\\n\\n
Dr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\\n\\nSeeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\\n\\nOver these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\\n\\nWe are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\\n\\nThank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\\n\\nNow with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
\\n\\nRead, share and download for free: https://www.intechopen.com/books
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Preparation of Space Experiments edited by international leading expert Dr. Vladimir Pletser, Director of Space Training Operations at Blue Abyss is the 5,000th Open Access book published by IntechOpen and our milestone publication!
\n\n"This book presents some of the current trends in space microgravity research. The eleven chapters introduce various facets of space research in physical sciences, human physiology and technology developed using the microgravity environment not only to improve our fundamental understanding in these domains but also to adapt this new knowledge for application on earth." says the editor. Listen what else Dr. Pletser has to say...
\n\n\n\nDr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\n\nSeeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\n\nOver these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\n\nWe are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\n\nThank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\n\nNow with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
\n\nRead, share and download for free: https://www.intechopen.com/books
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-maintains-position-as-the-world-s-largest-oa-book-publisher-20201218",title:"IntechOpen Maintains Position as the World’s Largest OA Book Publisher"},{slug:"all-intechopen-books-available-on-perlego-20201215",title:"All IntechOpen Books Available on Perlego"},{slug:"oiv-awards-recognizes-intechopen-s-editors-20201127",title:"OIV Awards Recognizes IntechOpen's Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-crossref-s-initiative-for-open-abstracts-i4oa-to-boost-the-discovery-of-research-20201005",title:"IntechOpen joins Crossref's Initiative for Open Abstracts (I4OA) to Boost the Discovery of Research"},{slug:"intechopen-hits-milestone-5-000-open-access-books-published-20200908",title:"IntechOpen hits milestone: 5,000 Open Access books published!"},{slug:"intechopen-books-hosted-on-the-mathworks-book-program-20200819",title:"IntechOpen Books Hosted on the MathWorks Book Program"},{slug:"intechopen-s-chapter-awarded-the-guenther-von-pannewitz-preis-2020-20200715",title:"IntechOpen's Chapter Awarded the Günther-von-Pannewitz-Preis 2020"},{slug:"suf-and-intechopen-announce-collaboration-20200331",title:"SUF and IntechOpen Announce Collaboration"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"7980",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Hormone Therapy and Replacement in Cancer and Aging-related Diseases",title:"Hormone Therapy and Replacement in Cancer and Aging-related Diseases",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This edited volume, Hormone Therapy and Replacement in Cancer and Aging-related Diseases, is a collection of reviewed and relevant research chapters, offering a comprehensive overview of recent developments in the field of hormone replacement therapy. 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\r\n\tOur rapidly shrinking, interconnected world is experiencing an unprecedented change in the face of digital innovation and emerging globalization. As the world’s population spirals beyond 7.7 billion, international economies are becoming more integrated and mutually dependent upon one other. These interconnected economies are subject to political, social, and cultural expectations unimagined in past decades. Employee skill sets that were in high demand only a few decades ago are now considered obsolete and unnecessary. New occupations are evolving in the face of digital advancement only to be quickly replaced by other emerging occupations more suitable to satisfying transitioning expectations. The changes are endless. Educational systems can no longer educate for today’s jobs. They must educate for tomorrow’s jobs. They must empower the future of their national economies while remaining mindful of the needs of tomorrow’s global economy. They stand at the intersection of globalization and technology. The only thing certain is change.
\r\n\r\n\tThis book is intended to examine the educational issues encountered in such an environment. The book aims to afford a fresh examination of theory, research, and practice into this field of study and to provide the reader with an insight into the challenges, successes, and opportunities encountered by today’s educational institutions.
