Physical properties of constituents of OPKS concrete.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"2054",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Human Papillomavirus and Related Diseases - From Bench to Bedside - A Clinical Perspective",title:"Human Papillomavirus and Related Diseases",subtitle:"From Bench to Bedside - A Clinical Perspective",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Cervical cancer is the second most prevalent cancer among women worldwide, and infection with Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) has been identified as the causal agent for this condition. The natural history of cervical cancer is characterized by slow disease progression, rendering the condition, in essence, preventable and even treatable when diagnosed in early stages. Pap smear and the recently introduced prophylactic vaccines are the most prominent prevention options, but despite the availability of these primary and secondary screening tools, the global burden of disease is unfortunately still very high. 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Afterwards he pursued a PhD in Biomedical Sciences (Antwerp University). Later, he joined the International Centre for Reproductive Health (ICRH) and research efforts focused on sexually transmitted viruses. Finally, he obtained two consecutive post-doc grants at Ghent University (Ghent, Belgium), with specific focus on papilloma virus research.\nCurrently, Dr. Vanden Broeck holds the position of professor Molecular Virology and heads the ICRH HPV/cervical cancer research team. Within this team, multi-disciplinary research is performed on the prevention of cervical cancer (vaccine, screening), as well as clinical/translational aspects of cervical cancer research, but equally fundamental research forms part of the research agenda.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"Ghent University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Belgium"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1046",title:"Infectious Diseases",slug:"infectious-diseases"}],chapters:[{id:"26297",title:"Human Papillomavirus: Biology and Pathogenesis",doi:"10.5772/27154",slug:"human-papillomavirus-biology-and-pathogenesis",totalDownloads:5364,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"José Veríssimo Fernandes and Thales Allyrio Araújo de Medeiros Fernandes",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/26297",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/26297",authors:[{id:"68984",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose",surname:"Fernandes",slug:"jose-fernandes",fullName:"Jose Fernandes"},{id:"121926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thales",surname:"Fernandes",slug:"thales-fernandes",fullName:"Thales Fernandes"}],corrections:null},{id:"26298",title:"Immunohistochemistry in the Diagnosis of Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions of the Uterine Cervix",doi:"10.5772/29219",slug:"immunohistochemistry-in-the-diagnosis-of-squamous-intraepithelial-lesions-of-the-uterine-cervix",totalDownloads:5571,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Evanthia A. 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Gurtler",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2061.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"101172",title:"Dr.",name:"Bassam",surname:"Annous",slug:"bassam-annous",fullName:"Bassam Annous"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"66300",slug:"corrigendum-to-recovery-intervention-to-promote-social-connectedness-through-social-recreational-pro",title:"Corrigendum to: Recovery Intervention to Promote Social Connectedness through Social Recreational Programs for Persons with Dementia: A Critical Analysis",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/66300.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66300",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66300",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/66300",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/66300",chapter:{id:"65375",slug:"recovery-intervention-to-promote-social-connectedness-through-social-recreational-programs-for-perso",signatures:"Winnie Sun, Shelby-Lynne Clarke, Hanaan Madahey and Ping Zou",dateSubmitted:"November 12th 2018",dateReviewed:"December 22nd 2018",datePrePublished:"January 28th 2019",datePublished:"April 10th 2019",book:{id:"8268",title:"Advances in Dementia Research",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Advances in Dementia Research",slug:"advances-in-dementia-research",publishedDate:"April 10th 2019",bookSignature:"Ghulam Md. Ashraf",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8268.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"199287",title:"Dr.",name:"Ghulam Md",middleName:null,surname:"Ashraf",slug:"ghulam-md-ashraf",fullName:"Ghulam Md Ashraf"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"219759",title:"Dr.",name:"Winnie",middleName:null,surname:"Sun",fullName:"Winnie Sun",slug:"winnie-sun",email:"winnie.sun@uoit.ca",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Ontario Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"284558",title:"Dr.",name:"Shelby-Lynne",middleName:null,surname:"Clarke",fullName:"Shelby-Lynne Clarke",slug:"shelby-lynne-clarke",email:"shelbylynne.clarke@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"284561",title:"Dr.",name:"Hanaan",middleName:null,surname:"Madahey",fullName:"Hanaan Madahey",slug:"hanaan-madahey",email:"hanaan.madahey@uoit.net",position:null,institution:null},{id:"284562",title:"Dr.",name:"Ping",middleName:null,surname:"Zou",fullName:"Ping Zou",slug:"ping-zou",email:"pingz@nipissingu.ca",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"65375",slug:"recovery-intervention-to-promote-social-connectedness-through-social-recreational-programs-for-perso",signatures:"Winnie Sun, Shelby-Lynne Clarke, Hanaan Madahey and Ping Zou",dateSubmitted:"November 12th 2018",dateReviewed:"December 22nd 2018",datePrePublished:"January 28th 2019",datePublished:"April 10th 2019",book:{id:"8268",title:"Advances in Dementia Research",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Advances in Dementia Research",slug:"advances-in-dementia-research",publishedDate:"April 10th 2019",bookSignature:"Ghulam Md. 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The biofuels like hydrogen, bioethanol, syngas, and many more can be produced which find applications as alternate energy sources and address vital environmental issues related to non-renewable energy sources. These biofuels are very sustainable and eliminating the research gaps can further lead to the commercial production of cyanobacterial biofuels in the market across the world. The range of metabolic products is tremendously valuable as antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antioxidative in nature, which has excellent therapeutic applications.
\r\n\r\n\tThis book envisions elaborating on the recent advancements and the new perspectives in the area of cyanobacterial research on the global platform.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-462-3",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-461-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-463-0",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"645b037b086ec8c36af614326dce9804",bookSignature:"Dr. Archana Tiwari",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11800.jpg",keywords:"Algae, Cyanobacteria, Ecological Impact, Carbon Dioxide Mitigation, Biofuels, Hydrogen, Ethanol, Sustainability, Applications, Biomass Valorization, Metabolites, Bioactive Compounds",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 2nd 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 3rd 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 2nd 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 20th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 19th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A Gold medalist and distinction holder in Botany and her research interests include Phycoprospecting Diatoms for wastewater remediation and high-value products.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"13",title:"Immunology and Microbiology",slug:"immunology-and-microbiology"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"453624",firstName:"Martina",lastName:"Scerbe",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/453624/images/20399_n.jpg",email:"martina.s@intechopen.com",biography:null}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6764",title:"Cyanobacteria",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"87c7d8f86f7c1185aa4dd47c6492951a",slug:"cyanobacteria",bookSignature:"Archana Tiwari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6764.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"60173",title:"Mixture Proportioning for Oil Palm Kernel Shell",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75601",slug:"mixture-proportioning-for-oil-palm-kernel-shell",body:'The oil palm sector in the Republic of Benin is experiencing a revival since the last 10 years with a production estimated to be more than 505,000 tons in 2015 [1]. This production, according to the Ministry in charge of agriculture, is expected to increase to reach 800,000 tons by 2030. From the industrial and artisanal transformation of this product, we obtain among others, oil palm kernel shells (OPKSs), considered as vegetable waste. In areas of production, traditionally near rural populations, OPKS is often used in the building of houses with and without multiple storeys. The OPKSs are used as coarse aggregate for the concrete of structural elements (Figure 1). To date, it is permissible to note the apparent good record of service of most of these buildings, constructed more than 30 years back. However, despite the wide availability of OPKSs, the lack of reliable technical information behind OPKS concrete making has led to reluctance by conventional professionals. For the moment, in Republic of Benin as in other oil-palm-producing countries, these materials have little commercial value, despite their technical qualities: (1) they have a relatively low weight and are naturally sized; (2) they are hard enough to break and are of organic origin; and (3) once embedded in the cement matrix of concrete, they do not have any toxic effects on the concrete because they are imputrescible [2]. Moreover, in some of the production areas, the OPKSs are recovered and burned in the cement industry under conditions that do not necessarily satisfy the requirements relating to good management of air pollution. As in Benin, OPKSs are available in large quantities in almost all tropical countries and the problem of managing OPKSs is posed almost in the same way. In such countries as Malaysia and Nigeria, several studies have been undertaken in the past 30 years with success in studying the mix design of structural lightweight concrete using OPKSs as aggregate [2–9]. Most mix design methods for OPKS concrete that satisfy the requirements of technical specifications for structural lightweight concrete were based on trial and error or on empirical methods because the methods based on the proven structured methods for normal and lightweight structural concrete with mineral aggregates had failed. With the trial and error method, it is not always possible to predict the value of specific properties of the concrete, whereas an engineer is mainly concerned with obtaining these specific properties in the process of proportioning a concrete mixture. To lead to that, one of the ways consists of the determination of ranges of values for the ratios of water/cement, cement/aggregates, coarse aggregate/fine aggregate, as well for the cement content that can permit to get the targeted specifications. Some results are available [10], but it is still necessary to work to further refine the range of values of the coarse/fine aggregate ratio in the process of designing structural lightweight concrete using OPKSs as coarse aggregate.
An example of a one-storeyed house in Missérété, constructed in 2014 with the use of OPKS concrete for the supporting elements. (a) Overview of the ongoing building. (b) Zoom on the columns of the main facade, showing on their surface the oil palm kernel shells in the cement matrix.
