Some of DSS users activity
\r\n\tSolar radiation is the radiant energy that originated from the sun in the form of electromagnetic radiation at various wavelengths. Solar radiation is the source of renewable energy and can be captured and converted into various forms of energy (e.g. electricity and heat) using different technologies.
\r\n\tA very vast amount of solar energy reaches the atmosphere and surface of the earth and solar energy has been used for heating purposes for a very long-time and after solar cells’ invention in 1954, solar cells have also been used widely for electricity generation. Solar cells convert the sunlight into electricity by the creation of voltage and electric current through the so-called photovoltaic effect.
\r\n\tPhotovoltaic (PV) solar energy has attracted significant attention in the recent decade as a reliable source for power generation due to various merits such as the free source of energy, abundant materials resources, environmentally friendly and noise-free, longtime service life, requiring low maintenance, technological advancements, market potential, and very importantly, low cost. The growth of using photovoltaic (PV) solar energy as a promising renewable energy technology, is being increased more and more worldwide. Therefore, much further research is needed for possible future developments in the field of solar photovoltaic energy.
\r\n\tThe aim of this book is to provide detailed information about solar radiation as the source of photovoltaic (PV) solar energy for a broad range of readership including undergraduate and postgraduate students, young or experienced researchers and engineers.
\r\n\tThis should be accomplished by addressing the various technical and practical aspects of solar radiation fundamentals, modeling and the measurement for photovoltaic (PV) solar energy applications.
\r\n\tThe majority of this book should describe the basic, modern, and contemporary knowledge and technology of extraterrestrial and terrestrial solar irradiance for photovoltaic (PV) solar energy.
\r\n\tThe book covers the most recent developments, innovation and applications concerning the following topics:
\r\n\t• Fundamental of solar radiation and photovoltaic solar energy
\r\n\t• Solar radiation and photovoltaic solar energy potential
\r\n\t• Solar irradiance measurement: techniques, instrumentation and uncertainty analysis
\r\n\t• Solar radiation modeling for photovoltaic solar energy applications
\r\n\t• Solar monitoring and data quality assessment
\r\n\t• Solar resource assessment and photovoltaic system performance
\r\n\t• Solar energy and photovoltaic power forecasting
\r\n\tThese are accompanied with other useful research topics and material.
",isbn:"978-1-83968-859-1",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-858-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-860-7",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4c3d1319d7286e81bfb15c1f4b20460a",bookSignature:"Dr. Mohammadreza Aghaei",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9862.jpg",keywords:"Solar Radiation Modeling, Solar Data Assessment, Solar Monitoring, Solar Radiation Forecasting, Solar Irradiance Measurements, Solar Instruments, Solar Spectral Distributions, Uncertainty Analysis, Solar Cell Technologies, Photovoltaics (PV), Solar Resource Assessment, Photovoltaics Power Forecasting",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 17th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 15th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"December 14th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"March 4th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"May 3rd 2021",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"3 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A senior researcher in the field of photovoltaic solar energy, a postdoctoral scientist at Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), Chair of the WG2: reliability and durability of PV in EU COST PEARL PV.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"317230",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammadreza",middleName:null,surname:"Aghaei",slug:"mohammadreza-aghaei",fullName:"Mohammadreza Aghaei",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317230/images/system/317230.jpg",biography:"Mohammadreza Aghaei is a senior researcher in the field of photovoltaic solar energy, Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), The Netherlands. He is chair of the Working Group 2: reliability and durability of PV in European Cooperation in Science and Technology, COST Action PEARL PV.\nHe received the M.S. degree in electrical engineering from the Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), Selangor, Malaysia, in 2013, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy, in 2016.\nHe was a Postdoctoral Scientist with Fraunhofer ISE and Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin (HZB)-PVcomB, Germany, in 2017 and 2018, respectively. He is a Guest Scientist with the Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), Solar Energy Engineering, University of Freiburg since 2017. He is currently a Postdoctoral Scientist with the Design of Sustainable Energy Systems Group, Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), The Netherlands. He has authored numerous publications in international refereed journals, book chapters, and conference proceedings. The main his research interests include Solar Energy, Photovoltaic systems, PV monitoring, LSC PV, solar cells, machine learning, and UAVs.\nDr. Aghaei is a member of the International Energy Agency, PVPS program-Task 13 and International Solar Energy Society, and also an MC member in EU COST Action PEARL PV.",institutionString:"Eindhoven University of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Eindhoven University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Netherlands"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"10",title:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",slug:"earth-and-planetary-sciences"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"247865",firstName:"Jasna",lastName:"Bozic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/247865/images/7225_n.jpg",email:"jasna.b@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager, my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. 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The main idea was bringing together scientific knowledge and practical experience under one framework and subsequently creating and facilitating communication between a network of scientists, nature managers and local stakeholders. As a result, an analysis tool was created, which is used for the description of relations between land use, management activities, surface- and groundwater status, conservation and restoration measures and the current state of wetland ecosystems. The system was built in 2001- 2004 in the framework of a PIN MATRA project by seven Dutch and Polish institutions, then improved in the period 2007-2010 within the cooperation of six Polish and Norwegian institutions with an EEA Grant. The previous stages of the DSS development have been described in several ways (Chormanski & Wassen, 2005; Kardel et al, 2009; Chormanski et al, 2009a).
\n\t\tThe Biebrza Wetlands are one of the last undisturbed lowland river systems in Europe. The Biebrza River (N.E. Poland) and its riparian areas form a large, fairly pristine inland freshwater wetland. It is a hotspot for biodiversity, which is highly valued for flora, avifauna and mammals (beaver, wolf, otter, elk). Founded in 1992 the Biebrza National Park (BNP) manages a 690 km2 area, consisting of 160 thousand parcels (lots; half of them are privately owned). BNP is the largest of the Polish National Parks with the following land cover structure: 43% wetlands, 31% agricultural land (extensive grasslands and pastures) and 26% forests. Several publications have been devoted to the BNP description, the latest data can be found in Wassen et al. (2006).
\n\t\tThe main idea for the development of the DSS for BNP was to centralize and automate the organization, collection and processing of monitoring data in a comprehensive way. The DSS is able to store data collected by permanent and periodical monitoring as well as results of model computations. Thus it improves the analytical process performed by the BNP staff or external users. For achieving these aims two assumptions were made: first, that an input data to the system would be delivered from the different source (e.g. researchers, farmers, tourists, students), and second, that input data would be stored exclusively in one place using Internet. As it is shown on Figure 1, the input to the system consist of:
\n\t\t\tdata collected by permanent and periodical monitoring conducted by BNP and other institutions;
reports, questionnaires and random observations of whole groups of system users;
results of calculation of different models – hydrological, ecological and others which use data from DSS.
General system diagram
The main tasks of DSS is verification, formatting, storing, distribution and analyzing of data considering the needs of the specific user. The user needs can be various and the system should provide answers to users in an automatic or manual way depending on a queries status - standard or non-standard. The standard queries are periodic activity reports like: list of protected species or range of protection activities. An automatic process of other nonstandard queries would be conducted depending on the needs of a user. However, it should be pointed out that most nonstandard queries will be realized manually by using a tool such as ArcGIS Desktop. Actually, the DSS was already used for realizing several queries described in Figure 1 (frame output).
\n\t\tUsers of the system are divided into five groups: administrators, staff, scientists, tourists and farmers, which own or rent parcels in the BNP. Additionally, staff members - about 100 people - are divided into eight subgroups (management, accounting, administration, rangers, research, education, library, extension service for farms). Activities of each group emerged from their duties imposed on the employment relationship (staff, administrators), profits (farmers) or interest and knowledge (scientists and tourists). The main activities are listed in the Table 1.
\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAdministrator\n\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPark staff\n\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tScientists & students\n\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFarmers\n\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTourist\n\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t
Coordinating declarations of property rights on data | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tIissue permission on research and land renting | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tObtaining the permission for research | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tBrowsing which land can be rented | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tMaps and photos review | \n\t\t\t\t\t
Assignment permission | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tInput data by Ms Access forms | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tDownload or connect to DSS data | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tPurchasing the permission on land renting | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tExcursion planning | \n\t\t\t\t\t
Data validation, unification and conversion | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tInput data by mobile forms | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tResearch planning | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tCrop and plant quality | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tDownloading of trails and points of interests | \n\t\t\t\t\t
External model & monitoring data collection | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tPlanning | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tMeasurement | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tTime for field entering | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t |
Backup system | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tProposal preparation | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tAnalysis and modeling | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tTerms of mowing | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t |
Update meta-data | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tProject realization | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tPublication | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tWhat happens if you stop the mowing? | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t |
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t | Periodic reports | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tSend modeling and monitoring results to DSS | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tSchedule training, meetings, rental of equipment. | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t |
Some of DSS users activity
A central unit of the system consists of two computer servers: web server and database server with configuration of Microsoft Windows Server, MS SQL Server, and ArcGIS Server (Fig 2). There are two main applications working parallel on the web server: the first is a geoportal which is working on Apache Tomcad, the second is ArcGIS web map services supported by Internet Information Server.
\n\t\t\tThe Biebrza National Park\'s Local Area Network (LAN) works in a domain managed by a Microsoft Windows Server setup on second server – called Database Server or Repository. All employees of the park have access to DSS resources in the reading mode. Writing mode access is given only to specific users who are responsible for particular database updates. Data are entered into the system through MS Access or by ArcGIS Desktop applications. Furthermore, the data are recorded directly in the field on a PDA device with Arc Pad, ArcGIS Mobile or other software.
\n\t\t\tCommunication flow diagram for DSS
The automatic environmental monitoring system which is owned by the Park or by scientific institutions generating continuous time series of data which is stored not directly to the system. Currently, most of these stations, however measured parameters automatically without data transfer to a cellular network due to costs and avoiding the risk of loosing data when devices are stolen.
