Electrochemical characteristics of the synthesized polyaniline derivatives.
\r\n\tDiagnosis (clinical, radiological, cytogenetic, and molecular criteria), pathogenesis (risk factors, pre-myeloma conditions, and bone marrow microenvironment), cytogenetic abnormalities and molecular profiles disease staging and risk stratification, novel therapies such as proteasome inhibitors, immunomodulatory agents as well as monoclonal antibodies, drug resistance (primary and secondary resistance as well as evolution of new genetic mutations that may be disease or therapy-related), hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) (autologous HSCT, allogeneic HSCT, and tandem transplantation), relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma, minimal residual disease (evaluation by flow cytometry or various sequencing techniques, importance of MRD in prognosis and prediction of disease relapse), chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy, infectious complications in multiple myeloma (viral infections, bacterial infections, fungal infections, disease-related infections and therapy-related infections).
\r\n\r\n\tThe book chapters will intend to be written by scientists and experts in the field from various institutions around the world.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-093-9",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-092-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-094-6",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"c8e2b12df4fc2d313aced448fe08a63e",bookSignature:"Dr. Khalid Ahmed Al-Anazi",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11600.jpg",keywords:"Risk Factors, Angiogenesis, Signaling Pathways, Therapeutic Targets, Drug Resistance, Genetic Mutations, Disease-Related Infections, Therapy-Related Infections, Complete Remission, Overall Survival, Immunomodulatory Agents, Bone Marrow Microenvironment",numberOfDownloads:13,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"January 26th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 29th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 28th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 16th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 15th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"3 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Khalid Al-Anazi established the Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Services in Saudi Arabia. He is a distinguished researcher in the fields of stem cell therapies & infections in immunocompromised individuals.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"37255",title:"Dr.",name:"Khalid",middleName:"Ahmed",surname:"Al-Anazi",slug:"khalid-al-anazi",fullName:"Khalid Al-Anazi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/37255/images/system/37255.jpg",biography:"Dr. Khalid Ahmed Al-Anazi is a consultant Hemato-Oncologist and the Chairman of the Department of Adult Hematology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT) at King Fahad Specialist Hospital (KFSH) in Dammam, Saudi Arabia. \r\nHe graduated from the college of medicine, King Saud University (KSU) in Riyadh in 1986. After having his Boards in Internal Medicine, he trained in clinical hematology and HSCT at King’s College Hospital, University of London, U.K. He has 4 year experience in internal medicine and 28 year experience in adult clinical hematology and HSCT at: Riyadh Armed Forces Hospital; King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSH&RC) in Riyadh; King Khalid University Hospital (KKUH) and the College of Medicine, KSU in Riyadh; and KFSH in Dammam, Saudi Arabia. \r\nHe established the adult HSCT program at KFSH in Dammam in the year 2010. He received the award of the best teacher in the Department of Medicine, at the College of Medicine and KKUH in Riyadh in the year 2014. \r\n\r\nHe has more than 95 publications including retrospective studies, review articles, book chapters, and electronic books and he is a reviewer for 25 international medical journals. \r\nHe is the Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Stem Cell Biology and Transplantation and the Journal of Molecular Genetics and Medicine in addition to being Associate Editor for 26 other medical journals in HSCT, hematology, cancer and infectious diseases. \r\nHe is a member of several international organizations including ECIL (European Conference of Infections in Leukemia).",institutionString:"King Fahad Specialist Hospital",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"10",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"King Fahad Specialist Hospital",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"}],chapters:[{id:"82492",title:"Treatment of Patients with Newly-Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma",slug:"treatment-of-patients-with-newly-diagnosed-multiple-myeloma",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"82258",title:"Management of Renal Failure in Multiple Myeloma",slug:"management-of-renal-failure-in-multiple-myeloma",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"429341",firstName:"Paula",lastName:"Gavran",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",email:"paula@intechopen.com",biography:null}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8026",title:"Update on Mesenchymal and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"48115afa72bcce1bde1e5b0e6c45f1b8",slug:"update-on-mesenchymal-and-induced-pluripotent-stem-cells",bookSignature:"Khalid Ahmed Al-Anazi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8026.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37255",title:"Dr.",name:"Khalid",surname:"Al-Anazi",slug:"khalid-al-anazi",fullName:"Khalid Al-Anazi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6710",title:"Update on Multiple Myeloma",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"229a96a2de131b3ac67f9f41b91de8f8",slug:"update-on-multiple-myeloma",bookSignature:"Khalid Ahmed Al-Anazi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6710.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37255",title:"Dr.",name:"Khalid",surname:"Al-Anazi",slug:"khalid-al-anazi",fullName:"Khalid Al-Anazi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6550",title:"Cohort Studies in Health Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"01df5aba4fff1a84b37a2fdafa809660",slug:"cohort-studies-in-health-sciences",bookSignature:"R. 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Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"60366",title:"New Organic Polymers for Solar Cells",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74164",slug:"new-organic-polymers-for-solar-cells",body:'\nOrganic materials with semiconductor properties have recently become the object of intensive research aimed at developing various elements of organic electronics: field-effect transistors, light-emitting diodes, memory cells, solar cells and sensors. After the opening of conductive polyacetylene [1], conjugated polymers are considered as a replacement for inorganic semiconductors. In the field of the development of organic solar cells (OSCs), real progress has been possible since the mid-1990s after the synthesis of conductive conjugated polymers of the latest generation used for the production of modern light-emitting diodes and field-effect transistors.
\nSuch polymers have excellent mechanical properties, the ability to process, a variety of forms and derivatives. They have a high absorption coefficient in the optical range, which allows their use in the form of ultra-thin films (about 100 nm thickness). The advantages mentioned above, as well as the possibility of depositing films from solutions at normal pressure onto flexible substrates of a large area, make it possible to manufacture an OSC using such relatively cheap methods as inkjet printing and stamping technique [2]. Despite these positive factors for the use of polymers, commercialization of the OSC is hampered both by relatively low-power conversion efficiency (PCE) of ~6–7% and by the need for protective encapsulation from environmental influences.