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She joined University service at BUSE with a wealth of experience of heading several high schools in Zimbabwe. She has been in university leadership as a chairperson of the Department of Science and Mathematics Education as well as the acting Dean of the Faculty of Science Education. Dr. Vongai has a good record for teaching, research, and community engagement as well as qualities of good leadership. She is also engaged in journal editorship and peer reviews. She is actively involved in research and leadership related events inclusive of presenting conference papers and facilitating in research and leadership events. 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Although this subject has been the focus of intense scrutiny in the past few decades, it still presents many challenging aspects. In a spectroscopic measurement, the dynamic response of the target system is stimulated via the exchange of an energy ℏω and momentum ℏQ where ℏ is the reduced Planck’s constant. A suitable choice of the exchanged wavevector amplitude Q = |Q| and ω enables to tune the probe to dynamic events occurring over different scales. For infinitesimal Q and ω values, the measurement probes slowly decaying, hydrodynamic, density fluctuation modes either propagating or diffusing throughout the system, which resembles a continuous and homogeneous medium [3]. Upon increasing Q’s and ω’s, probed dynamic events become gradually faster and involve fewer atoms until the extreme, single-particle limit is reached. In this limit, the probe couples with the free recoil of the single atom after the collision with the photon and before any interaction with the first neighboring atomic cage [4].
Although the spectral profile is exactly known analytically in both hydrodynamic and single-particle limits, its evolution at the crossover in between them still eludes a firm understanding. Particularly insightful appears the study of the line-shape in the mesoscopic range, which corresponds to 2π/Q and 2π/ω values roughly matching nearest neighbor separations and ‘in cage’ rattling periods of atoms, respectively.
This range is the natural domain of high-resolution inelastic scattering, IXS [5], a spectroscopic method, which, since its development towards the end of the past millennium, has substantially improved the current understanding of the terahertz dynamics of condensed matter systems. This success partly owes to both inherent and practical advantages that this technique offers compared to the complementary terahertz spectroscopy, inelastic neutron scattering, INS. Intrinsic benefits include the virtual absence of kinematic limitations, the straightforward implementation of constant-Q energy scans, a mostly coherent cross-section and an often negligible multiple scattering contribution. More practical strengths are instead the substantially higher photon fluxes impinging on the sample and the smaller transversal size of the beam. However, these undoubted advantages can only be obtained at the cost of substantial count rate penalties. Indeed, the investigation of the collective dynamics in disordered systems imposes the access to energy transfer E =ℏω as low as a few meV. For IXS spectrometers, typically operated at 2.1 104 eV, resolving those energies imposes a resolving power of ΔE/E ≤ 10−7. The achievement of such a challenging performance has held back for long the development of high-resolution IXS, which was only made possible by the advent of high-brilliance third-generation synchrotron sources and by parallel advances in the X-ray optics [6, 7].
As an introduction to the field, this chapter is devoted to a derivation of the cross-section of IXS measurements, thus elucidating its direct connection with the Fourier transform of the atomic density fluctuations autocorrelation function. A similar treatment, which can also be found in Refs. [5, 8], is strictly valid for monatomic systems only, even though it can be easily generalized to the case of molecular systems.
In a typical IXS measurement, a beam of particles–waves, as, for example, neutrons, X-rays or electrons, having well-defined energy, wavevector and polarization impinges on a sample and, after the impact, it is scattered all over the solid angle. A detector placed at a distance r from the sample is used to count the particles deviated by an angle 2θ within the small solid angle
At a long distance from the centre of the scattering, the electromagnetic wave generated by the scattering event is the sum of a plane and a spherical wave [9], that is, waves having respectively a planar and a spherical wavefront. In other terms, the ultimate effect of the scattering source is to remove a part of the photons from their initial ‘plane wave’ state and reradiate them into a spherical wave, which is consistent with well-known Huygens-Fresnel principle [10]. However, it is always safe to assume that the detector—which intercepts photons deviated by an angle 2θ—has sensitive area
As it appears from Figure 1, if one considers the plane defined by the two vectors
A schematic rendering of the scattering process and the plane wave approximation (see text).
