Description of all the 27 localities that were studied and were classified among urban, suburban, and forests.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"480",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Evapotranspiration - From Measurements to Agricultural and Environmental Applications",title:"Evapotranspiration",subtitle:"From Measurements to Agricultural and Environmental Applications",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book represents an overview of the direct measurement techniques of evapotranspiration with related applications to the water use optimization in the agricultural practice and to the ecosystems study. Different measuring techniques at leaf level (porometry), plant-level (sap-flow, lysimetry) and agro-ecosystem level (Surface Renewal, Eddy Covariance, Multi layer BREB), are presented with detailed explanations and examples. For the optimization of the water use in agriculture, detailed measurements on transpiration demands of crops and different cultivars, as well as results of different irrigation schemes and techniques (i.e. subsurface drip) in semi-arid areas for open-field, greenhouse and potted grown plants are presented. Aspects on ET of crops in saline environments, effects of ET on groundwater quality in xeric environments as well as the application of ET to climatic classification are also depicted. The book provides an excellent overview for both, researchers and student,s who intend to address these issues.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-512-9",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5166-1",doi:"10.5772/991",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"evapotranspiration-from-measurements-to-agricultural-and-environmental-applications",numberOfPages:422,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"4735bbf66c0f21af0b4ac128140bd3fd",bookSignature:"Giacomo Gerosa",publishedDate:"November 9th 2011",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/480.jpg",numberOfDownloads:58735,numberOfWosCitations:58,numberOfCrossrefCitations:16,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:3,numberOfDimensionsCitations:62,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:7,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:136,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 18th 2010",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 15th 2010",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"March 22nd 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 21st 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 20th 2011",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"43539",title:"Dr.",name:"Giacomo",middleName:"Al.",surname:"Gerosa",slug:"giacomo-gerosa",fullName:"Giacomo Gerosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/43539/images/115_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Giacomo A. Gerosa, MD in Environmental Sciences (1997), PhD in Agricultural Ecology (2002); is ecologist and ecophysiologist with main research interests on the characterization of the exchange processes between atmosphere and biosphere, and on the effects of air pollutants on agricultural and forest ecosystems, with special regards to ozone. He is a researcher at the Department of Mathematics and Physics of the Catholic University of the Scared Heart of Brescia, Italy and professor of Ecology, Chemistry, Biology and Micrometeorology at the Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Natural sciences of the same University. Formerly he was a professor of Ecotoxycology, Pollutants Control in Agricultural Environment, and Use and Recycle of Biomasses in Agriculture. He is a Scientific Director of CRINES (Center of Research on Air Pollution and Ecosystems) at Curno (Bergamo); Chair of the Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Environmental Physics of the Department of Mathematics and Physics at the Catholic University of SC of Brescia and President of Ecometrics Ltd., a Spin-Off company of the Catholic University of SC of Brescia. He is currently involved in many national and European research projects as a scientific reference for the Catholic University. He is the author of more than 60 papers in international peer reviewed journals and books, and referee for about 10 journals.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"7",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Catholic University of the Sacred Heart",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"832",title:"Agriculture Engineering",slug:"earth-science-agriculture-engineering"}],chapters:[{id:"22687",title:"Spatial and Temporal Variation in Evapotranspiration",doi:"10.5772/17852",slug:"spatial-and-temporal-variation-in-evapotranspiration",totalDownloads:2646,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Jerry L. Hatfield and John H. 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Nevertheless, humans plant a wide variety of vegetation in their urban and suburban areas, thus initiating the food chain on which most animals depend. Although diversity is clearly greatly reduced in the urban setting, at the population level the effect has been extremely heterogeneous across the animal kingdom. Bats (Chiroptera) are an extremely diverse group, with more than 1400 species worldwide, living in almost all habitats. The reaction of bats to urban environments was recently reviewed [1]. Jung and Caragh [1] determined that the behavioral and/or morphological traits at the level of individual species determine species’ adaptability to urban areas. Further, they determined that the driving factors for species adaptability to urban areas may be regionally divergent.
As Jung and Caragh [1] point out, bats are found in all cities over the world. Of the approximately 20 families of bats, only two tend to avoid cities entirely, the Rhinolophidae and Mormoopidae, whereas a heterogeneous reaction at the species level is typical of the other families.
Urban habitats have both potential disadvantages and advantages from the perspective of bats. Clearly cities are high in noise, light, and chemical pollution compared to natural habitats. Light pollution may be an especially difficult factor to which bats must adapt. Depending on roosting requirements, cities may provide abundant roost sites, such as buildings, or not, for example for bats that roost in vegetation. Often drinking water and food supplies are enhanced by the human residents of the city, again depending on the bats’ specific requirements. Since tree cover in cities averages less than 30% [2], bats adapted to forests may not do well, whereas in grassland and savannah areas, bats may find the tree cover advantageous [3].
Although there have been many studies of urban bats, these have been concentrated in temperate North America and Europe, and focus mainly on bats of the family Vespertilionidae, e.g., Dixon [4], Hale et al. [5], Pearce and Walters [6]. Bat activity and diversity seem to be highest in older suburban areas and parks and decrease towards the center of cities where there is little vegetation. It is clear to us that the change from urban to suburban to rural is a continuum; therefore, it is not productive to divide this continuum into discrete units except very generally as we are doing here for comparative purposes. The differences between urban and suburban can, for example be exemplified by such physical differences as tree density, percent paved area, building size and density, etc. These variables change in a predictable way as we pass through the continuum. Thus, when we approach 0% paved area, very low building density, and/or 100% tree density, we have reached the end of the continuum and are in forest or agricultural zones.
Although a few species do very well in cities, as for example, the huge colony of
A threat to bat populations, clearly related to urbanization, is mortality on highways. This problem has been but rarely studied, mostly in the temperate zone (e.g., [12]) but clearly exists. Recently a study in Brazil demonstrated that significant bat mortality is occurring on Brazilian highways as well [13].
There are relatively few studies of bats in urban areas of the Neotropics. Jung and Kalko [14] in Panama, using audio recordings, report decreased diversity and abundance in the urban setting, compared to the high diversity in forests in that country. They also note that in the city, most of the bats are high flying species, primarily of the Molossidae. In Costa Rica one of us [15] found the same trend with audio recordings in a large metropolis and in a smaller provincial capital. Jung and Kalko [16], recording in a small city adjacent to forest, found higher diversity than in large urban centers, but noted that some species that were abundant in the nearby forest were never recorded in town. For our purposes, we may think of this town as a suburban area. In Costa Rica, in a large urban center, but recording only in city parks, the number of bat passes was much greater in the larger parks than in the smaller parks [17]. Overall, those authors found considerably less activity than we consistently found in non-suburban settings [14]. The urban bats identified from the calls were all from the families Vespertilionidae and Molossidae. In another Costa Rican study the author mist-netted in parks in the city, finding a relatively small number (for the netting effort) of bats of the family Phyllostomidae, all of which were very common species that eat fruit and/or nectar [18].