\nAlmost all known types of organic photovoltaic cells can be divided into two main groups. The first group consists of batteries with a binary structure in which the photoactive components of the donor and acceptor types are deposited in separate layers. The second group includes batteries with a bulk heterojunction, in which there is only one photoactive layer, which is a mixture of a donor and an acceptor. In polymer solar cells, the active layers of the device must be located between two layers of conducting electrodes, one of which is transparent to incident light. Typically, for this purpose, a compound comprising indium tin oxide (ITO) coatings (a mixture of indium and tin oxides) applied to a glass or a flexible polymer substrate is used. In addition, the ITO layer is coated with a film of a conductive polymer used to transport holes—poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT: PSS). This film also serves to smoothen the surface of the ITO and prevent shunts from surface irregularities and to improve the efficiency of hole collection because of better matching of energy levels between the electrode yield and the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level of the donor polymer level. On the opposite side of the active layer, a metal electrode with a low work function is applied. In general, this is an aluminum electrode, which can be further modified by applying a thin layer (~1 nm) of LiF under it, which increases the efficiency of solar cells [3]. Lighting of such an element by sunlight is carried out from the side of a transparent glass or polymer substrate. Radiation is absorbed in the working polymer or composite layer, and electron-hole pairs (excitons) are generated, which then decay into electrons and holes collected on opposite electrodes. These processes are usually represented using energy diagrams (Figure 1).
\nEnergy diagrams of polymer binary system: (a) photon absorption, (b) exciton generation and (c) charge separation processes.
The photovoltaic effect underlying the operation of the OSC consists of the generation of current carrier-electron and holes-in semiconductor materials when they are irradiated with light. The nature of the relatively low-efficient polymer OSCs in comparison with their inorganic analogs lies in the different mechanisms of photogeneration of free-charge carriers in such structures. When the inorganic semiconductors are illuminated by photons with an energy greater than the band gap, that is, the energy difference between the valence band and the conduction band, free charge carriers (electrons and holes) are generated, which are then separated by the pn junction of the solar cell.
\nIn organic semiconductors, as a result of the absorption of photons, electrons from higher occupied molecular orbitals are excited to lower free molecular orbitals. An important difference in the mechanisms of photogeneration in inorganic and organic materials is the fact that in free inorganic solar cells, free charge carriers are formed in the bulk of the material, whereas in OSC, as a result of their relatively low dielectric permittivity, such materials are bound by Coulomb interaction electron–hole pairs—excitons. To separate excitons and obtain free charges, an additional dissociation energy of excitons (binding energy) is required, which for different organic semiconductors is 0.2–1.0 eV. Generation of charges due to dissociation of excitons can be realized at the boundary of two organic semiconductors (donor and acceptor), that is, on a heterojunction.
\nBy shifting the energy levels between the corresponding orbitals, organic materials can work as donors or electron acceptors. At the donor-acceptor interface, the process of charge transfer occurs, which leads to the appearance of holes in a material with a low ionization potential (donor) and electrons in a material with a high electron affinity (acceptor). These carriers are still connected by the Coulomb interaction but can be separated by an internal electric field (or built-in potential) of the solar cells, which is created in connection with the difference in the work function of the two different electrodes in the sandwich configuration of organic heterojunctions. Holes move through the donor material to the electrode with a high work function and electrons through the acceptor layer to the electrode with a low work function. The characteristic distance traveled by the exciton during its lifetime, that is, the diffusion length
A flat binary heterostructure consisting of two organic materials with shifted energy levels for the realization of the process of dissociation of an exciton into free charges was first demonstrated by Tang in 1986 [5]. It was shown that a photovoltaic effect occurs in a two-layer donor-acceptor system: metal phthalocyanine/perylene compound with a rather high efficiency. The coefficient of converting the energy of light into electrical energy was about 1%. An increase in light conversion efficiency of up to 2.5% was achieved in solar cells based on fullerene C60 as an acceptor material in combination with Cu or Zn phthalocyanines.
\nAn important step in improving the efficiency of the OSC was the transition to a bulk heterojunction, which is realized by mixing donor and acceptor materials. The principle of operation of an OSC based on a bulk heterojunction is determined by the fundamental property of polymer materials, which consists of the striving for phase separation at the nanometer level. In the OSC of this type, the donor-acceptor interface, which penetrates the entire volume of the material, ensures the dissociation of excitons, as well as the transport of electrons and holes to the electrodes.
\nFor the first time, solar batteries based on volumetric heterojunction obtained from solutions were reported in 1995. Since then, the number of publications in this field has started to grow exponentially, and the PCE has increased from 1 to 5% [6, 7, 8, 9, 10].
\nIn the early years, poly [2-methoxy, 5-(20-ethyl-hexyloxy)-
Recently, research efforts have focused on poly (alkyl-thiophenes) and in particular on poly (3-hexyl-thiophene) (P3HT). In 2002, the first encouraging results for P3HT: [60]PCBM solar cells at a 1: 3 weight ratio were published. At this time, the short-circuit current density was the largest ever observed in an organic solar cell (8.7 mA/cm2) [12].
\nA mixture of P3HT: [60]PCBM was and remains dominant in studies of organic solar cells. Consider the material P3HT, which absorbs photons with a wavelength of less than 675 nm (energy of the band gap
To further increase the efficiency of solar cells, it is necessary to develop donor polymers that absorb light in an even longer wavelength region than P3HT, that is, the absorption boundary should lie at wavelengths greater than 700 nm. Such polymers should have a band gap (the difference in the energies of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital [LUMO] and HOMO) of less than 2 eV.
\nThe number of known donor polymers providing acceptable light conversion efficiency in photovoltaic cells is still small. In addition to the synthesis of new polymers, work is also under way to obtain new fullerene compounds for the purpose of using them instead of the [60]PCBM in photovoltaic cells.
\nIn this regard, the aim of our chapter was the development of new acceptor components based on modified fullerene С60 and donors, based on soluble derivatives of polyaniline for use in organic solar cells.
