\r\n\tBasic science studies have provided new insights into the pathophysiology of β-thalassemia. Studies of genotypic and phenotypic heterogeneity among patients and a better understanding of the control of erythropoiesis have provided new targets for designing novel agents that can be tailored to individual patient needs. JAK-2 kinase inhibitors and agents targeting the GDF-11/SMAD pathway are in clinical trials.
\r\n\r\n\tThis book will attempt to discuss the historical background of the disease and present the most up-to-date material regarding disease management in today's world for the reader to be updated on the best practice management of the disease.
",isbn:"978-1-83969-158-4",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-157-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-159-1",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"23abb2fecebc48a2df8a954eb8378930",bookSignature:"Dr. Akshat Jain",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10727.jpg",keywords:"History of Gene Mutation, Genetic Counselling, Anemia, Genotyping, Hemoglobin Electrophoresis, HLA typing, Hemolysis, Aplastic Anemia, Blood Transfusion, Laboratory Testing, Fetal Hemoglobin Modifiers, Gene Therapy",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 4th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 4th 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 3rd 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 22nd 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 20th 2021",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 days",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A board-certified pediatrician with a specialization in pediatric hematology-oncology and stem cell transplantation. In collaboration with Harvard Medical School, he studied and reported the outcomes of a global hemophilia collaboration. He is a member of the American Board of Pediatrics, Hematology, and American Board of Pediatrics, also he is a Committee member for the American Society of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Special Interest Group in Global Pediatric Hematology oncology.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"344600",title:"Dr.",name:"Akshat",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"akshat-jain",fullName:"Akshat Jain",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/344600/images/system/344600.jpg",biography:"Akshat Jain M.D. M.P.H.\n11175 Campus Street \nLoma Linda, California 92354\nPhone: (917) 331-3216\nakshatjainusa@gmail.com \n\nMEDICAL EDUCATION \n●\tS.S.R. Medical College, Belle Rive, Mauritius - MBBS, Bachelor of Medicine Bachelor of Surgery, 2007\n●\tPediatrics Residency Training ,The New York Medical College, Metropolitan Hospital , Dec2008-Dec 2011\n●\tPediatric Hematology Oncology and Stem Cell Transplant Fellowship, Cohen’s Children's Hospital of New York at LIJ-North Shore Health system. July 2012- September 2015\n●\tMaster’s in Public Health ,Hofstra University School of Public Health ,New York , August 2015\n\n\nHONORS/ AWARDS \n●\tThe New York Academy of Medicine Honorary Associate Award , December 2009\n●\tProgram Leadership Award - Committee of Interns and Residents (C.I.R./SIEU), April 2010\n●\tAmerican Academy of Pediatrics Program Delegate Award, New York Medical College, December 2010.\n●\tCitation of Honor from New York County for Excellence in Medicine and Service to Long Island, New York,Nassau county executive chambers , August 15,2015 \n●\tTimes of India N.R.I. ( Non Resident Achiever ) award , August 2015 \n●\tCertificate for academic excellence –Hofstra University School of Health Science & Human Services, New York August 26, 2015\n●\tAmerican Society of Hematology Leadership Institute Award , April 2016\n●\tGlobal Health Speaker Award , convener of Global Health Symposium, Hofstra NorthWell School of Medicine and School of Public health , May 2016\n●\tInternational Pediatric Lymphoma Meeting ,Session Chairperson of Pediatric Lymphoma , Indian Society of Hematology and Oncology , November 2016\n●\tContent Leader Award for Hematology perspective’s in the Global CoronaVirus Pandemic Preparedness Response for Medical Association of physicians of Indian Origin, April 2020.\n●\tConvener and Chairperson International Webinar for COVID 19 Coagulopathy, May 2020. \n●\tFeatured in the Top Doctors magazine 2020, ranked top pediatric Hematologist Oncologist for Southern California.