Main characteristics of used polymers.
\r\n\t
\r\n\tThis knowledge gap is due in part to the lack of a preclinical small animal model which can faithfully recapitulate EBV infection and immune control and would allow testing of EBV specific vaccine candidates. With the advent of mice with reconstituted human immune system compartments (HIS mice) during the past decade, this is changing. The complex interplay between host and virus has made it difficult to elaborate useful vaccine strategies to protect against the EBV-associated diseases (including chronic diseases like MS) or to find efficient drugs specifically targeting EBV malignancies.
\r\n\t
\r\n\tOne challenge is that the EBV expresses very different proteins during its lytic and its latent phases. To address this, vaccine candidates have been designed to include proteins from both phases. As EBV is associated with nearly 200,000 new malignancies each year worldwide, an EBV vaccine to prevent these diseases is needed. Parallel to this needs one could propose priorities for future research: (i) Identification of surrogate markers that predict the development of EBV-related malignancies. (ii) Definition of a goal for an EBV vaccine and criteria for licensure (iii), investigation of the potential usefulness of targeting certain lytic proteins in the context of drug discovery.
Natural polymers, biopolymers, and synthetic polymers based on annually renewable resources are the basis for the twenty-first-century portfolio of sustainable, eco-efficient plastics. The interest on these polymers is considerable, due to a decrease of world resources in oil; in addition, there is a concern to limit the plastics’ contribution to waste disposal. The degree of concern has been [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8] raised along with the development in urbanization. The development of biodegradable polymers generally catches the attention of researchers due to environmental problems associated with the disposal of petroleum-based polymers.
\nThe depletion of petroleum resource led to considerable research efforts on the development of biodegradable polymeric materials. Biodegradable polymers offer a great variety of advantages to environmental conservation; based on their non-harmful effects, they can be classified into two major categories: natural polymers and synthetic polymers; polymers obtained basically from renewable sources are a new generation of material capable to significantly reduce the environmental impact in order to achieve certain technical requirements besides being fully biodegradable. In addition, natural polymer-based materials offer a feasible alternative to the traditional polymeric materials when recycling of synthetic polymer is not cost-effective or technically impossible [9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15].
\nPoly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) is an aliphatic-aromatic random co-polyester, fully biodegradable, and prepared from 1,4–butanediol, adipic acid, and terephthalic acid: a synthetic polymer based on fossil resources, 100% biodegradable, with high elongation at break, and very flexible [16]. PBAT is an elastomeric polymer intended to improve mechanical properties; it can be used in several applications, such as, packaging materials, hygiene products, biomedical fields, and industrial composting, among others [17, 18, 19, 20, 21]; nevertheless, PBAT has poor thermal and mechanical properties, which can be overcome through the addition of fillers; in addition, it is a versatile polymer that allows the manufacturing from films up to shaped devices, and it can be used in food and dairy industries as well in hygiene packing [22, 23].
\nPolylactide or poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is the front-runner in the emerging bio-plastics market with the best availability and the most attractive cost structure: PLA is a linear, aliphatic thermoplastic polyester, used for different applications ranging from medical to packaging, resorbable, and biodegradable under industrial composting conditions [24]. Therefore, its rheological properties, especially its shear viscosity, have important effects on thermal processes. Despite all its advantages, some properties of PLA such as inherent brittleness, low toughness, slow crystallization, poor melt strength, narrow processing window, and low thermal stability, besides high cost, pose considerable scientific challenges that limit their large-scale applications (film blowing, injection molding, and foaming) [25, 26, 27].
\nSo, combining the high toughness of PBAT and the relatively low price of PLA can result in a novel blend. PLA was blended with PBAT flexible polymer, considering its high toughness and biodegradability. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT), both biodegradable aliphatic polyesters, semicrystalline, and thermoplastic, can be processed by conventional methods. Their resulting blends provide interesting materials for industrial and hygiene packaging applications, due to their increased ductility in function of PBAT content.
\nPLA and PBAT binary blends exhibited improved properties concerned with higher elongation at break but lower tensile strength and modulus than pure PLA. Therefore, the addition of filler to PLA/PBAT blends led to a modulus approaching that of pure PLA.
\nIn this paper bio-calcium carbonate from avian egg shells was used. Daily, tons of chicken eggshells are discarded, generating commercially devalued waste from restaurants, food industry, and homes. Currently, egg production throughout the world is 65.5 million metric tons per year, with Asia as a key contributor to global egg output growth [28]. The eggshell is rich in calcium carbonate, a natural bio-ceramic composite with a unique chemical composition of high inorganic (95% of calcium carbonate in the form of calcite) and 5% of organic (type X collagen, sulfated polysaccharides) components; this eggshell characteristic structure combined with substantial availability makes eggshells a potential source of bio-fillers that can be efficiently used for polymer composites [29].