\nThe inclusion of fullerene molecules into polymer chains as photo- and electroactive moieties (the subject of intense and competitive research in recent years) should lead to creating new materials with unique structural, electrochemical and photophysical properties. In recent years, many works that extensively use the metathesis strategy to obtain materials for photovoltaic cells have been published [14]. For example, the synthesis of vinyl-type polynorbornenes whose structure contains fragments of [60]PCBM, a conventional electron with drawing component of the active layer in organic photovoltaic cells, was proposed by Eo et al. [15]. Photovoltaic cells where the fullerene-containing copolymer acted as the n-type semiconductor in the active layer were developed based on these polymers. Also of interest are several works [16, 17] in which fullerene-containing monomers (FCMs) were subjected to metathesis polymerization using a Grubbs catalyst and the products were tested in solar cells. This part of our work was devoted to synthesize new fullerene-containing polymers and copolymers from norbornene-type monomers in the presence of the first-generation Grubbs catalyst [(PCy3)2Cl2RuCHPh].
\nInvestigated in the work the fullerene-containing norbornene monomers include (Figure 2): {(1-methoxycarbonyl)-1-[(2-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-yl)ethoxycarbonyl]-1,2-methano}-1,2-dihydro-C60-fullerene (endo:exo = 6:1)
Ring-opening metathesis polymerization of fullerene-containing norbornene monomers.
The ring-opening metathesis polymerization of monomers
Synthesized homopolymers
Note that the results obtained do not contradict the other data available in this field. Some works showed that the incorporation of C60 fullerene into the polymer, in many cases, significantly deteriorates its solubility, which is due to the formation of intermolecular bonds involving polynorbornene fragments and C60 fullerene, as well as due to the restricted solubility of fullerene itself [14].
\nOne of the possible ways to prepare soluble fullerene-containing polymers is involvement of fullerene monomers into copolymerization with highly soluble comonomers. This process is accompanied by the “effect of dilution” of rigid C60-containing units due to the decrease in the concentration of fullerene molecules in the polymer chain, which has a favorable effect on the solubility of the final polymer. To reproduce this effect, norbornenes
Ring-opening metathesis copolymerization of fullerene-containing norbornene monomers with related fullerene-free compounds.
In all cases, the metathesis polymerization resulted in the formation of copolymers
The development of a new generation of sensor devices is associated primarily with two conductive high-molecular compounds, namely, PANI and polypyrrole, which have been used in highly selective devices for the diagnosis of mixtures of gases and liquids, the so-called “electronic noses” and “electronic tongues” [21]. Biomedical studies of PANI are extremely promising. It has been shown that PANI can be used as a biocompatible electrode: electrical signals supplied to an in-vivo deposited polymer layer encourage the acceleration of tissue regeneration [22]. There is a wide range of already available and potentially possible applications of PANI. Nevertheless, the practical use of this material is limited by a number of serious problems. The first problem is related to the synthesis of PANI with reproducible properties. Samples of the polymer can contain a wide variety of aniline oxidation products with electrical conductivities that differ dozens of times. These products also differ in their spectral and magnetic characteristics and can have a fundamentally different morphology. Such an uncertainty leads to ambiguous results and requires a thorough investigation of the oxidative polymerization of aniline.
\nThe second problem is related to the creation of materials for practical applications. A significant disadvantage of PANI is that it does not melt and is practically insoluble in conventional organic solvents. Therefore, PANI belongs to the category of non-recyclable materials. Furthermore, this polymer is a powder that has no adhesion to other materials.
\nConcerning this, it is obvious that the synthesis is a key process in the preparation of not only PANI but also PANI-based composites. Despite the apparent simplicity, the oxidative polymerization of aniline is a complex multistage reaction. The conventional procedure for chemical synthesis of PANI includes the oxidative polymerization of the monomer in an aqueous solution of an inorganic acid [23]. These conditions provide the formation of an unmeltable powder that is insoluble in the majority of available organic solvents. In order to eliminate the above disadvantages, PANI can be modified in different ways. An alternative version of the optimization of the performance characteristics of the polymer is the functionalization of the initial monomer rather than of the target product. In particular, the introduction of
We carried out research identifying the most effective representatives and expanding the range of electrically conductive high-molecular compounds, primarily using functionalized aniline and researching the electrophysical and physicochemical properties of the target products.
\nTaking into account that the electrical conductivity of a high-molecular compound increases with the elongation of the conjugation chain, we turned to the development of the polymerization process of the functionalized derivative of aniline, rather than the aniline itself, and to the investigation of the physical and physicochemical properties of the obtained products.
\nThe monomer used for the oxidative polymerization was the previously synthesized 2-(1-methyl-2-buten-1-yl)aniline
The homopolymerization of
The oxidation of aniline was performed in an acidic medium with hydrochloric acid at the pH = 0–2 according to the scheme shown in (Figure 4). Aniline-derivative copolymers
Homopolymerization of 2-(1-methyl-2-buten-1-yl)aniline
Electronic conductivity of organic molecular compounds differs from that of metal and inorganic semiconductors such as silicon and germanium. The well-known band theory of crystal lattice is a good base to understand the conduction mechanism of crystalline molecular solids and conjugated and unconjugated polymers. At the same time, the applicability of the ideal elongated chain model to materials with a complicated morphology is naturally limited. Even within the frames of the idealized model, the inorganic conductors and semiconductors differ considerably from polymers. Besides, in polymers, the screening of interactions between charge carriers is less; electron–electron and electron–hole interactions play an important role causing considerable localization of electron states as compared with inorganic materials [27]. Absence of macroscopic ordering means inadequacy of band conduction model to describe electron conductivity of bulk polymer materials, though it can be used to a limited extent when studying the conduction process.
\nIn amorphous layers of thin organic films the terms “conduction band” and “valence band” are usually replaced by the terms of the LUMO and the HOMO, respectively. The states’ density is mainly described quite satisfactorily by Gaussian distribution of localized molecular orbitals of individual molecules [28].
\nDepending on the size of barrier on the interface of electrode with polymer film, electric current flowing through the sample can be of injection type, that is, limited by space charge. In this case, one of the electrodes should be an ohmic one, that is, it should provide more charge carriers in time unit than the sample is able to transport, not breaking Poisson’s law. Otherwise, charge carrier transport across the interface will be limited by the barrier. The tunneling model of Fowler-Nordheim (FN) and Richardson-Schottky’s (RSch) thermionic emission model are usually used to study injection in polymers in a rather strong electric field [29, 30, 31].