\n\nNATIONAL/INTERNATIONAL POSITIONS \n●\tHofstra University Dean Advisory Board for the School of Health Professions, December 2017\n●\tEditorial Board – American Society of Pediatric Hematology Oncology Communications Committee, International Journal of Hematology Research (ISSN 2409-3548)\n●\tReviewer - JAMA Pediatrics (ISSN: 2168-6203), British Medical Journal (ISSN, 1468-5833), JAMA Oncology (ISSN: 2374-2437), International Journal of Hematology Research (ISSN 2394—806X), Journal of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology (ISSN: 1536-3678), New England Journal of Medicine (Resident 360). \n●\tMember – Core committee: American Cancer Society (A.C.S.) and American Academy of Pediatrics (A.A.P.) - Joint global pediatric Oncology taskforce.\n●\tAdvisor -World Health Organization, South East Asia for maternal and child health initiatives.( 2013-Ongoing) , Ministry of Health and Family Welfare ,Government of India ( 2014- Ongoing ) , American Academy of Pediatrics &American Cancer Society Global Taskforce on Pediatric Cancers.( 2014-Ongoing )\n●\tEditor – AAPI journal (American Association of Physicians of Indian Origin. Circulation -40,000)\n●\tVisiting Professorship in Hematology Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Rajasthan University of Medical Sciences, India. ( 2009-Ongoing )\n●\tIndustry Advisor – Bayer, UniQure, Sanofi-Genzyme, Takeda, CSL Behring\n●\tDirector of International Bone Marrow Failure Consortium- India, part of the Global Hematology Initiative of Cohen Children’s Medical Center, New York, August 2015-2017. \n●\tCommittee member for the American Society of Pediatric Hematology Oncology Special Interest Group in Global Pediatric Hematology oncology. ( 2016- Ongoing)\n\n\n WORK EXPERIENCE \nNov 2017- Current Loma Linda University Children’s Hospital \n Director Division of Pediatric Hematology \n Director, Comprehensive Hemophilia Program\n Director, Comprehensive Sickle Cell Program \n Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation\n Professor of Public Health, Loma Linda University School of Public Health \n\nMar 2017– Oct 2017 Pediatrics and Pediatric Hematology Oncology Practice \n Adventist Health Ukiah Valley, California \n\nSept 2015 –Aug 2016 Assistant Professor Pediatrics, Hofstra North Shore LIJ School of Medicine \n Section Head –Global Pediatric Hematology Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation\n North Shore LIJ Health system.\n Associate Adjunct Faculty, Hofstra University School of Public Health.\n\nJuly 2012 – Sep 2015 The Steven and Alexandra Cohen’s Children's’ Hospital of New York at LIJ-North Shore \n Hofstra University - Pediatrics Hematology Oncology and Stem Cell Transplant Fellowship \n Chief - Jeffrey Lipton MD\n\nDec 2011- April 2012 Global Health : SMS Medical College and Group of Hospitals, Government of India \n Project Director for Project A.G.N.I. - Set up a regional Lead Poisoning prevention and \n anemia nodal center \n \n Course Director - Pediatric Subspecialty training module for Pediatricians at J.K. Lone \n Children’s Hospital for Government of India. \n\nDec 08- Dec 2011 The New York Medical College, Residency in Pediatrics \n Metropolitan Hospital, NY\n Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester.\n The Memorial Sloan Kettering Hospital. NY\n House staff on Stem Cell Transplantation service.\n \nApril – August 2008 Oklahoma State Medical Association (O.S.M.A.) Externship Program\n The Integris Baptist Teaching Hospital and Nazih Zuhdi Transplant Center\n\nRESEARCH EXPERIENCE \nNov 2017 – Ongoing: Current and ongoing – Director, Inherited Bleeding Disorder Experimental Therapeutics Program, Loma Linda University School of Medicine\nJan 2014 –July 2015 - Hofstra University School of Public Health \n Needs Assessment to barriers in cancer care for newly diagnosed patients in a resource \n Limited setting. \n Principal Investigator - Akshat Jain, Co-PI -Corrine Kyriacou \n\nJune 2012- July 2015 - Steven and Alexandra Cohen Children’s Medical Center \n Study – Non Invasive assessment of endothelial dysfunction in children with Sickle cell \n Disease. \n Co-Principal Investigator – Banu Aygun MD\n Study – Multicenter study assessing outcome of Reduced Intensity Conditioning for \n patients undergoing hematopoetic stem cell transplantation for Sickle cell disease . \n Co-Principal Investigator – Indira Sahdev MD\n \nJan 2012- Mar12 A.G.N.I. (Anterograde Growth Normalization Initiative) \n Project Director, Project of Government of India for establishment of Universal Lead \n Independent Pilot project to study effects of Elevated Blood Lead levels in children \n suffering from Developmental disorders- Adapted by W.H.O. 2014 for a National Level \n Lead Screening program, India \n \nJan 2009- Dec11 The New York Medical College, Metropolitan Hospital Center. NY\n Resident Physician – Hypothalamic volumes in patients with Growth Hormone deficiency.