\nUnfortunately, PLA/PBAT blends filled with calcium carbonate (CaCO3) have poor mechanical properties due to the poor interfacial adhesion. Many polymers are immiscible and form heterogeneous systems when blended. In order to cope with this problem, irradiation was used to improve the compatibility between immiscible polymers in a blend. In comparison with other methods of compatibilization based on the reactivity of functional groups grafted on the polymer backbone, the changes are not limited to the interface. Irradiation leads to changes not only in the interphase but also in the bulk of both polymers (chain scission, crosslinking, etc.). Therefore, it is very difficult to determine whether macroscopic properties change due to the compatibilizing effect of irradiation or due to modification of the polymers in bulk. A great number of authors working on irradiated immiscible polymer blends claim in their articles to have increased the compatibility between the two polymers just considering mechanical properties. Compatibilization is essential in order to decrease interfacial tension exhibited by PLA/PBAT blends: herein it was used as compatibilizing agent of PLA previously gamma-radiated at 150 kGy, air environment, 10.5 kGy h−1. Güven and collaborators have proposed the use of ionizing radiation in replacing chemical compatibilizing agents for thermoplastic materials with enhanced properties [30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38].
\nFoam technology has been developing since 1930, using blowing agents in polymer processing. Polymer foams consist of two phases: a polymeric matrix and entrapped, well-dispersed cells generated by blowing agents. Foams have several advantages: low density, insulating capability, energy absorption, etc. These make foams a desired product in many applications such as packaging, floating materials, paddings, shields for reducing noise, shoes, etc. Foam density varies across a wide range from several kg/m3 to near thousands kg/m3 [39]. Carbon dioxide was used as a physical blowing agent (PBA): it has a regular solubility and is considered as an eco-friendly gas. A PBA is capable to produce a cellular structure via foaming process, and it is typically applied when blown material is in liquid stage. Cellular structure in a matrix reduces density, increasing thermal and acoustic insulation [40, 41].
\nThe proposal of the present work is the development of biodegradable foams from PBAT/PLA blends, reinforced with bio-calcium carbonate from avian eggshells, 125 μm particle size, compatibilized with PLA gamma-radiated at 150 kGy, and further assessed for DSC, TGA, XRD, SEM, FTIR, and mechanical essays.
\nPLA and PBAT polymers, with main characteristics described in \nTable 1\n.
\nCharacteristics of PLA | \nCharacteristics of PBAT | \n
---|---|
Grade: ingeo biopolymer 3251 D | \nCommercial name: Ecoflex FS | \n
Supplier: nature works | \nSupplier: BASF | \n
Melting point: 168°C | \nMelting point: 110–120°C | \n
Glass transition temperature: 62°C | \nGlass transition temperature: −30°C | \n
Average molecular weight: 100,000 g mol−1\n | \nAverage molecular weight: 40,000 g mol−1\n | \n
Main characteristics of used polymers.
Both PLA and PBAT were dried at 70°C for 12 h before processing.
\nPLA, irradiated in a Cobalt-60 source, 150 kGy, 10.5 kGY h−1 dose ratio, at multipurpose reactor, in CTR/IPEN, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, São Paulo.
\nCarbon dioxide (CO2): physical blowing agent, selected according to good diffusion in PLA foaming [42].
\nCalcium carbonate (CaCO3) from avian eggshells: white chicken eggshells were subjected to a thorough cleaning using tap water for removing of internal membranes. Afterward, clean eggshells were kept for 4 h in a 100°C water bath and finally dried at 100 ± 2°C for 2 h in an air-circulating oven. Eggshells were size reduced to fine powder, particle size equal or lower than 125 μm, by using ball mills and granulometric sieve, respectively. Then they were dried again at 100 ± 2°C, for 24 h, in order to reduce its moisture content to less than 2%.
\nComposite materials were prepared according to \nTable 2\n; they were first homogenized by melting extrusion process, using a corotating twin-screw extruder (HAAKE Rheomex 332p, 3.1 L/D, 19/33 compression ratio), by using a 120–145°C temperature profile and 50 rpm.
\nDesignation | \nPBAT (wt%) | \nPLA (wt%) | \nCaCO3 (phr) | \nPLA 150 kGy (phr) | \n
---|---|---|---|---|
PBAT | \n100 | \n— | \n— | \n— | \n
PBAT50 | \n50 | \n50 | \n— | \n— | \n
PBAT65 | \n65 | \n35 | \n— | \n— | \n
PBAT82 | \n82 | \n18 | \n— | \n— | \n
PBAT50CI | \n50 | \n50 | \n10 | \n5 | \n
PBAT65CI | \n65 | \n35 | \n10 | \n5 | \n
PBAT82CI | \n82 | \n18 | \n10 | \n5 | \n
PLA | \n— | \n100 | \n— | \n— | \n
Material designation and composition for PBAT/PLA/CaCO3/PLA 150 kGy gamma-irradiated.