\n\t\t\tExternal users can communicate with the system by park staff or by the Internet. Communication over the Internet using three methods: Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), Web Map Service (WMS) and Mobile Data Service (MDS). HTTP is understood as applications integrated on Geoportal such as a search metadata or a web map. WMS is understood as a shared map, which can be used by the client\'s built-in GIS software such as ArcGIS Desktop, Map Info, Quantum GIS. MDS is understood as available maps and forms prepared for mobile devices equipped with GPS receivers and wireless transfer which allows for sending measurement results via the Internet to ArcGIS Server. Moreover, the results of the automatic monitoring stations are sent using the cellular network and the Internet. This method of data communication becomes more important for the system and can be used by workers, scientists and students working with the Park. Data sent by the scientists and student is transferred to a separate database, which checks their legal status, verifies and then introduces information to the main database.
\n\t\tAnalysis of parameters obtained from water level and discharge monitoring, provide robust and useful information on the physical stage of both water bodies and water-dependent ecosystems. Hydrological and meteorological monitoring has been placed in Biebrza National Park as an activity of special interest, indispensible for effective data-supported management. Collected and processed data of groundwater and surface water level dynamics are frequently applied in decision making processes (i.e. in issuing opinions and evaluating impact of possible investments on ecosystems of the valley of Biebrza). The data obtained from automatic and manual field measurements become also the key input to hydrological models, which broad extent in particular basins of the valley allowed to interpret the status-quo of ecosystems and to analyze certain scenarios of their development in time and space. A hydro-meteorological monitoring network of the BNP was established initially in the very first years of the Park functioning (1990ies) and then extended by different scientific institutes conducting research in the Biebrza wetlands. As hydrological processes play a siginificant role in the valley of Biebrza for wetland ecosystem development, both surface water and ground water have been continuously monitored since 1995 on numerous locations. The current monitoring network is primarily supervised by the BNP, Institute of Meteorology and Water Management and Warsaw University of Life Sciences staff. It consists of 25 surface water gauges, more than 120 groundwater piezometers, three automatic meteorological stations and four rain gauges. Continuous dataset from monitoring network can be additionally supplied with data collected within the area of BNP by other scientific institutions. The monitoring network of the BNP, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS) and the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management is presented in Figure 3.
\n\t\t\tSurface water monitoring and the rain gauge standard examination have been done continuously in a 1-day time-interval, however for certain research purposes the surface water network in the lower Basin is running with 6 hours interval, while in upper Biebrza River automatic water level sensors are recording water levels with a 10 minutes interval. Groundwater level measurements are being done in approximately 10-day time interval, however in some locations automatic water level sensors have been installed in piezometers and programmed to a measurement interval of 6 hours. Automatic meteorological stations record parameters of rainfall, wind speed, air humidity, temperature and solar radiation continuously, in 1 – 30 minutes time interval.
\n\t\t\tData of hydrological and meteorological monitoring are being collected and delivered to specialists responsible for data processing and storage by field services of the BNP and WULS researchers.
\n\t\t\tThe hydrological and meteorological monitoring network of the Biebrza National Park
Within near-natural wetlands of broad spatial extent, most ecological dependencies and management activities and strongly linked to hydrological processes. Among ecosystems of the Biebrza Valley, groundwater discharge-dependent mires and riparian wetlands are dominant types of habitats (Okruszko, 1991). In several parts of the wetlands hydrological information was crucial for the decision on conservation or restoration activities. Therefore, hydrological models have to be set up and aimed to compute either surface-water or groundwater flow dynamics. In this regard, a number of modeling studies were applied in the Biebrza Valley (Batelaan & Kuntohadi, 2002; Grygoruk et al., 2011; Kubrak & Okruszko, 2000; Querner et al., 2010; Swiatek, 2007; Swiatek et al., 2008).
\n\t\t\tTo analyze hydrological processes on groundwater discharge-dependent mires (some) models were set up on the basis of available computation algorithms (SIMGRO, MODFLOW). Hydrodynamic surface-water models (fluviogenic models) are used to analyze hydrological processes on riparian wetlands. Due to the complexity of the problems which were analyzed these models were created and dedicated only to be applied in particular stretches of the Biebrza Valley. Results of selected modeling approaches were included in the DSS and applied in habitat contiguity and evolution analysis.
\n\t\t\tTo quantify groundwater discharge as a crucial factor for the functioning of groundwater fed mires, the MODFLOW model (McDonald & Harbaugh, 1988) was applied in two separate set-ups: in the Upper Basin (Batelaan & Kuntohadi, 2002; Van Loon et al., 2010) and in the Middle Basin (Okruszko, 2005; Grygoruk et al., 2011). Results of the modeling were analyzed due to habitat contiguity in conditions of various hydrological flow processes and fluxes in the peat soils. Both approaches pay significant attention to groundwater discharge mapping, the crucial factor for the functioning of throughflow mires and their evolution. Groundwater models compute continuous groundwater levels. Applied packages (especially the MODFLOW Drain and Seepage Packages) allowed also to interpret groundwater discharge spatial distribution patterns.
\n\t\t\tThe state of fluviogenic (riparian) ecosystems is dependent mostly on the conditions of their hydrological alimentation by flooding waters. The most important hydrological characteristics, conditioning of the growth and the development of swamp vegetation, are: inundation surface, mean inundation depth, the frequency and the duration of inundation. A hydrodynamic model coupled with GIS techniques makes it possible to obtain necessary data for the determination of the above-mentioned hydrological characteristics. It is also a tool which facilitates the estimation of the influence of different river valley management methods on hydraulic conditions of water flow. It can even be used as a research tool for executing effective policy of natural values protection within the Biebrza National Park.
\n\t\t\t\tUnsteady flow in natural rivers is usually treated as a one-dimensional flow in practice and is based on St Venant equations. In order to simulate flood flow in the lower Biebrza Basin, the one-dimensional unsteady model flow RIVER-SV was applied (Swiatek, 2007). The basic form of the non-linear St Venant equations combined with retention effects of the vegetated areas on flood wave conveyance were used in the model.
\n\t\t\t\tThe model uses the Darcy-Weisbach relationship for the description of flow rules. It also enables introduction of water mass and momentum exchange processes between the main channel and floodplains, and it has the flexibility to account for parts of a cross section covered with vegetation and those with no vegetation. Thus, the developed model enables accounting for unsteady flow and flow resistance resulting from both vegetation covering a cross section and momentum exchange between the main channel and floodplains.
\n\t\t\t\tIn the topological discretization scheme of the flow, the Lower Biebrza Basin and its floodplain are represented as a one – dimensional channel from Osowiec gauge to Burzyn gauge. The Wissa River (a tributary) is treated as a point lateral inflow and described by the flow hydrograph at the Czachy gauge. Geometry of the river channel and floodplain is described by 47 river cross sections. The cross sections were measured by manual sounding for the main channel part and the topography of the floodplain was calculated from the Digital Elevation Model. Field monitoring in the Lower Biebrza Basin proves that during flood periods, the river valley consists of parts which mainly act as storage for flood water and of active flow areas (Chormanski and Miroslaw-Swiatek 2006). The 1D model is capable of describing flood conditions using the appropriate geometry of cross-sections, which are limited to the active flow zones. In the developed model, the particular areas for each cross-section were identified according to a vegetation map and topography determined with the Digital Elevation Model (DEM). The Lower Biebrza Basin model was successfully calibrated and verified for the measured data and historical data of flood events (Swiatek et al., 2008). The water level values calculated with the numerical model of flood-flow for cross-sections were used to determine the digital model of the floodwater table in the valley. Then, flood extent maps were calculated for the whole area of the valley by overlaying the DEM and water table layers.
\n\t\t\tDue to a historical legacy of the system, it is partly based on the relational databases (MS Access) which is converted as necessary to the Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI) geodatabase format. In addition, due to the low bandwidth Internet Web Server, the Park has been tested and exhibited outside its headquarters on the server at the Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW (WULS). The system was tested in the BNP with particular reference to the Red Bog Reserve (a raised bog area located in the northern part of the Middle Basin).
\n\t\t\tThe system consists of ten thematic databases built in a client-server structure. The database tables are located on the server while the forms are on the personal computers of individual staff. Each database is built, or is combined with a layer of information in a shp format or geodatabase by ESRI. The whole system uses software MS SQL Server, MS Access and ArcGIS Editor. The thematic databases contain information gathered from different research activities conducted since the establishment of BNP in 1993, biota and a biotic resources inventory, which was done during BNP management plan development in the late 1990ies as well as historical and current management practices recorded by the park staff.
\n\t\t\t\tIn the system the following database are included (Chormanski & Wassen, 2005):
\n\t\t\t\tOwnership database
This database contains information on parcels situated within the BPN area. Information on owners, usage and territorial units (commune, districts) is kept for each parcel.
\n\t\t\t\tNon-Forest Management Activities database
This database is adapted for storing information on performed and planned protective treatments.
\n\t\t\t\tForests database
This database is adapted for storing information on forest sub-sections within the BPN area. It contains particularly information on general characteristics of more than 4400 forest sub-sections, forest valuation description, information on gaps, planned and performed protective and growing treatments, and on cuttings.
\n\t\t\t\tFauna database
This database is adapted for storing information on location, number and living environment of vertebrates and invertebrates. It contains also characteristics of species as far as relation to the human kind, zoography and ecological classification is concerned.
\n\t\t\t\tFlora database
This database is adapted for storing information on occurrence and characteristics of plant species, as well as on planned and performed protective treatments.
\n\t\t\t\tWater quality database
This database is adapted for storing information on location and chemical and physical properties of tested water taken from ground bore-holes, as well as from lakes and rivers. It generally contains data from the area of BPN and from its protection zone.
\n\t\t\t\tPollution database
This database is adapted for storing information related to observation of the following types of pollution: surface water pollution (direct sewage discharges), groundwater pollution (waste dumps, fertilization, dunghills), air pollution, extra-ordinary environmental hazards.