Because of its location on the relatively narrow isthmus of Central America, connecting North and South America, Honduras is home to species typical of South America, others typical of temperate North America, and some that are endemic to Central America and southern Mexico. According to a recent review, [19] there are 113 species of bats currently known from Honduras, and we expect several more species will be added in the future. In Central America, only Costa Rica has more species, with 120 listed [20]. As detailed in the paper cited [19], the bats belong to seven different families, the Emballonuridae (9 species), the Phyllostomidae (59 species), the Mormoopidae (5 species), the Noctilionidae (2 species), The Thyropteridae (1 species), the Natalidae (2 species), the Molossidae (17 species), and the Vespertilionidae (18 species).
These species include frugivores, nectarivores, insectivores, sanguinivores, carnivores, and omnivores, and occupy many essential ecological niches in Honduras, dispersing seeds, pollinating flowers, and controlling insect numbers, among others.
We lack information demonstrating how urbanization is affecting the diversity of bats in Honduras, Central America. We hypothesize that, on a continuum from forests to cities, the diversity of New World leaf-nosed bats (Phyllostomidae) will be significantly reduced. Therefore, this works aims to estimate and compare the diversity of phyllostomid bats in three landscapes in Honduras: forests, suburban, and urban areas; to determine if the forearm and ear length has any significant effect on species composition of bat assemblages in the three landscapes; and to describe the activity patterns of those assemblages.
When defining “urbanization” and “suburbanization”, which are processes that are closely related and linked along a continuum, we follow Tammaru et al. [21]. We will consider suburbanization as the expansion of suburbs by the increase of its population from the migration of residents of the central city [21, 22]. Thereby, we will refer to the Ciudad-Universitaria of the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras (CU-UNAH) as the “urban area” in this manuscript. The same authors described suburbanization is the redistribution of a population away from central cities and into suburbs. In this work, we are referring to Sabanagrande as the “suburban area”. All other studied areas in this work are considered as “forests” located in the Río Plátano Biosphere Reserve. See below for the description of each studied area.
All the coordinates are given in Table 1 and represented in Figure 1, and each site is described below:
Departament | Locality | Municipality | Latitude | Longitude | Elevation (m asl) | Landscape | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Francisco Morazán | Carboneras | Sabanagrande | 13.794 | −87.248 | 985 | Suburban |
2 | Gracias a Dios | Ciudad Blanca 1 | Brus Laguna | 15.246 | −84.969 | 250 | Forest |
3 | Gracias a Dios | Ciudad Blanca 2 | Brus Laguna | 15.246 | −84.972 | 214 | Forest |
4 | Gracias a Dios | Ciudad Blanca 3 | Brus Laguna | 15.245 | −84.96 | 245 | Forest |
5 | Gracias a Dios | Ciudad Blanca 4 | Brus Laguna | 15.245 | −84.969 | 225 | Forest |
6 | Gracias a Dios | Ciudad Blanca 5 | Brus Laguna | 15.248 | −84.968 | 223 | Forest |
7 | Gracias a Dios | Ciudad Blanca 6 | Brus Laguna | 15.245 | −84.965 | 204 | Forest |
8 | Gracias a Dios | Ciudad Blanca 7 | Brus Laguna | 15.251 | −84.974 | 239 | Forest |
9 | Gracias a Dios | Ciudad Blanca 8 | Brus Laguna | 15.244 | −84.966 | 233 | Forest |
10 | Gracias a Dios | Ciudad Blanca 9 | Brus Laguna | 15.241 | −84.969 | 206 | Forest |
11 | Francisco Morazán | El Ocotal | Sabanagrande | 13.791 | −87.314 | 976 | Suburban |
12 | Francisco Morazán | La Finca “Divisadero” | Sabanagrande | 14.561 | −87.801 | 1105 | Suburban |
13 | Francisco Morazán | La Tigra | Sabanagrande | 13.800 | −87.313 | 790 | Suburban |
14 | Gracias a Dios | Las Marías Pesh 1 | Juan Francisco Bulnes | 15.680 | −84.838 | 33 | Forest |
15 | Gracias a Dios | Las Marías Pesh 2 | Juan Francisco Bulnes | 15.679 | −84.846 | 50 | Forest |
16 | Gracias a Dios | Las Marías Pesh 3 | Juan Francisco Bulnes | 15.676 | −84.851 | 28 | Forest |
17 | Gracias a Dios | Las Marías Pesh 4 | Juan Francisco Bulnes | 15.676 | −84.843 | 33 | Forest |
18 | Gracias a Dios | Pico Dama 1 | Juan Francisco Bulnes | 15.695 | −84.915 | 373 | Forest |
19 | Gracias a Dios | Pico Dama 2 | Juan Francisco Bulnes | 15.695 | −84.915 | 360 | Forest |
20 | Gracias a Dios | Pico Dama 3 | Juan Francisco Bulnes | 15.692 | −84.915 | 394 | Forest |
21 | Gracias a Dios | Pico Dama 4 | Juan Francisco Bulnes | 15.695 | −84.917 | 433 | Forest |
22 | Gracias a Dios | Pico Dama 5 | Juan Francisco Bulnes | 15.694 | −84.915 | 383 | Forest |
23 | Francisco Morazán | UNAH (CC) | Distrito Central | 14.008 | −87.165 | 1073 | Urban |
24 | Francisco Morazán | UNAH (JB) | Distrito Central | 14.087 | −87.166 | 1050 | Urban |
25 | Francisco Morazán | UNAH (Lagunas) | Distrito Central | 14.086 | −87.160 | 1050 | Urban |
26 | Francisco Morazán | UNAH (Polideportivo) | Distrito Central | 14.086 | −87.169 | 1062 | Urban |
27 | Gracias a Dios | Waikna Tara | Juan Francisco Bulnes | 15.660 | −84.893 | 44 | Forest |
Description of all the 27 localities that were studied and were classified among urban, suburban, and forests.
Forest, suburban, and urban areas used in this study.
Surveys were carried out at the National University Campus’ Botanical Garden in Tegucigalpa, capital city of Honduras, in the Department of Francisco Morazán (Table 1). The ecosystem is a tropical dry forest [23]. The species of Fabaceae, Myrtaceae, and Asteraceae are the most common, including
We studied a tropical moist forest [23] located in the central region of Honduras in the Department of Francisco Morazán, municipality of Sabanagrande (Table 1). The vegetation included
The RPBR, including La Moskitia, is located within the departments of Gracias a Dios, Olancho, and Colón. Based on Holdridge [23], the life zone represented is tropical wet forest. The RPBR is the only site in Honduras declared as world Heritage. Some plant species associated with the study area are
We followed the most recent taxonomic checklist of the bats that occur in Honduras [19]. All the bats were captured using mist-nets of 12.5 x 2.5 m with a mesh of 35 mm. We followed Kunz and Kurta [27] for positioning the mist nets according to the vegetation, landscape, bodies and water and phenophases (fruits and flowers) of the plants. Bats were identified and measured (FA = forearm length; E = ear length; BH = body height) using taxonomic keys of Timm, LaVal and Rodriguez [28] Medina-Fitoria [29], and Mora [30]. We quantified the sampling effort by multiplying the area of all of the mist-nets that were opened during each night by the number of hours that remained open [31] in which a total of 47,686.8 m2*h was accumulated. All the bats were handled according to the guidelines for the use of wild mammals in research and education [32].