In the present study, a trial mix is proposed for a structural lightweight concrete using OPKSs of Benin as coarse aggregate, based on the principle of absolute volume methodology of ACI 213. This approach is conducive to recommending mix proportions of concrete that allow its use for structural elements in low- and moderate-cost buildings in tropical countries and in earthquake-prone areas.
OPKS concrete (OPKSC) is a judicious mix of cement, sand, OPKSs, and water. As the mechanical properties of OPKSC are largely influenced by the physical properties of OPKS, in the present chapter, the emphasis is on the study of the properties of OPKS. OPKSs used as coarse aggregate in OPKSC are one of the wastes produced during the process of obtaining palm oil. For that six stages are necessary: sterilization, threshing, pressing, depericarping, separation of kernel and shell, and clarification [11]. For the present study, the OPKSs used were collected from an artisanal mill at Missérété 6°35′43.4″N; 2°35′26.9″E and were freshly discarded (Figure 2).
OPKS waiting for a transaction at Missérété.
They were thoroughly rinsed with potable water and dried in the sun for 4 h, in order to remove impurities, present on the shells. Then, they had been stored in containers. After the pretreatment, OPKS aggregate needs to be treated before using in concrete [12]. Various treatment processes are mentioned in the literature to remove the impurities (dust and oil coating) from aggregates [13–18].
In this study, the treatment method used consists of the following:
Put 30 kg of OPKS in an aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide with a mass concentration of 7.4 g/l for 2 h.
Wash the shells with potable water in the sun, until the shells surface became dry.
Most of the shells were within the thickness range of 2.00–6.00 mm. The shape of the OPKS aggregate varies irregularly as flaky shaped, angular, or polygonal as shown in Figure 3. The surface texture of the shell was fairly smooth for both concave and convex faces. The broken edges were rough and spiky. To take into account the fact that the shells absorb water (Figure 4), we used them in saturated surface dry condition as shown in Figure 5. Particle size distribution for OPKS and sand are shown in Figure 6. The other measured physical properties of OPKS were compared with those obtained by previous authors and are shown in Table 1.
Different size of Oil Palm Kernel Shell for the concrete mixing.
Curve of water absorption of the used OPKS.
Draining of OPKSC after imbibition to obtain saturated surface dry (SSD) status.
Particle size distribution of sand and OPKS.
Properties | Constituents of OPKS concrete from Benin | Constituents of OPKS concrete used elsewhere [10] | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
AGGREGATES (SAND = Fine, OPKS=Coarse) | ||||
Sand | OPKS | Sand | OPKS | |
Specific gravity | 2.59 | 1.31 | 2.60 | 1.17 |
Loose bulk density (kg/m3) | 1410 | 530 | — | 500-600 |
Water absorption, 24 h, (%) | — | 19.93 | — | 23.32 |
Fineness modulus | 2,4 | — | 2.56 | — |
Aggregate abrasion value (Los Angeles),% | — | 5.02 | — | 4.80 |
Type of cement | CEM II 32.5 | CEM I 42.5 |
Physical properties of constituents of OPKS concrete.
The lightweight concrete (LWC) mix design is usually established by trial mixes [19]. In the preliminary investigation of OPKS concrete mix proportion, the procedure followed was the method for lightweight concrete proposed by Georges Dreux [20]. As mentioned in Table 2, the obtained cylindrical compressive strength was far below the targeted designed strength, and what that means is that the method is not appropriate for the mixing of structural lightweight concrete using OPKS.
28-Day compressive strength (N/mm2) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mix order | OPKS/Sand Ratio (by absolute volume) | Mix proportion C:S:OPKS | Demoulded density (kg/m3) (NF EN 12350-6) | Obtained strength (EN12390-3) | Targeted design strength |
A1 | 2.1 | 1:1.05:1.21 | 1570.59 | 4.67 | 25.00 |
A2 | 1.6 | 1:1.26:1.09 | 1766.52 | 7.27 | 25.00 |
A3 | 1.0 | 1:1.64:0.89 | 1826.65 | 8.11 | 25.00 |
A4 | 0.8 | 1:1.82:0.79 | 1881.30 | 9.25 | 25.00 |
A5 | 0.6 | 1:2.04:0.67 | 1893.16 | 10.65 | 25.00 |
Mix design for OPKS concrete according to Dreux [OPKS aggregates: saturated surface dry (SSD) conditions, bulk density = 0.53, specific gravity = 1.43; cement: CPJ 35 (type CEM II, 32.5), Density = 3.10, genuine class = 450 bar, content = 530 kg/m3; sand: Bulk density = 1.41, specific gravity = 2.63; w/c ratio = 0.48; wished slump = 5 cm; mix proportion by weight, C = cement, S = sand, OPKS = oil palm kernel shell].
According to [21], the best approach to making a first trial mixture of lightweight concrete, which has given properties and uses a particular aggregate from a lightweight aggregate source, is to use proportions previously established for a similar concrete using aggregate from the same aggregate source. Based on the similarity of the physical properties of the constituents of OPKS concrete (Table 1), in a second approach, the mix proportions proposed by Mannan [3] was used. The obtained results were presented in Table 3. The 28-day cylindrical compressive strength of 23.50 MPa obtained is greater than the 17 MPa required by ACI [22]. This shows that the said method of mix proportioning is suitable for mix design of structural lightweight concrete, using OPKS from Benin, and therefore can be recommended. Though effective, the method proposed by Mannan is a trial and error method. It does not give the flexibility to vary the mix ratio in order to change the technical specifications of the concrete in the event of need.
According to ACI 213 [23], the absolute volume method considers that the volume of fresh concrete, produced by any combination of materials, is considered equal to the sum of the absolute volumes of cementitious materials, aggregate, net water, and entrapped air. The approach proposed by ACI 213 is based on the use of the indications of the ACI 211 [24], which is a method of mix proportioning, often used for concrete of normal weight aggregates. Mannan [3] has proven that this approach does not give good results for the mix design of structural lightweight OPKS aggregate. In this study, we agree to use the principle defined by said method, through its definition, that is to say:
Using the specific gravity, the formula (Eq. (1)) can be rewritten:
By applying
where
As the specific gravity of all constituents of the mix were known (see Section 2), the entrapped air volume
Mix order | Cement content | OPKS/Sand ratio | Mix proportion | Demoulded density | Fresh property | Average Cylindrical 28-day Compressive strength |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(kg/m3) | C:S:OPKS | (kg/m3) | (Slump, mm) | (N/mm2), 28-day | ||
0.45 | — | — | — | — | ||
C1 | 0.50 | 1:2.10:1.05 | 1872.63 | 8.5 | 8.35 | |
C2 | 400 | 0.55 | 1:2.00:1.10 | 1875.44 | 7.92 | 6.14 |
C3 | 0.60 | 1:1.91:1.15 | 1838.74 | 6.23 | 8.91 | |
C4 | 0.65 | 1:1.83:1.19 | 1829.82 | 5.1 | 11.22 | |
C5 | 0.70 | 1:1.75:1.23 | 1811.33 | 4.7 | 12.03 | |
C6 | 0.75 | 1:1.68:1.26 | 1789.50 | 3.86 | 10.70 | |
0.40 | — | — | — | — | ||
0.45 | — | — | — | — | ||
C7 | 450 | 0.50 | 1:1.76:0.88 | 1859.40 | 34.50 | 10.80 |
C8 | 0.55 | 1:1.67:0.92 | 1876.81 | 30.35 | 13.54 | |
C9 | 0.60 | 1:1.60:0.96 | 1840.09 | 26.98 | 15.19 | |
C10 | 0.65 | 1:1.53:0.99 | 1843.79 | 22.01 | 18.63 | |
C11 | 0.70 | 1:1.47:1.03 | 1790.92 | 16.38 | 9.58 | |
C12 | 0.75 | 1:1.41:1.06 | 1759.35 | 16.25 | 9.44 | |
0.40 | — | — | — | — | ||
C13 | 0.45 | 1:1.56:0.70 | 1895.35 | 47.07 | 12.38 | |
C14 | 500 | 0.50 | 1:1.48:0.74 | 1887.08 | 42.36 | 18.27 |
C15 | 0.55 | 1:1.41:0.78 | 1901.31 | 51.12 | 12.21 | |
C16 | 0.60 | 1:1.35:0.81 | 1879.85 | 52.67 | 12.09 | |
C17 | 0.65 | 1:1.29:0.84 | 1849.70 | 48.16 | 13.50 | |
C18 | 0.70 | 1:1.24:0.86 | 1798.10 | 27.07 | 10.03 | |
0.75 | — | — | — | — | ||
C19 | 550 | 0.40 | 1:1.40:0.56 | 1920.86 | 86.84 | 14.91 |
C20 | 0.45 | 1:1.32:0.60 | 1857.09 | 125.01 | 15.36 | |
C21 | 0.50 | 1:1.26:0.63 | 1892.48 | 80.4 | 17.54 | |
C22 | 0.55 | 1:1.20:0.66 | 1893.12 | 80.60 | 12.28 | |
C23 | 0.60 | 1:1.14:0.69 | 1866.81 | 77.15 | 12.21 | |
C24 | 0.65 | 1:1.09:0.71 | 1851.51 | 83.09 | 12.21 | |
0.70 | — | — | — | — | ||
0.75 | — | — | — | — |
Mix design for OPKS concrete based on the variation of the OPKS/Sand ratio and the cement content [w/c=0.45; Stage of OPKS=saturated surface dry; Mix proportion by weight].