\n Maria Fareri Children's hospital / Dr.Richard Noto - Pediatric Endocrinology\n \nApril 2008-Dec 08 Nazih Zuhdi Transplant Institute, Integris Baptist Hospital, Oklahoma City\n Project – Single institution outcome study for Solid organ transplants\n Research Assistant Department of Hepatology\n \nOct 2007 – Dec07 Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY\n Project- Arterio-venous fistula post liver transplantation.\n Research mentor-Dr. Charissa Chang, Assistant Professor in Department of Liver Diseases. \n\nCERTIFICATION\n\n1.\tCalifornia State Medical License 8/2016- Present , New York State Licensure 8/2013-12/16\n2.\tAmerican Board of Pediatrics - Board certified, 11/14- Present\n3.\tAmerican Board of Pediatric Hematology Oncology – Board Certified , 06/2018- Present\n4.\tNeonatal Advanced Life Support 06/2009-Present \n5.\tPediatric Advanced Life Support 06/2009-Present \n6.\tECFMG Certification 12/2007-Present \n\nORAL PRESENTATIONS \n\n\n1.\tLeukemia and Lymphoma Society of America C.M.E. Symposium presentation – Leukemia and Beyond: Advances in Cancer Care and Blood Disorders in the 21st Century, October 2019\n2.\tLoma Linda University School of Medicine – Grand Rounds, Advances in the Management of Sickle Cell Disease, March 2019.\n3.\tLoma Linda University School of Medicine – Experimental Therapeutics in Sickle Cell Disease – New Horizons at Loma Linda , November 2018 .\n4.\tAdventist Health Ukiah , California - Neurological Defects of Iron Deficiency and Lead Poisoning in Humans , October 2017\n5.\tHofstra NorthWell School of Medicine - National Public Health Symposium on Global Public Health , Convener and Moderator ,April 2016 \n6.\tCleveland Clinic Children’s Medical Center, Ohio – Non BCR-ABL Myeloproliferative syndromes of childhood, January 19, 2016.\n7.\tChildren’s Hospital at SMS Medical College ,India – Pediatric Hematology Oncology Emergencies for the Tropics, November 13, 2015 \n8.\tHarvard Medical School, Boston Children’s Hospital Division of Pediatric Hematology – Advances in Global Hematology, Annual Hemophilia Twining symposium, August 2, 2015.\n9.\tNew York Medical College as Grand Rounds, Division of Pediatrics – Emergencies in Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, April 2015.\n10.\tMaurice A. 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Mattar Neto",authors:[{id:"169259",title:"Dr.",name:"Omar",middleName:"Fernandes",surname:"Aly",fullName:"Omar Aly",slug:"omar-aly"}]},{id:"46236",title:"Constant Dew Point Corrosion Tests for Metals",slug:"constant-dew-point-corrosion-tests-for-metals",signatures:"Zhenhua Dan, Izumi Muto and Nobuyoshi Hara",authors:[{id:"169257",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhenhua",middleName:null,surname:"Dan",fullName:"Zhenhua Dan",slug:"zhenhua-dan"}]},{id:"46234",title:"Structure Investigations of Rare-Earth Doped Nano-Particles – Extracted from Oxyfluoride Glass Ceramics by Thermal Induction and Corrosion Treatment",slug:"structure-investigations-of-rare-earth-doped-nano-particles-extracted-from-oxyfluoride-glass-ceramic",signatures:"Hui Guo, Yu Hua, Lijuan Zhao and Yiming Li",authors:[{id:"169246",title:"Dr.",name:"Hui",middleName:null,surname:"Guo",fullName:"Hui Guo",slug:"hui-guo"}]},{id:"46232",title:"Recent Advances in Computational Design of Organic Materials for Corrosion Protection of Steel in Aqueous Media",slug:"recent-advances-in-computational-design-of-organic-materials-for-corrosion-protection-of-steel-in-aq",signatures:"Ime Bassey Obot",authors:[{id:"169245",title:"Dr.",name:"Ime",middleName:null,surname:"Obot",fullName:"Ime Obot",slug:"ime-obot"}]},{id:"46226",title:"Microcorrosion Analysis and Their Effect in the Operation of Industrial Equipment of the Electronics Industry of Mexicali",slug:"microcorrosion-analysis-and-their-effect-in-the-operation-of-industrial-equipment-of-the-electronics",signatures:"Gustavo López Badilla, María Marcela Acosta Gómez, Elizabeth\nRomero Samaniego and Sandra Luz Toledo Perea",authors:[{id:"24784",title:"Dr.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez",fullName:"Gustavo Lopez",slug:"gustavo-lopez"}]},{id:"46217",title:"Modern Methods for Assessing the Corrosion Resistance of Dental Alloys Used in Dentistry",slug:"modern-methods-for-assessing-the-corrosion-resistance-of-dental-alloys-used-in-dentistry",signatures:"Ion Patrascu, Vlad Gabriel Vasilescu and Stefan Milicescu",authors:[{id:"169224",title:"Dr.",name:"Ion",middleName:null,surname:"Patrascu",fullName:"Ion Patrascu",slug:"ion-patrascu"},{id:"170546",title:"Dr.",name:"V.",middleName:null,surname:"Vasilescu",fullName:"V. Vasilescu",slug:"v.-vasilescu"},{id:"170547",title:"Dr.",name:"S.",middleName:null,surname:"Milicescu",fullName:"S. Milicescu",slug:"s.