The diversity of each landscape was measured using the Alpha Diversity Index (following Jost [33] and Moreno et al. [34]), and species richness was estimated with Chao 1. These analyses were based in the sampling effort of each site and the abundances of each species using EstimateSMac 910 with 100 randomizations [35, 36].
For the activity patterns analyses we used the abundances of all the species [37] and correlated them with the time and the percentage of the moon illumination in which bats were captured from each type of landscape. Moon illumination was taken for each date from the following website: https://www.moongiant.com/ [38]. We used the Shapiro–Wilk test to test for the normal distribution and Levene’s test to test for the homogeneity of variances of the data. Considering that data was normally distributed, means of the forearm length, ear length, body height, time, and moon percentage were represented by the ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) analyses in Table 2. To compare means we performed posthoc Tukey tests at a confidence level of 95%. For all the analyses we considered significant differences when p ≤ 0.05. Except for time, in which we use the Spearman’s correlation coefficient to determine any relation between the landscapes and the time activity.
Landscape | Individuals | Species | Sampling effort (m2*h) | Chao 1 estimator | Alpha diversity index | Individuals per m2*h | Species per m2*h | FA (mm) | E (mm) | BH (mm) | Moon illumination (%) | Time |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Forests | 376 | 24 | 14,567.4 | 28.97 | 5.72 | 0.03 | 0.0016 | 74.68 (29.00–91.35) | 30.75 (9.48–42.54) | 53.29 (36.8–69.78) | 65.26 (15.5–99.52) | 5:30 PM – 5:20 AM |
Suburban | 169 | 17 | 18,839.4 | 19.24 | 4.71 | 0.01 | 0.0009 | 67.74 (33.01–69.46) | 16.59 (7.67–17.83) | 57.60 (45.9–69.30) | 47.46 (0.24–94.43) | 6:00 PM – 2:00 AM |
Urban | 143 | 7 | 14,280.0 | 7.5 | 1.54 | 0.01 | 0.0005 | 67.71 (31.10–72.00) | 23.99 (9.82–28.34) | 68.73 (55.96–81.50) | 50.06 (0.06–100) | 5:30 PM – 2:20 AM |
Diversity data and means of the morphometrics and ecological data of the 688 bats studied.
To determine taxonomic similarities between the landscapes (urban and suburban areas and forest) we performed multiple regressions of distance matrices [39]. In addition, to represent graphically the taxonomic composition in the distinct habitat types, we performed a NMDS (non-metric multi-dimensional scaling) analysis with two dimensions and plotted the NMDS axes against landscapes [40]. All analyses were performed in R Core Team [41] version 3.4.2, using the vegan [42] and ecodist [43].
According to Chao 1 (Table 2), urban areas (percentage of how many species According to Chao 1, urban areas (percentage of how many species were recorded in parentheses) are the least diverse, as expected, because only 7.5 species are expected (93.3%) followed by suburban areas (87.2%) with 19.24, and then by forests with 28.97 (82.2%). Supporting Chao 1, the Alpha diversity index was highest in forests with 5.72, followed by suburban and urban areas (Table 2), in that order. Considering the sampling effort, urban areas are not only the least diverse but also the least abundant based on number of bats captured, followed by suburban areas and forests (Table 2). Even though we found three different assemblages (Figure 2) we found no significant correlation between taxonomical α-diversity and the type of landscape (R2 = 0.04; DF = 1,24; P = 0.24). However, we found species such as
Non-metric multi-dimensional scaling (NMDS) of three landscapes which represents three different bat assemblages.
Species | Forest | Suburban | Urban | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 23 | 23 | |||
2 | 92 | 48 | 56 | 196 | |
3 | 71 | 10 | 62 | 143 | |
4 | 20 | 20 | |||
5 | 85 | 23 | 108 | ||
6 | 29 | 29 | |||
7 | 1 | 1 | 2 | ||
8 | 2 | 2 | |||
9 | 3 | 3 | |||
10 | 9 | 9 | |||
11 | 3 | 3 | |||
12 | 2 | 2 | |||
13 | 8 | 1 | 9 | ||
14 | 2 | 2 | |||
15 | 5 | 5 | |||
16 | 5 | 6 | 11 | ||
17 | 2 | 2 | |||
18 | 9 | 2 | 11 | ||
19 | 1 | 1 | |||
20 | 3 | 18 | 18 | 39 | |
21 | 1 | 1 | |||
22 | 5 | 5 | |||
23 | 2 | 2 | |||
24 | 2 | 2 | |||
25 | 4 | 1 | 5 | ||
26 | 1 | 1 | |||
27 | 4 | 7 | 11 | ||
28 | 1 | 1 | |||
29 | 6 | 6 | |||
30 | 1 | 7 | 3 | 11 | |
31 | 1 | 1 | |||
32 | 18 | 18 | |||
33 | 4 | 4 | |||
Description of the occurrence of the landscapes in which the 33 phyllostomid bats were recorded.
Occurrence of phyllostomid bats based on the elevation of the studied areas.
Considering time (Figure 4), we found no significant correlations in any type of landscape: forests and suburban areas (R2 = 0.00; DF = 1,154; P = 0.23), forests and urban areas (R2 = −0.01; DF = 1,139; P = 0.62), and urban and suburban areas (R2 = −0.00; DF = 1,139; P = 0.99). In the case of body height means, only the suburban areas and forests have no significant differences (F (2,203) = 2.3, p = 0.21; Figure 5A), and were divided into two groups urban areas (a) and forests and subruban areas (b). See Table 4 to see the other p values of this and other analyses. The ear length means were only significant different in suburban and forests landscapes (F (2,165) = 4.57, p = 0.05; Figure 5B), however, all the landscapes were assigned to the same group (a). When comparing forearm length means with posthoc Tukey tests, landscapes were classified into two groups urban (a) and suburban and forests (a) and only the comparison between suburban areas and forests was not significant (F (2,431) = 21.41, p = 0.99; Figure 5C). Finally, the moon percentage mean in which bats were captured was significant different among all the landscapes (Figure 5D), categorized into three different groups a (forest), b (urban areas), and c (suburban areas).
Time activity patterns of the 33 phyllostomid species recorded.
ANOVA analyses of the body height (A), ear length (B), forearm length (C), and moon percentage (D) time in which phyllostomids were captured.
Landscape | Forests | Suburban | Urban |
---|---|---|---|
Forests - FA | — | 0.99 | <0.01 |
Suburban - FA | 0.99 | — | <0.01 |
Urban - FA | <0.01 | <0.01 | — |
Forests – E | — | 0.05 | 0.17 |
Suburban - E | 0.05 | — | 0.61 |
Urban - E | 0.17 | 0.61 | — |
Forests - BH | — | 0.21 | <0.01 |
Suburban - BH | 0.21 | — | <0.01 |
Urban - BH | <0.01 | <0.01 | — |
Forests - moon | — | <0.01 | <0.01 |
Suburban – moon | <0.01 | — | <0.01 |
Urban - moon | <0.01 | <0.01 | — |
Statistical results from the comparison of the posthoc Tukey analyses. Abbreviations are as follow: FA = forearm length; E = ear length; BH = body height; moon = moon percentage.
