The results of a Delphi study in 2018 compared the safety and efficiency of one-level and two-level arthroplasty procedures performed in an ASC and in a hospital setting. (Gornet et al. Safety and Efficiency of Cervical Disc Arthroplasty in Ambulatory Surgery Centers vs Hospital Settings. Int’l J of Spine Surgery. Vol. 12, No.5, 2018, pp. 557-564). The study analyzed outcomes of 145 ASC patients, 348 hospital outpatients and 65 hospital inpatients and the conclusion was that both one and two-level arthroplasties may be performed safely in an ASC. Surgeries in ASCs are of shorter duration and performed with less blood loss without increased AEs. At the present time, there does not appear to be any contra-indication to performing the vast majority of cervical arthroplasties in an ambulatory surgery center (ASC). Furthermore, the cost of an outpatient arthroplasty is commonly 30% to 50% of the cost of hospital-based procedures.",book:{id:"10634",title:"Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery - Advances and Innovations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10634.jpg"},signatures:"Richard N.W. Wohns"},{id:"82255",title:"Minimally Invasive Laminectomy for Lumbar Stenosis with Case Series of Patients with Multi-level (3 or More Levels) Stenosis",slug:"minimally-invasive-laminectomy-for-lumbar-stenosis-with-case-series-of-patients-with-multi-level-3-o",totalDownloads:28,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105186",abstract:"Lumbar stenosis is the most common pathology seen and treated by spine surgeons. It is often seen in the elderly population who frequently have multiple medical co-morbidities. Traditional approaches remove the spinous process and detach paraspinous muscles to achieve adequate canal decompression. This approach can damage the posterior tension band leading to permanent muscle damage, scar tissue formation, iatrogenic flatback syndrome, and increase risk of adjacent segment disease requiring reoperation. Performing lumbar laminectomy in a cost-effective manner is critical in effectively treating patients with lumbar stenosis. This chapter reviews a minimally invasive muscle-sparing approach to treating lumbar stenosis. The technique is performed through a tubular retractor. Direct decompression of the spinal stenosis is achieved while preserving the paraspinous muscle attachments and spinous process. This technique has multiple advantages and can potentially reduce load stress on adjacent levels and subsequent adjacent level pathology leading to further surgical intervention. In addition, the procedure shows how facet fusion is performed using the patient’s own locally harvested drilled morselized autograph to achieve bilateral facet fusion. By fusing the facets, we have shown that restenosis at the operative level is less likely to occur. This chapter will review a case series of multilevel lumbar stenosis including clinical outcomes.",book:{id:"10634",title:"Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery - Advances and Innovations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10634.jpg"},signatures:"Mick Perez-Cruet, Ramiro Pérez de la Torre and Siddharth Ramanathan"},{id:"80705",title:"Cervical Arthroplasty",slug:"cervical-arthroplasty",totalDownloads:37,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102964",abstract:"Technological advances have allowed spine surgery to follow the trend toward minimally invasive surgery in general. Specifically, we have seen a corresponding rise in the popularity of cervical arthroplasty. For the treatment of cervical disc disease, arthroplasty is a less invasive option than the gold standard of cervical discectomy and arthrodesis, which by nature is more disruptive to surrounding tissues. Arthroplasty preserves the facets, maintains motion, and reduces the rate of adjacent segment breakdown. These factors counteract the negative impacts of fusion while maintaining the benefits. Arthroplasty implants themselves have become more streamlined to implant as well with less native bone destruction, and biomechanics more compatible with the native disc. While initial implants were ball and socket devices with complex fixation and plane-specific movements, later devices incorporated such motions as translation and compression. Viscoelastic components and materials more closely resembling native tissues afford a more biocompatible implant profile. Until cell-based therapies can successfully reproduce native tissue, we will rely on artificial components that closely resemble and assimilate them.",book:{id:"10634",title:"Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery - Advances and Innovations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10634.jpg"},signatures:"Jason M. Highsmith"},{id:"80605",title:"Minimally Invasive Treatment of Spinal Metastasis",slug:"minimally-invasive-treatment-of-spinal-metastasis",totalDownloads:42,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102485",abstract:"Advancements in the treatment of systemic cancer have improved life expectancy in cancer patients and consequently the incidence of spinal metastasis. Traditionally, open spinal approaches combined with cEBRT (conventional external beam radiation therapy) allowed for local tumor control as well as stabilization and decompression of the spine and neural elements, but these larger operations can be fraught with one complications and delayed healing as well as additional morbidity. Recently, minimally invasive spine techniques are becoming increasingly