-milicescu"}]},{id:"46220",title:"Polyphenols and Herbal-Based Extracts at the Basis of New Antioxidant, Material Protecting Products",slug:"polyphenols-and-herbal-based-extracts-at-the-basis-of-new-antioxidant-material-protecting-products",signatures:"Lucia Camelia Pirvu",authors:[{id:"169233",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucia",middleName:"Camelia",surname:"Pirvu",fullName:"Lucia Pirvu",slug:"lucia-pirvu"}]},{id:"46222",title:"Production of Anti-Corrosion Coatings on Light Alloys (Al, Mg, Ti) by Plasma-Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO)",slug:"production-of-anti-corrosion-coatings-on-light-alloys-al-mg-ti-by-plasma-electrolytic-oxidation-peo-",signatures:"Riyad O. Hussein and Derek O. Northwood",authors:[{id:"169237",title:"Dr.",name:"Derek",middleName:null,surname:"Northwood",fullName:"Derek Northwood",slug:"derek-northwood"}]},{id:"46237",title:"Corrosion Resistance Through the Application of Anti- Corrosion Coatings",slug:"corrosion-resistance-through-the-application-of-anti-corrosion-coatings",signatures:"Api Popoola, OE Olorunniwo and OO Ige",authors:[{id:"169258",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Popoola",fullName:"Patricia Popoola",slug:"patricia-popoola"}]},{id:"46239",title:"Hybrid Conducting Nanocomposites Coatings for Corrosion Protection",slug:"hybrid-conducting-nanocomposites-coatings-for-corrosion-protection",signatures:"M. Federica De Riccardis and Virginia Martina",authors:[{id:"77857",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Federica",middleName:null,surname:"De Riccardis",fullName:"M. Federica De Riccardis",slug:"m.-federica-de-riccardis"}]},{id:"46223",title:"An ABS Recycled Coating for Corrosion Protection and Conservation of Copper and Alloys of Cultural or Historic Value",slug:"an-abs-recycled-coating-for-corrosion-protection-and-conservation-of-copper-and-alloys-of-cultural-o",signatures:"C. Menchaca-Campos, M. Hernández-Escampa, F. Rodríguez-Acuña,\nF. Millán-Cruz, P. Rodríguez-Rojas, M. Hernández-Gallegos, R.\nGuardian and J. Uruchurtu",authors:[{id:"48594",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Uruchurtu",fullName:"Jorge Uruchurtu",slug:"jorge-uruchurtu"}]},{id:"46231",title:"Study on the Anticorrosive Behavior of New Hygiene Structured Pigment Based on Waste Core and Nano Shell in Alkyd Paints",slug:"study-on-the-anticorrosive-behavior-of-new-hygiene-structured-pigment-based-on-waste-core-and-nano-s",signatures:"Nivin M. Ahmed and Hesham Tawfik M. Abdel-Fatah",authors:[{id:"92909",title:"Prof.",name:"Nivin M.",middleName:"Mohamed",surname:"Ahmed",fullName:"Nivin M. Ahmed",slug:"nivin-m.-ahmed"}]},{id:"46243",title:"Corrosion Inhibitors – Principles, Mechanisms and Applications",slug:"corrosion-inhibitors-principles-mechanisms-and-applications",signatures:"Camila G. Dariva and Alexandre F. Galio",authors:[{id:"169261",title:"Dr.",name:"Camila",middleName:"G.",surname:"Dariva",fullName:"Camila Dariva",slug:"camila-dariva"},{id:"170138",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandre",middleName:"Ferreira",surname:"Galio",fullName:"Alexandre Galio",slug:"alexandre-galio"}]},{id:"46224",title:"Palm oil as Corrosion Inhibitor for Aluminium Car Radiator",slug:"palm-oil-as-corrosion-inhibitor-for-aluminium-car-radiator",signatures:"Junaidah Jai",authors:[{id:"169240",title:"Dr.",name:"Junaidah",middleName:null,surname:"Jai",fullName:"Junaidah Jai",slug:"junaidah-jai"}]},{id:"46227",title:"Identification and Application of Corrosion Inhibiting Long- Chain Primary Alkyl Amines in Water Treatment in the Power Industry",slug:"identification-and-application-of-corrosion-inhibiting-long-chain-primary-alkyl-amines-in-water-trea",signatures:"Peter Kusch, Gerd Knupp, Marian Kozupa, Jolanta Iłowska and\nMaria Majchrzak",authors:[{id:"91015",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kusch",fullName:"Peter Kusch",slug:"peter-kusch"}]},{id:"46238",title:"Environmentally Friendly Corrosion Inhibitors",slug:"environmentally-friendly-corrosion-inhibitors",signatures:"Rafael Martinez Palou, Octavio Olivares-Xomelt and Natalya V.