As expected in Honduras, there is a consistent decrease of phyllostomid bat diversity and abundance from forests to cities. As anticipated, we found that the diversity is less in urban areas (cities) and suburban areas in comparison to forests. However, these remnants of forest are important for bat conservation in urban areas. For example, the high abundance of
Urbanization is the second most detrimental anthropogenic agent of landscape change [49], since bat diversity and species abundance are comparatively lower in cities than in primary forests or rural areas [3]. This is the case not only for Honduras, but worldwide. For example, in Poland, urbanization pressure is a common phenomenon in several protected areas due to the dispersion of buildings and the expansion of summer construction [49]. Additionally, artificial lighting and sound pollution can alter commuting processes in foraging bats, especially sound which has a more deterrent effect for bats than light as some insectivorous bats feed on the insects that are attracted to streetlights [50, 51, 52]. Interestingly, habitat degradation affects the diversity of bat communities in more complex ways than simply population stability [48].
Bat response and sensitivity to urbanization varies among species assemblages in urbanized landscapes. In this way species with high tolerance become more abundant and dominant. However, the low diversity and abundance of urban bat fauna can be attributed, at least partially, to a shortage of roosting sites [53]. For a better understanding of bats that do not fly below canopy in urban areas, acoustic monitoring can provide data for species that are rarely captured in mist nets ([17], and see introduction, this chapter). Unfortunately, we have little such data for Honduras as of now.
The fact that forearm length was only significantly different between forests and urban areas and the ear length between suburban areas and forests can be explained from two points of view. First, we found that Sabanagrande has a mixture of the other two assemblages, and even has species that were found only there (e.g.,
Secondly, the functional traits varied. For example, the well-conserved forests of the RPBR have larger species that were only recorded there (e.g.,
Species such as
We hypothesize that New World leaf-nosed bats in forests are more likely to be negatively affected by brightness of the moon because of safety concerns (hunting activities by visually oriented predators like owls) when the moon is brighter [15]. In contrast, urban and suburban areas have equally high light intensity every night (e.g., traffic lights, streetlights, shopping centers, etc.). Another feature that supports our hypothesis is that we found significant difference between all the areas. This is probably because the light intensity of suburban areas is increasing in the same way as in urban areas, and the bats that survive there are able to acclimatize quickly. However, the time patterns were not significantly different among the three landscapes due to the wide range and different foraging behaviors. In general, phyllostomids have an early activity peak and then declining activity through the night [57]. Habitat specialization, nutrient intake, and food procurement are features that are associated with bat success in transformed landscapes [55, 58].
There are two more works describing activity patterns in Honduras. The first one, Medina-Fitoria et al. [59] studied certain areas included in the RPBR, and determined that in the Caribbean slope of Nicaragua and Honduras, mature and intact primary forests are the most important habitats to conserve. They also determined that fragmentation due to extensive cattle farming and agriculture is perhaps the major threat to these forests. And the second study, in the northwestern region of Honduras, in Cusuco National Park, by Medina-Berkum et al. [60] indicated that the presence of
Although we predicted that from forests to cities, the diversity of phyllostomids will decrease, this is the first attempt to describe their activity patterns in these areas in Honduras. Considering the extension of forests, Duarte et al. [62] mentioned that 48% of the Honduran territory is covered by forests. With the high rate in which they are being diminished is approximately 23,303.56 hectares per year [63], the probability of losing bat species in Honduras is all too real. On the other hand, there are some species that have been adapting very well, as is the case of
Undoubtedly, the RPBR is one of the most important regions in Honduras, and probably in Central America, for bat conservation due to the large extensions of pristine forests and the limited occurrence and abundance of certain species (e.g.,
We would like to thank to Alejandro Orellana, Diego Mazier, and Eduardo Ordoñez because most of the field work was done with them and for their comments to this chapter. We are grateful to the staff of El Ocotal, especially to Alejandro Velásquez, for all their support during this research. To the ICF, for the research permit: Resolución–DE–MP–064–2017. We want to thank to all the wildlife and forest manager, native people, civilians, and police and military officer that helped us during all this research. Finally, MATC wants to personally thank Marcia Flores-Casco and her family for their gracious hospitality in Brazil during the COVID-pandemic while he was writing this chapter.
The authors declare no potential conflict of interest.
In our previous works, working on the mind-body problem, we demonstrated the existence of epistemologically different worlds (EDWs).1 Later, we applied this perspective to the main problems of quantum mechanics (entanglement, nonlocality, etc.) and then to the relationship between micro-entities and macro-entities. We constantly believed that the greatest problems of particular sciences are philosophical problems that require a new framework of thinking.2
In this chapter, we rethink one of the most important notions in cosmology today, the “dark matter,” within the EDW perspective. Therefore, let us introduce, very shortly in this section, the EDW perspective.3 We will illustrate the principles referring to the existence of nonliving objects and their interactions, in general. The questions to start with are as follows. Do the micro-entities and the electromagnetic waves really exist? Do the macro-entities (and gravity) really exist? Within the EDW perspective, the main idea has been that the “universe”/“world” cannot even exist; what really exist are epistemologically different worlds (EDWs).
We introduce the five principles concerning physical objects and their interactions:4
Epistemologically different interactions constitute epistemologically different objects, and epistemologically different objects determine epistemologically different interactions.
Any object exists only at “the surface,” due to the interactions that constitute it.
Any object exists in a single EW and interacts only with the objects from the same EW.
Any EW (a set of objects and their interactions) appears from and disappears into nothing.
Therefore all EDWs share the same objective reality, even if one EW does not exist for any other EDW ([7], pp. 25-26).
Every object exists in only one epistemological world (EW). It means that the object exists and interacts only with entities from the same EW. The electromagnetic waves, the microparticles, and the planets existed long before man appeared on the earth. The interactions of an entity constitute the surface of that object. The macro-objects interact among them; the micro-entities interact among them; and the electromagnetic waves interact among them. Essentially, a macro-entity does not exist for a micro-entity; an electromagnetic wave does not exist for either the micro-object or macro-object. There are only correspondences between ED entities that belong to the EDWs: a macro-object corresponds to a micro-object which corresponds to an electromagnetic wave. Obviously, all macro-objects exist in the macro-EW, and all micro-entities exist in the micro-EW. A macro-object or a micro-entity exists just because it interacts with entities from the same EW. An electron exists just because it interacts with the microparticles from the same EW. An electron does not exist/interact for a table/planet but for an amalgam (which corresponds with that table/planet). Until we discovered the EDWs, physicists believed that a macro-entity is “identical” with an amalgam of microparticles. However, a table/planet is not identical with an amalgam of microparticles because the macro-entities and the micro-entities have different properties. For instance, we cannot reduce gravity to micro-entities. Also, we cannot reduce a microparticle to an electromagnetic wave.