\n\t\t\t\tHydrology & Meteorology database
This database is adapted for storing information related to the following observations made at piezometers, gauge stations and weather stations: location, levels of surface water and groundwater, discharge of surface water, precipitation quantity, air temperature and other meteorological data.
\n\t\t\t\tSoils database
This database is adapted for storing historical information on the following observations from soil pits, as well as cyclical surveys of physical and chemical properties of soil at various depths. It particularly contains: location, plant coverage, depth to water surface, characteristic of soil layers, general soil type, physical and chemical properties of soil.
\n\t\t\t\tFires database
This database is adapted for storing information on location of fires, causes for their occurrence, duration, number and type of fire brigades participating in extinguishing them, character and costs of damages caused by fire.
\n\t\t\tTo improve the data collection process in DSS, recently mobile applications were developed. These applications have been successfully tested by researchers in extreme conditions of remote area, so that, after positive experience, they were distributed to the staff of the BNP. Four mobile applications have been developed: a “piezometer”, “soil pit”, “fauna observation” and “phytosociological photo”. The task of “piezometer“ application is to record water level and physico-chemical parameters of water taken at different levels, i.e.: pH, electro conductivity, temperature. However, “soil pit“ application is designed to describe the habitat in the individual soil layers. It consists of a series of subforms describing in turn: place and time of observation, layer (thickness and type of soil) other physico-chemical soil parameters. Both applications were developed using ArcPad Application Builder and work in an environment of ArcPad (Fig. 4). After testing these applications, it became clear that ArcPad because of its numerous functions is complicated to use for ordinary BPN staff without specialized training. Therefore, other applications were developed in an ArcGIS Mobile (Fig. 5). “Fauna observation“ application consists of one form of recording: who, where, when saw a particular animal species, in which number and
\n\t\t\t\twhich behavior. “Phytosociological photo“ application consists of two forms of registration: who, where, when and as a second: in what plant community was the observation and counting performed and description of plant species. The advantage of ArcGIS Mobile application is its full integration with ArcGIS Server, which enables anywhere, anytime, to download the current state of the database of maps and forms over the Internet and in the same way to send the work on the server. This application consists of five tabs Map View, Collect Features, Search Features, View Work List, Synchronize, the corresponding status in accordance with their name on various activities.
\n\t\t\t\t“Piezometer“ (on left) and “soil pit “ (on right) forms run on ArcPad environment
“Fauna observation“ (on left) and “phytosociological photo“ (on right) forms run on ArcGIS Mobile environment
From the outside user point of view the most useful tool is the geoportal, installed temporarily at http://levis-map.sggw.pl/geoportal_biebrza. This tool was created based on ESRI\'s product called Geoportal Extension cooperating closely with ArcGIS Server (ESRI, 2011). It is divided into five tabs: home, search (Fig. 6), browse, download, interactive map (Fig. 7) all prepared in two language versions (Polish and English). Data can be viewed in a thematic directory, located in the Browse tab. The Download tab is used to send data from selected areas by mail. However the Interactive Map tab allows to view resources, which includes information about location and basic characteristics for particular research. This tab also provides access to photographic documentation (in the format 3-D) of the studies carried out in strict nature reserves, inaccessible for tourists.
\n\t\t\t\tAdditionally the portal has functions of registration for new users, which extends their rights for input description (metadata) of the research carried on the area of BNP. To the special features of this webpage, one can edit and search the metadata in a format compatible with the European Commission (EC) INSPIRE Directive (EC, 2007). Future plans for the geoportal is to add two new tabs: Mobile Applications and Scenario. The Mobile Applications will be used to download on PDA forms while the Scenario tab will querying the system in order to obtain answers to various scenarios.
\n\t\t\t\tGeoportal search metadata tab
Geoportal interactive maps tab
The construction of DSS was done in a few phases: retrieving the existing data, designing the system, programming, testing and users training. The detailed scope of the work can be described as follows:
\n\t\t\tconstruction of the system structure, purchase of hardware and software necessary for installation of DSS,
creation from scratch of 10 thematic databases and five in the form of geodatabases,
conversion of the existing descriptive and map data to databases,
conducting field studies to identify the parameters of the models,
simulations of several scenarios developed in Hydrological and Ecological Modules,
training of employees appointed to use the system,
developing, training mobile applications for data input,
testing the applications in the field,
development of web maps and web data access page.
Already several studies were conducted with the assistance of the DSS. Most of them were site specific and problem oriented. The results obtained during these studies, when stored and processed in the DSS can be of use also for other types of studies which are or will be needed for wetland ecosystem conservation or restoration, if these do not require the need to re-run models, since this is often not user friendly or requires the authors (developers) assistance. The examples given below show a range of results possibly to be obtained from different sources.
\n\t\t\tResults of the reference model runs as well as runs that include the input data of hydrological stress caused by human and natural impacts, are stored as raster and vector files, which make them ready to use from the level of database in GIS. Depending on actual needs and situation, new model runs can be done and analyzed as some elaborated and calibrated computation algorithms are also stored in the database. Continuity and ecological function stability of wetlands in the Middle Biebrza Basin are strongly dependent on minerotrophic groundwater discharge from the sandy aquifer to superficial layers of peat. Common balance between lateral groundwater inflow and accumulation of precipitation water on top of the peatland is responsible for the development of transitional mires. Modelling of groundwater discharge in various hydrological scenarios, that include increased groundwater inflow to the valley from adjacent plateaus (Fig. 8), can become an important verification of management strategies held by the BNP authorities. The relevance of such a modelling study increases, if a complex set of different restoration strategies needs to be evaluated. Then, some hydrological indicators that become the main force for wetland development, can be visualized and analyzed in coherence with other aspects, that particular strategy should have fulfilled.
\n\t\t\t\tResults of the steady-state groundwater discharge modelling – comparison of hydrological conditions in Middle Biebrza Basin in 2007 and in a scenario, that assumes 10% increase of groundwater inflow to the Biebrza Valley from adjacent plateaus.
This procedure allows for flood simulations with the hydrodynamic model and GIS analysis for determinations of inundation extent and was used for elaboration of different kind of maps, used in the DSS system (Fig.9). This type of performance combined with the physical and chemical studies of water are the basis for the analysis of biodiversity in wetland areas.
\n\t\t\t\tExample of fluviogenic model results presenting of long-term annual mean flood frequency on Biebrza Lower Basin in the vegetation season (February-September) in the period 1961 till 1996 (Chormanski et al., 2009b)
The main purpose defined for the surface water flow model has been to generate suitable hydrological data for the ecological module and the data for producing thematic maps with the range of flooding for the DSS module. The long term flood characteristics are very important for ecosystem development. Chormanski et al. (2011) described significant relations between the distribution of plant communities and the extent of average floods, which could be considered as long term average inundation conditions. One of the practical applications of the DSS is analysis of the spatial relation between flood’s statistic maps and vegetation maps. The analysis is performed in ArcGIS. It shows strong relations between inundation frequency maps and different water dependence classes of ecosystems in the Biebrza Lower Basin (Chormanski et al., 2009b). The hydrodynamic module of the DSS is used as a tool for studying the relation between flood characteristics and riparian ecosystems including prediction of the ecosystem changes due to human management and climate changes.
\n\t\t\tEstablishing the DSS in the BNP has increased awareness of the value of information for management purposes. This is specially important for developing of management and conservation plans as well as for preparing the application for different financial grants supporting conservation measures.
\n\t\t\tThe design of the modern DSS results from the process of implementation of the EC INSPIRE Directive, under which such tools as Arc GIS Server have arisen. Implementation of new technologies has and will continue to further accelerate the process of collecting and sharing data. Moreove, the DSS will have an impact on efficient data collection and use i..e. increasing the level of accuracy of analysis and reduce their costs by optimizing the efficiency. Running the geoportal allowed the wider community to participate in the construction of the DSS and will likely improve the quality of scientific studies and projects performed in the Park. It will also encourage scientific institutions to provide the results of modeling in a digital form and will help the Park staff in decision-making in difficult to predict processes.
\n\t\tWe acknowledge the support by the Dutch government for funding the PINMATRA project no 2001/039 and the support by a grant from Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway through the EEA Financial Mechanism and the Norwegian Financial Mechanism - Biodiversity protection of Red Bog (Czerwone Bagno) - relic of raised bogs in Central Europe - PL 0082. Research work financed by resources planned on science in years 2007-2010 as research project.
\n\t\tLanguage is communicated with a purpose. As active users of language, we are intrigued in how lexical choices can be used to represent our minds and bodies; how our mother tongue can shape our learning processes; and how linguistic expressions benefit our social interactions with others. These questions naturally fall inside the issue of the processing and the acquisition of language in the real-world setting (or the usage-based and pragmatic processing and learning). On one hand, in the history of psycholinguistics, only a very small group of studies has these relevant focuses. The empirical evidence and theoretical frameworks for language use in real-world scenarios are scarce. Most asked questions regarding how linguistic expressions are processed [1, 2]. Few addressed issues regarding who uses these expressions, and under what context and for what purpose are these expressions chosen. On the other hand, a growing need is foreseen in the field of second-language acquisition studies to combine the theories of L2 acquisition and psycholinguistic paradigm that is developed or adapted to examine the teaching and learning of a second language in the real-world scenarios and to give a higher emphasis to the study of acquisition of pragmatic knowledge in another language. This chapter takes an initiative to provide a quantitative bibliometric analysis on the latest trend in the theme of functional, usage-based, and pragmatic language processing and learning in psycholinguistics and second-language acquisition studies. These trends are partly formed by the successful validation of experimental paradigms and the rapid development of interdisciplinary methods to track the neurocognitive underpinnings related to one’s language behavior and will contribute to a greater understanding of how the language is understood, produced, and picked up in the socio-communicative settings.