\nLikhanova",authors:[{id:"18064",title:"Dr.",name:"Rafael",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez Palou",fullName:"Rafael Martínez Palou",slug:"rafael-martinez-palou"}]},{id:"46245",title:"The Corrosion Inhibition of Aluminium by Some of 3- alkyloxyaniline Monomeric Surfactants and Their Analogues Polymers in 0.5 M HCl Solution",slug:"the-corrosion-inhibition-of-aluminium-by-some-of-3-alkyloxyaniline-monomeric-surfactants-and-their-a",signatures:"S.M. Sayyah, S.S.Abd El-Rehim, M.M. El-Deeb and S.M. Mohamed",authors:[{id:"169263",title:"Dr.",name:"Said",middleName:null,surname:"Sayyah",fullName:"Said Sayyah",slug:"said-sayyah"}]},{id:"46233",title:"Adsorption and Inhibitive Corrosion Properties of Some New Polymeric Compounds as Green Inhibitors on Carbon Steels in Cooling Water Systems",slug:"adsorption-and-inhibitive-corrosion-properties-of-some-new-polymeric-compounds-as-green-inhibitors-o",signatures:"Florina Branzoi and Viorel Branzoi",authors:[{id:"156086",title:"Dr.",name:"Florina",middleName:null,surname:"Branzoi",fullName:"Florina Branzoi",slug:"florina-branzoi"}]},{id:"46221",title:"Fractal Effect of Corrosion on Mechanical Behavior of Unprotected Structural Steel",slug:"fractal-effect-of-corrosion-on-mechanical-behavior-of-unprotected-structural-steel",signatures:"Francisco Casanova del Angel",authors:[{id:"97651",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Casanova Del Angel",fullName:"Francisco Casanova Del Angel",slug:"francisco-casanova-del-angel"}]},{id:"46241",title:"Corrosion of Metals in Wood Products",slug:"corrosion-of-metals-in-wood-products",signatures:"Samuel L. Zelinka",authors:[{id:"169260",title:"Dr.",name:"Samuel",middleName:null,surname:"Zelinka",fullName:"Samuel Zelinka",slug:"samuel-zelinka"}]},{id:"46225",title:"Effect of Alternative De-icers on the Corrosion Resistance of Reinforced Concrete Bridges and Highway Structures",slug:"effect-of-alternative-de-icers-on-the-corrosion-resistance-of-reinforced-concrete-bridges-and-highwa",signatures:"S. O. Nwaubani and A. Katsanos",authors:[{id:"169242",title:"Dr.",name:"Sunday",middleName:"Onyebuchi",surname:"Nwaubani",fullName:"Sunday Nwaubani",slug:"sunday-nwaubani"}]},{id:"46235",title:"Corrosion Detection for Automated Visual Inspection",slug:"corrosion-detection-for-automated-visual-inspection",signatures:"Francisco Bonnin-Pascual and Alberto Ortiz",authors:[{id:"124589",title:"Prof.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Ortiz",fullName:"Alberto Ortiz",slug:"alberto-ortiz"},{id:"169256",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Bonnin-Pascual",fullName:"Francisco Bonnin-Pascual",slug:"francisco-bonnin-pascual"}]},{id:"46219",title:"Corrosion of Biomaterials Used in Dental Reconstruction Dentistry",slug:"corrosion-of-biomaterials-used-in-dental-reconstruction-dentistry",signatures:"I. Patrascu, E. Vasilescu, E. Gatin and R.R. Cara-Ilici",authors:[{id:"169224",title:"Dr.",name:"Ion",middleName:null,surname:"Patrascu",fullName:"Ion Patrascu",slug:"ion-patrascu"},{id:"170546",title:"Dr.",name:"V.",middleName:null,surname:"Vasilescu",fullName:"V. Vasilescu",slug:"v.-vasilescu"},{id:"152661",title:"Dr",name:"R.",middleName:null,surname:"Cara-Ilici",fullName:"R. Cara-Ilici",slug:"r.-cara-ilici"},{id:"153007",title:"Prof.",name:"Eduard",middleName:null,surname:"Gatin",fullName:"Eduard Gatin",slug:"eduard-gatin"}]},{id:"46216",title:"Investigation of Al-Fe Aerospace Alloy Laser-Treated with Different Corrosion Characterization Techniques",slug:"investigation-of-al-fe-aerospace-alloy-laser-treated-with-different-corrosion-characterization-techn",signatures:"Moisés Meza Pariona",authors:[{id:"38666",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Moises",middleName:"Meza",surname:"Pariona",fullName:"Moises Pariona",slug:"moises-pariona"}]},{id:"46244",title:"Developments in Reliability-Based Assessment of Corrosion",slug:"developments-in-reliability-based-assessment-of-corrosion",signatures:"Zahiraniza Mustaffa",authors:[{id:"169262",title:"Dr.",name:"Zahiraniza",middleName:null,surname:"Mustaffa",fullName:"Zahiraniza Mustaffa",slug:"zahiraniza-mustaffa"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"66395",title:"Holographic Pepper’s Ghost: Upright Virtual-Image Screen Realized by Holographic Mirror",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85600",slug:"holographic-pepper-s-ghost-upright-virtual-image-screen-realized-by-holographic-mirror",body:'\nThe fusion of optical images and real objects has been an interesting topic in the field of optics and information technology. A famous example is Pepper’s ghost [1], which was invented over 100 years ago. In Pepper’s ghost, a virtual image is displayed on real objects by using a slanted half mirror, which can realize surprising visual experiences like optical illusions. The perception of cyber-physical fusion using virtual images mainly relies on the imperceptibility of the frame of the display, which is caused by an axial displacement between the image plane and the screen plane. Recently, such technology has been revisited in the context of augmented reality (AR). For example, virtual imaging has been used in various applications from head-mounted displays (HMDs) [2] to public theaters [3], where digital images are displayed as overlapping on real objects.