In this context, we introduce our main assumption:
One of the greatest problems in the history of human thinking was the relationships between various “entities.” “Causality” is one of the main problems in the history of human thinking. Causality is strong related to the “physical laws.” Related to “causality” is the notion of “levels.” It is meaningless to check for the causality between entities that belong to EDWs, since one EW does not exist for any EDW. We can talk about “causality” only between two entities that belong to the same EW, but not about causality that refers to entities that belong to EDWs! Searching for the “causalities” between the entities that belong to the EDWs has created many Ptolemaic epicycles during the entire history of human knowledge. Also, we have to mention here that some EDWs (the micro-EW or the macro-EW, for instance) do not really exist, that is, they do not have their ontologies; what really exist there are certain ED entities and their interactions that only
As observers, in order to observe (
Through the processes, we observe entities belonging to EDWs are indirect and occur through
In conclusion, the universe/world does not really exist but the EDWs do5. More exactly, the ED entities (like the macro-entities, the micro-entities, the electromagnetic waves) and their interactions really exist in the EDWs. We repeat the main principle of EDW perspective: one EW does not exist for any EDW!
The most difficult problem of cosmology in our days is the dark matter and dark energy. What is dark matter? Contemporary thinkers believe that the gravity of:
There are direct and indirect methods of detecting the dark matter [9].6 For instance, the amount of dark matter in a galaxy is determined by comparing the mass of the galaxy with its luminosity (mass-to-light ratio)7. The main problem is that plotting “the orbital speeds observed at different distances for most spiral galaxies shows that these speeds do not drop off with distance from the center (…)” [8]. It is believed that in the first billion years of the “universe,” dark matter had no role even if it was present in that period. In fact, we consider that the EW of dark matter (the mega-EW) appeared when, in the macro-EW, the galaxies and the cluster of galaxies were formed. It means that if any galaxy was not formed in a particular place, then there was no EDW with the mega-entities that correspond to the galaxies. Probably, there are mega-entities that correspond to the individual galaxies, but there are also mega-entities that correspond to the “clusters of galaxies.”
Let us introduce the chronological order of some people who have worked on the dark matter. Krauss [13]8 mentioned the names of some important people working in cosmology in the first decades of the twentieth century9 (but we added other persons on his list): Lord Kelvin who introduced the “dark bodies” and Poincare (1906) who used the term “dark matter” [15]; Lemaitre who proposed the Big Bang in the 1920s; Hubble, one of the most important astronomers:10 together with Milton Humason, he proposed the “Hubble law” and radio astronomy pioneer [16].
Krauss mentioned a problem: “comparing with the abundance of light elements, the density of protons and neutrons produced by Big Bang should be doubled that it exists and consequently, it was necessary the introduction of “dark matter”, something mysterious that flowed betweed the stars and ran the whole gravitational show we call a galaxy” ([13], p. 46).11
It has been supposed that the particles that produce the dark matter are weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs), axion, neutrino, neutralino, or many other particles12. It is completely meaningless to search for the microparticles that compose the “dark matter” since the mega-entities belong to the mega-EW. Therefore, the microparticles do not exist for the dark matter, and the dark matter does not exist for any kind of microparticles! Obviously, from our EDW perspective, there are no “atoms” (microparticles) that “form” the dark matter. The movements of the galaxies (their masses) have to be regarded in relationship with other galaxies and not with the masses of planets (the macro-EW) to “form” the galaxies. Within the macro-EW, the galaxies do not have any ontological status but only the planets that represent, for us, the galaxies. The same principle is available for investigating the relationship between the microparticles and the macro-entities:
Let us imagine a disk (a CD) threw in air by a human hand in an “empty space” (long distance from any planet and their gravitation). The CD will rotate exactly as a galaxy rotates. The margin of that disk rotates with a speed much greater than the speed of points closer to the center of the disk. The force acting on the disk (centrifugal force) corresponds to the micro-forces that bring together these microparticles and their rotation even if we cannot understand the origin of this centrifugal force. In the micro-EW, there are the microparticles, their micro-forces, and their “dark” rotation. In the macro-EW, there is a disk with a centrifugal force (and maybe gravitational force). According to the principles of EDW perspective, the microparticles exist just because of their interactions within the micro-EW, and the macro-entities (stones, planets) exist because of their interactions within the macro-EW. The “dark matter” (the mega-entities) from the mega-EW corresponds to the planets and the empty space among them (which only represent, for us, the galaxies). Essentially, from the EDW perspective,
In 1937, Zwicky proposed that using Einstein’s method of gravitational lens, it is possible to test general relativity, to magnify more distant objects, and to find out why clusters appear to weigh more than what can be accounted for by visible matter ([13], p. 51).
More important is the observation about the dark matter “haloes”18, “big blobs of dark matter in which galaxies were embedded—were necessary to keep the structures of many spiral galaxies stable”19 ([14], p. 334). The “haloes” (no ontological status within the macro-EW) and the galaxies (no ontological status) formed by planets (macro-ontological status) correspond to the mega-entities that exist in the mega-EW.
How was each galaxy formed? The main force was gravitation that “acts and isolates clumps of matter on all scales” ([14], p. 334). This idea mirrors one of Gabriel Vacariu’s main principles from his works ([2, 21], 2008, etc.): in this case, the main principle is “The interactions constitute the entities, the entities determine their interactions.” According to the gravitation, we cannot explain the movements of planets that are at the margin of the disk: these planets have too much speed in relationship to gravitation. Our bodies (our eyes) are particular entities within the macro-EW where we can find the planets and their movements. We cannot see any “supersystem galaxies” since this “supersystem” is an entity (or maybe an amalgam of entities) that exists in the mega-EW. That mega-EW does not exist for our bodies, for planets and galaxies that we can observe, or for our minds since all these entities belong to EDWs.
One of the most important actual cosmologists regarding “dark matter” is James Peebles who mentions that it “might be the DM that gravitationally binds clusters of galaxies15,16” ([22], p. 1)20, but we have to be aware that the dark matter “does not bind clusters of galaxies” and the mega-entities that belong to the mega-EW correspond to the clusters of galaxies (planets and empty spaces among them). In 2015, Peebles writes about the “galaxy phenomenology,” proposing the concept of “pure disk galaxies” in which “most of the stars move in streams in directions close to the plane of the disk, as in whirlpools and bars” ([24], p. 12248).
However, from the EDW perspective, the “disk galaxies” have no ontology [the galaxies are formed by planets, but these planets and the empty spaces among them correspond to the mega-entities (the mega-EW)]! Peebles’s “galaxy phenomenology” sends directly to our hyper ontology of EDWs: it is about the mega-entity (a mega-disk) within the mega-EW.
More interestingly, in a paper from 2014, the entire Part 4 has the title “Island universes.” Peebles concluded that “two broad classes of galaxies, pure disks and elliptical, have evolved in near isolation from their surroundings, as island universes” ([25], p. 10). From our viewpoint, Peebles needs the EDW perspective to provide the
We can make an analogy between a table and the corresponding amalgam of microparticles. The format of that amalgam of microparticles has no meaning: why this format has that shape? Within the micro-EW, we cannot find any meaning for the format of that amalgam of microparticles. However, everything gets a meaning if we introduce the
Working within the unicorn world, the physicists logically believe that dark matter does not “emit or absorb electromagnetic radiation” (it is “dark”) and does not have any kind of interactions with the “known matter” ([14], p. 334). Again, dark matter cannot interact with anything from the macro-EW (in which there are planets that form, for us, the galaxies, for instance); it cannot emit or absorb electromagnetic radiation, since it does not exist for the ED entities and ED forces that belong to EDWs. Anyway, working within the unicorn world, many scientists believe that dark matter does not interact with any kind of matter that we know,23 but it is impossible for us to see the causes of such strange phenomena. Hooper claims that the dark matter is not just “out there” but it is everywhere, in our world, and at the same time, this “new type of elementary particles” does not exist ([20], p. v). Also, there is no “direct influence” or any kind of “interactions” between the dark matter (the mega-entities that belong to the mega-EW) and any kind of matter that belongs to EDWs.