The workability increased with increasing cement content and sand content but not for all cement classes. The cement contents of 400 and 450 kg/m3 gave for each OPKS/sand ratio, more than 70% in weight for the solid part of the concrete mix, and in the same moment, for cement contents of at least 500 kg/m3, the said quantity was lower than 70%. For 400 and 450 kg/m3 of concrete, the workability decreases with the increase in the quantity of OPKSs, that is to say, more the quantity of OPKSs is, the lower is the workability. This is due to the increase of the specific surface because of the increase in the quantity of OPKSs, thus requiring more water to make the specimens workable. This trend was mentioned elsewhere [5].
Slump values for cement content of 450, 500, and 550 kg/m3 were included mostly in the range of recommended values for structural lightweight concrete according to ACI 211. 2–98 [24], that is to say, 25.4–101.6 mm. The low value of the workability (slump less than 10 mm) for the cement content of 400 kg/m3 could be because the quantity of mortar that penetrates the cavities and the pores of OPKSs no longer permits to have the needed quantity of cement paste, which allows for good workability. On the other hand, for cement contents higher than 450 kg/m3, the variation of the slump value versus OPKS/sand ratio, does not follow the logic of the growth of the slump value according to the decrease of the OPKS quantity as proven also by [5, 27].
Therefore, the optimal cement content relative to the workability would be 450 kg/m3, and the recommendable range values of OPKS/sand ratio could be in the range of 0.50–0.65 by weight.
Thus, to obtain the minimum recommendable values of slump for various types of constructions according to Table 3.1 of [24], the mix ratios designated by C7, C8, C9, and C10 in Table 4 could be the suitable ones. Note that the ratio of water/cement was 0.45.
In this investigation, we determined the 28-day air-dry density of the specimens, which were kept in ambient laboratory conditions (RH of 74–88%; temp. of 27 ± 2°C). The results were shown in Table 4. Note that all densities obtained are less than 2000 kg/m3, which allows saying that all the mix proportions were those for lightweight concretes. From Table 4, it can be seen that, in each cement content class, the density decreases as the proportion of shells increases, with a maximum value of almost 1880 kg/m3 for cement content of 400 and 450 kg/m3. Mixtures with cement content equal to or higher than 500 kg/m3 had a maximum density of more than 1900 kg/m3, which is above the maximum value of the density for structural lightweight concrete, according to Mindess [16]. Thus, it appears that except the sand, the cement content is also a parameter influencing the density of OPKS concrete. Taking into account the results of workability (Section 4.1) and the maximum value of 1900 kg/m3, we could recommend the mix proportions of C7, C8, C9, and C10, with cement content of 450 kg/m3 and w/c = 0.45 to achieve a density which corresponds to the requirements of structural lightweight concrete.
From the results presented in Table 4, it can be noted that for every class of cement content, the 28-day cylindrical compressive strength increased to attain a maximum value, before it decreased, depending on the quantity of shells in the concrete mix. The cement content of 400 kg/m3 showed a maximum of 28-day cylindrical compressive strength of 11.22 MPa for OPKS/sand ratio equal to 0.65, corresponding to almost 27% of OPKS in the rigid part of the concrete. For 450 kg/m3, we recorded the greatest value of the 28-day cylindrical compressive strength of 18.63 MPa, corresponding to 447.36 kg of OPKS in 1 m3 of concrete. This content is in the rangeof values (290–450 kg) for OPKS in structural lightweight concrete, as reported by [25]. The value of 18.63 MPa is higher than the specified cylindrical compressive strength of 17 MPa given by ACI. Relative to cement contents of 500 and 550 kg/m3, the maximum values of the 28-day cylindrical compressive strength were, respectively 18.27 and 17.54 MPa, and the corresponding OPKS/sand ratio was 0.5, which corresponds to almost 20% of OPKS in the rigid part of the concrete.
The developing of the compressive strength of the concrete with cement content less than 500 kg/m3 was influenced by the amount of OPKS in the concrete mix, with a maximum value of up to 27% of the rigid part of the concrete. For these cement contents, the compressive strength is controlled by the strength of the shells [28]. During the compressive strength test, it is observed that the cement matrix failed first, which is to say that, the cracks path passed around OPKS aggregates. For cement contents of 500 and 550 kg/m3, the compressive strength was influenced by the strength of the cement matrix and contrary to 400 and 450 kg/m3, the cracks path passed through the shells of the concrete.
Thus, to produce economically structural lightweight concrete using OPKS as coarse aggregate and taking into account the recommended mix proportions for good workability and acceptable density, the mix ratios of C9 and C10 could be suggested. They could give the possibility to an engineer to fix efficiently the targeted values of specific properties in the mix proportioning of lightweight concrete, using OPKS as coarse aggregate.
Taking into account the results obtained earlier, we could recommend a general mixture proportioning procedure as follows [9]:
Establish the specific properties of the lightweight OPKSC for structural elements in low-cost buildings: slump [24], density [10], and 28-day compressive strength [29].
Determine the physical properties of constituents of concrete based on the applicable codes. For sand, we consider specific gravity, loose bulk density, fineness of modulus, and grading curve. For OPKS, we consider specific gravity, loose bulk density, water absorption after 24 h, aggregate abrasion value, and grading curve.
Choose the water/cement ratio based on the targeted 28-day compressive strength using the data from previous authors [10], as presented in Table 5.
Determine the cement content [10] in the range of 400 to 550 kg/m3 based on the slump value and the 28-day compressive strength.
Determine the OPKS/sand ratio depending on the targeted slump value and the 28-day compressive strength.
Determine the air content ratio [12] in the range from 4.8 to 5.1
Calculate the sand content for 1 m3 of concrete, based on the principles of the absolute volume method of ACI 213:
Determine the OPKS content for 1 m3 of concrete, using the OPKS/sand ratio and sand content determined earlier.
Make a test mixture with sufficient volume to perform the “slump test” coming to 0.008 m3, that is to say 8 l. If the slump is smaller than the one specified above, then increase the amount of cement and water between 5% and 15%, while respecting the ratio w/c as indicated earlier. If the slump is larger than indicated in the data, then increase the amount of sand and OPKSs by 5–15% without changing the ratio of OPKS/sand.
If despite all the operator does not obtain the results, then review the calculations and obtain precisely again the characteristics of the materials constituting the concrete.
Calculate the final mix proportion
Author (year) as cited by [10] | Mix proportion | Water/cement | 28-day compressive strength (MPa) |
---|---|---|---|
Abdullah (1984) | 1:2:0.6 | 0.40 | 20.50 |
Okafor (1988) | 1:1.70:2.08 | 0.48 | 23.00 |
Okpala (1990) | 1:1:2 | 0.50 | 22.30 |
1:2:4 | 0.50 | 18.90 | |
Teo and Lew (2006) | 1:1.12:0.80 | 0.41 | 22.00 |
Water/cement ratio for compressive strength (
Range for water/cement ratio is from 0.40 to 0.50.
The mix proportions of C:S:OPKS in weight of 1:1.60:0.96 and 1:1.53:0.99 with cement content of 450
We would like to thank the managers of the Djaouley Consulting Engineers (DIC-BTP) for the logistical, material, and financial support we received during the various laboratory experiences and office works.
There is no conflict of interest in this submission.
The term “pneumothorax” was coined by a French physician Itard, in 1803 [1]. Pneumothorax is defined as the presence of air in the pleural space. Even though intrapleural pressures are negative throughout the respiratory cycle, air does not enter the pleural space, as the net movement of gases from capillary blood into pleural space requires pleural pressures to be lower than −54 mmHg, which does not occur in normal circumstances. Hence, for air to be present in pleural space, one of the three events must occur: communication between pleural space and alveolar space (or bronchus), or communication between pleural space and the atmosphere, or presence of gas-producing organism in the pleural space [2].
Clinically, pneumothorax is classified as spontaneous (no obvious precipitating factor present) and non spontaneous (consequence of any thoracic injury). Spontaneous pneumothorax may be primary (no apparent underlying lung disease) or secondary (associated with clinically apparent underlying disease, like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis), or catamenial (associated with menstruation). Pneumothorax can be of varying clinical severity, ranging from a small pneumothorax, which is likely to resolve spontaneously, to those with large pleural defects and collapse of entire lung and compromised ventilation.
Pneumothorax ranks second to rib fracture, as the most common manifestation of traumatic chest injury and is noted in 40–50% of patients with chest trauma [3]. Weissberg et al. in a study of 1199 cases of pneumothoraces found secondary spontaneous pneumothorax (505 patients) to be most common, followed by primary spontaneous pneumothorax (218 patients), traumatic pneumothorax (403 patients), and iatrogenic pneumothorax (73 patients) [4].
Normally, the pressure in pleural space is negative compared to the alveolar pressure during the entire respiratory cycle, due to the inherent elastic recoil of the lung. The pleural pressure is also negative with respect to atmospheric pressure. Development of communication between alveolus or atmosphere and the pleural space allows air to flow into the pleural space until there is no longer a pressure difference or until the communication is sealed [5].