To derive an expression of the intensity detected in high-resolution IXS measurements, it is useful to recognize that these measurements are typically executed in transmission geometry, that is, by detecting the scattering signal downstream of the sample.1
For the sake of simplicity, a few more assumptions are here considered: (1) the sample has a straightforward shape: a slab of thickness ts; (2) such a slab is crossed by the incident beam orthogonally to its front area; (3) the beam cross-section
Under these assumptions, we can write a general expression to estimate the number of photons per unit time impinging on the detector, which is given by:
where
The above formula introduces the double differential scattering cross-section:
which is the only parameter of Eq. (1) conveying non-trivial information on the sample properties.
It can be recognized that the beam intensity across the sample thickness is not constant, as a part of it gets absorbed by the sample itself. This intensity reduction can be easily evaluated by expressing the attenuation caused by an elemental sample slice of thickness dx and located at a distance x. This intensity loss reads as:
where
The above formula lends itself to a direct estimate of the ideal sample thickness, which is identified by the
Given this preliminary discussion, the focus is now on the analytical derivation of the IXS double differential cross-section
where
where the unperturbed Hamiltonian, associated with the multielectron system in the absence of the electromagnetic field, reads as:
plus the other two terms accounting for the perturbation induced by the impinging electromagnetic field, that is, respectively:
and the so-called Thomson scattering term:
Here the symbol
As mentioned, in a typical scattering measurement, the X-ray photons undergo a transition between two different plane wave states. Therefore, one could, in principle, use the Fermi Golden Rule [11] to count all scattered photons emanating from a single incident plane wave and having wavevector pointing to a
This strategy would require, in principle, a proper normalization of the photon wave functions, but, unfortunately, plane waves have normalization integral diverging for long distances. This difficulty is usually circumvented by confining the description of the scattering problem to a cubic box of size L and eventually considering the limit for large L. Within this L-sized cubic box, the vector potential becomes a linear combination of normalized plane waves which explicitly reads as [5]:
Here the indexes ‘k’ and ‘α’ label, respectively, the wavevector and the polarization states of the wave;
Coming back to the double differential scattering cross-section, one can express it as:
where
with
Eq. (12) is particularly useful as the term under summation can be derived explicitly using the Fermi Golden Rule, according to which:
The last factor in the right-hand side of the above equation contains the perturbative part of the Hamiltonian computed between initial and final combined photon and sample states. As mentioned, we will assume that this term entirely coincides with the Thomson term in Eq. (9).
At this stage, the derivation of the double differential cross-section requires one to tackle the density of final states
It is worth noticing that the expedient of circumscribing the scattering within a L-sized cubic box, besides enabling a proper normalization of the plane waves, makes more straightforward the counting of the final state photon modes [11]. The number of plane waves with energy included between
In the reciprocal space, the bandwidth
where
The set of wavevectors defined in Eq. (15) identifies a lattice in k-space, whose simplest self-replicating unit cell has a volume
The elemental volumes in the reciprocal space. Here the cube enclosing a lattice point represents the unit cell of size Vmin=2π/L3 (see text).
Therefore, one has
For photons, the link between energy and wavevector is fixed by the linear law
Therefore,
which, combined with Eq. (11), yields
At this stage, the interaction term, that is, the squared matrix element appearing in the Fermi Golden Rule (Eq. (13)), can be made explicit by inserting in it the Thomson term in Eq. (9), while using the expression of the vector potential in Eq. (10), thus eventually obtaining
where the vector
Here,
The right-hand side of Eq. (21) contains three independent factors, the integral term being the only one directly relating to the properties of the target sample. The latter can hardly be handled analytically, due to the complex interplay between electrons belonging to different atoms, which couples electronic and nuclear coordinates. However, it becomes treatable under the reasonable approximation that the centre of mass of the electronic cloud drifts following with no delay the slow nuclear motion. This assumption is customarily referred to as ‘adiabatic’, or Born-Oppenheimer, approximation [11]; its use justifies the factorization of the target system ‘ket’ as
Within the validity of these assumptions, the double differential cross-section in Eq. (18) reduces to
where
is the form factor of the jth atom. Here
If a single atomic species is present in the sample, all atoms have the same form factor, that is,
where
The above expression can be cast in a more compact form after the few additional manipulations as the use of an integral representation of the δ-function of energy, the Heisenberg representation of a time-dependent operator and the completeness of the final eigenstate.