Homogenized samples (pellets) were further subjected to extrusion under pressure, by expansion physical method using carbon dioxide (CO2) as blowing agent, at 10 bar (approximately 10 kgf cm−2). A mono-screw specific for foaming was used, maintaining the same temperature profile: 130–145°C.
\nThermal behavior was examined in a DSC Mettler Toledo apparatus, according to ASTM D3418-08. A set of heating/cooling ramps was carried out following a three-step process; the samples were firstly heated to 200°C and kept in the molten state for 10 min to erase the thermal history of the material. They were then cooled down to 30°C at 10°C min−1 to evaluate the ability of PLA, PBAT, and their compositions listed in \nTable 2\n to crystallize upon cooling. After cooling treatment, the samples were heated back to 200°C at 10°C min−1. The percent crystallinity of each one was calculated separately, upon the second heating by using Eq. 1 [43]:
\nwhere ΔHm is the measured heat of fusion, w is the weight fraction of PLA or PBAT in the blend, and ΔH\no\n\nm is the enthalpy of fusion for a crystal having infinite crystal thickness (93 J g−1 for PLA and 114 J g−1 for PBAT).
\nThermogravimetric analyses provide complimentary and supplementary characterization information to DSC, by measuring the amount and rate (velocity) of change in the mass of a sample as a function of temperature or time in a controlled atmosphere. Measurements are used primarily to determine the thermal and/or oxidative stabilities of materials as well as their compositional properties. The technique can analyze materials that exhibit either mass loss or gain due to decomposition, oxidation, or loss of volatiles (such as moisture). TGA were performed using a DSC Mettler Toledo apparatus, according to ASTM E1641-07, by using 5–9 mg of foam sample, within a 25–600°C program, at 10°C min−1, in a nitrogen flow of 50 ml min−1.
\nX-ray diffraction is a technique used for determining anatomic structure: it consists in a constructive interference of a wave from X-ray incident beam in relation to a uniform atomic spacing.
\nIn this technique Bragg’s law is applied, defined by \n
It was employed herein a X-Ray diffractometer, RigakuMultiflex, graphite monochromator, 40 kV, 20 mA, X-rays tube, copper anode \n
Electronic microscopy technique is a major tool for the study of material structure and morphology; it allows the visualization of details in a micrometric scale of changes in the material.
\nMorphology investigations were accomplished in a FEG-SEM equipment, model F-50, capable to read up to 20 nanometers, in various magnification micrographs. Samples were freeze-fractured in liquid nitrogen and gold coated in a Balzers SCD 050 sputtering before accomplishment of analyses.
\nFTIR is a sensible method for identifying chemical modification in a material and, so, is capable to detect chemical modifications in a polymeric material. This method detects vibrational movements imparted from chemical bonds for the material that is being analyzed. As each chemical group absorbs vibrational energy at a given value, it is possible to differentiate them via infrared spectrum. Spectra were obtained from a PerkinElmer, universal ATR sampling accessory spectrum 100 FTIR spectrometer. Setup collection sample was adjusted for 64 scans, within a 4000–650 cm−1 range.
\nTensile and elongation at break essay are relevant instruments for evaluating loss of properties and evolution of degradative process of the polymer. Parameters that contribute for mechanical behavior of polymers are chemical structure, crystallinity degree, molar mass, moisture, and reinforcing agent present, among others. All these properties are modified during degradation processes. In case of reinforcing agents, the concentration is not changed; nevertheless, their interaction can be modified in consequence of chemical modifications suffered by the polymer. Tensile and elongation at break tests were accomplished at 25 ± 5°C, in an EMIC model DL 300 universal essay machine, 20 kN load cell, 50 mm min−1, in accordance with ASTM D 638-14. Specimens were conditioned at 25 ± 5°C and 50 ± 5% relative humidity, for 24 h, prior to testing.
\nDSC heating curves of PLA, PBAT, and PLA/PBAT (50/50) blends, after crystallizing from melt, are shown in \nFigure 1\n.
\nMelting and crystallization curves for PLA, PBAT, and PLA/PBAT (50/50).
PLA was primarily amorphous when it was cooled from melt, and this result suggests that PLA was not able to crystallize within the cooling time frame.
\nIn \nTable 3\n a brief summary of thermal properties of PLA, PBAT, and PBAT/PLA (50/50) is depicted:
\nDesignation | \nTg (°C) | \nTm (°C) | \nXc (%) | \n
---|---|---|---|
PBAT | \n−29.7 [44] | \n120.0 | \n14.8 | \n
PLA | \n60.4 | \n158.0 | \n61.1 | \n
PBAT/PLA, 50/50 | \n— | \n86.9 | \n29.9 | \n
Thermal properties of materials studied.