\nA thermal electron emission from hot metal is called thermionic emission. Electronic emission from metal contact into vacuum or dielectric conduction band by their thermal transportation through the potential barrier in electric field is called Schottky emission. Taking into account image forces in parabolic approximation, it is possible to get the Richardson-Schottky equation for current density [32]:
\nwhere
According to the quantum theory, electron wave function within dielectric area located between two electrodes is different from zero. Wave function exponentially decreases with a distance into the barrier. If the barrier is very narrow, the probability to pass through the barrier for an electron has a finite value depending on the height and form of the potential barrier. Tunneling (auto-emission) can be observed in the case of a wide barrier if its effective thickness decreases under the influence of a strong electric field.
\nIn the FN model image forces are disregarded and the tunneling of electrons from metal through a triangle barrier to free states of conduction area is considered. When the field intensity increases, the height and width of the potential barrier decreases to such an extent that a new physical effect appears and prevails: quantum mechanic tunneling of electron across the potential barrier. Current caused by the tunnel emission facilitated by a field is described by Fowler-Nordheim equation. In this case the current density can be described by the expression [33]:
\nwhich is independent of temperature. Here,
In spite of disadvantages of both FN and RSch concepts, they have been applied successfully to describe injections of a charge carrier in organic light-emitting diodes. For example, the FN model was applied to give reasonable values for the barrier height and to take into account independence of the temperature characteristic
In Biglova et al.’s works [35], the temperature dependences of the electrical conductance were measured for films of different polyaniline forms. The measurements were carried out for soluble forms of the modified polyaniline homopolymer, that is,
In the
Dependences of (a) the electrical conductance and (b) I/T2 on the inverse temperature for films of copolymers (o-toluidine with 2-(1-methyl-2-buten-1-yl)aniline) in different molar ratios: (2) 1:3, (3) 1:1, and (4) 3:1.
№ | \nEox1, V | \nE red1, V | \nЕHOMO, eV* | \nЕLUMO, eV** | \nEg, eV | \nϕB, eV | \n|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CVA | \nEP | \n\n | |||||
0.54 | \n−1.07 | \n−5.31 | \n−3.73 | \n1.61 | \n1.55 | \n0.71 | \n|
0.49 | \n−1.11 | \n−5.29 | \n−3.69 | \n1.60 | \n1.52 | \n0.69 | \n|
0.44 | \n−1.13 | \n−5.24 | \n−3.67 | \n1.57 | \n1.68 | \n0.77 | \n|
0.29 | \n−1.25 | \n−5.09 | \n−3.55 | \n1.54 | \n1.53 | \n0.70 | \n
Electrochemical characteristics of the synthesized polyaniline derivatives.
CVA—cyclic voltammetry; EP—electrophysical measurements.
From the data presented in Table 1, it follows that the band gap varies from sample to sample and lies in the energy range from 1.39 to 1.66 eV. The dependence of the band gap on the molar ratio of the copolymers used for the preparation of thin films is an extremely important characteristic for their practical application in various electronic devices. The polymer compounds studied in this chapter can be used for the subsequent development of electronic devices similar to those based on inorganic Ga1–x AlxAs heterostructures.
\nIn order to understand how charge transfer occurs through the metal-polymer interface, we measured the temperature dependences of the current I flowing through the film structure. In the
The analysis of the dependences obtained in this study allows the assumption that the main mechanism of charge carrier transfer through the interface between the metal substrate and the polymer film is the Schottky thermionic emission, which determines carrier transport in the temperature range from 300 to 450 K. This confirms the conclusion that the transfer of charge carriers through the metal-polymer interface occurs as a result of the above-barrier transport. In this case, the barrier height is determined by the difference between the work function of the metal and the electron affinity of the polymer. For example, the calculation according to the results of the electrophysical measurements for film samples of copolymers
The obtained values of HOMO and LUMO indicate that the polyanilines studied in our work can be used for the development of new organic solar cells [36, 37]. The short-circuit current of the photo-converter is closely related to the difference in the energy between the HOMO of the PANI (donor) and the LUMO of the acceptor. The most appropriate acceptor can be represented by a methanofullerene [38]. This difference also determines the open-circuit voltage. Moreover, the band gap of the donor determines the minimum energy or the maximum wavelength of the absorbed photons. For the effective absorption in the visible part of the solar spectrum, the band gap should be in the range from 1.4 to 1.5 eV.
\nThus, the poly-2-(1-methyl-2-buten-1-yl)aniline/methanofullerene heterojunction, which is composed of newly synthesized compounds, is optimal for manufacturing a laboratory sample of a solar energy photoconverter.
\nThe technique of formation of thin films of polyanilines and fullerene-containing polymers by vacuum deposition from a Knudsen effusion cell was used [36]. The length of the cylindrical cell was 25 mm, the internal diameter was 4 mm and the working temperature varied within the range 500–650 K. Thermal heating of fullerene-containing monomers (FCMs) during deposition led to their polymerization. Some thin films were formed by the spin coating technique from a solution of fullerene-containing monomers. All the obtained films were uniform in thickness, and their conductivity was about 0.1–1.0 mS/cm.
\nTo increase the conductivity of polyaniline layers, the temperature conditions of deposition from the Knudsen cell were selected. The temperature range of 500–550 K proved to be the most optimal. In addition, protonation of the freshly prepared films in vapors of hydrochloric acid solution was carried out. For PANI films a conductivity value of 1.0 mS/cm was achieved as a result.
\nThe surface condition and thickness of the deposited films were monitored on the basis of analysis of AFM images obtained by a NanoScan 3D. The thickness of photoactive layers varied and took on values within the range 100–200 nm. It should be noted that a too large thickness of the films leads to exciton recombination and reduces the efficiency of charge separation. On the contrary, the incident photon absorption and quantity of formed excitons decrease in overly thin films.