popular in the treatment of spinal metastasis for many reasons, including smaller incisions with less perioperative complications and potential for expedited time to radiation therapy. These techniques include kyphoplasty with radiofrequency ablation, percutaneous stabilization, laminectomy, and epidural tumor resection through tubular retractors, as well as minimally invasive corpectomy. These techniques combined with highly conformal stereotactic radiosurgery have led to the advent of separation surgery, which allows for decompression of neural elements while creating space between neural elements and the tumor so adequate radiation may be delivered, improving local tumor control. The versatility of these minimally invasive techniques has significantly improved the modern management of metastatic disease of the spine by protecting and restoring the patient’s quality of life while allowing them to quickly resume radiation and systemic treatment.",book:{id:"10634",title:"Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery - Advances and Innovations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10634.jpg"},signatures:"Eric R. Mong and Daniel K. Fahim"},{id:"76620",title:"Minimally Invasive Lateral Approach for Anterior Spinal Cord Decompression in Thoracic Myelopathy",slug:"minimally-invasive-lateral-approach-for-anterior-spinal-cord-decompression-in-thoracic-myelopathy",totalDownloads:146,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97669",abstract:"Myelopathy can result from a thoracic disc herniation (TDH) compressing the anterior spinal cord. Disc calcification and difficulty in accessing the anterior spinal cord pose an operative challenge. A mini-open lateral approach to directly decompress the anterior spinal cord can be performed with or without concomitant interbody fusion depending on pre-existing or iatrogenic spinal instability. Experience using stand-alone expandable spacers to achieve interbody fusion in this setting is limited. Technical advantages, risks and limitations of this technique are discussed. We conducted a retrospective chart review of all patients with thoracic and upper lumbar myelopathy treated with a lateral mini-open lateral approach. Review of the literature identified 6 other case series using similar lateral minimally invasive approaches to treat thoracic or upper lumbar disc herniation showing efficient and safe thoracic disc decompression procedure for myelopathy. This technique can be combined with interbody arthrodesis when instability is suspected.",book:{id:"10634",title:"Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery - Advances and Innovations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10634.jpg"},signatures:"Edna E. Gouveia, Mansour Mathkour, Erin McCormack, Jonathan Riffle, Olawale A. Sulaiman and Daniel J. Denis"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:12},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188",scope:"This series will provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends in various Infectious Diseases (as per the most recent Baltimore classification). Topics will include general overviews of infections, immunopathology, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, etiology, and current clinical recommendations for managing infectious diseases. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This book series will focus on various aspects and properties of infectious diseases whose deep understanding is essential for safeguarding the human race from losing resources and economies due to pathogens.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/6.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 2nd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:13,editor:{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",slug:"slawomir-wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",biography:"Professor Sławomir Wilczyński, Head of the Chair of Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland. 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Saxena",hash:"d92a4085627bab25ddc7942fbf44cf05",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",value:5,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:7}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:250,paginationItems:[{id:"274452",title:"Dr.",name:"Yousif",middleName:"Mohamed",surname:"Abdallah",slug:"yousif-abdallah",fullName:"Yousif Abdallah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274452/images/8324_n.jpg",biography:"I certainly enjoyed my experience in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, particularly it has been in different institutions and hospitals with different Medical Cultures and allocated resources. Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University Plovdiv",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"243698",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"7227",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroaki",middleName:null,surname:"Matsui",slug:"hiroaki-matsui",fullName:"Hiroaki Matsui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Tokyo",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"312999",title:"Dr.",name:"Bernard O.",middleName:null,surname:"Asimeng",slug:"bernard-o.-asimeng",fullName:"Bernard O. Asimeng",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"15",type:"subseries",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11411,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. 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