\nAccording to the principle of the bibliometric analysis, a co-occurrence analysis based on keywords shows the frequency of the keywords that emerge in one article at the same time and how strong the emergences are [3]. The core themes of a research field can be identified by analyzing the links between keywords and by pointing out the most frequently occurred keywords in the field. We aim to use the co-occurrence analysis based on keywords to understand the evolution of main research themes related to the functional and the usage-based language processing and learning in the field of psycholinguistics and second-language acquisition [4]. To explore the relationship between research contexts and knowledge structure underlying the publication, the bibliographic coupling analysis has been employed between related studies that share at least one bibliographic coupling of cited reference. The more citations two publications share, a stronger bibliographic coupling strength between two publications is indicated, suggesting a similarity between the topics and knowledge. The novelty of the bibliometric coupling is that it finds the related research works, groups them into clusters, and builds a bibliometric network based on strength they connect with each other. Here this method demonstrates the core document (strongly and frequently coupled documents) and the core clusters representing the connections to this core document, among the publications relevant to the pragmatic and usage-based language processing and learning.
\nThe first purpose of this chapter is to address the bibliometric trend of psycholinguistic studies on pragmatic and usage-based language processing. Research articles were selected from the Web of Science Core Collection database with the search function TS = ((‘psycholinguistics’ AND ‘usage’) OR (‘psycholinguistics’ AND ‘function’) OR (‘psycholinguistics’ AND ‘pragmatics’)). The search function resulted in 95 key articles that cover publication years from 2010 to 2019 (by September 14, 2020). The second purpose is to make a bibliometric analysis on the second-language (L2) language acquisition studies that focused on usage-based and pragmatic language acquisition. Searching within the same database with the search function TS = ((‘second-language acquisition’ AND ‘usage’) OR (‘second-language acquisition’ AND ‘function’) OR (‘second-language acquisition’ AND ‘pragmatics’) OR (‘L2 acquisition’ AND ‘usage’) OR (‘L2 acquisition’ AND ‘function’) OR (‘L2 acquisition’ AND ‘pragmatics’)) revealed 601 key articles that cover publications within the 10 years (by January 11, 2020).
\nAll articles were collected in the Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), the Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI), and Arts & Humanities Citation Index (A & HCI) databases. All analyses were performed in BibExcel (Version 2016-02-20 [5]), and network results were visualized in VOSviewer (Version 1.6.13).
\nThe number of publications regarding the topics that bridge psycholinguistics and pragmatics/function/usage has generally grown between 2014 and 2018. The articles were published in altogether 73 journals indexed in the Web of Science Core. The top five journals that have mostly accepted articles with the topic of pragmatics, and the functional and the usage-based language processing in the field of psycholinguistics during the 10 years are: Frontiers in Psychology (Psychology), Journal of Pragmatics (Linguistics), Language (Linguistics), Cognition (Psychology/Linguistics), Slovo a Slovesnost (Linguistics) following a decreasing order. Another eight journals received at least two publications are Psychological Science (Psychology), PLoS One (Comprehensive), Language Sciences (Linguistics), Language Leaning (Linguistics), Journal of English for Academic Purposes (Linguistics), Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics (Linguistics), Revista Signos (Linguistics), and Annual Review of Applied Linguistics (Linguistics). These journals are mainly psychology or linguistics-specialized, or more comprehensive journals, highlighting the cross-disciplinary efforts in publishing articles related to the pragmatic and usage-based language processing. The topics that connect second-language acquisition and pragmatics/function/usage have grown since 2011. These articles were published in 198 different journals with a wide coverage of various focuses. The top five journals that accepted most articles (at least 20) are Second Language Research, Journal of Pragmatics, Frontiers in Psychology, Modern Language Journal, and Language Learning following a descending order. Journals that published at least 10 articles with this topic are System, Applied Psycholinguistics, Lingua, Studies in Second Language Acquisition, Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, International Journal of Bilingualism, Foreign Language Annals, Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, IRAL: International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, and International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism. Journals that published between five and nine articles include Applied Linguistics, Language Teaching Research, PLoS One, Hispania: A Journal Devoted to the Teaching of Spanish and Portuguese, Intercultural Pragmatics, Applied Linguistics Review, Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, Recall, Cognition, Journal of Neurolinguistics, Language Teaching, Computer Assisted Language Learning, Language Sciences, Canadian Modern Language Review: Revue Canadienne des Langues Vivantes, Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, Journal of Phonetics, Brain and Language, Topics in Cognitive Science, and Language Acquisition. These journals are reputable sources that receive empirical studies or systematic reviews and specialize in psychology, second-language acquisition, bilingualism, language teaching and education, pragmatics, and even cognitive science/cognitive neuroscience, suggesting that the second-language acquisition studies on usage-based and pragmatic language processing/learning receive a strong interdisciplinary attention and impact.
\nAltogether 232 authors published articles relevant to the topic of psycholinguistics and the pragmatic/usage-based language processing. The top eight researchers authored at least two of the publications during the last 10 years. They are Professors Valerie L. Shalin (Psychology), Stefan Th. Gries (Linguistics), Matthew Haigh (Psychology), Edward Gibson (Brain and Cognitive Sciences), Lewis Bott (Psychology), Bruce Derwing (Linguistics), John M. Tomlinson, Jr. (Psychology), and Nick Ellis (Psychology). The authors were affiliated in institutions of 22 countries. The countries that mostly published these articles (at least five) as the first author were the United States (33), followed by Spain (9), England (8), Canada (7), France (6), Germany (6), and Italy (5), suggesting that North-American English, Spanish, French, German, and Italian were the mostly interested languages in these publications. Topics relevant to the second-language acquisition and pragmatic/usage-based language learning were contributed by 1418 unique authors. The top contributors who authored at least four publications during the past 10 years are Professors Bardovi-Harlig Kathleen (Linguistics), Saito Kazuya (Linguistics), Roumyana Slabakova (Linguistics), Ellis Nick (Psychology), Emanuel Bylund (Psychology & Linguistics), Antonella Sorace (Linguistics), Jason Rothman (Psychology), Silvina Montrul (Linguistics), and Ping Li (Psychology & Linguistics). Authors from 48 countries contributed to the publication. The most productive countries (at least 10 articles) as the first author were the United States (211), England (45), China (34), Germany (33), Canada (33), Netherlands (20), Australia (19), France (19), Italy (15), Sweden (13), Belgium (12), Japan (12), and Korea (10), suggesting that the topics relevant to the pragmatic and usage-based language learning were interested by research groups with expertise in linguistics and/or psychology, and the languages of interest were more various. Besides the Indo-European languages such as English, German, French, and Italian, the East-Asian languages, in particular, Chinese, Japanese, and Korean, are the popular languages of research.
\nThe keywords that appeared at least five times among target publications in the topic of psycholinguistics and pragmatic and usage-based language processing highlighted the following related themes [Language (17), Comprehension (11), Psycholinguistics (10), Speech (8), Speakers (7), Acquisition (6), Information (5), Context (5), and Perception (5)] and methodology [Eye-movements (5) and Children (5)]. In the topic of usage-based and pragmatic language learning, the keywords that occurred at least 10 times among target publications represented the themes highlighting Second Language Acquisition (76) and L2 Acquisition (15), Bilingualism (56), Language Acquisition (23), Spanish (20), Pragmatics (17), Study Abroad (15), Language, (14), Working Memory (14), Second Language (13), English (13), Vocabulary (13), Second Language Learning (12), German (10), Interlanguage Pragmatics (10), and fMRI (10). The comparison of the keywords between these two topics clearly indicates a distinct trend of research interest and methodology of use in the field psycholinguistics and the field of second-language acquisition studies. These trends can be summarized as follows: The former group of studies is interested in comprehension, speaking, and developmental aspects of language and predominantly relying on the online behavioral measurements. The latter group relies more on the neuroscientific methods and focuses on the learning aspects of language and bilingualism.
\nThe co-occurrence analysis conducted on psycholinguistic studies on pragmatic and usage-based language processing revealed nine clusters of 73 keywords (with minimum cluster size set as 5) in total that mutually appear in a pair of target articles over all records based on the search function (see Figure 1). The clusters were ranked in a descending order based on their size and strength of connections. These clusters reflect what readers may rely on to search for the interested articles in the field of psycholinguistic research toward the functional, usage-based and pragmatic language processing (see Table 1 for the list of key words per cluster). The first cluster reflects the trend in examining the processing of patterns and formulaic language usages in L1 and L2 speakers. The second cluster reflects the trend in investigating the usage and representation of formulaic expressions in discourse and conversation and discusses the relevant capacity and cognitive process such as perspective-taking processes. The third cluster reflects the focus on syntactic processing and Broca’s area, in sentence comprehension, the ambiguity and interference during language production and their relation with fluid intelligence, interference, and perspective taking. The fourth cluster reflects the trend of using neurocognitive indices (brain potentials and eye-movements) and modeling approach in lexical decision and recognition paradigms. The fifth cluster suggests the trend of focusing on intonation and speech, highlighting indirect languages such as sarcasm and verbal irony and the contextual impact during comprehension. The sixth cluster shows the trends in speech production and the dynamics of activation of representations during the process. The seventh cluster highlights the trend of investigating the cognitive processes (such as categorization, access to the knowledge, perception, and comprehension) in autistic individuals. The eight cluster shows an independent trend of looking at idiom comprehension, the deficits of it, and its relation with working memory. The last cluster reflects some trend focusing on developmental psycholinguistic research.
\nCo-occurrence map of keywords (n = 73) over publications relevant to psycholinguistic studies on usage-based and pragmatic language processing. Nodes reflect keywords, and the size of the nodes represents their frequencies. Ties reflect the relationships between keywords, and the thicknesses represent the strengths of the relationships. Clusters of keywords are color coded and are shown in details in Table 1.