Tension pneumothorax is a condition where there is continuous increase in the air trapped in the pleural space, due to formation of a one-way valve by the injured tissues. This trapped air builds up pressure on the affected side, causing collapse of the ipsilateral lung and shift of mediastinum into the contralateral hemithorax. This causes respiratory distress. Also, there is reduced venous return and thus decreased cardiac output. Further, hypoxia leads to increased pulmonary vascular resistance via vasoconstriction. Cardiopulmonary arrest becomes imminent. Tension pneumothorax, thus, culminates in a life-threatening condition.
Spontaneous rupture of blebs may result in pneumothorax. The rupture may be a consequence of pressure change, as seen in airplane crew members or scuba divers [6]. The volume of given mass of gas at a constant temperature is inversely proportional to its pressure. A given volume of air at an altitude of 3050 m, saturated at body temperature, expands to 1.5 times the volume at sea level. Scuba divers breathe the compressed air delivered by a regulator and during ascent, as ambient pressure falls rapidly, gas in the lungs expands and may rupture blebs [7].
Secondary spontaneous pneumothorax may be due to rupture of pre-existing blebs or due to areas of increased porosity. These are areas of disrupted mesothelial cells on the visceral pleura, replaced by an inflammatory elastofibrotic layer with increased porosity, allowing air leak into the pleural space [8]. Pneumothorax has, also, been reported to be the presenting sign of peripheral necrotic tumour or centrally located tumour.
Catamenial pneumothorax is defined as two episodes of pneumothorax temporally related to the onset of menses, usually within 72 hours. Catamenial pneumothorax is the presentation of thoracic endometriosis and thorax is the most common site of extra pelvic endometriosis. An older age at diagnosis (34.2 ± 6.9 years), and right sided lesions predominate the clinical picture. Thirty-nine percent of patients have associated diaphragmatic lesions. Diverse hypothesis have been advanced to explain the pathogenesis of endometriosis related pneumothorax: spontaneous rupture of blebs, shedding of endometrial implants of visceral pleura, and the transdiaphragmatic crossing of air from the genital tract during menses. Known risk factors associated with thoracic endometriosis include previous gynaecologic surgery (such as curettage for miscarriage, hysteroscopy for endometrial biopsy, or revision of the uterine cavity after caesarean section), primary or secondary infertility, and the history of pelvic endometriosis.
Iatrogenic pneumothorax may be caused during transthoracic needle aspiration or biopsy, subclavian or jugular vein catheterization, thoracocentesis, mechanical ventilation, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, tracheobronchial biopsy, among the commonly reported causes. Rarer reported causes are liposuction of axilla fat, liver biopsy, colonoscopy and gastroscopy [9]. Surgeries with operative fields far removed from thorax, have been reported to be associated with pneumothorax, such as orthognathic surgery [10]. Iatrogenic pneumothorax related to mechanical ventilation has been reported in up to 15% of ventilated patients [11].
Communication between a bronchus (main stem, lobar or sublobar bronchus) and pleural space, called bronchopleural fistula, usually results as a complication of lung-resection surgery. The incidence of bronchopleural fistula is up to 1% after lobectomy and about 4–20% after pneumonectomy [12].
On inspection, tachypnea, increased work of breathing and respiratory distress may be seen. Cyanosis, drowsiness and decreased oxygen saturation may be found in tension pneumothorax. On palpation, tachycardia, chest wall tenderness, subcutaneous emphysema, decreased chest wall expansion, decreased tactile fremitus and tracheal shift are noted.
Hyper-resonant notes on percussion over the affected lung fields and decreased air entry perceived on auscultation are indicative of pneumothorax. There may be absent breath sounds on the ipsilateral side with contralateral reduced air entry in tension pneumothorax. Iatrogenic pneumothorax should be suspected in any patient who becomes more dyspneic after a medical or a surgical procedure that is known to be associated with the development of the pneumothorax. Sudden increase in peak airway pressure and sudden decline in oxygen saturation in a patient on mechanical ventilation should ring warning bells for the intensivist.
A chest X-ray may reveal free air around the periphery of the lung fields and decreased lung volume. It may demonstrate the aetiology of the pneumothorax, such as rib or sternal fractures or presence of emphysematous lungs. Films should be taken in erect position, because in supine position, air spreads out in whole of pleural cavity, and films may appear normal, even in the presence of significant air. In patients who cannot be positioned erect and need to be supine, a deep sulcus sign (deep lateral costophrenic angle) should be looked for [13].
Methods to determine the size of pneumothorax on chest X-ray give approximate idea only. There are currently two methods described in adults. If the lateral edge of the lung is >2 cm from the thoracic cage, then, it implies air is occupying at least 50% of thoracic volume and hence, pneumothorax is large in size. Another method is measuring the fractional change in linear dimension of lung, and that multiplied by a factor of three, gives the fractional volume of pneumothorax [14].
Computed tomography (CT) chest provides more accurate information regarding volume of pneumothorax and associated pathology. Obtaining X-ray or CT images may be problematic and time-consuming in poly-trauma patients. Nowadays, in many trauma centres, pneumothorax is detected by sonography and has been included as a part of focused abdominal sonography for trauma (FAST) examination [15]. Ultrasound plays a important role in patients who are not stable enough for chest X-ray and CT. Also, ultrasound is not invasive and the patient is not exposed to radiation. According to a study of Blaivas et al., chest X-ray and ultrasound have a sensitivity of 75.5 and 98.1%, respectively and a specificity of 100 and 99.2%, respectively [16].
Bronchopleural fistula should be suspected in a lung resection patient with large continuous air leak and signs of empyema (leukocytosis, fever, purulent fluid on thoracocentesis, and pleural fluid on chest X-ray or CT scan). Large pneumothorax developing days or weeks after resection is strongly indicative of a bronchopleural fistula. There is often a persistent and worsening cough. Since these patients have high mortality rates, of 11–18% for early fistula (within 30 days of surgery) and 0–7% for late fistula (beyond 30 days of surgery), they should be evaluated thoroughly by CT scan and flexible bronchoscopy. Bronchopleural fistula is separately discussed thoroughly elsewhere.
Initial management of pneumothorax patients involves ensuring adequate airway, providing supplemental oxygen, securing an intravenous line, looking for signs of compromised breathing and deciding on the need of tube thoracostomy. Tension pneumothorax should be diagnosed by clinical assessment and a tube thoracostomy/needle thoracocentesis should be performed immediately. Scant data exists in literature proving the efficacy of needle thoracocentesis procedure. However, when tube thoracostomy is anticipated to take time, a needle thoracocentesis may be done immediately, to save life.
Tube thoracostomy is an emergency procedure and is mandatory where pneumothorax is large, or patient has respiratory compromise. Some centres practice drainage of all traumatic pneumothoraces irrespective of symptoms [11]. This line of management in simple pneumothorax is considered invasive by other centres, who recommend observation and oxygen supplementation for small pneumothoraces.
Sucking chest wounds require immediate sealed-cover with an occlusive, air-tight, clean plastic sheet. The sterile inside of gloves-packet can be used in an emergency situation. No patient with penetrating chest wound should be neglected, as tension pneumothorax or life-threatening respiratory emergency can arise.
Upright positioning is beneficial unless contraindicated, like in spinal injury. In a patient with pneumothorax who requires air transport, it is essential that an intercostal tube with Heimlich valve be placed prior to transfer, as pressure changes during flight will cause progression in the severity of the injury and may potentially lead to development of tension pneumothorax.
Pain impairs the ability of the person to breathe, further compromising lung mechanics, in inflammed and contused lungs. In addition, it causes the retention of pulmonary secretions which further suppresses the patient’s cough reflex, finally leading to atelectasis and increasing morbidity, Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, systemic opioids or regional analgesia methods such as epidural analgesia, intrapleural analgesia, intercostal nerve block, and thoracic paravertebral block have been used for pain control.
Supplemental oxygen therapy, instead of room air, accelerates the resorption of air in pleural cavity by four-fold. By breathing 100% oxygen instead of air, alveolar pressure of nitrogen falls, and nitrogen is gradually washed out of tissue and oxygen is taken up by vascular system. This builds substantial gradient of nitrogen between tissue capillary and the pneumothorax space, resulting in multifold increase in absorption from pleural space. About 1.25% of the volume of pleural air is absorbed in 1 day; hence 25% of the volume is absorbed in 20 days [17]. Small pneumothoraces are often managed with oxygen administration and monitoring via chest X-rays.
Correct placement of the tube is seen as the stream of the bubbles during expiration and coughing and the rise on the level of fluid in the underwater seal during inspiration. Complications of tube thoracostomy include injury to lung or mediastinum, haemorrhage (usually from intercostal artery injury), neurovascular bundle injury, infection, bronchopleural fistula, and subcutaneous or intraperitoneal tube placement.
Heimlich valve or the Vycon self-sucking chest drainage valve are applied directly to the chest tube and reduce or eliminate the underwater drainage period. The Heimlich flutter valve is quite inconspicuous under clothes and makes ambulatory treatment possible. The valve is made of latex rubber that acts as one-way valve, letting air out and preventing reentry. The Vycon device is a double self-sucking valve. It has a soft plastic casing that allows application of manual pressure to aspirate air or fluid [18].
If the lung remains unexpanded or if there is a persistent air leak 72 hours after tube thoracostomy, thoracoscopy or thoracotomy should be considered. Presence of hemopneumothorax, bilateral pneumothorax, first contralateral pneumothorax and pregnancy may be considered for early invasive treatment [19].