\nThe organic solar cell test samples based on the donor-acceptor polymer systems described earlier were formed on a glass substrate with conductive and transparent ITO layers. Resistance of ITO layers was about of 10 Ω/
(a) An energy level diagram of the PANI/FCM system; (b) process of photon absorption and charge separation in this structure; (c) multilayer film structure of OSC.
The current–voltage characteristics (CV characteristics) of all the prepared OSC samples were measured and the numerical values of such parameters such as open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, filling factor and PCE were calculated on their basis. Measuring the CV characteristics of a photovoltaic cell is usually done by exposing it to steady-state illumination and a known temperature. The sun or a sunlight simulator can act as a light source. Estimations of the coefficient of efficiency were based on standard sun intensity
The values of these parameters for the various OSC experimental structures studied in this work appeared to be Jsc = 0.6–1.8 mA/cm2 (short-circuit current), Voc = 0.6–0.8 V (open-circuit voltage) and FF = 0.6–0.8 (filling factor). The highest values of PCE for the investigated organic solar cells were about 2%. These values were obtained for the structures based on methanofullerene derivatives.
\nThus, it was demonstrated that a combination of PANI with fullerene-containing polymers is very important for formation of OSC on the basis of binary donor-acceptor systems. The solar cells investigated here differ from earlier ones [39] that they can be fabricated on the flexible substrates.
\nIn recent years, new combinations of semiconductor materials based on fullerene derivatives (n-type materials) and electron-conjugated polymers (p-type materials) are being actively developed all over the world. It is believed that the high efficiency of conversion of light in organic solar cells can be achieved only by using charge-selective buffer layers [40]. Usual materials for producing such layers are PEDOT: PSS and a number of inorganic oxides. Since PEDOT: PSS exhibits acidic properties, its use adversely affects the duration of the operation of solar cells. At the same time, the metal oxides in high oxidation states (MoO3, V2O5 and WO3) show oxidizing properties on the materials of the photoactive layer facilitating their breakage. The problem is observed even with relatively unreactive titanium dioxide TiO2 [41].
\nThe greatest prospects in terms of practical implementation have inverted configuration organic solar cells that do not contain high active metals and have significantly increased operational stability. However, the creation of these devices requires development of selective electron-transport buffer layers (ETL) based on semiconductor materials of n-type. We have fabricated inverted solar cells which ITO cathode, fullerene-containing buffer layer or ETL, photoactive layer, hole-transporting layer MoO3 and Ag anode (Figure 7).
\nSchematic architecture of an inverted organic solar cell.
The photoactive layer of organic solar cells was created on the basis of the traditional composites: the acceptor component [60]PCBM or [70]PCBM and conjugated polymer Р3НТ or poly[[9-(1-octylnonyl)-9H-carbazole-2,7-diyl]-2,5-thiophenediyl-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole-4,7-diyl-2,5-thiophenediyl] (PCDTBT).
\nIn our study we propose usage of earlier synthesized {(1-methoxycarbonyl)-1-[2-(acryloyloxy)ethyloxycarbonyl]-1,2-methane}-1,2-dihydro-C60-fullerene
At the first stage, the influence of the temperature of the heating of the buffer layer on the efficiency of light conversion in solar batteries was studied on the example of photoactive materials [60]PCBM and Р3НТ [43].
\nThe molecular structures of the materials used to form ETL buffer layer of the devices.
The current-voltage characteristics of organic solar cells (Figure 9) were measured under standard conditions using simulated solar light of AM 1.5 spectrum and intensity of 100 mW/cm2 (calibrated Si diode used as reference) and a general-purpose source meter Keithley 400. The resulting parameters of the solar cells are given in Table 2.
\nSelected CV characteristics of the inverted P3HT/[60]PCBM solar cells prepared on bare ITO (reference) and using buffer layers formed from polymerized
Buffer layer | \nТ(polymerization), °С* | \nVoc, mV | \nJsc, mA/cm2 | \nFF, % | \nPCE, % | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|
— | \n— | \n437 | \n7.2 | \n46 | \n1.5 | \n
120 | \n542 | \n7.5 | \n50 | \n2.0 | \n|
\n | 160 | \n526 | \n6.8 | \n47 | \n1.7 | \n
120 | \n608 | \n7.5 | \n55 | \n2.5 | \n|
\n | 160 | \n652 | \n8.2 | \n50 | \n2.7 | \n
\n | 200 | \n528 | \n7.8 | \n38 | \n1.6 | \n
Parameters of the best inverted solar cells fabricated on bare ITO and using buffer layers formed from polymerized
annealing temperature of the buffer layer material
The obtained data clearly demonstrate the positive effect on the characteristics of solar cell buffer layers produced by polymerization of fullerene derivatives
At the second stage, we studied the impact of buffer layers on PCE and their forming methods on the substrate surface on the example of photoactive materials [70]PCBM and PCDTBT [44].
\nIn recent years, a composite of PCDTBT: [70]PCBM was frequently used as an active layer in the standard organic solar cells OSC. This is based on the fact that the absorbance of [70]PCBM is much stronger than that of [60]PCBM and this property is very important for photovoltaic materials.