Cluster number | \nKeywords | \nCluster number | \nKeywords | \n
---|---|---|---|
1 | \n2nd-language speakers | \n4 | \nModel | \n
1 | \nLexical bundles | \n4 | \nEye-movements | \n
1 | \nList | \n4 | \nInformation | \n
1 | \nPatterns | \n5 | \nIntonation | \n
1 | \nSequences | \n5 | \nSarcasm | \n
1 | \nFormulaic language | \n5 | \nSpeaker | \n
1 | \nAttention | \n5 | \nVerbal irony | \n
1 | \nAcquisition | \n5 | \nLanguage comprehension | \n
1 | \nCorpus linguistics | \n5 | \nWord recognition | \n
1 | \nSpeakers | \n5 | \nContext | \n
1 | \nPsycholinguistics | \n5 | \nSpeech | \n
2 | \nFormulaic sequences | \n6 | \nActivation | \n
2 | \nCapacity | \n6 | \nDynamics | \n
2 | \nDiscourse | \n6 | \nRepresentations | \n
2 | \nGrammar | \n6 | \nSensitivity | \n
2 | \nPerspective | \n6 | \nSpeech production | \n
2 | \nUsage | \n6 | \nWord | \n
2 | \nConversation | \n6 | \nPerformance | \n
2 | \nEnglish | \n7 | \nAutism | \n
2 | \nRepresentation | \n7 | \nCategorization | \n
2 | \nLanguage | \n7 | \nEvolution | \n
3 | \nAttraction | \n7 | \nKnowledge | \n
3 | \nCognitive control | \n7 | \nModels | \n
3 | \nFluid intelligence | \n7 | \nPerception | \n
3 | \nInterference | \n7 | \nComprehension | \n
3 | \nLanguage production | \n8 | \nDeficits | \n
3 | \nPerspective-taking | \n8 | \nErrors | \n
3 | \nWorking-memory capacity | \n8 | \nIdiom comprehension | \n
3 | \nBrocas area | \n8 | \nMind | \n
3 | \nSyntax | \n8 | \nWorking-memory | \n
3 | \nSentence comprehension | \n8 | \nIndividual-differences | \n
4 | \nBrain potentials | \n9 | \nAdults | \n
4 | \nGender | \n9 | \nTranslation | \n
4 | \nLexical decision | \n9 | \nTime-course | \n
4 | \nRecognition | \n9 | \nMemory | \n
4 | \nWords | \n9 | \nChildren | \n
4 | \nFrequency | \n\n | \n |
Clusters and the list of keywords in the co-occurrence analysis of publications relevant to psycholinguistic studies on usage-based and pragmatic language processing. Clusters are visualized in the co-occurrence map in Figure 1.
The co-occurrence analysis conducted on second-language acquisition studies on the pragmatic and usage-based language learning revealed 14 clusters of 296 keywords in total (with minimum cluster size set to 10) that mutually appear in at least a pair of target articles over a consecutive number of records (see Figure 2 and Table 2). The first cluster reveals a strong trend represented by a group of empirical studies on speech and phonological learning with cognitive neuroscience approaches. These approaches included but were not limited to the functional neuroimaging, the eye-tracking, and the recording of other online linguistic behaviors. In this trend, multiple cognitive processes were tapped, and individuals with particular sensory deprivation (e.g., deaf), cognitive impairments (e.g., specific language impairment), or neurodevelopmental disorders (e.g., dyslexia) were included as target populations of testings. The second cluster shows a trend of examining the processing different linguistic aspects (such as morphosyntactic, lexical, gestural, pragmatic, referential, and so on). Under the usage-based framework in both adult and second-language acquisition. The third cluster uniquely represents the trend of investigating the second-language acquisition of various functional and discourse markers, for instance, the usage of definiteness and specificity, conversational and scalar implicature, functional words, and mood. The fourth cluster reveals a trend of examining the association of individual’s cognitive control or executive function abilities (including switching, inhibition, attentional monitoring, and working memory) and other related processes with second-language acquisition. The fifth cluster shows a trend of analyzing the role of instructional and learning strategies in second-language acquisition of pragmatic functions in educational and cultural settings. The sixth cluster reveals a latest trend of studying bilingual language processing and reading with functional and structural neuroimaging techniques, focusing on cross-linguistic comparisons that involve Mandarin. The seventh cluster emphasizes the studies on the interface of syntax and pragmatics and the interface of syntax and discourse, with a target language Spanish and heritage languages. The eighth cluster represents a trend of determining the structure of pragmatic competence and characterizing the role of pragmatic capacities in social interaction and adaptation. The ninth cluster represents the studies on the pragmatic acquisition (e.g., speech act) with English as a second language as a testing case. The 10th cluster focuses on the dynamic interplay between the second language and the first language, emphasizing how the acquisition of a second language may interfere or cause the loss of the capacity of using the first language. The 11th cluster mainly deals with the visual language acquisition, including the sign language and the spatial language. The learning of other syntax-related functions is discussed under the usage-based language acquisition framework in the rest of the clusters (e.g., the topics of null subject, of formulaic sequences, and of word order).
\nCo-occurrence map of keywords (n = 298) over publications relevant to second-language acquisition studies on usage-based and pragmatic language learning. Nodes reflect keywords, and the size of the nodes represents their frequencies. Ties reflect the relationships between keywords, and the thicknesses represent the strengths of the relationships. Clusters of keywords are color coded and are shown in details in Table 2.
Cluster number | \nKeywords | \nCluster number | \nKeywords | \n
---|---|---|---|
1 | \nAnxiety | \n5 | \nLexical development | \n
1 | \nAttention | \n5 | \nLiteracy | \n
1 | \nCerebellum | \n5 | \nMethods | \n
1 | \nChildren | \n5 | \nModification | \n
1 | \nCochlear implants | \n5 | \nOral language | \n
1 | \nCognitive processes | \n5 | \nRequests | \n
1 | \nConsolidation | \n5 | \nRole play | \n
1 | \nDeaf | \n5 | \nScaffolding | \n
1 | \nDeclarative memory | \n5 | \nSecond-language learning | \n
1 | \nDevelopment | \n5 | \nSecond-language pragmatics | \n
1 | \nDyslexia | \n5 | \nSituation-bound utterances | \n
1 | \nEye-tracking | \n5 | \nSociocultural theory | \n
1 | \nFast mapping | \n5 | \nTeacher talk | \n
1 | \nfMRI | \n5 | \nUsage-based models | \n
1 | \nFunctional connectivity | \n6 | \nAge of acquisition | \n
1 | \nFunctional magnetic resonance imaging | \n6 | \nArousal | \n
1 | \nGender | \n6 | \nBilingual | \n
1 | \nGene expression | \n6 | \nClassroom | \n
1 | \nHemodynamic response | \n6 | \nCognitive processing | \n
1 | \nL2 | \n6 | \nConcreteness | \n
1 | \nLanguage | \n6 | \nConvolutional neural networks | \n
1 | \nLanguage evolution | \n6 | \nCross-linguistic influence | \n
1 | \nLearning | \n6 | \nDominance | \n
1 | \nMemory | \n6 | \nDTI | \n
1 | \nMethodology | \n6 | \nEEG | \n
1 | \nNeuroimaging | \n6 | \nEmbodied cognition | \n
1 | \nNovelty | \n6 | \nEmotion | \n
1 | \nOnline processing | \n6 | \nEye movements | \n
1 | \nPhonological awareness | \n6 | \nFamiliarity | \n
1 | \nProcedural | \n6 | \nImageability | \n
1 | \nProcedural memory | \n6 | \nLongitudinal study | \n
1 | \nPronoun | \n6 | \nMandarin | \n
1 | \nSLI | \n6 | \nMRI | \n
1 | \nSpecific language impairment | \n6 | \nNeuroplasticity | \n
1 | \nSpeech perception | \n6 | \nReading | \n
1 | \nSpeech production | \n6 | \nSecond-language processing | \n
1 | \nWord learning | \n6 | \nWord association | \n
1 | \nReaction time | \n6 | \nWorking memory capacity | \n
2 | \nAcquisition | \n7 | \nBoundary tones | \n
2 | \nAdult L2 acquisition | \n7 | \nClitic left dislocation | \n
2 | \nAnaphora resolution | \n7 | \nClitics | \n
2 | \nAspect | \n7 | \nDifferential Object Marking | \n
2 | \nCategorization | \n7 | \nDislocations | \n
2 | \nChild L2 acquisition | \n7 | \nErgativity | \n
2 | \nCognates | \n7 | \nHeritage speakers | \n
2 | \nCorpus | \n7 | \nIncomplete acquisition | \n
2 | \nCritical period hypothesis | \n7 | \nInformation structure | \n
2 | \nDummy auxiliaries | \n7 | \nInterface hypothesis | \n
2 | \nDutch | \n7 | \nL2 learners | \n