Tg = glass transition temperature; Tm = melting temperature, second fusion; Xc = crystallinity.
TG was carried out to investigate the effect of processing on the thermal decomposition of PLA and PBAT under nitrogen atmosphere; in \nFigure 2\n behavior of samples studied is shown.
\nTG and DTG curves for PLA, PBAT, and PBAT/PLA (50/50).
The onset temperature of the decomposition of PLA slightly decreases with the extrusion process; nevertheless, its blend with PBAT and PBAT purely showed a higher onset temperature. This change in PLA could be originated from the degradation of the polymer, leading to the presence of shorter polymer chains and an increase in the number of chain ends per mass. Chain ends then promote a dominant degradation pathway at the temperature range of 270–360°C.
\nX-ray diffraction patterns of all studied samples are shown in \nFigure 3\n.
\nDRX diffractograms of all studied samples.
In order to provide a more effective visualization of involved samples, as well as their behavior in the present study, components were separated into individual graphs, according to \nFigures 4\n\n-\n\n7\n, as follows.
\nDRX diffractograms of basic components: PBAT, PLA, CaCO3, and PLA gamma-radiated at 150 kGy.
DRX diffractograms of PBAT/PLA (82/18) and their compositions with 10 phr of CaCO3 and 5 phr of PLA gamma-radiated at 150 kGy.
DRX diffractograms of PBAT/PLA (65/35) and their compositions with 10 phr of CaCO3 and 5 phr of PLA gamma-radiated at 150 kGy.
DRX diffractograms of PBAT/PLA (50/50) and their compositions with 10 phr of CaCO3 and 5 phr of PLA gamma-radiated at 150 kGy.
In general, the sample is composed by crystals and amorphous phases: the sharp peaks are related to crystallite diffraction, and larger peaks are related to amorphous phases. In \nFigure 4\n, pure PBAT and PLA exhibited four peaks in 17.5, 20.5, 22.5, and 24.5°, in which 22.5° 2θ was the most intense. Bio-CaCO3 exhibited the most intense peak at 30.0 2θ, among other crystalline ones. PLA gamma-irradiated at 150 kGy exhibited two peaks at 20.0 and 22.0, 2θ, proving the efficacy of gamma irradiation treatment.
\nPBAT/PLA blends, 82/18 and 65/35, corresponding to \nFigures 5\n and \n6\n, respectively, as well as their composites, exhibited two intense peaks at 22.5 and 30.0 2θ, emphasizing that composites showed a higher intensity for peaks than based blends.
\nPBAT/PLA blend (50/50) and its composite showed just one intense peak at 30.0 2θ, much more intense for corresponding composite.
\nThe cell morphology of all formulations processed using SEM is shown in \nFigures 8\n and \n9\n. Images were taken in a 100 × magnification, confirming structural foam nature [45].
\nSEM micrographs of PLA/PBAT blends, 100 X magnification: (a) PBAT/PLA, 82/18; (b) PBAT/PLA, 65/35; (c) PBAT/PLA, 50/50.
SEM micrographs, 500 X magnification, for pure PLA (a) and pure PBAT (b).
The higher PBAT concentration in PLA/PBAT blends, the easier will be the miscibility between both PBAT and PLA, as shown in \nFigure 8\n; in \nFigure 9\n pure PLA and PBAT micrographs are presented.
\nPLA shows an irregular dispersion and PBAT a continuous phase in blends; that is, PLA has a typical and irregular morphology island-phase type and the PBAT a sea-phase type morphology, as can be observed in \nFigure 9a\n and \nb\n.
\nAddition of PLA gamma-irradiated at 150 kGy contributed for an effective distribution of bio-calcium carbonate 125 μm reinforcement in PBAT/PLA compositions and buildup of structural foams, as can be seen in \nFigure 10\n.
\nSEM micrographs of foams, randomly chosen, with different magnifications: 150 (a), 35 (b), and 18 (c) X, respectively.
In \nFigure 11\n foamed samples obtained from 4 mm die extruder and final specimens are shown.
\nStructural foams: (a) extruded foams from a 4 mm die extruder; (b) cylinder structural foams, of approximately 400 kg m−3 density.
FTIR spectra of PBAT/PLA blends and PBAT/PLA blends with 10phr of bio-CaCO3 and 5 phr of PLA gamma-radiated at 150 kGy are shown, respectively, in \nFigures 12\n and \n13\n.
\nFTIR spectra of PBAT/PLA blends.
FTIR of PBAT/PLA blends incorporated with c (10 phr of bio-CaCO3) and I (5 phr of PLA gamma-radiated at 150 kGy).