There are the macro-EW, the micro-EW, the wave-EW, the mind is an EW, therefore, there has to be the mega-EW, an EW, in which there is the “matter” (the mega-matter) that corresponds to the
Exactly as an electron does not interact with a planet but with an amalgam of microparticles, the dark matter does not exist for the macro-objects (like planets). The galaxies (the planets and the space among them) correspond to an entity that belongs to the mega-EW. Nothing can stop us to introduce this idea. The human body is placed between the microparticles and the galaxies, but we can push further the dimension of certain entities: these are the mega-entities that have “greater” dimensions than the macro-objects. Just as macro-observers, we cannot perceive/understand the rotation of a “galaxy” from the viewpoint of a mega-entity (mega-entity) since the mega-entity does not exist for the planets that form the galaxies! Most probably, the rotation of a “galaxy”
Today, there are several reasons for supporting the Big Bang, the phenomenon that did take place approximately 13.78 or 13.82 billion years ago. From our viewpoint, exactly as the gravity does not exist for the electron (there are no “gravitons”), the indirect effects of gravitation exist for the microparticles.25 What is important is that cosmologists believe that a star appeared with other planets that “formed in a flattened disk surrounding it” ([8], p. …). This idea mirrors exactly the existence of the mega-entities. A galaxy (no ontology) (formed by planets with ontological status in the macro-EW and the empty space among them) corresponds to a mega-entity that belongs to the mega-EW. Exactly as an electron cannot “perceive”/interact with a table (because the table does not exist for the electron), we cannot perceive/interact with a mega-entity. The mega-entity rotates exactly as a macro-disk rotates in the macro-EW. With external limits, the disk rotates with much greater speed than its center. This analogy is very approximate because the spiral galaxies are not spinning similar to the solid bodies and they do not mimic the motion of the planets around the sun, where velocity decreases with distance ([28], p. 21). The “disk” in the mega-EW is not exactly like a disk in the macro-EW: there are different properties of these two disks (the macro-disk and the mega-disk), but we are unable to identify, directly, the properties of the mega-disk. We will be able to identify these properties only indirectly since our bodies are macro-entities that do not exist for the mega-entities. In 2007, writing about Kant’s philosophy, Gabriel Vacariu concluded that within the EDW perspective, the galaxies are entities different from tables, stones, or even individual planets, and exactly as an electron “does not exist” in a macro-EW, a planet “does not exist” in a macro–macro-EW ([29], p. 17). There are no “causations” that would require direct relationships between the ED entities that belong to two EDWs since the entities from an EW do not exist for the entities that belong to an EDW. From indirect observations, we can conclude that the “dark matter” really exists but in the mega-EW.
We return to our analogy between a macro-disk and the corresponding amalgam of microparticles: if a micro-observer observes the rotation of an amalgam of microparticles (without being able to observe the macro-disk), then that micro-observer would introduce certain “dark matter” for explaining the rotation of the microparticles. For the micro-observer, the macro-disk cannot even exist! We can continue the analogy introducing the rotation of a planet which corresponds to a huge amalgam of microparticles. The micro-observer would need to introduce dark matter/energy for explaining the rotation of that amalgam of microparticles! In this context, we make an important analogy regarding the relationship between “gravity and microparticles” and the relationship between “dark matter/energy and macroparticles”:
A microparticle (a photon, for instance) does not “perceive”/interact with a planet; therefore, gravity does not exist for the photon. However, in its trajectory, the photon follows the “curvature of spacetime” produced by a planet/galaxy. The photon would “think” “It has to be a
Within the EDW perspective, what does it mean by the “density” of dark matter? It seems that there are some entities/interactions that belong to an EDW, an EW does not exist for any EDW, and therefore, the density of dark energy is constant. Between entities and processes that belong to the EDWs are just correspondences and these correspondences are always constant since, for instance, in the macro-EW, where there are the “galaxies” (no ontological status), planets, and “nothing” and all these correspond to “something” that belong to an EDW (the mega-EW, for instance)! It has to be clear that the dark matter/energy belongs to an EDW rather than to the micro-EW (microparticles), the macro-EW (planets), and the field-EW (electromagnetic fields/waves); therefore, it is meaningless to check for the interactions between the dark matter and planets, microparticles, and electromagnetic waves.28
In a recent article, Hutsemékers et al. indicated that the “quasar spin axes are likely parallel to their host large-scale structures” ([32], p. 1).29
Assuming that quasar polarization is either parallel or perpendicular to the accretion disk axis as a function of inclination, as observed in lower luminosity AGN, and considering that broader emission lines originate from quasars seen at higher inclinations, we inferred that quasar spin axes are likely parallel to their host large-scale structures. Galaxy spin axes are known to align with large-scale structures such as cosmic filaments. Till now, such alignments are detected up to redshift z ∼ 0.6 at scales ≤100 Mpc.30
Since coherent orientations of quasar polarization vectors, and then quasar axes, are found on scales larger than 500 Mpc, our results might also provide an explanation to the very large-scale polarization alignments reported in Papers I–III. In this case those alignments would be intrinsic, not due to a modification of the polarization along the line of sight. The existence of correlations in quasar axes over such extreme scales would constitute a serious anomaly for the cosmological principle (Hutsemékers et al., p. 5)31.
Maybe, the “host large-scale structure” or “cosmic filaments” mirror the existence of the mega-EW. However, if these “cosmic filaments” refer to “intergalactic gas filaments” (baryonic matter), then it is not about the mega-EW. In principle, the mega-entities (the mega-EW) cannot be directly observed by the humans and their macro-tools! Anyway, the “cosmological principles” have to be changed, since the “universe/world” does not exist but the EDWs do. The scientists have noticed that some “galaxies” move together in odd and often unexplained patterns, as if they are connected by a vast unseen force. It is supposed that the dark matter was less influential in the first period after the “Big Bang.” Ferreira considers that there is a sort of an influence of the so-called large-scale structures which influence the interactions between distant galaxies, structures made of hydrogen gas and dark matter, and take the form of filaments, sheets, and knots that link galaxies in a vast network called the cosmic web [34, 35].
Nevertheless, this “unseen force” has to be some entities or processes that belong to the mega-EW, but we are unable to notice them because they do not exist for the macro-entities (for our bodies and our instruments of observation, for instance). The “cosmic web” has to be something that belongs to the mega-EW, but not to the macro-EW. We emphasize again that the galaxies have no ontological status in the macro-EW but they correspond to the mega-entities that belong to the mega-EW.