2 | \nExposure | \n7 | \nL2 Spanish | \n
2 | \nFrequency | \n7 | \nLanguage contact | \n
2 | \nGerman | \n7 | \nLexical semantics | \n
2 | \nGesture | \n7 | \nPolysemy | \n
2 | \nGrammar | \n7 | \nProsodic transfer | \n
2 | \nInput | \n7 | \nSpanish | \n
2 | \nInterfaces | \n7 | \nSyntax-discourse interface | \n
2 | \nInterlanguage | \n7 | \nSyntax-semantics interface | \n
2 | \nIntonation | \n7 | \nTopicalization | \n
2 | \nL1 transfer | \n8 | \nArabic | \n
2 | \nLanguage aptitude | \n8 | \nCode-switching | \n
2 | \nLanguage control | \n8 | \nComprehension | \n
2 | \nLearner varieties | \n8 | \nHebrew | \n
2 | \nLexicon | \n8 | \nInterlanguage pragmatics | \n
2 | \nLinguistic input | \n8 | \nL2 pragmatic competence | \n
2 | \nMorphosyntax | \n8 | \nL2 pragmatics | \n
2 | \nPragmatics | \n8 | \nLexical processing | \n
2 | \nProcessing | \n8 | \nLongitudinal research | \n
2 | \nReference | \n8 | \nMixed methods | \n
2 | \nSecond language | \n8 | \nMultilingualism | \n
2 | \nSLA | \n8 | \nPragmatic awareness | \n
2 | \nUsage-based | \n8 | \nProduction | \n
2 | \nUsage-based theory | \n8 | \nRecognition | \n
2 | \nVocabulary | \n8 | \nSocial interaction | \n
2 | \nWritten corrective feedback | \n8 | \nSociocultural adaptation | \n
3 | \nArticles | \n8 | \nVocabulary learning | \n
3 | \nAwareness | \n8 | \nPragmatic routines | \n
3 | \nCognition | \n9 | \nChinese | \n
3 | \nComputer-assisted language learning (CALL) | \n9 | \nChinese learners of English | \n
3 | \nConversational implicature | \n9 | \nConventional expressions | \n
3 | \nDefiniteness | \n9 | \nDiscourse markers | \n
3 | \nDeterminers | \n9 | \nEnglish as a foreign language | \n
3 | \nEnglish | \n9 | \nInterlanguage pragmatic development | \n
3 | \nEnglish articles | \n9 | \nL2 proficiency | \n
3 | \nExplicit instruction | \n9 | \nPragmatic competence | \n
3 | \nFocus | \n9 | \nPragmatic development | \n
3 | \nFrench | \n9 | \nRequest | \n
3 | \nFunction words | \n9 | \nSecond-language acquisition | \n
3 | \nGlobalization | \n9 | \nSpeech act | \n
3 | \nIdentity | \n9 | \nStudy abroad | \n
3 | \nIndividual differences | \n9 | \nTask design | \n
3 | \nIrish English | \n10 | \nBilingual development | \n
3 | \nL2 acquisition | \n10 | \nConstruction Grammar | \n
3 | \nLexical bundles | \n10 | \nCorpus analysis | \n
3 | \n‘Like’ | \n10 | \nCross-linguistic influence | \n
3 | \nLongitudinal | \n10 | \nDynamic systems | \n
3 | \nProsody | \n10 | \ndynamic systems theory | \n
3 | \nScalar implicatures | \n10 | \nL1 attrition | \n
3 | \nSecond-language acquisition (SLA) | \n10 | \nLanguage attrition | \n
3 | \nSecond-language interaction | \n10 | \nLanguage balance | \n
3 | \nSociolinguistics | \n10 | \nLate bilinguals | \n
3 | \nSpanish subjunctive | \n10 | \nSecond-language development | \n
3 | \nSpecificity | \n10 | \nUsage-based approach | \n
3 | \nUsage-based linguistics | \n10 | \nUsage-based perspective | \n
3 | \nVariation | \n10 | \nLanguage dominance | \n
3 | \nPhonology | \n11 | \nAssessment | \n
3 | \nPragmatic markers | \n11 | \nChild second-language acquisition | \n
3 | \nPronunciation | \n11 | \nEFL | \n
4 | \nArtificial language | \n11 | \nESL | \n
4 | \nAttention network test | \n11 | \nJapanese | \n
4 | \nAttentional monitoring | \n11 | \nLanguage impairment | \n
4 | \nBasal ganglia | \n11 | \nLinguistic relativity | \n
4 | \nBilingual advantage | \n11 | \nMotion events | \n
4 | \nBilingualism | \n11 | \nNarratives | \n
4 | \nCognitive control | \n11 | \nPath | \n
4 | \nEpilepsy | \n11 | \nSign language | \n
4 | \nExecutive control | \n11 | \nSpatial language | \n
4 | \nExecutive function | \n12 | \nDiscourse | \n
4 | \nExecutive functions | \n12 | \nForeign language instruction | \n
4 | \nForm-function mapping | \n12 | \nImplicit learning | \n
4 | \nFrench liaison | \n12 | \nInterface | \n
4 | \nImmersion | \n12 | \nMorphology | \n
4 | \nInhibition | \n12 | \nNull subjects | \n
4 | \nLanguage acquisition | \n12 | \nSequential bilingualism | \n
4 | \nLanguage development | \n12 | \nStatistical learning | \n
4 | \nLanguage proficiency | \n12 | \nSyntax | \n
4 | \nLanguage switching | \n12 | \nSyntax-pragmatics interface | \n
4 | \nLanguage usage | \n12 | \nUniversal grammar | \n
4 | \nLinguistics | \n13 | \nAcademic writing | \n
4 | \nPhonological short-term memory | \n13 | \nCollocations | \n
4 | \nRecasts | \n13 | \nCorpus linguistics | \n
4 | \nSecond-language acquisition | \n13 | \nFormulaic sequences | \n
4 | \nSwitching | \n13 | \nGrammatical development | \n
4 | \nTheory of mind | \n13 | \nInterlanguage development | \n
4 | \nVerbal working memory | \n13 | \nNoticing | \n
4 | \nWorking memory | \n13 | \nPhraseology | \n
5 | \nMaterials | \n13 | \nProficiency | \n
5 | \nChunking | \n13 | \nProficiency level | \n
5 | \nClassroom discourse | \n13 | \nSpeech acts | \n
5 | \nConversation analysis | \n14 | \nAcculturation | \n
5 | \nCorrective feedback | \n14 | \nBiliteracy | \n
5 | \nEnglish as a second language | \n14 | \nCatalan | \n
5 | \nEnglish language learners | \n14 | \nEducation | \n
5 | \nEnglish learners | \n14 | \nEstonian | \n
5 | \nExplicit knowledge | \n14 | \nLanguage ideologies | \n
5 | \nFormulaic language | \n14 | \nLanguage policy | \n
5 | \nGame-based learning | \n14 | \nMorphological awareness | \n
5 | \nInstructional interaction | \n14 | \nTransfer | \n
5 | \nInstructional strategies | \n14 | \nWord order | \n
Clusters and the list of keywords in the co-occurrence analysis of publications relevant to second-language acquisition studies on usage-based and pragmatic language learning. Clusters are visualized in the co-occurrence map in Figure 2.
Among 95 articles relevant to the study of psycholinguistic studies on pragmatic and usage-based language processing between 2010 and 2019, 80 shared citing references. According to the shared citations, the articles were clustered into seven groups, with the minimum number of citations per cluster equals to five (see Figure 3 and Table 3). The first group of research focuses on the psycholinguistic experiments on pragmatic functions. The topics includ irony, presupposition, speech acts, contextual effects, facial expressions, speech acts, communicative norms, discourse particles, indirect speech, and affective meanings. The second group of research concerns the pragmatics-syntax interface and the involvement of cognitive changes in pragmatic processing. The topics includ counterfactual conditionals, indefiniteness, referential informativeness, morphological marking for pragmatics-syntax interface, autism, Parkinson’s disease, mild cognitive impairment, executive control training, selective attention, and theory-of-mind. The third group of research concerns conventional expressions and formulaic languages, which includ the topics such as frequency of lexical use and second-language learning. The fourth group of research discusses the flexibility in pragmatic inferences and the relevant topics includ the scalar inferences and counterfactual inferences. The fifth group of research concerns the individual differences in syntactic and pragmatic processing, such as the working memory constraints on syntactic islands and semantic comprehension, and pragmatic strategy in syntactic attachment. The sixth group of research focuses on bilingualism, which covers the topics including code-switching, cross-modal linguistic transfer, phonological processing, and the consequence of bilingualism. The last group of research discusses communicative and pragmatic function of lexical meanings. The topics includ the noun-noun compounds, polysemy, sublexical constituents, and negation.
\nBibliographic coupling network map for articles with shared citations (n = 80), relevant to the psycholinguistic literature on pragmatic and usage-based language processing. Nodes represent the title of the articles, and the size of the nodes represents the number of citations in that article that co-occur in another article. Ties reflect the relationships between keywords, and the thicknesses represent the number of the shared citations. Clusters of articles are color coded and are shown in details in Table 3.