In its initial state, the sample is usually a many-atoms system at equilibrium, and the sum over its initial state can be computed as an ordinary equilibrium average, which leads to the following identity:
where as usual, the angle brackets
In summary, as a result of all manipulations mentioned above, the double differential cross-section in Eq. (24) eventually reduces to
where
The expression between angle brackets is the equilibrium autocorrelation function of the dynamic variable
The interpretation of this function as a microscopic density is perhaps more evident as one considers its average value over the whole sample volume:
which is consistent with the macroscopic definition of number density. Notice that the δ-function is an extremely irregular discontinuous profile, which however adequately accounts for the atomistic, character of the system.
In the reciprocal space, one deals with the Fourier transform of the microscopic density, namely
Furthermore, since scattering phenomena arise from inhomogeneities or fluctuation from equilibrium, we are here mainly interested in the microscopic density fluctuation:
Again, the variable of direct pertinence for a spectroscopic measurement is instead the Fourier transform of such a fluctuation:
in which it was considered that the Fourier transform of a constant function is a δ-function.
We can now introduce the intermediate scattering function as the space Fourier transform of the correlation function between density fluctuations:
and its one-sided time Fourier transform
which is customarily referred to as the spectrum of density fluctuations, or the dynamic structure factor of the system.
Given the dynamic variables introduced in the previous section, it can be readily verified that Eq. (26) can be cast in the more compact form:
where
is the spectrum associated with the dynamic variable
Let us discuss here how the spectrum in Eq. (35) relates to the variable density fluctuations as defined by Eq. (30). By definition, the spectrum of such a variable is the Fourier transform of the autocorrelation function. Explicitly
with
It appears that the spectra of either
This term accounts for the forward transmitted elastic scattering, which is of no relevance for a scattering experiment as it describes the signal from photons that have exchanged no energy or momentum with the target sample.
In practice, such a signal is never detected by scattering measurements, as it does not convey insight into non-trivial samples properties; furthermore, it fully overlaps with the forward transmitted beam, which is often so intense to burn or damage detectors. For these reasons, IXS measurements are always performed at finite scattering angles, where one has
with
As discussed, the identity above entails the replacement of the microscopic density
where
This expression of the cross-section above has been derived assuming a target sample composed by N identical atoms and within the Born-Oppenheimer approximation. When different atomic species are present in the sample, within the validity of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation, the derivation of the scattering cross-section is similar, provided the system is isotropic, that is, invariant under rotations, and a weak coupling exists between molecular rotations and centre of mass movements. The ‘effective’ form factor, in this case, results from the average value of the form factors of different atoms in the molecule. The general case, of a system composed of molecules with a pronounced anisotropy, that is, a markedly non-spherical shape, makes the computation of the cross-section slightly more complicated.
A more detailed treatment of this problem within the hypothesis of random molecular orientations and weak coupling between orientational and translational degrees of freedom leads to the conclusion that the spectrum splits into a coherent and an incoherent component. Consequently, the cross-section can be cast in the following general form:
where
An estimate of the count rate achievable by an IXS measurement can be worked out starting from the expression of the total scattering cross-section, while assuming, for instance, a sample having an optimal thickness
At this stage, both members of the equation can be integrated in time, and the double integration over both solid angle and final energy must also be performed to obtain the total cross-section of the IXS scattering. In the low
where
The cross-sections ratio defined in Eq. (45) is reported as a function of the atomic number Z, for a 10 keV energy X-ray beam (courtesy of F. Sette).