\nFour types of devices have been fabricated: without buffer layer (reference device) and with concentration of
Concentration 1, mg/ml | \nVoc, mV | \nJsc, mA/cm2 | \nFF, % | \nPCE, % | \n
---|---|---|---|---|
— | \n446 | \n8.7 | \n36 | \n1.4 | \n
0.625 | \n618 | \n11.1 | \n39 | \n2.7 | \n
1.250 | \n587 | \n9.1 | \n39 | \n2.1 | \n
2.500 | \n620 | \n8.6 | \n36 | \n1.8 | \n
Current-voltage characteristics of inverted solar cells using different concentrations of
Table 3 shows that PCEs of the devices with ETL are higher than PCE of the reference device. The data in Table 3 also marks a strong increase in open-circuit voltage at the implementation of 17, which is also noticeable, while other characteristics differ. The most probable explanation is that an n-type semiconductor facilitates photoelectric work function increase, and in turn Voc depends on the work function. A low FF highlights the need to conduct an additional optimization for active-layer forming to improve photovoltaic cell morphology, since FF depends on photoactive film morphology. Authors reported that FF can achieve 60–70% for the PCDTBT:[70]PCBM system. With this value of FF, our devices could achieve PCE of 4.5–4.8%. Thus highest performance has been demonstrated by the device with minimal concentration of 1. It is obvious that more optimal PCEs are arranged in the low-value areas of concentration. Properly, the less the concentration of the compound, the less the thickness of the formed layer. Presumably, further studies on increasing solar cells’ efficiency will be held using small thickness of the buffer layer
\nAt the third stage, we investigated the effect of the concentration of the buffer layer on the efficiency of light conversion in solar batteries as the example of photoactive materials [60]PCBM and Р3НТ or PCDTBT [45]. For this we propose ETL in inverted organic solar cells using a polymerizable mixture of acrylate derivative of [60]fullerene
Photoactive materials | \nConcentration of | \nVoc, mV | \nJsc, mA/cm2 | \nFF, % | \nPCE, % | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|
P3HT/[60]PCBM | \n— | \n409 | \n6.9 | \n46 | \n1.3 | \n
1.25 | \n582 | \n7.4 | \n42 | \n1.8 | \n|
2.50 | \n591 | \n6.5 | \n43 | \n1.7 | \n|
5.00 | \n486 | \n7.0 | \n43 | \n1.5 | \n|
PCDTBT/[60]PCBM | \n— | \n585 | \n6.6 | \n42 | \n1.6 | \n
0.625 | \n618 | \n11.1 | \n39 | \n2.7 | \n|
1.25 | \n677 | \n8.3 | \n54 | \n3.0 | \n|
2.50 | \n707 | \n9.1 | \n46 | \n2.9 | \n|
5.00 | \n712 | \n7.5 | \n41 | \n2.2 | \n
Parameters of inverted P3HT/[60]PCBM and PCDTBT/[60]PCBM organic solar cells comprising
note that concentration of FPI in the precursor solutions was always 25 mol % with respect to the amount of
The obtained results suggest that the electron-selective buffer layers based on the blends of the fullerene derivatives FPI and polymerizable
Therefore, a Schottky-type barrier might be formed at the interface between the photoactive and the buffer layers. This might be a plausible reason for the observed reduction of the open-circuit voltages and fill factors of the inverted devices. To solve this problem, further research is needed with the aim to design some novel fullerene-based buffer-layer materials with lower-electron work functions.
\nIn sum, the work carried out showed the advisability of application of new organic materials for solar cell development. A combination of PANI with fullerene-containing polymer was used for formation of OSC on the basis of binary donor-acceptor systems. The poly-2-(1-methyl-2-buten-1-yl)aniline/methanofullerene bulk heterojunction, which is composed of newly synthesized compounds, is optimal for the manufacturing of solar cells.
\nThe potential use of polymerizable acrylate and methacrylate fullerene derivatives to form a buffer electron-selective charge-transport layer in inverted-configuration solar cells was demonstrated. Achieved light conversion efficiency indicates prospects of further development in this research. Optimization of technological conditions of the thin films fabrication and correct selection of the organic materials composition will provide higher values of OSC efficiency.
\nMultiple myeloma (MM) is characterized by clonal malignant plasma cell increase in the bone marrow. Clinical manifestations are anemia, low back pain, and infections. Hypogamoglobulinemia, osteolytic bone disease, hypercalcemia, and renal dysfunction are common in symptomatic patients. MM is responsible for 10% and 1.8% of hematologic and all malignancies, respectively. The median age for the disease is 69 and it is rare under the age of 45 [1]. The most frequent morbidity cause is bone disease due to osteolysis. It can be detected by using fluoro-deoxyglucose and (FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomographic scans (PET/CT), whole-body computed tomography (WB-CT), or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). PET/CT may offer anatomical and metabolic information with a sensitivity of approximately 80–90% and a specificity of 80–100% [2].
In the 1980s, MM could only be treated with alkylating agents and steroids. Later, in the 1990s, the availability of autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) improved the course of the disease. In the 2000s, advances were made with the first immunomodulatory (IMID’s) agent thalidomide, In time, the new generation of IMIDs (lenalidomide and pomalidomide) with fewer adverse effects, proteasome inhibitors (bortezomib, carfilzomib, and ixazomib), monoclonal antibodies and histone deacetylase inhibitors have positively impacted the survival of MM patients.
Stratification of the patients is essential for the appropriate management of newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM). Treatment can be performed according to the following subjects:
Treatment of smoldering MM (controversial).
Treatment for transplantation-eligible (TE) patients.
Treatment for transplantation-ineligible (TI) patients.
Treatment of fragile patients.
The survival of MM patients varies: Some patients demonstrate more than 10 years of survival, while some patients have a limited lifespan of 2–3 years. The main reason for this is the patient’s comorbidities and the biology of the disease. Age is an important factor in treatment selection. However, there is still debate about which patient should be considered elderly [3]. The majority of authors believe that age is not the only determinant for treatment. Today, it is considered more decisive whether the patients are fit or not in the choice of treatment method. For this purpose, the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status can be used as a useful guide. Patients with ECOG performance status 0–1 are candidates for ASCT. The presence of comorbidities can optimally be determined by the Charlson comorbidity index. Chromosomal abnormalities demonstrated by the fluorescent in situ hybridization are also important for risk stratification which should be performed as soon as MM diagnosis is made. Table 1 demonstrates the association of cytogenetic abnormalities with prognosis, survey, and treatment.
Cytogenetic abnormality | Risk | Prognosis | Survey (years) | Treatment relation |
---|---|---|---|---|
All types of trisomies | Standard | Favorable | 7–10 | Good response to lenalidomide |
t(11;14) (q13;q32) | Standard | Favorable | 7–10 | — |
t(6;14) (p21;q32) | Standard | Favorable | 7–10 | — |
t(4;14) (p16;q32) | High | Adverse | 5 | ASCT recommended |
t(14;16) (q32;q23) | High | Adverse | 5 | 25% risk of renal failure |
t(14;20) (q32;q11) | High | Adverse | 5 | ASCT recommended |
Gain of 1q21 | High | Adverse | 5 | ASCT recommended |
Del 17 p | High | Adverse | 5 | ASCT recommended |
Trisomy+ del 14 | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Negativity due to del 17p, 14. chromosome translocations can disappear |
None | Low | Good | 7–10 | Indicate to low tumor burden |
The association of cytogenetic abnormalities with prognosis, survey, and treatment.