For PLA, the peak at around 752 cm−1 associated with the rocking vibration of α-methyl; peak at around 864 cm−1 associated with the ester (O-CH-CH3); the peak at around 1042, , and 1180 cm−1 associated with the stretching vibration of C-O-C; the peak at 1381 cm−1 associated with the CH symmetric bending vibration; the peak at around 1450 cm−1 associated with the CH3 antisymmetric; the peak at 1748 cm−1 associated with the carbonyl C=O stretching vibration; and the symmetric and antisymmetric stretching vibration of CH3 of saturated hydrocarbons were found at 2943 and 2997 cm−1, respectively [46, 47].
\nFor PBAT, the peak at 725 cm−1 associated with the bending vibration of CH-plane of benzene ring; the symmetric stretching vibration of trans-C-O was found at 937 cm−1; the peak at 1018 cm−1 associated with the bending vibration at the surface of adjacent hydrogen atoms on the phenyl ring; the peak at 1103 cm−1 associated with the left-right symmetric stretching vibration of C-O; the peak at 1265 cm−1 associated with the C-O symmetric stretching vibration; the peak at 1408 cm−1 associated with the trans-CH2-plane bending vibration; the peak at 1504 cm−1 associated with the skeleton vibration of the benzene ring; the peak at 1713 cm−1 associated with the C-O stretching vibration; and the peak at 2959 cm−1 associated with the CH2 asymmetric stretching vibration [46, 47].
\nAbsorption spectral of PLA/PBAT blends showed the upshift of CH-plane of the benzene ring vibration from 725 to 729 cm−1. Ester vibration peak in PLA shifted from 864 to 872 cm−1 [7]. There was however no clear evidence of interaction between PLA and PBAT in the blends.
\nTensile mechanical properties of PBAT/PLA blends and PBAT/PLA blends with 10 phr of bio-calcium carbonate and 5 phr of PLA gamma-radiated at 150 kGy are presented in \nFigures 14\n and \n15\n.
\nTensile mechanical properties for PBAT/PLA blends: 82/18, 65/35, and 50/50.
PBAT/PLA blends, 82/18, 65/35, and 50/50 with 10 phr of bio-CaCO3 and 5 phr of PLA gamma-radiated at 150 kGy.
In \nTable 4\n tensile properties presented in \nFigures 14\n and \n15\n are summarized.
\nBlends and composites | \nTensile strength (MPa) | \nElongation at break (%) | \nElasticity modulus (MPa) | \n
---|---|---|---|
PBAT50 | \n9.0 | \n242.0 | \n112.6 | \n
PBAT65 | \n6.0 | \n250.0 | \n93.1 | \n
PBAT82 | \n5.0 | \n265.0 | \n215.0 | \n
PBAT50CI | \n12.0 | \n235.01 | \n116.2 | \n
PBAT65CI | \n7.0 | \n244.0 | \n126.9 | \n
PBAT82CI | \n8.0 | \n249.0 | \n138.5 | \n
Tensile properties of PBAT/PLA blends and their composites.
From \nTable 4\n, PBAT/PLA 50/50 presented a higher value for tensile strength and PBAT/PLA 82/18 a higher value for elongation at break and elasticity modulus. PBAT/PLA compositions with bio-calcium carbonate and PLA gamma-radiated at 150 kGy presented results slightly higher than base compositions, following the same tendency.
\nInteraction between PLA and PBAT, registered from thermal analyses, proved to be fundamental for accomplishment of investigations. Addition of calcium carbonate from avian eggshells proved to be effective for reinforcement of PBAT/PLA blends, according to mechanical tests. PLA gamma-radiated at 150 kGy, used as compatibilizing agent, provided a higher crystallinity in assessed samples, as it can be seen from DRX analyses, exhaustively shown in separate graphs: in summary, it contributed for the effective interaction between components and further good performance in mechanical essays. Spectra obtained from infrared determinations were typical for PLA, PBAT, and their blends; nevertheless, insertion of bio-CaCO3 and PLA gamma-radiated at 150 kGy contributed for more defined peaks, within 2750 and 3200 cm−1. SEM analyses pointed toward the acquisition of structural closed-cell foams, with no interference of naturally immiscible PLA and PBAT; this efficacy can be attributed to PLA gamma-radiated at 150 kGy, capable to provide a complete and expected interaction between bio-CaCO3 and PBAT/PLA blends.
\nThe authors gratefully acknowledge NatureWorks and BASF for raw materials, IPEN/SP for radiation, and CNEN/RJ for financial support.