Again, all these statements support the existence of certain mega-entities/processes that belong to the mega-EW. The secret of the “synchronized galaxies” is the existence of EDWs, i.e., the existence of mega-entities that belong to the mega-EW. Obviously, the wave-EW, the micro-EW, and the macro-EW really are. Because of the same reasons, the mega-EW should exist.
The “standard” Lambda-CDM model of cosmology is quite accepted today: the total mass energy of the “universe” is 5% ordinary matter and energy, 27% dark matter, and 68% dark energy.34 Obviously, this idea is constructed within the unicorn world! We strongly emphasize again that the “matter” from the micro-EW does not exist for the “matter” from the macro-EW and the matter from the macro-EW does not exist for the matter from the mega-EW! (the same idea is available for “energy” and “mater”!). Therefore it is meaningless to check for the microparticles that form the “dark matter”!35 An electron will never be able to interact with a planet just because the planet does not exist for the electron! The reader trying to discover dark matter has to imagine as being a photon (the micro-EW) searching the reason of its “curbed trajectory” near a huge amalgam of microparticles (which corresponds with a planet in the macro-EW). Its curbed trajectory is due to the gravity of the planet, but the planet does not exist for the photon.
With the EDW perspective (2002, 2005, 2007, 2008), we generated the new framework of a new
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This chapter explains briefly the fire retardation of wood by using fire retardant coatings.",book:{id:"5827",slug:"new-technologies-in-protective-coatings",title:"New Technologies in Protective Coatings",fullTitle:"New Technologies in Protective Coatings"},signatures:"Thirumal Mariappan",authors:[{id:"198114",title:"Dr.",name:"Thirumal",middleName:null,surname:"Mariappan",slug:"thirumal-mariappan",fullName:"Thirumal Mariappan"}]},{id:"75967",title:"Recent Advances in Ceramic Materials for Dentistry",slug:"recent-advances-in-ceramic-materials-for-dentistry",totalDownloads:815,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Dental ceramics constitute a heterogeneous group of materials with desirable optical and mechanical proprieties combined with chemical stability. They are inorganic non-metallic materials used in several applications. These materials are biocompatible to tissue, highly esthetic, with satisfying resistance to tensile and shear stress. Over the past years, several developments in new ceramic materials in dental restoration were achieved, including processing techniques and high mechanical properties. Thus, concepts on the structure and strengthening mechanisms of dental ceramic materials are also discussed. The dental practitioner requires best knowledge concerning indications, limitations, and correct use of started materials. The purpose of this book chapter is to overview advances in new ceramic materials and processes, which are used in dentistry. The properties of these materials are also discussed.",book:{id:"9894",slug:"advanced-ceramic-materials",title:"Advanced Ceramic Materials",fullTitle:"Advanced Ceramic Materials"},signatures:"Mohsen Mhadhbi, Faïçal Khlissa and Chaker Bouzidi",authors:[{id:"228366",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohsen",middleName:null,surname:"Mhadhbi",slug:"mohsen-mhadhbi",fullName:"Mohsen Mhadhbi"},{id:"324375",title:"Dr.",name:"Faïçal",middleName:null,surname:"Khlissa",slug:"faical-khlissa",fullName:"Faïçal Khlissa"},{id:"324535",title:"Dr.",name:"Chaker",middleName:null,surname:"Bouzidi",slug:"chaker-bouzidi",fullName:"Chaker Bouzidi"}]},{id:"66615",title:"Survey of Bauxite Resources, Alumina Industry and the Prospects of the Production of Geopolymer Composites from the Resulting by-product",slug:"survey-of-bauxite-resources-alumina-industry-and-the-prospects-of-the-production-of-geopolymer-compo",totalDownloads:1233,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Guinea is endowed with huge mineral resources. Several geological surveys have identified bauxite, iron, gold, diamond, and several metal ores. Because of the diversity and the magnitude of its resources, the country is referred to as a geological scandal. Nowadays the aluminum industry is still at the quarrying stage of bauxite, the main raw material that is converted into alumina and further to aluminum. Approximately 35–40% of the processed bauxite ore goes into the waste as alkaline red mud RM slurry which consists of 15–40% solids. RM and other industrial wastes material such as fly ash FA, rice husk ash RHA, that poses environmental hazards can be mixed to make them apt for usage in engineering applications. Geopolymers GP represent a new class of materials consisting of Al2O3▬SiO2-based material suitable for several engineering application. The present chapter presents the bauxitic potential of Guinea, the subsequent developing alumina industry. 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He worked as a Executive Research & Development @ Cadila Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Ahmedabad. He received DBT-postdoc fellow @ Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore under the supervision of Prof. P. Balaram, later he moved to NIH-postdoc researcher at Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA, after his return from postdoc joined NITK-Surthakal as a Adhoc faculty at department of chemistry. Since from August 2013 working as a Associate Professor, and in 2016 promoted to Profeesor in the School of Basic Sciences: Department of Chemistry and having 20 years of teaching and research experiences.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rani Channamma University, Belagavi",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/158492/images/system/158492.jpeg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Yusuf Tutar conducts his research at the Hamidiye Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences, Turkey. He is also a faculty member in the Molecular Oncology Program. He obtained his MSc and Ph.D. at Oregon State University and Texas Tech University, respectively. He pursued his postdoctoral studies at Rutgers University Medical School and the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIDDK), USA. His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. 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Prof. Emeje’s several international fellowships include the prestigious Raman fellowship. He has published more than 150 articles and patents. He is also the head of R&D at NIPRD and holds a visiting professor position at Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria. He has a postgraduate certificate in Project Management from Walden University, Minnesota, as well as a professional teaching certificate and a World Bank certification in Public Procurement. 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He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics for two years at the Cancer Research Institute of Human Medical University in China. In 2001, he went to the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) in USA, where he was a post-doctoral researcher and focused on mass spectrometry and cancer proteomics. Then, he was appointed as an Assistant Professor of Neurology, UTHSC in 2005. He moved to the Cleveland Clinic in USA as a Project Scientist/Staff in 2006 where he focused on the studies of eye disease proteomics and biomarkers. He returned to UTHSC as an Assistant Professor of Neurology in the end of 2007, engaging in proteomics and biomarker studies of lung diseases and brain tumors, and initiating the studies of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) in cancer. In 2010, he was promoted to Associate Professor of Neurology, UTHSC. Currently, he is a Professor at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in China, Fellow of Royal Society of Medicine (FRSM), the European EPMA National Representative in China, Regular Member of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), European Cooperation of Science and Technology (e-COST) grant evaluator, Associate Editors of BMC Genomics, BMC Medical Genomics, EPMA Journal, and Frontiers in Endocrinology, Executive Editor-in-Chief of Med One. He has\npublished 116 peer-reviewed research articles, 16 book chapters, 2 books, and 2 US patents. His current main research interest focuses on the studies of cancer proteomics and biomarkers, and the use of modern omics techniques and systems biology for PPPM in cancer, and on the development and use of 2DE-LC/MS for the large-scale study of human proteoforms.