\nA holographic optical element (HOE) is capable of implementing various flexible optical functions on a thin, flat, and transparent film based on wavefront recording and reconstruction. Many applications of HOEs exploit their flexibility in performing optical functions and their see-through characteristics. HOEs have been applied to head-up displays (HUDs) [4], head-mount displays (HMDs) [2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8], bidirectional displays [9], see-through diffusive screens [10] projection-type three-dimensional (3-D) displays [11, 12, 13, 14], 3-D user interfaces [15], wearable eye-gaze detection systems [16], solar-power generation systems [17], vibration and temperature measurements [18, 19], and 3-D telepresence systems [20].
\nTo realize the virtual-image-based applications only with a thin optical system, we have proposed a new optical system that integrates an HOE-based mirror referred as holographic mirror, dispersion-compensation optics, and a digital projector [21]. We also showed that a similar optical design can be applied to the realization of a virtual camera, by using a virtualization method of a camera device based on off-axis image capturing [21]. In this chapter, we describe background on the virtual-image-based applications in Section 2, a method for exposing a holographic mirror in Section 3, the concept and verification of the proposed virtual-image display in Section 4, and the concept and verification of the proposed virtual camera in Section 5. More detailed background information for the work described here is given in [21].
\nPepper’s ghost is an illusion technique exploiting virtual images. Since the virtual image is formed outside the frame of a display, it is perceived as if it was appearing on the air. This feature is useful for realizing the unconventional visual systems based on cyber-physical fusion, which is recently referred as AR technology. This kind of visual applications can provide attractive and surprising user experiences such as the ultra-realistic telepresence system.
\nThe classical realization of an optical system for the Pepper’s ghost is based on the use of a slanted half mirror, like that in Figure 1(a). It is simple to realize this arrangement of the optical system; however, the optical system will likely be bulky due to the tilted alignment. If the screen for a virtual-image display could be implemented in an upright alignment like Figure 1(b), it could be integrated with flat walls, doors, windows, and existing 2-D screens. Such usage might be interesting because it allows ordinary environments to be converted into screens for virtual-image display. For instance, an ordinary wall can serve as a screen for a virtual-image-based video-communication system [22]. Figure 2 presents the concept on such system realized by the holographic Pepper’s ghost which is presented in this chapter. In the figure, a person is talking with a virtual image of another person on a real chair behind an upright window with achieving the line of sight. Exploiting the feature of the holographic mirror, a display for virtual-image formation can be realized by an upright thin screen unlike the conventional Pepper’s ghost with a slanted half mirror.
\nConcept on (a) Pepper’s ghost and (b) holographic Pepper’s ghost.
An example of a virtual-image-based video-communication system based on the holographic Pepper’s ghost. A person is talking with a virtual image on a real chair placed behind an upright window.
An HOE can be used for realizing such an upright virtual-image screen. Since an HOE is a kind of hologram, flexible optical functions can be implemented on a thin flat film by means of wavefront recording and reconstruction. For example, it is possible to realize a holographic mirror which works as an off-axis mirror by Bragg diffraction. The holographic mirror can be used for an upright virtual-image screen as mentioned above and shown in Figure 1(b). One problem in applying a holographic mirror to a virtual-image screen is the chromatic dispersion caused by diffraction, which results in spatial blurring of the virtual image. This problem can simply be solved by using a laser light source; however, especially when presenting a large, deep virtual image, safety and speckle become problems. Insertion of a band-pass filter is another possible solution [16]; however, this reduces the light-use efficiency.
\nA holographic mirror can simply be implemented by exposing a photosensitive material using two coherent parallel beams. Figure 3(a) shows the experimental setup used in our experiment. In the setup, a diode-pumped solid-state (DPSS) laser (Samba 100 mW manufactured by Cobolt, 532 nm) was used as a light source. A half-wave plate (HWP) and a polarization beam splitter (PBS) were placed in front of the laser to split the beam with a controlled intensity ratio. In addition, an acousto-optic modulator (AOM) was inserted to function as an electrical shutter. The two beams were delivered by polarization-maintaining single-mode optical fiber (pmSMF) to regions close to the photosensitive material. We used a photopolymer (Bayfol HX200 manufactured by Covestro) as the photosensitive material. The photopolymer was exposed by the interference fringes. We adopted the scanning-based exposure method called holographic printing [23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29] to realize spatially uniform diffraction efficiency of the holographic mirror. The photopolymer was mounted on a two-axes-motorized stage for scanning.