As a result of the previous treatment, it was demonstrated that the cross-section is proportional to
Still, the above formula does not capture two essential aspects of the measured scattering signal, as the contribution of the instrumental resolution and the spectral background. These are explicitly accounted for by using the following general expression for the intensity profile:
where
The resolution profile represents the instrumental rendering of a spectral shape having zero energy width, that is, the δ(ω)–profile representing a perfectly elastic scattering. In a typical IXS measurement, such a resolution is estimated by measuring the scattering signal from an almost perfect elastic scatterer, often identified in a sample of plexiglas at the Q-position of the first sharp diffraction peak.
In general, the kinematic laws ruling the scattering process impose some limitations to the dynamic Q,ω region explorable by the measurement. These kinematic constraints are especially severe for inelastic neutron scattering, INS [2]. Although these limitations are irrelevant for IXS, the portion of the dynamic plane explored by this technique is still limited in the low-energy, or low-frequency, side by the finite instrumental energy resolution.
Figure 4 provides a clear example of how resolution and kinematic limitations differently affect IXS and INS. Indeed, the plot compares the spectra measured in a joint INS and IXS measurement on the same sample of heavy water [12], after normalization of the respective areas. The elastic peak in the INS spectrum has a spike-like shape. Such a sharp shape could be measured thanks to the 0.08 meV broad Gaussian resolution function. Which enables a superior definition of the spectral shape. However, this performance imposes an overall shrinkage of the spanned frequency range, which does not include the high-frequency shoulder in the IXS spectrum. On the other hand, the resolution of the IXS measurement is too coarse to enable a proper definition of the quasielastic portion of the scattering profile.
The spectral line-shapes measured by IXS (black line) and INS (shadowed blue line) on a D2O sample at ambient conditions. The spectra are reported after rescaling to the respective integrated intensities. Data are redrawn from ref. notice the remarkable difference in the explored ω-range. Data are redrawn from Ref. [13].
In conclusion, we illustrated the main analytical steps leading to a derivation of the inelastic X-ray scattering, IXS signal, and demonstrated its direct link with the terahertz spectrum of atomic density fluctuations.
Since its development in the mid-1990s, high-resolution IXS has rapidly transitioned to its mature age, nowadays representing an essential tool to characterize the terahertz dynamics of liquid and amorphous materials. Historically, the mainstream scientific interest of the IXS community was mostly limited to simple fluids and glass-forming materials. In recent years, such a focus has gradually shifted towards nanostructured metamaterials and biological systems. Since the high complexity of these systems often challenges a firm understanding of the measurement outcome, a firm theoretical modeling of the IXS signal from these highly heterogeneous systems would be highly beneficial.
This work used resources of the National Synchrotron Light Source II, a U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science User Facility operated for the DOE Office of Science by Brookhaven National Laboratory under Contract No. DE-SC0012704.
IntechOpen implements a robust policy to minimize and deal with instances of fraud or misconduct. As part of our general commitment to transparency and openness, and in order to maintain high scientific standards, we have a well-defined editorial policy regarding Retractions and Corrections.
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\\n\\n1. RETRACTIONS
\\n\\nA Retraction of a Chapter will be issued by the Academic Editor, either following an Author’s request to do so or when there is a 3rd party report of scientific misconduct. Upon receipt of a report by a 3rd party, the Academic Editor will investigate any allegations of scientific misconduct, working in cooperation with the Author(s) and their institution(s).
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\\n\\nPublishing of a Retraction Notice will adhere to the following guidelines:
\\n\\n1.2. REMOVALS AND CANCELLATIONS
\\n\\n2. STATEMENTS OF CONCERN
\\n\\nA Statement of Concern detailing alleged misconduct will be issued by the Academic Editor or publisher following a 3rd party report of scientific misconduct when:
\\n\\nIntechOpen believes that the number of occasions on which a Statement of Concern is issued will be very few in number. In all cases when such a decision has been taken by the Academic Editor the decision will be reviewed by another editor to whom the author can make representations.