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\\n\\n5. TERMINATION
\\n\\n5.1 IntechOpen has a right to terminate this Publication Agreement for quality, program, technical or other reasons with immediate effect, including without limitation (i) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author commits a material breach of this Publication Agreement; (ii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being an individual) is the subject of a bankruptcy petition, application or order; or (iii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being a company) commences negotiations with all or any class of its creditors with a view to rescheduling any of its debts, or makes a proposal for or enters into any compromise or arrangement with any of its creditors.
\\n\\nIn case of termination, IntechOpen will notify the Corresponding Author, in writing, of the decision.
\\n\\n6. INTECHOPEN’S DUTIES AND RIGHTS
\\n\\n6.1 Unless prevented from doing so by events outside its reasonable control, IntechOpen, in its discretion, agrees to publish the Chapter attributing it to the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\\n\\n6.2 IntechOpen has the right to use the Corresponding Author’s and any Co-Author’s names and likeness in connection with scientific dissemination, retrieval, archiving, web hosting and promotion and marketing of the Chapter and has the right to contact the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author until the Chapter is publicly available on any platform owned and/or operated by IntechOpen.
\\n\\n6.3 IntechOpen is granted the authority to enforce the rights from this Publication Agreement, on behalf of the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, against third parties (for example in cases of plagiarism or copyright infringements). In respect of any such infringement or suspected infringement of the copyright in the Chapter, IntechOpen shall have absolute discretion in addressing any such infringement which is likely to affect IntechOpen's rights under this Publication Agreement, including issuing and conducting proceedings against the suspected infringer.
\\n\\n7. MISCELLANEOUS
\\n\\n7.1 Further Assurance: The Corresponding Author shall and will ensure that any relevant third party (including any Co-Author) shall, execute and deliver whatever further documents or deeds and perform such acts as IntechOpen reasonably requires from time to time for the purpose of giving IntechOpen the full benefit of the provisions of this Publication Agreement.
\\n\\n7.2 Third Party Rights: A person who is not a party to this Publication Agreement may not enforce any of its provisions under the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999.
\\n\\n7.3 Entire Agreement: This Publication Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties in relation to its subject matter. It replaces and extinguishes all prior agreements, draft agreements, arrangements, collateral warranties, collateral contracts, statements, assurances, representations and undertakings of any nature made by or on behalf of the parties, whether oral or written, in relation to that subject matter. Each party acknowledges that in entering into this Publication Agreement it has not relied upon any oral or written statements, collateral or other warranties, assurances, representations or undertakings which were made by or on behalf of the other party in relation to the subject matter of this Publication Agreement at any time before its signature (together "Pre-Contractual Statements"), other than those which are set out in this Publication Agreement. Each party hereby waives all rights and remedies which might otherwise be available to it in relation to such Pre-Contractual Statements. Nothing in this clause shall exclude or restrict the liability of either party arising out of its pre-contract fraudulent misrepresentation or fraudulent concealment.
\\n\\n7.4 Waiver: No failure or delay by a party to exercise any right or remedy provided under this Publication Agreement or by law shall constitute a waiver of that or any other right or remedy, nor shall it preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy. No single or partial exercise of such right or remedy shall preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy.
\\n\\n7.5 Variation: No variation of this Publication Agreement shall be effective unless it is in writing and signed by the parties (or their duly authorized representatives).
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\\n\\nAny modification to or deletion of a provision or part-provision under this clause shall not affect the validity and enforceability of the rest of this Publication Agreement.
\\n\\n7.7 No partnership: Nothing in this Publication Agreement is intended to, or shall be deemed to, establish or create any partnership or joint venture or the relationship of principal and agent or employer and employee between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author, nor authorize any party to make or enter into any commitments for or on behalf of any other party.
\\n\\n7.8 Governing law: This Publication Agreement and any dispute or claim (including non-contractual disputes or claims) arising out of or in connection with it or its subject matter or formation shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the law of England and Wales. The parties submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts to settle any dispute or claim arising out of or in connection with this Publication Agreement (including any non-contractual disputes or claims).
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The Corresponding Author (acting on behalf of all Authors) and INTECHOPEN LIMITED, incorporated and registered in England and Wales with company number 11086078 and a registered office at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, United Kingdom, SW7 2QJ conclude the following Agreement regarding the publication of a Book Chapter:
\n\n1. DEFINITIONS
\n\nCorresponding Author: The Author of the Chapter who serves as a Signatory to this Agreement. The Corresponding Author acts on behalf of any other Co-Author.
\n\nCo-Author: All other Authors of the Chapter besides the Corresponding Author.
\n\nIntechOpen: IntechOpen Ltd., the Publisher of the Book.
\n\nBook: The publication as a collection of chapters compiled by IntechOpen including the Chapter. Chapter: The original literary work created by Corresponding Author and any Co-Author that is the subject of this Agreement.