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Xiangya Hospital Central South University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"418340",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyotirmoi",middleName:null,surname:"Aich",slug:"jyotirmoi-aich",fullName:"Jyotirmoi Aich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038Ugi5QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:48:28.png",biography:"Biotechnologist with 15 years of research including 6 years of teaching experience. Demonstrated record of scientific achievements through consistent publication record (H index = 13, with 874 citations) in high impact journals such as Nature Communications, Oncotarget, Annals of Oncology, PNAS, and AJRCCM, etc. Strong research professional with a post-doctorate from ACTREC where I gained experimental oncology experience in clinical settings and a doctorate from IGIB where I gained expertise in asthma pathophysiology. A well-trained biotechnologist with diverse experience on the bench across different research themes ranging from asthma to cancer and other infectious diseases. An individual with a strong commitment and innovative mindset. Have the ability to work on diverse projects such as regenerative and molecular medicine with an overall mindset of improving healthcare.",institutionString:"DY Patil Deemed to Be University",institution:null},{id:"349288",title:"Prof.",name:"Soumya",middleName:null,surname:"Basu",slug:"soumya-basu",fullName:"Soumya Basu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035QxIDQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:47:01.jpg",biography:"Soumya Basu, Ph.D., is currently working as an Associate Professor at Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India. With 16+ years of trans-disciplinary research experience in Drug Design, development, and pre-clinical validation; 20+ research article publications in journals of repute, 9+ years of teaching experience, trained with cross-disciplinary education, Dr. Basu is a life-long learner and always thrives for new challenges.\r\nHer research area is the design and synthesis of small molecule partial agonists of PPAR-γ in lung cancer. She is also using artificial intelligence and deep learning methods to understand the exosomal miRNA’s role in cancer metastasis. Dr. Basu is the recipient of many awards including the Early Career Research Award from the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. She is a reviewer of many journals like Molecular Biology Reports, Frontiers in Oncology, RSC Advances, PLOS ONE, Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, etc. She has edited and authored/co-authored 21 journal papers, 3 book chapters, and 15 abstracts. She is a Board of Studies member at her university. She is a life member of 'The Cytometry Society”-in India and 'All India Cell Biology Society”- in India.",institutionString:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",institution:{name:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"354817",title:"Dr.",name:"Anubhab",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"anubhab-mukherjee",fullName:"Anubhab Mukherjee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y0000365PbRQAU/ProfilePicture%202022-04-15%2005%3A11%3A18.480",biography:"A former member of Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, USA, Dr. Anubhab Mukherjee is an ardent votary of science who strives to make an impact in the lives of those afflicted with cancer and other chronic/acute ailments. He completed his Ph.D. from CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India, having been skilled with RNAi, liposomal drug delivery, preclinical cell and animal studies. He pursued post-doctoral research at College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A & M University and was involved in another postdoctoral research at Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California. In 2015, he worked in Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology as a visiting scientist. He has substantial experience in nanotechnology-based formulation development and successfully served various Indian organizations to develop pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products. He is an inventor in many US patents and an author in many peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and books published in various media of international repute. Dr. Mukherjee is currently serving as Principal Scientist, R&D at Esperer Onco Nutrition (EON) Pvt. Ltd. and heads the Hyderabad R&D center of the organization.",institutionString:"Esperer Onco Nutrition Pvt Ltd.",institution:null},{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/319365/images/system/319365.png",biography:"Manash K. Paul is a scientist and Principal Investigator at the University of California Los Angeles. He has contributed significantly to the fields of stem cell biology, regenerative medicine, and lung cancer. His research focuses on various signaling processes involved in maintaining stem cell homeostasis during the injury-repair process, deciphering the lung stem cell niche, pulmonary disease modeling, immuno-oncology, and drug discovery. He is currently investigating the role of extracellular vesicles in premalignant lung cell migration and detecting the metastatic phenotype of lung cancer via artificial intelligence-based analyses of exosomal Raman signatures. Dr. Paul also works on spatial multiplex immunofluorescence-based tissue mapping to understand the immune repertoire in lung cancer. Dr. Paul has published in more than sixty-five peer-reviewed international journals and is highly cited. He is the recipient of many awards, including the UCLA Vice Chancellor’s award and the 2022 AAISCR-R Vijayalaxmi Award for Innovative Cancer Research. 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Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals. He is currently working on the protective activity of phenolic compounds in disorders associated with oxidative stress and inflammation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. 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She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. I am interested in studying host-pathogen interactions at the biomaterial interface.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329248",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Faheem",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"md.-faheem-haider",fullName:"Md. Faheem Haider",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329248/images/system/329248.jpg",biography:"Dr. Md. Faheem Haider completed his BPharm in 2012 at Integral University, Lucknow, India. In 2014, he completed his MPharm with specialization in Pharmaceutics at Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India, in 2018. He was selected for the GPAT six times and his best All India Rank was 34. Currently, he is an assistant professor at Integral University. Previously he was an assistant professor at IIMT University, Meerut, India. He has experience teaching DPharm, Pharm.D, BPharm, and MPharm students. He has more than five publications in reputed journals to his credit. Dr. Faheem’s research area is the development and characterization of nanoformulation for the delivery of drugs to various organs.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329795",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Aftab",middleName:"Aftab",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"mohd-aftab-siddiqui",fullName:"Mohd Aftab Siddiqui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329795/images/system/329795.png",biography:"Dr. Mohd Aftab Siddiqui is an assistant professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India, where he obtained a Ph.D. in Pharmacology in 2020. He also obtained a BPharm and MPharm from the same university in 2013 and 2015, respectively. His area of research is the pharmacological screening of herbal drugs/natural products in liver cancer and cardiac diseases. He is a member of many professional bodies and has guided many MPharm and PharmD research projects. Dr. Siddiqui has many national and international publications and one German patent to his credit.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"8",type:"subseries",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11404,editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",slug:"adriano-andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",biography:"Dr. Adriano de Oliveira Andrade graduated in Electrical Engineering at the Federal University of Goiás (Brazil) in 1997. He received his MSc and PhD in Biomedical Engineering respectively from the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU, Brazil) in 2000 and from the University of Reading (UK) in 2005. He completed a one-year Post-Doctoral Fellowship awarded by the DFAIT (Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada) at the Institute of Biomedical Engineering of the University of New Brunswick (Canada) in 2010. Currently, he is Professor in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering (UFU). He has authored and co-authored more than 200 peer-reviewed publications in Biomedical Engineering. He has been a researcher of The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq-Brazil) since 2009. He has served as an ad-hoc consultant for CNPq, CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), FINEP (Brazilian Innovation Agency), and other funding bodies on several occasions. He was the Secretary of the Brazilian Society of Biomedical Engineering (SBEB) from 2015 to 2016, President of SBEB (2017-2018) and Vice-President of SBEB (2019-2020). He was the head of the undergraduate program in Biomedical Engineering of the Federal University of Uberlândia (2015 - June/2019) and the head of the Centre for Innovation and Technology Assessment in Health (NIATS/UFU) since 2010. He is the head of the Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering (UFU, July/2019 - to date). He was the secretary of the Parkinson's Disease Association of Uberlândia (2018-2019). Dr. Andrade's primary area of research is focused towards getting information from the neuromuscular system to understand its strategies of organization, adaptation and controlling in the context of motor neuron diseases. 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