Treatment of patients with a high Revised-International Scoring System (R-ISS) requires a more aggressive approach. Proteosome inhibitors are especially effective in patients with a high-risk cytogenetic risk. Patients with renal involvement may also benefit from bortezomib treatment. Other factors that are effective in determining the treatment algorithm are the patient’s life expectancy, treatment preference, and the presence of extramedullary disease. Geriatric assessment is crucial for frail patients and consists of age, the activity of daily living (ADL), the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), and instrumental activity of daily living (IADL) (Table 2) [4].
Age | > 80 | 76–80 Plus at least 1 of the following ADL ≤ 4 IADL ≤4 CCI ≥ 2 | ≤ 75 Plus at least 2 of the following ADL ≤ 4 IADL ≤4 CCI ≥ 2 |
Geriatric assessment index for frail patients with MM.
Therapy with high-dose melphalan and ASCT is very effective in patients with MM. Intergroupe Francophone du Myelome (IFM) and EMN/H095 studies have shown that bortezomib, which is used in the induction regimen, is a beneficial drug for TE patients. TE patients were treated with at least 4 cycles of chemotherapy. Thereafter, the patients were evaluated for response. PFS with ASCT was found better than the bortezomib-melphalan-dexamethasone group (567.7 vs. 41.9 months, p = 0.0001) [5, 6].
Many centers perform transplantation when patients achieve a very good partial remission (VGPR). If patients have not achieved VGPR, two more cycles of chemotherapy can be given. The best induction regimen includes a proteasome inhibitor plus IMID plus dexamethasone. Moreau et al. compared Bortezomib, cyclophosphamide, and dexamethasone (VCD) versus bortezomib, thalidomide, and dexamethasone (VTD) combinations in induction. The overall response rate (ORR) with VTD was detected higher than VCD (92.3% vs. 83.4%, P = 0.01) [7]. Peripheral neuropathy is higher with thalidomide treatment. Lenalidomide was used instead of thalidomide in PETHEMA/GEM2012 study. VGPR or better rate was higher with VRD regimen, but neuropathy rate was lower (3.9%) [8]. Endurance Study compared VRD with carfilzomib-lenalidomide and dexamethasone regimen (CRD). ORR was similar to VRD and CRD regimens [9]. The addition of monoclonal antibodies to VTD (Cassisopea and Griffin Studies) or VRD regimen can improve transplantation results [10, 11]. Improved results with daratumumab are correlated with minimal residual disease negativity rate. These results suggest that Dara-VRD is the best regimen for induction treatment. Other effective regimens are Dara-VTD, VRD, VTD, and VCD, respectively.
The standard conditioning regimen for ASCT includes melphalan 200 mg/m2. Another drug addition to melphalan such as busulfan or bortezomib has not been found beneficial. In patients with renal dysfunction or failure, the dose of melphalan can be adjusted according to creatinine clearance [12]. The aforementioned induction regimens are summarized in Table 3.
Study | Regimen | n | ≥ VGPR % | ≥ CR % | PFS (m) | OS (m) | Author |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IFM 2009 | VRD+ SCT VRD | 350 350 | 88 vs. 78 | 59 47 | 50 36 | 81 82 | Attal, N Eng J Med 2017 |
IFM 2013–2014 | VTD vs. VCD | 169 169 | 66 vs. 56 | 13 8.9 | — | — | Moreau, Blood 2016 |
PETHEMA 2012 | VRD | 458 | 66 | 33 | — | — | Rosinol, Blood 2019 |
GRIFFIN | Dara-VRD | 104 103 | 90 vs. 73 22 months | 42 32 | — | — | Wooererhes, Blood 2020 |
CASSIOPEIA | Dara-VTD VTD | 543 542 | 83 78 | 39 26 | — | — | Moreau, Lancet 2019 |
ENDURANCE | KRD VRD | 527 526 | 74 65 | 18 15 | 34.6 34.4 | Kumar, Lancet Oncology 2020 |
Treatment regimens for TE patients.
Is consolidation treatment necessary after ASCT in patients with NDMM? Straka et al. evaluated the impact of bortezomib consolidation following ASCT in patients aged between 61 and 75 [13]. Consolidation treatment consisted of 4 cycles bortezomib (1.6 mg/m2 IV on days 1, 8, 15, 22) or observation only. Median PFS with bortezomib consolidation was 33.6 months while it was 29.0 months in the observation arm. They showed that consolidation treatment is useful for PFS in older patients because they received less intensive induction treatment. The generally accepted opinion today is that the agents used in the induction regimen should be given 2–4 more times post-ASCT. A randomized phase 3 study indicates that bortezomib-thalidomide-dexamethasone (VTD) is superior to thalidomide-dexamethasone (TD) as consolidation therapy after ASCT. After consolidation, the CR rate was 60.6 months in VTD while it was 46.6% months in the TD arm. Ultimately, VTD was found superior to TD as consolidation therapy [14]. A study that investigates the effect of Daratumumab in consolidation is also ongoing [15]. Cassiopeia study showed that 2 cycles of Dara-VTD consolidation treatment had a positive effect on PFS in patients with NDMM [10].
Several factors determine the choice of treatment in TI patients. Some authors consider the age limit as 65 years. However, some patients above the age of 65 can have a very good organ function. Therefore, age alone should not be considered the sole determinant for transplantation. Charlson comorbidity index, geriatric assessment scale, and hematopoietic comorbidity index can be used to determine the intensity of treatment. Melphalan is the first agent used in the treatment of elderly myeloma patients. Melphalan and prednisolone (MP) combination can be added to thalidomide (MPT) or bortezomib (VMP). PFS varies between 14 and 62 months among the studies involving MPT [16, 17, 18, 19]. PFS rate is 24 months in Vista Study (bortezomib plus MP treatment) [20].