Cluster number | \nTitle of the article | \n
---|---|
1 | \nA strong link between verbal and emoji-based irony: How the brain processes ironic emojis during language comprehension | \n
1 | \nAccommodating presuppositions is inappropriate in implausible contexts | \n
1 | \nAncient Greek awareness of child language acquisition | \n
1 | \nAre ironic acts deliberate? | \n
1 | \nBeyond mechanistic interaction: value-based constraints on meaning in language | \n
1 | \nCo(n)textual supports in the discursive use of phraseological units | \n
1 | \nCognitive adequacy in a dialogic functional discourse grammar | \n
1 | \nFacial expressions and speech acts: experimental evidences on the role of the upper face as an illocutionary force indicating device in language comprehension | \n
1 | \nIdentifying seekers and suppliers in social media communities to support crisis coordination | \n
1 | \nMisleading health consumers through violations of communicative norms: a case study of online diabetes education | \n
1 | \nPragmatic choice in conversation | \n
1 | \nProcedural meaning and Spanish discourse particles: an experimental approach | \n
1 | \nRationales for indirect speech: the theory of the strategic speaker | \n
1 | \nRobots that say no affective symbol grounding and the case of intent interpretations | \n
1 | \nSentinels of breach: lexical choice as a measure of urgency in social media | \n
1 | \nSources of history for a psychology of verbal communication | \n
1 | \nThe impact of foreign accent on irony interpretation | \n
2 | \nAcoustic marking of prominence: how do preadolescent speakers with and without high-functioning autism mark contrast in an interactive task? | \n
2 | \nApproximation to the semantics of counterfactuals | \n
2 | \nExperimental investigations of weak definite and weak indefinite noun phrases | \n
2 | \nLooking at a contrast object before speaking boosts referential informativeness but is not essential | \n
2 | \nPragmatic comprehension deficit in Parkinson’s disease | \n
2 | \nProcessing complex pseudo-words in mild cognitive impairment: the interaction of preserved morphological rule knowledge with compromised cognitive ability | \n
2 | \nPsychological essentialist reasoning and perspective taking during reading: a donkey is not a zebra, but a plate can be a clock | \n
2 | \nSeeking the -ational in derivational morphology | \n
2 | \nSensitivity to speaker control in the online comprehension of conditional tips and promises: an eye-tracking study | \n
2 | \nSources of variability relevant to the cognitive sociolinguist, and corpus—as well as psycholinguistic methods and notions to handle them | \n
2 | \nThe benefits of executive control training and the implications for language processing | \n
2 | \nThe communicative significance of primary and secondary accents | \n
2 | \nThe director task: a test of theory-of-mind use or selective attention? | \n
2 | \nThreats may be negative promises (but warnings are more than negative tips) | \n
2 | \nTolerant, classical, strict | \n
3 | \nBinomials in Russian speech: semantic types and objective and subjective frequency | \n
3 | \nConventional expressions: investigating pragmatics and processing | \n
3 | \nFormulaic language and second language acquisition: zipf and the phrasal teddy bear | \n
3 | \nHigh-frequency collocations of nouns in research articles across eight disciplines | \n
3 | \nInvestigating academic phraseology through combinations of very frequent words: a methodological exploration | \n
3 | \nLanguage change from a psycholinguistic perspective: the long-term effects of frequency on language processing | \n
3 | \nMore than words: the role of multiword sequences in language learning and use | \n
3 | \nProcessing advantages of lexical bundles: evidence from self-paced reading and sentence recall tasks | \n
3 | \nThe development of formulaic sequences in first and second language writing Investigating effects of frequency, association, and native norm | \n
3 | \nThe effectiveness of focused instruction of formulaic sequences in augmenting L2 learners’ academic writing skills: a quantitative research study | \n
3 | \nUsage-based linguistics and the magic number four | \n
3 | \nWhat do we (think we) know about formulaic language? An evaluation of the current state of play | \n
4 | \nAuthorship attribution, constructed languages, and the psycholinguistics of individual variation | \n
4 | \nCompetition and symmetry in an artificial word learning task | \n
4 | \nEye Movement Evidence for Context-Sensitive Derivation of Scalar Inferences | \n
4 | \nFree choice permission and the counterfactuals of pragmatics | \n
4 | \nIntonation and pragmatic enrichment: how intonation constrains ad hoc scalar inferences | \n
4 | \nLetter and symbol identification: no evidence for letter-specific crowding mechanisms | \n
4 | \nNo delay for some inferences | \n
4 | \nPossibly all of that and then some: scalar implicatures are understood in two steps | \n
4 | \nScalar implicatures: the psychological reality of scales | \n
4 | \nTwo languages, two minds: flexible cognitive processing driven by language of operation | \n
5 | \nA test of the relation between working-memory capacity and syntactic island effects | \n
5 | \nAgreement processes in English and Spanish: a completion study | \n
5 | \nAttachment preference in auditory German sentences: individual differences and pragmatic strategy | \n
5 | \nDetection of speech errors in the speech of others: an ERP study | \n
5 | \nNeurolinguistics: subject, history, methods | \n
5 | \nSimulating cross-language priming with a dynamic computational model of the lexicon | \n
5 | \nSpecific language impairment: markers into semantic and pragmatic areas in Spanish-speaking children | \n
5 | \nThe effect of word predictability on reading time is logarithmic | \n
5 | \nWhich noun phrases is the verb supposed to agree with? Object agreement in American English | \n
5 | \nWorking memory predicts semantic comprehension in dichotic listening in older adults | \n
6 | \nAdaptation of the bilingual aphasia test (BAT) to Sardinian: clinical and social implications | \n
6 | \nCalling for interdisciplinary approaches to the study of Spanglish and its linguistic manifestations | \n
6 | \nCode-switching in multilinguals with dementia: patterns across speech contexts | \n
6 | \nCross-modal bilingualism: language contact as evidence of linguistic transfer in sign bilingual education | \n
6 | \nFamiliarity, comprehension and use of Indian English only L1 Indian English speakers’ psycholinguistic judgments and interview responses | \n
6 | \nGood language-switchers are good task-switchers: evidence from Spanish-English and Mandarin-English bilinguals | \n
6 | \nJuggling two languages in one mind: what bilinguals tell us about language processing and its consequences for cognition | \n
6 | \nMorphosyntactic annotation of CHILDES transcripts | \n
6 | \nMultilingualism and multicompetence: a conceptual view | \n
6 | \nThe nature of the phonological processing in French dyslexic children: evidence for the phonological syllable and linguistic features’ role in silent reading and speech discrimination | \n
7 | \nNoun-noun compounds for fictive food products: experimenting in the borderzone of semantics and pragmatics | \n
7 | \nOptimization models of natural communication | \n
7 | \nPolysemy and word meaning: an account of lexical meaning for different kinds of content words | \n
7 | \nStatistical measures for usage-based linguistics | \n
7 | \nSyllabO plus: a new tool to study sublexical phenomena in spoken Quebec French | \n
7 | \nThe good, the not good, and the not beautiful: on the non-obligatoriness of suppression following negation | \n
Clusters and title of articles in the bibliographic coupling analysis on the psycholinguistic literature on pragmatic and usage-based language processing. Clusters are visualized in the bibliographic coupling network map in Figure 3.
Among 601 articles relevant to the study on second-language acquisition between 2010 and 2019, 571 shared citing references. According to the shared citations, the articles were clustered into eight groups, with the minimum number of citations per cluster sets to 10 (Figure 4 and Table 4). The first research group highlights the empirical studies on factors that affect different aspects of second-language acquisition in children or young adults, with many involving a comparison between the first-language and the second-language acquisition. The second group of research highlights the acquisition of lexical and grammatical aspects of language in L2, distinguishing the role of domain-general (e.g., the cognitive constraint on frequency learning) and domain-specific factors (e.g., the knowledge of linguistic register) in second-language acquisition. The third group concerns the effectiveness of various instructional strategies (e.g., virtual learning environment) and the perception of teaching strategies (e.g., corrective feedback) in the acquisition of pragmatic competencies. The fourth group concerns the development of pragmatic strategies in L2, for instance, the use of speech acts (such as apology request and refusal acts), prosodic strategies, conversational implicature, quotative marking, and conventional expressions. The fifth group concerns the syntax-pragmatics interface during second-language acquisition. Some special themes are discussed, which include the null and overt subject, wh-question, co-reference and anaphora, and left dislocation. The sixth group of research uniquely focuses on the cognitive advantage (especially in the executive function) and the neural consequences of bilingualism, with the aid of neuroimaging techniques. The seventh group aims to examine the factors that affect the second-language acquisition and the first-language attrition in the aspects of syntactic, prosodic, and pragmatic skills (e.g., the age of acquisition, the richness of language input, and the neurocognitive constraints). The last group is devoted to the research on the processing of discourse and pragmatic marker (e.g., the usage of article, scalar implicature, and presupposition) in second-language learner.
\nBibliographic coupling network map for articles with shared citations (n = 571), relevant to the second-language acquisition literature on pragmatic and usage-based language learning. Clusters of articles are color coded and are shown in details in Table 4.