\n(a) Experimental setup for exposing a holographic mirror and (b) the appearance of the diffracted light (a star on a spatially uniform background) by the exposed holographic mirror.
The angle between the two beams incident on the photopolymer was set to \n
Since the holographic mirror is a volume hologram, the diffracted light should disperse chromatically, and this chromatic dispersion results in spatial blurring of the virtual image. The size of the blur caused by dispersion can be modeled as follows:
\nwhere b is the size of the blur, z is the depth of the virtual image from the holographic mirror, \n
To suppress the blur, dispersion compensation is necessary. Figure 4 illustrates the concept in the case of an integrated optical system with a holographic mirror, projection optics, and blur-compensation optics. The key idea is the replacement of a real display with an intentionally dispersed image, which contributes to dispersion compensation of the holographic mirror. In the system, a projector projects an image on a diffuser via a diffractive optical element (DOE). In such an optical system, a dispersed image appears on the diffuser screen. If the direction and the amount of dispersion are correctly designed for dispersion compensation, the spatial blur of the virtual image can be compensated. As a result, an observer can see a sharp virtual image through the holographic mirror.
\nOptical design of the virtual-image display with a holographic mirror and diffuser-based blur-compensation optics.
As a related method, dispersion compensation using two identical HOEs was proposed [30, 31]. Compared with the conventional method, the advantages of the proposed DOE-based method are superior light-use efficiency and a practical level of blur suppression [21]. As mentioned also in the Introduction section, another related method is to limit the spectral width by using a laser light source or a band-pass filter. Compared with this method, our method has merits from the perspective of safety and brightness.
\nWe verified the proposed method using the setup in Figure 5. We placed a reflection-type DOE (VIS Holographic Grating manufactured by Edmund optics) having 1200 grooves per millimeter in a 50 mm square in front of a projector (EH-TW5200 by EPSON) with an internal metal halide lamp. We also placed an A4-sized diffuser screen and a holographic mirror described in the previous section. We set the distance between the diffuser and the holographic mirror to 600 mm, and that between the DOE and the diffuser to 600 mm. The design conditions for the system parameters are presented in [21].
\nSetup for experimental verification of the proposed virtual-image display.
Figure 6(a) shows the images projected on the diffuser without and with a DOE. The images without the DOE were generated by replacing the DOE with a mirror. As shown in the figure, the image with the DOE was chromatically dispersed along the direction of diffraction (in this case, vertical direction). The images were severely blurred in direct observation; however, these are the expected results.
\n(a) Projected images on a diffuser and (b) virtual images displayed by the proposed virtual-image display without and with a DOE.
Figure 6(b) shows the virtual images generated without and with a DOE, captured by a camera placed at the observer’s position. The results without the DOE indicate that the virtual images were blurred along the dispersion direction. In contrast, the virtual images with the DOE were successfully resolved even along the dispersion direction. Using a resolution chart, the vertical resolution was improved from 0.12 to 0.42 cycle/mm.
\nFigure 7 shows the depth of the virtual images from multiple observations while changing the observer’s position. As indicated in the figure, motion parallax was confirmed experimentally with a blur-compensated virtual image. In addition, since the camera focused on the virtual mirror, the holographic-mirror screen was defocused. These observations show the displacement of the axial position of the holographic mirror working as a screen and the displayed virtual image.
\nExperimental virtual images observed while changing the viewing position.
The virtual-image display having the geometry in Figure 1(b) can also work inversely by replacing the projector with a camera, which can realize a virtual camera [21]. A virtual camera is a camera in which a virtual image of a real camera captures subjects, which allows off-axis image capturing. One benefit of off-axis image capturing is that frontal shooting of the subject can be accomplished by a camera placed at an invisible position. Figure 8 illustrates the concept. In the figure, an observer in front of a holographic mirror is captured from the front as if an invisible camera were placed behind the mirror, where a real camera device is placed at an off-axis position. By integrating the virtual camera with the virtual-image display, a virtual-image screen that can also capture frontal images can be realized. Such a screen can be applied to, e.g., a virtual-image-based video-communication system that achieves line of sight image capturing [22].
\nOptical design for the virtual camera using a holographic mirror.