In a meta-analysis comparing VMP versus MPT, it was found that the CR rate was 21% vs. 13%, PFS 32 months vs. 23 months, and overall survival was 79 months vs. 45 months [21]. One of the most important studies is the SWOG S0777 study in which VRD and RD treatments were compared. PFS rate was 41 months in the VRD group while 29 months in the RD group [22]. Therefore, it supports that bortezomib is one of the most important drugs in induction therapy.
The prognosis has improved with the introduction of lenalidomide as first-line therapy. With the addition of daratumumab to MPV (ALCYON study) or lenalidomide-dexamethasone treatments (MAIA study) as a first-line regimen, the success rate has increased significantly [23, 24]. Today, proteasome inhibitor-IMID-dexamethasone plus a monoclonal antibody combination seems to be the most successful treatment in TI patients. However, it should be emphasized that this treatment is an expensive approach. The results of the studies regarding transplantation in TI patients are presented in Table 4.
Study | n | ≥ CR % | PFS (m) | OS (m) | Author |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MPT vs. MP | 850 vs. 772 | 4–16 vs. 1–8.8 | 20.3 vs. 14.9 | 39 vs. 32 | Fayers, Blood 2011 |
VMP vs. MP (VISTA) | 344 338 | 30 vs. 4 | 24 vs. 16 | 56 vs. 43 | San Miguel, NEJM 2008, JCO 2013 |
VMP vs. VTD (GEM2005) | 130 vs. 130 | 20 vs. 28 | 32 vs. 23 | 63 vs. 43 | Mateos Blood 2014 |
MP vs. MPR vs. MPR-R (MM-015) | 154 vs. 152 vs. 153 | 5 vs. 13 vs. 18 | 12 vs. 15 vs. 31 | For 3 years 66% vs. 62% vs. 70% | Palumbo, NEJM 2012 |
RdC vs. RD 18 MPT 12 (FIRST) | 535 vs. 541 vs. 547 | 15 vs. 14 vs. 9 | 25.5 vs. 20.7 vs. 21.2 | 59 vs. 56 vs. 51 | Benboubker, N Eng J Med 2014 |
VRD vs. RD (SWOG S0777) | 216 vs. 214 | 15 vs. 8 | 41 vs. 29 | Not reached vs. 69 | Durie, Lancet 2015 and Blood Cancer Journal 2020 |
KMP vs. VMP (CLARION) | 478 vs. 477 | 25.9 vs. 23.1 | 22.3 vs. 22.1 | Not reached in all group | Facon, Blood 2019 |
IRD vs. RD Tourmaline 2 | 73 vs. 74 | 25.6 vs. 14.1 | 35.3 vs. 21.8 | Not reached | Facon, Blood 2021 |
VTD vs. TDxSCT (Gimema-MMY-3006) | 241 vs. 239 | — | 60 vs. 41 | 110 months 60% vs. 46% | Tahetti, Lancet Hematol, 2020 |
Dara-LenDex vs. Lendex (MAIA) | 346 vs. 354 | 47.6% vs. 24.9 | Not reached 31.9 | Not reached in all groups | Facon, N Eng J Med 2019 |
Dara-MPV vs. MPV (ALCYON) | 350 vs. 356 | 42% vs. 24% | For 36 months 50% vs. 18.5% | Not reached vs. 46 months | Mateos, N Eng J Med 2020 |
Treatment regimens for TE patients.
m: month (s), n: number, vs.: versus.
Maintenance treatment with thalidomide has improved overall survival nonsignificantly. PFS is improved with thalidomide maintenance, but thrombosis risk and peripheral neuropathy incidence are also higher with thalidomide vs. no maintenance. Lenalidomide has also been found a very effective agent for maintenance. PFS and OS were improved in First Study. PFS for Rd. Continue, Rd18, and MPT groups were 16.0, 21, and 21.9 months, respectively. The median OS was found similar in both Rd. Continue, and Rd18 groups (59.1 months vs. 62.3 months) while 49.1 months in the MPT group [25]. Lenalidomide maintenance results are demonstrated in Table 5. The STAMINA study debated the dose and duration of lenalidomide use. In this study, better results were reported in patients who received 15 mg daily lenalidomide treatment continuously [26]. Huang et al. investigated the effect of lenalidomide versus bortezomib maintenance treatment after ASCT. They showed that there is no difference in both arms although adverse effects in the bortezomib arm were higher than in the lenalidomide arm [27].
Study | n | Regimen | PFS (m) | OS (m) | Author |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MM0015 IFM | 153 vs. 154 | Lenalidomide vs. no Lenalidomide | 31 | %77 for 3 years | Palumbo N Eng J Med 2012 |
ECOG | 231 vs. 229 | Lenalidomide vs. no Lenalidomide | 46 vs. 27 | — | McCharty |
Myeloma XI | 1137 vs. 834 | Lenalidomide vs. no Lenalidomide | 39 vs. 20 | 87% vs. 74% for 3 years | Jackson Lancet Oncol 2019 |
Tourmaline MM3 | 395 vs. 261 | Ixazomib vs. Placebo | 26.5 vs. 21.3 | — | Dimopoulos Lancet 2019 |
HOVON | 213 vs. 219 | VAD vs. PAD | 28 vs. 35 | — | Sonneveld J Clin Oncol 2012 |
Maintenance treatment regimens in patients with NDMM.
m: month(s), n: number, vs.: versus.
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\n\n\r\n\tThis series will provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends in business and management, economics, and marketing. Topics will include asset liability management, financial consequences of the financial crisis and covid-19, financial accounting, mergers and acquisitions, management accounting, SMEs, financial markets, corporate finance and governance, managerial technology and innovation, resource management and sustainable development, social entrepreneurship, corporate responsibility, ethics and accountability, microeconomics, labour economics, macroeconomics, public economics, financial economics, econometrics, direct marketing, creative marketing, internet marketing, market planning and forecasting, brand management, market segmentation and targeting and other topics under business and management. This book series will focus on various aspects of business and management whose in-depth understanding is critical for business and company management to function effectively during this uncertain time of financial crisis, Covid-19 pandemic, and military activity in Europe.
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Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. 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