\n\n2. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S GRANT OF RIGHTS
\n\n2.1 Subject to the following Article, the Corresponding Author grants and shall ensure that each Co-Author grants, to IntechOpen, during the full term of copyright and any extensions or renewals of that term the following:
\n\nThe aforementioned licenses shall survive the expiry or termination of this Agreement for any reason.
\n\n2.2 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of any Co-Author) reserves the following rights to the Chapter but agrees not to exercise them in such a way as to adversely affect IntechOpen's ability to utilize the full benefit of this Publication Agreement: (i) reprographic rights worldwide, other than those which subsist in the typographical arrangement of the Chapter as published by IntechOpen; and (ii) public lending rights arising under the Public Lending Right Act 1979, as amended from time to time, and any similar rights arising in any part of the world.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author confirms that they (and any Co-Author) are and will remain a member of any applicable licensing and collecting society and any successor to that body responsible for administering royalties for the reprographic reproduction of copyright works.
\n\nSubject to the license granted above, copyright in the Chapter and all versions of it created during IntechOpen's editing process (including the published version) is retained by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\n\nSubject to the license granted above, the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author retains patent, trademark and other intellectual property rights to the Chapter.
\n\n2.3 All rights granted to IntechOpen in this Article are assignable, sublicensable or otherwise transferrable to third parties without the Corresponding Author's or any Co-Author’s specific approval.
\n\n2.4 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author) will not assert any rights under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 to object to derogatory treatment of the Chapter as a consequence of IntechOpen's changes to the Chapter arising from translation of it, corrections and edits for house style, removal of problematic material and other reasonable edits.
\n\n3. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S DUTIES
\n\n3.1 When distributing or re-publishing the Chapter, the Corresponding Author agrees to credit the Book in which the Chapter has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen. The Corresponding Author warrants that each Co-Author will also credit the Book in which the Chapter has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen, when they are distributing or re-publishing the Chapter.
\n\n3.2 When submitting the Chapter, the Corresponding Author agrees to:
\n\nThe Corresponding Author will be held responsible for the payment of the Open Access Publishing Fees.
\n\nAll payments shall be due 30 days from the date of the issued invoice. The Corresponding Author or the payer on the Corresponding Author's and Co-Authors' behalf will bear all banking and similar charges incurred.
\n\n3.3 The Corresponding Author shall obtain in writing all consents necessary for the reproduction of any material in which a third-party right exists, including quotations, photographs and illustrations, in all editions of the Chapter worldwide for the full term of the above licenses, and shall provide to IntechOpen upon request the original copies of such consents for inspection (at IntechOpen's option) or photocopies of such consents.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author shall obtain written informed consent for publication from people who might recognize themselves or be identified by others (e.g. from case reports or photographs).
\n\n3.4 The Corresponding Author and any Co-Author shall respect confidentiality rights during and after the termination of this Agreement. The information contained in all correspondence and documents as part of the publishing activity between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author are confidential and are intended only for the recipient. The contents may not be disclosed publicly and are not intended for unauthorized use or distribution. Any use, disclosure, copying, or distribution is prohibited and may be unlawful.
\n\n4. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S WARRANTY
\n\n4.1 The Corresponding Author represents and warrants that the Chapter does not and will not breach any applicable law or the rights of any third party and, specifically, that the Chapter contains no matter that is defamatory or that infringes any literary or proprietary rights, intellectual property rights, or any rights of privacy. The Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) the Chapter is the original work of themselves and any Co-Author and is not copied wholly or substantially from any other work or material or any other source; (ii) the Chapter has not been formally published in any other peer-reviewed journal or in a book or edited collection, and is not under consideration for any such publication; (iii) they themselves and any Co-Author are qualifying persons under section 154 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988; (iv) they themselves and any Co-Author have not assigned and will not during the term of this Publication Agreement purport to assign any of the rights granted to IntechOpen under this Publication Agreement; and (v) the rights granted by this Publication Agreement are free from any security interest, option, mortgage, charge or lien.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author also warrants and represents that: (i) they have the full power to enter into this Publication Agreement on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author; and (ii) they have the necessary rights and/or title in and to the Chapter to grant IntechOpen, on behalf of themselves and any Co-Author, the rights and licenses expressed to be granted in this Publication Agreement. If the Chapter was prepared jointly by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, the Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) each Co-Author agrees to the submission, license and publication of the Chapter on the terms of this Publication Agreement; and (ii) they have the authority to enter into this Publication Agreement on behalf of and bind each Co-Author. The Corresponding Author shall: (i) ensure each Co-Author complies with all relevant provisions of this Publication Agreement, including those relating to confidentiality, performance and standards, as if a party to this Publication Agreement; and (ii) remain primarily liable for all acts and/or omissions of each such Co-Author.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author agrees to indemnify and hold IntechOpen harmless against all liabilities, costs, expenses, damages and losses and all reasonable legal costs and expenses suffered or incurred by IntechOpen arising out of or in connection with any breach of the aforementioned representations and warranties. This indemnity shall not cover IntechOpen to the extent that a claim under it results from IntechOpen's negligence or willful misconduct.