Tube thoracostomy is usually sufficient to treat primary spontaneous pneumothorax. However, Schramel et al. reviewed 11 studies over 32 years, involving 1242 patients with primary spontaneous pneumothorax, treated with needle aspiration or tube drainage, and concluded that about 30% patients have recurrence of pneumothorax [20]. Risk factors for recurrence are radiographic evidence of pulmonary fibrosis, smoking, asthenic habitus and younger age [21]. Presence of blebs or bullae was not found to be significantly associated with recurrence [21]. Of patients with recurrent pneumothorax after initial spontaneous pneumothorax, 72% will develop a subsequent pneumothorax within a 2-year period [21]. Recurrent spontaneous pneumothorax or persistent air leaks at initial presentation are indications for operative treatment. Patients in occupations with excessive pressure changes (pilots and divers) or those residing in remote areas, are candidates for operative intervention after a single episode of spontaneous pneumothorax to prevent a potentially life-threatening recurrence.
Clinical picture in secondary spontaneous pneumothorax (SSP) is complicated by the presence of underlying diffuse lung disease, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cystic fibrosis, tuberculosis, fibrotic lung diseases such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and autoimmune diseases involving pleura such as rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, systemic sclerosis, and Sjogren’s syndrome. Observation without evacuation of the pneumothorax, is usually not possible because these patients usually are very symptomatic. Simple aspiration is less likely to be successful in SSP than in primary pneumothorax [22]. It is attempted as an initial treatment in small (air space <2 cm) pneumothoraces in minimally breathless patients under the age of 50 years. If the patient with SSP is 50 years or older, and if the rim of intrathoracic air is larger than 2 cm on a chest X-ray, intercostal tube drainage is advocated. Clinically unstable patients should have a chest tube inserted, notwithstanding the size of the pneumothorax. Sixty-one to seventy percent of leaks resolve by day seven of tube drainage. Further drainage is unlikely to improve success. If air leak does not stop after 48 hours of continuous drainage, consultation for surgical intervention is recommended because of significantly lower healing rate of pleura in cases of SSP compared with primary spontaneous pneumothorax [23].
Indications for operative treatment include persistent air leak, recurrent pneumothorax, pneumothorax after pneumonectomy or intolerance of the prolonged effects of pneumothorax, not relieved by more conservative approaches.
Prevention of persistent air leak or future recurrence requires initial identification of the source of the air leak, that is, macroscopic blebs or bullae. Bullae are air filled spaces within the lung parenchyma resulting from the progressive destruction of alveolar tissue. Typically they have relatively thick fibrous walls, grow progressively larger, and are poorly ventilated and with poor perfusion. A giant bulla is defined as one which occupies more than one third of the chest cavity. Complete intrathoracic inspection requires division of all pleural adhesions since these often conceal the culprit lesion. The source of air leak is then controlled by stapling, or suturing.
After completion of the bleb resection, pleurodesis is performed to decrease risk of recurrence. Horio et al. has shown, in a comparative study, that recurrence rate diminished from 16 to 1.9%, when pleurodesis is added to bullectomy [24]. Areas of pleural porosity are potential sources of recurrence, and may be too widespread to be resected. Hence, pleural symphysis is important.
There are three basic approaches to achieve the principles above: thoracostomy, thoracoscopy or thoracotomy. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) is enabled by the insertion of a 5- to 10-mm videothoracoscope via a 1- to 2-cm incision in the lateral sixth intercostal space. Two more similar incisions are placed anteriorly and inferiorly in the fourth and seventh intercostal space (Figure 1). Instruments are introduced via rigid or flexible ports. Adhesions are taken down with sharp dissection. Bleb excision or bullectomy is carried out with an endoscopic linear cutter. The bullae are deliberately opened by cautery or scissors and allowed to deflate. An endoscopic lung clamp is used to grasp the bulla and is then rotated repeatedly as if winding a clock. This action collapses the bulla onto itself and the demarcation between bulla and normal lung parenchyma is revealed. Small ventilated breaths to the ipsilateral lung can also highlight this transition zone. The endoscopic linear cutter stapler is then used to amputate the base of the bulla (Figure 2). Alternatively, bleb may be ligated using a pre-tied Roeder slip knot, introduced by an external applicator.
Port placement for blebectomy [
Apical bullectomy using ring forceps and endoscopic stapler [
When excising the emphysematous bulla, the staple lines must be reinforced to reduce chance of postoperative air leak. Application of buttress material in the staple line distributes tension throughout the staple line, seals off the staple holes and narrows the spaces between each staple, thus reducing tearing at the staple line. Additionally, the buttress provides a broader pressure profile around each individual staple across the staple line, leading to potentially improved haemostasis. Material such as fibrin glue, bovine pericardium, poly-glycolic acid, polydioxane ribbon, Teflon felt, collagen patches and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) sheets have been used to reinforce staple line. Nonabsorbable synthetic materials carry the potential hazard of inflammation and/or bacterial colonisation. Biomaterials originating from animal tissues have a risk of cross-species transmission of infection.
Accessory ports are removed under direct thoracoscopic guidance and the sites inspected for haemostasis. A 24 or 28 F drain is placed to the apex of the hemithorax. This is brought out of one of the port sites and connected to underwater seal drainage and suction. The lung is inflated under direct vision by the scope to verify complete inflation, locate additional blebs, and insure proper placement of the chest tube to the apex of the hemithorax. An inflated lung can displace a tube 2–3 cm caudally. If not corrected, this will frequently lead to a loculated pneumothorax at the apex and thwart the pleurodesis. The sites are closed in two layers with an absorbable suture.
Open surgery is usually performed via muscle-sparing thoracotomy. A lateral or axillary thoracotomy via the fourth intercostal space preserving the fibres of latissimus dorsi and with minimal rib retraction is the approach of choice. Bullae are opened, bronchial edges are oversewed, edges of the bullae are unfolded and stapled. Exogenous materials are buttressed to minimise postoperative air leak.
Randomised prospective study comparing VATS with axillary thoracotomy found no significant difference in postoperative blood loss, lung function, postoperative pain, use of analgesics, postoperative complications, duration of hospital stay and resumption of normal activities. However, with a minimum follow-up of 2 years the recurrence rate after VATS was 4.3% and after a limited thoracotomy, was 0% [26].
However, for recurrent pneumothorax, a randomised study found significantly longer operative time with VATS. Complication rate, chest tube duration, hospital stay, and incidence of chronic pain were not significantly different [27].
In multiple studies, VATS was found to be associated with higher recurrence rate compared to open thoracotomy [28, 29, 30]. Barker and colleagues performed a meta-analysis by comparing the reported recurrence rates in patients undergoing VATS with those having open surgery. Results showed a four-fold increase when a similar pleurodesis procedure is performed with a video-assisted approach compared with an open approach [28]. One of the reasons attributed to it was insufficient visualisation of bullae or blebs on the lung by thoracoscopy. Another reason quoted was less adhesion between the lungs and the chest wall postoperatively when VATS is performed compared with open thoracotomy. Inspite of this, many thoracic surgeons prefer the VATS approach as it is less invasive, less painful, and associated with a shorter hospital stay [31]. VATS is, thus, now considered approach of choice for elderly patients or those with multiple comorbidities [32, 33].
Migliore et al. approached pneumothorax through single port, using handcrafted 20 mm flexible trocar [31]. Jutley et al. compared the standard three-port VATS and uniVATS for surgical management of spontaneous pneumothorax and demonstrated safety and effectiveness with the latter technique [34]. Reduction of intraoperative blood loss and postoperative pain with a higher patient’s satisfaction score in uniVATS emerged from a propensity matched comparative analysis by Dai et al. [35]. However, retrospective comparison of uniport versus multiport VATS lobectomies by Chang et al. revealed no difference in operative time, postoperative 30-day mortality, chest tube permanence, hospital stay and reoperation rates [36].
More recent advance in the field of thoracic surgery is robotic-assisted surgery. The surgeon sits at a console, away from the patient in operating room and controls the instruments, including camera, on the robotic surgical system. A small 3D high-definition camera is placed through one of the incisions to provide a good view of the chest cavity, while wristed robotic instruments are inserted through the other small incisions.
For bilateral bullous disease, staging the operations is preferred, to minimise morbidity as well as to allow the ipsilateral lung to re-expand completely, optimising the patient’s functional status before tackling the contralateral lesion.
Catamenial pneumothorax with mild symptoms is usually managed with simple rest and thoracocentesis or chest tube for symptomatic relief. The surgical aspects include removal of blebs and bullae, wedge resection, and pleurodesis (abrasion or talc). Most surgical treatment is performed by thoracoscopy, and pleurodesis has been advocated to reduce recurrences. Endometrial deposits on diaphragm are removed as conservatively as possible to spare the diaphragmatic function. Multiple small defects are repaired by titanium clips. The diaphragm is finally reinforced by Prolene or Gore-Tex® mesh. Spiral clips are placed radially at the border of the prosthesis [37]. There is still no agreement regarding whether a prosthetic repair should be recommended. Bagan et al. reported fewer recurrences after diaphragm reinforcement with polyglactin mesh [38]. Concern exists about the use of VATS for large diaphragm defects. Minimally invasive approach is not fully supported by evidence. Both sides of the diaphragm need to be evaluated if one side is noted to have endometrial implants. Superficial diaphragmatic endometriosis can be treated with cold scissors, monopolar energy, bipolar energy, CO2 laser, or a plasma energy source [39]. Bagan et al. suggested application of surgical treatment during menses, for better visualisation of the endometriotic lesions [38].