To make use of the virtual camera with an upright holographic mirror, dispersion compensation is needed, as with the virtual display described above. In principle, the same optical system as that used for the virtual-image display can be adopted for the virtual camera; however, the insertion of a diffuser is not suitable for image capturing because the light intensity is severely reduced, and the intensity of environmental light sources (e.g., sunlight) cannot be controlled in general. To deal with this problem, we propose an alternative optical design without a diffuser for dispersion compensation. Figure 9 shows the concept of the proposed optical system. Compared with the display application in Figure 4, the diffuser and the projector are replaced with a convex lens and a camera, respectively. In this configuration, the light source is environmental illumination such as sunlight or room light. A convex lens is used for converting the spectrally diverging dispersed light into converging light. As a result of inserting the lens, a real image of the subject is optically formed between the lens and the DOE. A camera captures the formed real image via the DOE. Since the light is not diffused in the optical system, the light-use efficiency is superior to that of the diffuser-based display system, but on the other hand, the acceptable positions of the camera for capturing the image are restricted.
\nOptical design of the virtual camera with a holographic mirror and the lens-based blur-compensation optics.
Figure 10 shows the setup used for experimental verification. The holographic mirror and the DOE are as same as those described in the previous section. The diameter and focal length of the lens were 100 and 300 mm, respectively. A color CCD camera (Flea3 manufactured by FLIR) was used for image capturing. The distance between the holographic mirror and the lens was 590 mm, and that between the lens and a DOE was 680 mm. Design conditions for the system parameters are given in [21].
\nSetup for experimental verification of the proposed virtual camera.
Figure 11 shows the images experimentally captured by the proposed virtual camera system. Without a DOE, the chromatic dispersion of the holographic mirror degraded the vertical spatial resolution of the captured image. In contrast, with the DOE, the resolution degradation was successfully restored. By visual assessment of the images of a resolution chart, the vertical spatial resolution was improved from 0.80 to 1.46 cycle/mm. The result with a doll indicates the possibility of the proposed optical system for visual video-communication systems for human users.
\nExperimentally captured images obtained by the proposed virtual camera without and with a DOE.
In this chapter, we introduced a technology on the holographic Pepper’s ghost based on a virtual-image display and a virtual camera using a holographic mirror and blur-compensation optics. The holographic mirror works as an off-axis mirror, which can be used for an upright screen of the virtual-image display and the virtual camera. To make use of the holographic mirror in imaging systems, compensation of chromatic dispersion is necessary for preventing resolution degradation. We proposed two optical systems that integrate DOE-based dispersion-compensation optics, imaging devices, and a holographic mirror. In the systems, the chromatic dispersion of the holographic mirror was compensated optically. We experimentally verified the realization of the concepts on the virtual-image display and the virtual camera, and the effectiveness of the dispersion compensation.
\nThe proposed systems can be applied to upright, thin, see-through screens for virtual-image displays and virtual cameras. The system can be used for, e.g., virtual-image-based interactive displays and video-communication systems where the screen can be integrated with environmental objects like flat walls and screen panels.
\nThe authors would like to thank Covestro Deutschland AG for providing the photopolymer holographic recording material.
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\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'At IntechOpen, the majority of OAPFs are paid by an Author’s institution or funding agency - Institutions (73%) vs. Authors (23%).
\n\nThe first step in obtaining funds for your Open Access publication begins with your institution or library. IntechOpen’s publishing standards align with most institutional funding programs. Our advice is to petition your institution for help in financing your Open Access publication.
\n\nHowever, as Open Access becomes a more commonly used publishing option for the dissemination of scientific and scholarly content, in addition to institutions, there are a growing number of funders who allow the use of grants for covering OA publication costs, or have established separate funds for the same purpose.
\n\nPlease consult our Open Access Funding page to explore some of these funding opportunities and learn more about how you could finance your IntechOpen publication. Keep in mind that this list is not definitive, and while we are constantly updating and informing our Authors of new funding opportunities, we recommend that you always check with your institution first.
\n\nFor Authors who are unable to obtain funding from their institution or research funding bodies and still need help in covering publication costs, IntechOpen offers the possibility of applying for a Waiver.
\n\nOur mission is to support Authors in publishing their research and making an impact within the scientific community. Currently, 14% of Authors receive full waivers and 6% receive partial waivers.
\n\nWhile providing support and advice to all our international Authors, waiver priority will be given to those Authors who reside in countries that are classified by the World Bank as low-income economies. In this way, we can help ensure that the scientific work being carried out can make an impact within the worldwide scientific community, no matter where an Author might live.
\n\nThe application process is open after your submitted manuscript has been accepted for publication. To apply, please fill out a Waiver Request Form and send it to your Author Service Manager. If you have an official letter from your university or institution showing that funds for your OA publication are unavailable, please attach that as well. The Waiver Request will normally be addressed within one week from the application date. All chapters that receive waivers or partial waivers will be designated as such online.
\n\nDownload Waiver Request Form
\n\nFeel free to contact us at oapf@intechopen.com if you have any questions about Funding options or our Waiver program. If you have already begun the process and require further assistance, please contact your Author Service Manager, who is there to assist you!
\n\nNote: All data represented above was collected by IntechOpen from 2013 to 2017.
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