\n\n4.2 Nothing in this Publication Agreement shall have the effect of excluding or limiting any liability for death or personal injury caused by negligence or any other liability that cannot be excluded or limited by applicable law.
\n\n5. TERMINATION
\n\n5.1 IntechOpen has a right to terminate this Publication Agreement for quality, program, technical or other reasons with immediate effect, including without limitation (i) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author commits a material breach of this Publication Agreement; (ii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being an individual) is the subject of a bankruptcy petition, application or order; or (iii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being a company) commences negotiations with all or any class of its creditors with a view to rescheduling any of its debts, or makes a proposal for or enters into any compromise or arrangement with any of its creditors.
\n\nIn case of termination, IntechOpen will notify the Corresponding Author, in writing, of the decision.
\n\n6. INTECHOPEN’S DUTIES AND RIGHTS
\n\n6.1 Unless prevented from doing so by events outside its reasonable control, IntechOpen, in its discretion, agrees to publish the Chapter attributing it to the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\n\n6.2 IntechOpen has the right to use the Corresponding Author’s and any Co-Author’s names and likeness in connection with scientific dissemination, retrieval, archiving, web hosting and promotion and marketing of the Chapter and has the right to contact the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author until the Chapter is publicly available on any platform owned and/or operated by IntechOpen.
\n\n6.3 IntechOpen is granted the authority to enforce the rights from this Publication Agreement, on behalf of the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, against third parties (for example in cases of plagiarism or copyright infringements). In respect of any such infringement or suspected infringement of the copyright in the Chapter, IntechOpen shall have absolute discretion in addressing any such infringement which is likely to affect IntechOpen's rights under this Publication Agreement, including issuing and conducting proceedings against the suspected infringer.
\n\n7. MISCELLANEOUS
\n\n7.1 Further Assurance: The Corresponding Author shall and will ensure that any relevant third party (including any Co-Author) shall, execute and deliver whatever further documents or deeds and perform such acts as IntechOpen reasonably requires from time to time for the purpose of giving IntechOpen the full benefit of the provisions of this Publication Agreement.
\n\n7.2 Third Party Rights: A person who is not a party to this Publication Agreement may not enforce any of its provisions under the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999.
\n\n7.3 Entire Agreement: This Publication Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties in relation to its subject matter. It replaces and extinguishes all prior agreements, draft agreements, arrangements, collateral warranties, collateral contracts, statements, assurances, representations and undertakings of any nature made by or on behalf of the parties, whether oral or written, in relation to that subject matter. Each party acknowledges that in entering into this Publication Agreement it has not relied upon any oral or written statements, collateral or other warranties, assurances, representations or undertakings which were made by or on behalf of the other party in relation to the subject matter of this Publication Agreement at any time before its signature (together "Pre-Contractual Statements"), other than those which are set out in this Publication Agreement. Each party hereby waives all rights and remedies which might otherwise be available to it in relation to such Pre-Contractual Statements. Nothing in this clause shall exclude or restrict the liability of either party arising out of its pre-contract fraudulent misrepresentation or fraudulent concealment.
\n\n7.4 Waiver: No failure or delay by a party to exercise any right or remedy provided under this Publication Agreement or by law shall constitute a waiver of that or any other right or remedy, nor shall it preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy. No single or partial exercise of such right or remedy shall preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy.
\n\n7.5 Variation: No variation of this Publication Agreement shall be effective unless it is in writing and signed by the parties (or their duly authorized representatives).
\n\n7.6 Severance: If any provision or part-provision of this Publication Agreement is or becomes invalid, illegal or unenforceable, it shall be deemed modified to the minimum extent necessary to make it valid, legal and enforceable. If such modification is not possible, the relevant provision or part-provision shall be deemed deleted.
\n\nAny modification to or deletion of a provision or part-provision under this clause shall not affect the validity and enforceability of the rest of this Publication Agreement.
\n\n7.7 No partnership: Nothing in this Publication Agreement is intended to, or shall be deemed to, establish or create any partnership or joint venture or the relationship of principal and agent or employer and employee between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author, nor authorize any party to make or enter into any commitments for or on behalf of any other party.
\n\n7.8 Governing law: This Publication Agreement and any dispute or claim (including non-contractual disputes or claims) arising out of or in connection with it or its subject matter or formation shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the law of England and Wales. The parties submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts to settle any dispute or claim arising out of or in connection with this Publication Agreement (including any non-contractual disputes or claims).
\n\nLast updated: 2020-11-27
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