Postoperative treatment with GnRH agonists or oral contraceptives for 6–12 months is suggested for all patients with proven catamenial pneumothorax for symptomatic relief and to reduce recurrences. The goal of early GnRH analogues administration is to prevent cyclic hormonal changes and induce suppression of ectopic endometrium activity, until accomplishment of effective pleurodesis, since formation of effective pleural adhesions require time [40]. Longer period of hormonal treatment (median 17.5 months) has been required after reoperations for catamenial pneumothorax. Recurrence rate varied from 14.3 to 55%.
Pleural symphysis is used to obliterate the potential space between pleural surfaces to prevent recurrent pneumothorax. This is accomplished by inducing an inflammatory reaction between the visceral and parietal surfaces with a chemical agent, mechanical abrasion or by stripping the parietal pleura which results in fusion of the visceral surface to the denuded thoracic wall. Chemical agents include talc, doxycycline, tetracycline, bleomycin, iodopovidone, Corynebacterium parvum and silver nitrate. Mechanical pleurodesis is done by vigorously abrading the parietal pleural surface with tightly rolled gauze, held by ringed forceps or a Bovie scratch pad (Figure 3).
Method of mechanical pleurodesis [
Parietal pleurectomy involves sacrifice of the parietal pleura. With the help of saline infusion in sub-pleural space, the parietal pleura can be bluntly dissected with a end-forceps. Alternatively, electrocautery can be used. Ayed and Chandrasekran suggested that in apical region, pleurectomy might be a more effective procedure than pleural abrasion [41].
In a randomised prospective study of 96 patients, pleurodesis by talc slurry resulted in the lowest recurrence rate of 8%, compared to 13% with tetracycline and 36% with simple tube drainage [42]. Talc is insufflated into the chest so that complete dispersion throughout the hemithorax is accomplished. This is typically accomplished with an atomizer. Alternatively, talc can be blown into the chest from a LUKI tube in front of a 6 L/minute oxygen flow rate. Alternatively, talc slurry can be instilled through a chest tube in patients who are not surgical candidates.
Talc is cheap. Talc instillation carries a low risk. However, complications such as pulmonary edema, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and hypotension have been reported [43, 44]. In an experimental study in rats, rapid absorption of talc from the pleural space was seen and systemic distribution might explain the complications [45]. Thus, size of the talc particles seems important, smaller particles inducing more systemic complications. In a recent prospective European multicentre study, thoracoscopic pleurodesis with 2 g of graded talc consisting of large particles, was found to be safe after a 30 day observation period [46].
Talc induces a painful inflammatory reaction on the pleural surfaces, which requires adequate analgesia. Aggressive pleurodesis methods should be avoided in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients who are suitable for lung transplantation, to reduce graft implantation complications.
In a comparative, randomised study including 73 patients with pleural effusion or spontaneous pneumothorax, talc and iodopovidone were found to be equally efficient and safe [47]. Pleurodesis by autologous blood has been initially used by Robinson, for treatment of persistent air leak in spontaneous pneumothorax patients [48]. This method is being widely used as a treatment of choice for air leaks, since pain and fever, which have been reported with other chemical pleurodesis agents, are rarely encountered with this agent [49, 50]. Development of empyema and tension pneumothorax have been reported, which had occurred due to clotting of the blood in the chest tube and care must be taken to prevent it [50].
In children, the management protocols of pneumothorax remain almost the same. In children too, surgery reduces ipsilateral primary spontaneous pneumothorax recurrence. But, surgery is shown to be predictive for contralateral recurrence in them [51]. Perhaps the positive pressure ventilation required during surgery leads to formation of new blebs contralaterally, or to over-distension of already existing contralateral blebs [52].
VATS is commonly performed under general anaesthesia with split-lung ventilation. The COPD patient’s baseline pulmonary functions are often suboptimal and they may represent a relative contraindication to split-lung ventilation, thus conferring axillary thoracotomy an advantage over VATS. However, postoperative exacerbation of respiratory function or postoperative chest pain has been more effectively avoided with thoracoscopic surgery [53, 54]. To prevent hypoxemia during one-lung ventilation for thoracoscopic surgery, application of continuous positive airway pressure to the non-ventilated lung is performed [55]. More sophisticated techniques using fiberoptic bronchoscopic segmental oxygen insufflation and recruitment have been reported [56].
Awake surgery under epidural anaesthesia might be advocated in case with several thoracic diseases [57, 58]. Though the efficacy and safety of awake surgery are still controversial, and definitive criteria for indications for awake surgery do not exist, studies have shown that the mean time for chest tube drainage, hospital stay, and operative time were shorter in epidural anaesthesia group than in general anaesthesia group. The postoperative pain score was significantly lower in the epidural anaesthesia group. The study proved that well-maintained breathing and hemodynamics during the awake thoracoscopic surgery attenuated the surgical stress responses and had a smaller impact on the postoperative lymphocyte responses when compared with conventional thoracoscopic surgery under general anaesthesia with single-lung ventilation [59, 60].
Another alternative to general anaesthesia with split-lung ventilation is total intravenous anaesthesia, using propofol and sufentanil, with local anaesthesia, using lignocaine, at incision sites and pleural surface. This has been described to have comparable results, while doing away with the adverse effects of epidural anaesthesia, such as epidural hematoma, spinal cord injury and phrenic nerve palsy. Total intravenous anaesthesia is technically demanding, and anaesthesia-related phenomena, such as hypotension and bradycardia, may arise. Anaesthetists have used laryngeal masks to secure the patients’ airway during the procedure, and provided deep sedation without compromising patient safety [61].
In contrast to secondary spontaneous pneumothorax due to COPD, that caused by lung fibrotic disease shows different characteristics—lungs with fibrotic disease are very fragile and shrunken. The postoperative mortality rate is high (three of 14 patients in one study) due to the exacerbation of basic lung disease and also because full expansion of lung is not achieved by applying negative intrathoracic pressure due to low respiratory compliance [62]. Such a pulmonary fibrotic disease that has taken the centre stage among all diseases, is the COVID-19 disease.
Lungs of patients with COVID-19 who have significant interstitial involvement seem physiologically small, with low compliance and reduced elastance. The thickened, stiff tissue makes it difficult for lungs to expand properly, and sustained-pressure ventilation may be necessary to obtain acceptable gas exchanges. In this setting, fibrotic parenchyma and preexisting emphysematous blebs are prone to rupture, with consequent risk of pneumothorax. Overinflation and high positive end-expiratory pressure in such fibrotic and hypoelastic lungs may cause alveolar or preexisting bleb rupture.
Furthermore, pneumothorax and bulla have been reported in COVID-19 patients who did not have any risk factors for pneumothorax, including mechanical ventilation, history of smoking, or pulmonary comorbidities [63]. The alveolar damage, and bronchiolar distortion and narrowing, caused by fibrosis following resolution of COVID-19 pneumonia, led to pulmonary bullae formation. Moreover, the severe cough associated with viral infections increases the intrapulmonary pressure. This, in turn, may precipitate bullae rupture and pneumothorax formation [64].
Chest tube placement should be considered first-line treatment. Persistence of air leak may constitute an indication for low-tidal volume two-lung ventilation thoracoscopy. Because of stiffer parenchyma, black cartridge staplers are needed for bulla resection. Ideal timing for surgical procedure is unclear. It may be better to do the procedures early in the disease when the interstitial tissues are less traumatised, less fibrotic, and less inflamed [65].
Extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) as a treatment option for pneumothorax with severe ventilator settings has been tried successfully, to reduce ventilator settings and thus, allowing the lungs to rest. This reduced the lung inflation, and avoided over distension of the lungs, while reducing the air leak and allowing the pleura to heal [66, 67].
Pneumothorax is a relatively common malady, both in traumatic and non-traumatic setting. The management is initiated by tube thoracostomy and other supportive measures. Presence of underlying lung disease warrants a more aggressive approach. Prevention of recurrence is also crucial, as recurrences are associated with poorer outcome. VATS is an attractive surgical option due to smaller incision and faster recovery. Innovative procedures continue to be described and many will achieve wide acceptability.