\\n\\n3. CORRECTIONS
\\n\\nA Correction will be issued by the Academic Editor when:
\\n\\n3.1. ERRATUM
\\n\\nAn Erratum will be issued by the Academic Editor when it is determined that a mistake in a Chapter originates from the production process handled by the publisher.
\\n\\nA published Erratum will adhere to the Retraction Notice publishing guidelines outlined above.
\\n\\n3.2. CORRIGENDUM
\\n\\nA Corrigendum will be issued by the Academic Editor when it is determined that a mistake in a Chapter is a result of an Author’s miscalculation or oversight. A published Corrigendum will adhere to the Retraction Notice publishing guidelines outlined above.
\\n\\n4. FINAL REMARKS
\\n\\nIntechOpen wishes to emphasize that the final decision on whether a Retraction, Statement of Concern, or a Correction will be issued rests with the Academic Editor. The publisher is obliged to act upon any reports of scientific misconduct in its publications and to make a reasonable effort to facilitate any subsequent investigation of such claims.
\\n\\nIn the case of Retraction or removal of the Work, the publisher will be under no obligation to refund the APC.
\\n\\nThe general principles set out above apply to Retractions and Corrections issued in all IntechOpen publications.
\\n\\nAny suggestions or comments on this Policy are welcome and may be sent to permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2017-09-11
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen’s Retraction and Correction Policy has been developed in accordance with the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) publication guidelines relating to scientific misconduct and research ethics:
\n\n1. RETRACTIONS
\n\nA Retraction of a Chapter will be issued by the Academic Editor, either following an Author’s request to do so or when there is a 3rd party report of scientific misconduct. Upon receipt of a report by a 3rd party, the Academic Editor will investigate any allegations of scientific misconduct, working in cooperation with the Author(s) and their institution(s).
\n\nA formal Retraction will be issued when there is clear and conclusive evidence of any of the following:
\n\nPublishing of a Retraction Notice will adhere to the following guidelines:
\n\n1.2. REMOVALS AND CANCELLATIONS
\n\n2. STATEMENTS OF CONCERN
\n\nA Statement of Concern detailing alleged misconduct will be issued by the Academic Editor or publisher following a 3rd party report of scientific misconduct when:
\n\nIntechOpen believes that the number of occasions on which a Statement of Concern is issued will be very few in number. In all cases when such a decision has been taken by the Academic Editor the decision will be reviewed by another editor to whom the author can make representations.
\n\n3. CORRECTIONS
\n\nA Correction will be issued by the Academic Editor when:
\n\n3.1. ERRATUM
\n\nAn Erratum will be issued by the Academic Editor when it is determined that a mistake in a Chapter originates from the production process handled by the publisher.
\n\nA published Erratum will adhere to the Retraction Notice publishing guidelines outlined above.
\n\n3.2. CORRIGENDUM
\n\nA Corrigendum will be issued by the Academic Editor when it is determined that a mistake in a Chapter is a result of an Author’s miscalculation or oversight. A published Corrigendum will adhere to the Retraction Notice publishing guidelines outlined above.
\n\n4. FINAL REMARKS
\n\nIntechOpen wishes to emphasize that the final decision on whether a Retraction, Statement of Concern, or a Correction will be issued rests with the Academic Editor. The publisher is obliged to act upon any reports of scientific misconduct in its publications and to make a reasonable effort to facilitate any subsequent investigation of such claims.
\n\nIn the case of Retraction or removal of the Work, the publisher will be under no obligation to refund the APC.
\n\nThe general principles set out above apply to Retractions and Corrections issued in all IntechOpen publications.
\n\nAny suggestions or comments on this Policy are welcome and may be sent to permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2017-09-11
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