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After introducing the link between PSE and parental competence, the role of PSE on parenting quality, its multiple influences, and transactional effects connected to contextual or cultural variables are discussed. The chapter addresses some key issues: (a) the levels of PSE measurement (i.e., domain- or task-specific approach), their interrelationship and magnitude as mutual predictors (study 1); (b) infant-caring, parent’s adjustment, and PSE development in the transition to parenthood (study 2); (c) parenting difficult children and the role of PSE as a “buffer” variable moderating the effects of negative child’s characteristics on parenting skills; and (d) PSE beliefs in family context, the relationships with other family measures (marital self-efficacy and stress), and their associations with children’s adjustments (study 3). Finally, in the study 4, PSE is presented as an outcome variable in a parent training. 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Parental involvement and parenting styles are defined and analyzed as possible parameters of adolescent problems, including bullying and victimization. Special emphasis is given to the distinction between behavioral and psychological parental control. Furthermore, issues such as parent‐adolescent conflict, locus of control, and parental values are discussed as correlates of these problems, since prior research has identified them as either risk or protective factors for child and adolescent social and emotional adaptation.",book:{id:"5605",slug:"parenting-empirical-advances-and-intervention-resources",title:"Parenting",fullTitle:"Parenting - Empirical Advances and Intervention Resources"},signatures:"Stelios N. Georgiou and Maria Symeou",authors:[{id:"193345",title:"Prof.",name:"Stelios",middleName:null,surname:"Georgiou",slug:"stelios-georgiou",fullName:"Stelios Georgiou"},{id:"197682",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Symeou",slug:"maria-symeou",fullName:"Maria Symeou"}]},{id:"67167",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86517",title:"Aligning Human Resource Management with Knowledge Management for Better Organizational Performance: How Human Resource Practices Support Knowledge Management Strategies?",slug:"aligning-human-resource-management-with-knowledge-management-for-better-organizational-performance-h",totalDownloads:1965,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"Contributing to the HR-approach to knowledge management (KM), this chapter aims at outlining the role of human resource management (HRM) in supporting KM through utilizing the theoretical and empirical literature. The article is divided into two sections. The first section presents various knowledge concepts, KM perspectives and KM strategies. This section ends up by linking these topics in a KM sequential model which helps us to track the philosophical underpinnings and perspectives of each KM strategy. The second section investigates various HR orientations and HR practices and situates their differing contextual characteristics under each KM strategy. It aligns various HR practices with different KM strategies; suggesting that HRM is most effective as a combination of practices that are consistent and sharpened in supporting each KM strategy, which is part of the organizational strategy. The debated practices are recruitment and selection, compensation management, training and development, performance management, retention management and career management. Each of those practices is speculated to alter based on the chosen KM strategy; presenting a framework that is useful for practitioners and academics alike. The review ends up by identifying some research gaps and opportunities to be carried out in future studies. 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Nonetheless, family factors—especially those related to parenting—seem to be crucial during childhood, because children are nested within their families and family factors are able to indirectly influence other factors as well. The current chapter focuses on the relationship between parental style and internalizing symptoms in childhood. In the first part of the chapter, the most important studies on the topic are reviewed in detail and differences in parenting behaviors between mothers and fathers are illustrated. A discussion on the cognitive and metacognitive factors as possible pathways of the relation between parenting and childhood symptoms is also proposed. The last part of the chapter reviews studies investigating the efficacy of parental involvement in cognitive behavior therapy for children who exhibit internalizing symptoms.",book:{id:"5605",slug:"parenting-empirical-advances-and-intervention-resources",title:"Parenting",fullTitle:"Parenting - Empirical Advances and Intervention Resources"},signatures:"Simona Scaini, Sara Palmieri and Marcella Caputi",authors:[{id:"240074",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Scaini",slug:"simona-scaini",fullName:"Simona Scaini"},{id:"240906",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcella",middleName:null,surname:"Caputi",slug:"marcella-caputi",fullName:"Marcella Caputi"}]},{id:"67575",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86757",title:"Toward Management Based on Knowledge",slug:"toward-management-based-on-knowledge",totalDownloads:1128,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"In a world overwhelmed with pervasive digital technologies, the organization is transformed and becomes a socio-technical system which is constantly renewed. Organization needs specific skills, adapted to the values and to the cultures peculiar to each location. The cooperation and the mobility become a shape of inescapable work which rests on a permanent personal and collective learning. Beyond the information handled in the digital information systems, the role of the tacit knowledge, which is in each individual’s head, cannot be ignored. A constructivist attitude replaces a determinist attitude strongly deep-rooted in our educational modes. The managers have to pass from a posture of authority and of control to a posture of incitation, of support, and of accompaniment. The notions that are introduced in this chapter result from a managerial and socio-technical vision of knowledge management. They arouse essential reflections to develop a mode of management adapted to the digital transformation of the organizations called management based on knowledge.",book:{id:"7808",slug:"current-issues-in-knowledge-management",title:"Current Issues in Knowledge Management",fullTitle:"Current Issues in Knowledge Management"},signatures:"Michel Grundstein",authors:[{id:"292425",title:"Mr.",name:"Michel",middleName:null,surname:"Grundstein",slug:"michel-grundstein",fullName:"Michel Grundstein"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"55633",title:"Parental Self-efficacy in Promoting Children Care and Parenting Quality",slug:"parental-self-efficacy-in-promoting-children-care-and-parenting-quality",totalDownloads:2099,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:"Parental self-efficacy (PSE) emerges as a crucial variable into exploring variability in parenting quality. After introducing the link between PSE and parental competence, the role of PSE on parenting quality, its multiple influences, and transactional effects connected to contextual or cultural variables are discussed. The chapter addresses some key issues: (a) the levels of PSE measurement (i.e., domain- or task-specific approach), their interrelationship and magnitude as mutual predictors (study 1); (b) infant-caring, parent’s adjustment, and PSE development in the transition to parenthood (study 2); (c) parenting difficult children and the role of PSE as a “buffer” variable moderating the effects of negative child’s characteristics on parenting skills; and (d) PSE beliefs in family context, the relationships with other family measures (marital self-efficacy and stress), and their associations with children’s adjustments (study 3). Finally, in the study 4, PSE is presented as an outcome variable in a parent training. In all summarized studies, a special attention was devoted to father’s PSE as a specific factor affecting childrearing and parent’s well-being. As Bandura says, PSE is not a personality trait, but a learnable set of beliefs producing positive effects on parenting quality. 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The chapter is based on an empirical study starting from the classification of oil district and aims to understand how firms’ position affect knowledge transfer process within the district. We support the idea that knowledge transfer is deeply affected by firms’ contractual power as well as by their position within the district. The companies of the industrial districts have the advantage of exploiting and sharing knowledge with each other. The literature generally holds that knowledge transfer requires a sense of equality and fairness among the firms, to create conditions in which firms will share their own knowledge for joint competitive advantage. However, empirical evidence shows that the value chains are often characterized by hierarchical relations and asymmetry between the parties: this feature is particularly evident in the oil districts. For companies attempting to acquire new information, the typologies of their intercompany collaboration and their cultural relationships are crucial.",book:{id:"7808",slug:"current-issues-in-knowledge-management",title:"Current Issues in Knowledge Management",fullTitle:"Current Issues in Knowledge Management"},signatures:"Giovanna Testa",authors:[{id:"293404",title:"Dr.",name:"Giovanna",middleName:null,surname:"Testa",slug:"giovanna-testa",fullName:"Giovanna Testa"}]},{id:"67167",title:"Aligning Human Resource Management with Knowledge Management for Better Organizational Performance: How Human Resource Practices Support Knowledge Management Strategies?",slug:"aligning-human-resource-management-with-knowledge-management-for-better-organizational-performance-h",totalDownloads:1961,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"Contributing to the HR-approach to knowledge management (KM), this chapter aims at outlining the role of human resource management (HRM) in supporting KM through utilizing the theoretical and empirical literature. The article is divided into two sections. The first section presents various knowledge concepts, KM perspectives and KM strategies. This section ends up by linking these topics in a KM sequential model which helps us to track the philosophical underpinnings and perspectives of each KM strategy. The second section investigates various HR orientations and HR practices and situates their differing contextual characteristics under each KM strategy. It aligns various HR practices with different KM strategies; suggesting that HRM is most effective as a combination of practices that are consistent and sharpened in supporting each KM strategy, which is part of the organizational strategy. The debated practices are recruitment and selection, compensation management, training and development, performance management, retention management and career management. Each of those practices is speculated to alter based on the chosen KM strategy; presenting a framework that is useful for practitioners and academics alike. The review ends up by identifying some research gaps and opportunities to be carried out in future studies. Those research gaps, if addressed, will extend our understanding of KM and the supporting role HRM.",book:{id:"7808",slug:"current-issues-in-knowledge-management",title:"Current Issues in Knowledge Management",fullTitle:"Current Issues in Knowledge Management"},signatures:"Hadi El-Farr and Rezvan Hosseingholizadeh",authors:[{id:"293827",title:"Dr.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"El-Farr",slug:"hadi-el-farr",fullName:"Hadi El-Farr"},{id:"293834",title:"Dr.",name:"Rezvan",middleName:null,surname:"Hosseingholizadeh",slug:"rezvan-hosseingholizadeh",fullName:"Rezvan Hosseingholizadeh"}]},{id:"53767",title:"Parenting Practices and the Development of Internalizing/ Externalizing Problems in Adolescence",slug:"parenting-practices-and-the-development-of-internalizing-externalizing-problems-in-adolescence",totalDownloads:1708,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"This chapter examines the existing relationship between different types of parental practices and the development of internalizing and externalizing behavioral problems in adolescence. Parental involvement and parenting styles are defined and analyzed as possible parameters of adolescent problems, including bullying and victimization. Special emphasis is given to the distinction between behavioral and psychological parental control. Furthermore, issues such as parent‐adolescent conflict, locus of control, and parental values are discussed as correlates of these problems, since prior research has identified them as either risk or protective factors for child and adolescent social and emotional adaptation.",book:{id:"5605",slug:"parenting-empirical-advances-and-intervention-resources",title:"Parenting",fullTitle:"Parenting - Empirical Advances and Intervention Resources"},signatures:"Stelios N. Georgiou and Maria Symeou",authors:[{id:"193345",title:"Prof.",name:"Stelios",middleName:null,surname:"Georgiou",slug:"stelios-georgiou",fullName:"Stelios Georgiou"},{id:"197682",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Symeou",slug:"maria-symeou",fullName:"Maria Symeou"}]},{id:"59028",title:"Parent Training Interventions for Children and Adolescents with Aggressive Behavioral Problems",slug:"parent-training-interventions-for-children-and-adolescents-with-aggressive-behavioral-problems",totalDownloads:1630,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Children who display early disruptive and aggressive behavior are also at greater risk for delinquency, mood and anxiety disorders, and substance use in the long term. As is the case for many forms of childhood psychopathology, a number of factors are associated with the emergence of aggressive and disruptive behavior, including family factors. Indeed, conduct problems during childhood are usually associated with peculiar parenting practices, such as increasingly coercive cycles of harsh parenting and noncompliance exhibited by child; insensitive and nonresponsive parenting; inconsistent, severe discipline and vague commands and directions; lack of parental warmth and involvement; and absence of parental monitoring and supervision. That is why behavioral parent trainings (BPTs) represent one of the gold standard interventions for conduct problems. The main goal of BPT is to decrease coercive interchanges and, consequently, children aggressive problems by teaching parents strategies in order to apply a more effective discipline. Therefore, the putative mechanism for change in youth behavior in BPT is change in parent behavior. Some of the most employed parent training interventions for aggressive behavior problems are presented.",book:{id:"5605",slug:"parenting-empirical-advances-and-intervention-resources",title:"Parenting",fullTitle:"Parenting - Empirical Advances and Intervention Resources"},signatures:"Pietro Muratori, Valentina Levantini, Azzurra Manfredi, Laura\nRuglioni and Furio Lambruschi",authors:[{id:"238556",title:"Dr.",name:"Pietro",middleName:null,surname:"Muratori",slug:"pietro-muratori",fullName:"Pietro Muratori"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1388",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:133,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188",scope:"This series will provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends in various Infectious Diseases (as per the most recent Baltimore classification). Topics will include general overviews of infections, immunopathology, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, etiology, and current clinical recommendations for managing infectious diseases. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This book series will focus on various aspects and properties of infectious diseases whose deep understanding is essential for safeguarding the human race from losing resources and economies due to pathogens.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/6.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 25th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:13,editor:{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. 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He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/3.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!1,annualVolume:null,editor:null,editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11400,editor:{id:"174134",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuping",middleName:null,surname:"Ran",slug:"yuping-ran",fullName:"Yuping Ran",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9d6QAC/Profile_Picture_1630330675373",biography:"Dr. Yuping Ran, Professor, Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. Completed the Course Medical Mycology, the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Netherlands (2006). International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS) Fellow, and International Emerging Infectious Diseases (IEID) Fellow, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA. Diploma of Dermatological Scientist, Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Ph.D. of Juntendo University, Japan. Bachelor’s and Master’s degree, Medicine, West China University of Medical Sciences. Chair of Sichuan Medical Association Dermatology Committee. General Secretary of The 19th Annual Meeting of Chinese Society of Dermatology and the Asia Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (2013). In charge of the Annual Medical Mycology Course over 20-years authorized by National Continue Medical Education Committee of China. Member of the board of directors of the Asia-Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (APSMM). Associate editor of Mycopathologia. Vice-chief of the editorial board of Chinses Journal of Mycology, China. Board Member and Chair of Mycology Group of Chinese Society of Dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11401,editor:{id:"67907",title:"Dr.",name:"Amidou",middleName:null,surname:"Samie",slug:"amidou-samie",fullName:"Amidou Samie",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/67907/images/system/67907.jpg",biography:"Dr. Amidou Samie is an Associate Professor of Microbiology at the University of Venda, in South Africa, where he graduated for his PhD in May 2008. He joined the Department of Microbiology the same year and has been giving lectures on topics covering parasitology, immunology, molecular biology and industrial microbiology. He is currently a rated researcher by the National Research Foundation of South Africa at category C2. He has published widely in the field of infectious diseases and has overseen several MSc’s and PhDs. His research activities mostly cover topics on infectious diseases from epidemiology to control. His particular interest lies in the study of intestinal protozoan parasites and opportunistic infections among HIV patients as well as the potential impact of childhood diarrhoea on growth and child development. He also conducts research on water-borne diseases and water quality and is involved in the evaluation of point-of-use water treatment technologies using silver and copper nanoparticles in collaboration with the University of Virginia, USA. He also studies the use of medicinal plants for the control of infectious diseases as well as antimicrobial drug resistance.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Venda",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11402,editor:{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:58,paginationItems:[{id:"81961",title:"Antioxidants as an Adjuncts to Periodontal Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105016",signatures:"Sura Dakhil Jassim and Ali Abbas Abdulkareem",slug:"antioxidants-as-an-adjuncts-to-periodontal-therapy",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Trauma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11567.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"82357",title:"Caries Management Aided by Fluorescence-Based Devices",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105567",signatures:"Atena Galuscan, Daniela Jumanca and Aurora Doris Fratila",slug:"caries-management-aided-by-fluorescence-based-devices",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Caries - The Selection of Restoration Methods and Restorative Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11565.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"81894",title:"Diet and Nutrition and Their Relationship with Early Childhood Dental Caries",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105123",signatures:"Luanna Gonçalves Ferreira, Giuliana de Campos Chaves Lamarque and Francisco Wanderley Garcia Paula-Silva",slug:"diet-and-nutrition-and-their-relationship-with-early-childhood-dental-caries",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Caries - The Selection of Restoration Methods and Restorative Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11565.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"81595",title:"Prosthetic Concepts in Dental Implantology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104725",signatures:"Ivica Pelivan",slug:"prosthetic-concepts-in-dental-implantology",totalDownloads:27,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology - From Science to Clinical Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:8,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"6668",title:"Dental Caries",subtitle:"Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6668.jpg",slug:"dental-caries-diagnosis-prevention-and-management",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan",hash:"b0f7667770a391f772726c3013c1b9ba",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Dental Caries - Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7139",title:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7139.jpg",slug:"current-approaches-in-orthodontics",publishedDate:"April 10th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Belma Işık Aslan and Fatma Deniz Uzuner",hash:"2c77384eeb748cf05a898d65b9dcb48a",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",editors:[{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"7572",title:"Trauma in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7572.jpg",slug:"trauma-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"July 3rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Serdar Gözler",hash:"7cb94732cfb315f8d1e70ebf500eb8a9",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Trauma in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7060",title:"Gingival Disease",subtitle:"A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7060.jpg",slug:"gingival-disease-a-professional-approach-for-treatment-and-prevention",publishedDate:"October 23rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",hash:"b81d39988cba3a3cf746c1616912cf41",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Gingival Disease - A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",editors:[{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"11570",title:"Influenza - New Approaches",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11570.jpg",hash:"157b379b9d7a4bf5e2cc7a742f155a44",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 10th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"139889",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyyed Shamsadin",surname:"Athari",slug:"seyyed-shamsadin-athari",fullName:"Seyyed Shamsadin Athari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11569",title:"Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infections - New Findings, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11569.jpg",hash:"069d6142ecb0d46d14920102d48c0e9d",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 31st 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"189561",title:"Dr.",name:"Mihaela Laura",surname:"Vica",slug:"mihaela-laura-vica",fullName:"Mihaela Laura Vica"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11568",title:"Staphylococcal Infections - Recent Advances and Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11568.jpg",hash:"92c881664d1921c7f2d0fee34b78cd08",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"July 8th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"59719",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime",surname:"Bustos-Martínez",slug:"jaime-bustos-martinez",fullName:"Jaime Bustos-Martínez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:10,paginationItems:[{id:"82380",title:"Evolution of Parasitism and Pathogenic Adaptations in Certain Medically Important Fungi",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105206",signatures:"Gokul Shankar Sabesan, Ranjit Singh AJA, Ranjith Mehenderkar and Basanta Kumar Mohanty",slug:"evolution-of-parasitism-and-pathogenic-adaptations-in-certain-medically-important-fungi",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11400.jpg",subseries:{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82367",title:"Spatial Variation and Factors Associated with Unsuppressed HIV Viral Load among Women in an HIV Hyperendemic Area of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105547",signatures:"Adenike O. 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He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:null},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. 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She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. 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Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"337446",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zavala-Colon",slug:"maria-zavala-colon",fullName:"Maria Zavala-Colon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"338856",title:"Mrs.",name:"Nur Alvira",middleName:null,surname:"Pascawati",slug:"nur-alvira-pascawati",fullName:"Nur Alvira Pascawati",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Respati Yogyakarta",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"441116",title:"Dr.",name:"Jovanka M.",middleName:null,surname:"Voyich",slug:"jovanka-m.-voyich",fullName:"Jovanka M. Voyich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Montana State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"330412",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Farhab",slug:"muhammad-farhab",fullName:"Muhammad Farhab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"349495",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Ijaz",slug:"muhammad-ijaz",fullName:"Muhammad Ijaz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"95",type:"subseries",title:"Urban Planning and Environmental Management",keywords:"Circular economy, Contingency planning and response to disasters, Ecosystem services, Integrated urban water management, Nature-based solutions, Sustainable urban development, Urban green spaces",scope:"