Cluster number | \nTitle of the represented articles | \n
---|---|
1 | \nVariability in the learning of complex morphophonology | \n
1 | \nCan L2-English influence L1-German? The case of post-vocalic /r/ | \n
1 | \nA formalist perspective on language acquisition | \n
1 | \nMulticompetence and native speaker variation in clausal packaging in Japanese | \n
1 | \nAbstracting grammar from social-cognitive foundations: a developmental sketch of learning | \n
1 | \nIndividual differences in child English second language acquisition: comparing child-internal and child-external factors | \n
1 | \nAsymmetrical interlingual influence in the production of Spanish and English laterals as a result of competing activation in bilingual language processing | \n
1 | \nTracking learners’ progress: adopting a dual ‘corpus cum experimental data’ approach | \n
1 | \nLearned attention effects in L2 temporal reference: the first hour and the next eight semesters | \n
1 | \nEffects of input properties, vocabulary size, and L1 on the development of third person singular -s in child L2 English | \n
2 | \nPhrase frequency, proficiency and grammaticality interact in non-native processing: Implications for theories of SLA | \n
2 | \nSecond language construction learning: investigating domain-specific adaptation in advanced L2 production | \n
2 | \nA usage-based approach to preposition placement in English as a second language | \n
2 | \nCognitive linguistics and the second language classroom | \n
2 | \nThe role of multiword building blocks in explaining L1-L2 differences | \n
2 | \nL2 negation constructions at work | \n
2 | \nFormulaic language and second language acquisition: zipf and the phrasal teddy bear | \n
2 | \nExplicit knowledge and processes from a usage-based perspective: the developmental trajectory of an instructed L2 learner | \n
2 | \nFrequency of input and L2 collocational processing a comparison of congruent and incongruent collocations | \n
2 | \nFrequency effects on first and second language compositional phrase comprehension and production | \n
3 | \nEssentials of a theory of language cognition | \n
3 | \nThe role of working memory in processing L2 input: insights from eye-tracking | \n
3 | \nWorking memory and the observed effectiveness of recasts on different L2 outcome measures | \n
3 | \nThe relationship between L2 instruction, exposure, and the L2 acquisition of a syntax-discourse property in L2 Spanish | \n
3 | \nExperience effects on the development of late second language learners’ oral proficiency | \n
3 | \nA corpus-driven study of second-person pronoun variation in L2 French synchronous computer-mediated communication | \n
3 | \nCorrective feedback and the role of implicit sequence-learning ability in L2 online performance | \n
3 | \nERPs recorded during early second language exposure predict syntactic learning | \n
3 | \nExploratory research on second language practice distribution: an aptitude x treatment interaction | \n
3 | \nReinvestigating the noticing function of output | \n
4 | \nThe relative effects of explicit and implicit form-focused instruction on the development of L2 pragmatic competence | \n
4 | \nExpanding the circle to learner English: investigating quotative marking in a German student community | \n
4 | \nHigh-level requests: a study of long residency L2 users of English and French and native speakers | \n
4 | \nImproving Chinese EFL teachers’ English requests: does study abroad help? | \n
4 | \nEnvironmental influence on language acquisition: comparing second and foreign language acquisition of Swedish | \n
4 | \nNews from the pragmatics classroom: contrasting the inductive and the deductive approach in the teaching of pragmatic competence | \n
4 | \nTesting of second language pragmatics: past and future | \n
4 | \nProficiency, length of stay, and intensity of interaction, and the acquisition of conventional expressions in L2 pragmatics | \n
4 | \nSecond language acquisition of Spanish service industry requests in an immersion context | \n
4 | \nThe effectiveness of corrective feedback for the acquisition of L2 pragmatics: an eight month investigation | \n
5 | \nAdult second language acquisition A selective overview with a focus on the learner linguistic system | \n
5 | \nBilingualism effects in Basque subject pronoun expression | \n
5 | \nThe relevance of first language attrition to theories of bilingual development | \n
5 | \nEmbedded wh-questions in L2 English in India inversion as a main clause phenomenon | \n
5 | \nThe effect of construction frequency and native transfer on second language knowledge of the syntax-discourse interface | \n
5 | \nPinning down the concept of interface in bilingualism | \n
5 | \nLeft dislocation in near-native French | \n
5 | \nCase marking in Hindi as the weaker language | \n
5 | \nSecond language acquisition of pragmatic inferences: evidence from the French c’est-cleft | \n
5 | \nTransfer and proficiency effects in L2 processing of subject anaphora | \n
6 | \nChanges in white-matter connectivity in late second language learners: evidence from diffusion tensor imaging | \n
6 | \nLinguistic and cognitive skills in Sardinian-Italian bilingual children | \n
6 | \nBetter early or late? Examining the influence of age of exposure and language proficiency on executive function in early and late bilinguals | \n
6 | \nLanguage use affects proficiency in Italian-Spanish bilinguals irrespective of age of second language acquisition | \n
6 | \nLanguage interference and inhibition in early and late successive bilingualism | \n
6 | \nSecond language lexical development and cognitive control: a longitudinal fMRI study | \n
6 | \nBilingual lexical selection as a dynamic process: evidence from Arabic-French bilinguals | \n
6 | \nDegree of multilingualism, code-switching and intensity of target language contact predict pragma-linguistic awareness in an English as a foreign language context | \n
6 | \nThe efficiency of attentional networks in early and late bilinguals: the role of age of acquisition | \n
6 | \nLanguage exposure induced neuroplasticity in the bilingual brain: a follow-up fMRI study | \n
7 | \nDoes first language maintenance hamper nativelikeness in a second language? A study of ultimate attainment in early bilinguals | \n
7 | \nBidirectional lexical interaction in late immersed Mandarin-English bilinguals | \n
7 | \nThe role of age of acquisition in late second language oral proficiency attainment | \n
7 | \nAge of onset, length of residence, language aptitude, and ultimate L2 attainment in three linguistic domains | \n
7 | \nEffects of input training on second language syntactic representation entrenchment | \n
7 | \nThe storage and composition of inflected forms in adult-learned second language: a study of the influence of length of residence, age of arrival, sex, and other factors | \n
7 | \nInflectional morphology in bilingual language processing: an age-of-acquisition study | \n
7 | \nLanguage use across international contexts: shaping the minds of L2 speakers | \n
7 | \nProficiency and working memory based explanations for nonnative speakers’ sensitivity to agreement in sentence processing | \n
7 | \nThe critical period hypothesis in second language acquisition: a statistical critique and a reanalysis | \n
8 | \nReal-time grammar processing by native and non-native speakers: constructions unique to the second language | \n
8 | \nDefinite discourse-new reference in L1 and L2: the case of L2 Mandarin | \n
8 | \nThe role of presuppositionality in the second language acquisition of English articles | \n
8 | \nProcessing of scalar inferences by Mandarin learners of English: an online measure | \n
8 | \nDefinite discourse-new reference in L1 and L2: a study of bridging in Mandarin, Korean, and English | \n
8 | \nIdentifiability and accessibility in learning definite article usages: a quasi-experimental study with Japanese learners of English | \n
8 | \nTeaching the English article system: definiteness and specificity in linguistically-informed instruction | \n
8 | \nRevisiting fluctuations in L2 article choice in L1-Korean L2-English learners | \n
8 | \nHow much do Cantonese ESL learners know about the English article system? | \n
8 | \nThe non-generic use of the definite article the in writing by Turkish learners of English | \n
Clusters and title of articles in the bibliographic coupling analysis on the second-language acquisition literature on pragmatic and usage-based language learning. Clusters are visualized in the bibliographic coupling network map for Figure 4. Given large numbers of article, only articles that weighed top 10 in each cluster were listed. The articles were ranked in a descending order according to their weights in a cluster.
The bibliometric review shows a growing trend of research interest in the function, usage, and pragmatics of language in the field of psycholinguistics and in the field of second-language acquisition. These trends indicate that the existing investigation of language communication and acquisition in real world is still in its infancy and invites further empirical and theoretical contributions. The frequency distribution clearly shows the leading contributors and the journals most attracted to the relevant topic. The co-occurrence and the bibliometric coupling analysis demonstrate that researchers are most interested in the processing of various interpersonal and socio-pragmatic functions in L1 and L2 speakers in the field of psycholinguistics, as well as factors underlying L2 acquisition from children to adults, and the impact of the cognitive and neurodevelopmental impairments in the field of second-language acquisition.
\nOne important direction is to combine the real-time neurophysiological recordings (such as eye-tracking, EEGs and fMRI) with the psycholinguistic paradigms for investigating the real-world language use to reveal the neurocognitive architecture underlying pragmatic language processing and those underlying language acquisition (e.g., [6, 7] for some reviews). The use of virtual reality to create naturalistic scenarios will be a good complementary approach to test the impact of real-world social interaction on one’s language processing and learning [8]. Of special interests is the testing of linguistic phenomena that can be addressed by different categories of communicative functions, such as indirectness (e.g., [9]), presupposition (e.g., [10]), speech/communicative acts (e.g., [11, 12]), and politeness (e.g., [13, 14, 15]), among many others, on both well-represented, dominant languages and under-represented, marginalized languages (e.g., east-Asian languages such as Chinese, Japanese, and Korean and their dialects) and on one’s own and unfamiliar languages [16, 17, 18, 19, 20]. These topics are seldomly addressed in psycholinguistic literatures, and the experimental paradigms adapted to address these topics are rare in the second-language acquisition literatures. New computational approaches such as machine learning and computational modeling will provide a solution to the classification of different types of communicative functions in L1 with higher accuracy. However, whether such approaches can reveal the novel feature in the classification of communicative functions in L2 is still an unaddressed question. The capacity of classifying communicative categories in one’s second language with the model built in one’s mother tongue, and the vice versa, is promising to reveal if the mental representation underlying pragmatic functions is shared or distinct between L1 and L2. Other fascinating lines of research are to enhance the understanding of the individual differences in the processing of pragmatic language that is endorsed by professional, political, or cultural background of the language users [21, 22], and the atypical processing that may be revealed by testing individuals with pragmatic impairments or variations (including but not limited to neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disordered individuals). With the aid of multimodal approaches to build intelligent recognition system, the profiling for one’s pragmatic language ability is likely to provide a novel way to predict or diagnose individuals with special clinical status [23]. It is still unknown how learning a second language can affect one’s pragmatic language ability in those who suffer from certain clinical status. These new possibilities, combined with what has been indicated from the bibliometric review, will make significant contributions to reveal a new trend in developing new psycholinguistic paradigms for studying the mechanisms underlying the usage-based and pragmatic language processing.
\nOur bibliometric method may be limited in the coverage of literatures given that the literature search was only focused on the published articles in the databases of Web of Science where the journals of these publications are indexed. The nonjournal works such as books, dissertations, and conference papers can also contribute to the latest development in the shift towards pragmatic and usage-based language processing and learning in the relevant fields and could be incorporated for judging the impact of the research. The findings from the present analysis also await verifications from other citation tracking databases, such as Google Scholar, PubMed, and PsycInfo. Despite such limits, the bibliometric analysis provides evidence-based descriptions, comparisons, and visualizations of research output [24] and proposes a promising research avenue at the interface of psychological science, language science, and educational science. In particular, the network analysis and the visualization of the network structure for co-occurring keywords and for co-citing articles somehow serve as the tools to monitor the subject collaboration and to identify the cross-cluster research efforts of high performance and high impacts in the field of psycholinguistics and the field of second-language acquisitions (Figures 1–4). These emerging discoveries and trends invite more dedicated and interdisciplinary research outputs to address the arising issues of the functional, usage-based, and pragmatic language processing and learning in the field of psycholinguistics and second-language acquisition studies.
\nThe author is supported by the grant of European Studies: An Interdisciplinary Approach to European Issues (World First-Class Discipline Construction Project of Tongji University).
\n"Open access contributes to scientific excellence and integrity. It opens up research results to wider analysis. It allows research results to be reused for new discoveries. And it enables the multi-disciplinary research that is needed to solve global 21st century problems. Open access connects science with society. It allows the public to engage with research. To go behind the headlines. And look at the scientific evidence. And it enables policy makers to draw on innovative solutions to societal challenges".
\n\nCarlos Moedas, the European Commissioner for Research Science and Innovation at the STM Annual Frankfurt Conference, October 2016.
",metaTitle:"About Open Access",metaDescription:"Open access contributes to scientific excellence and integrity. It opens up research results to wider analysis. It allows research results to be reused for new discoveries. And it enables the multi-disciplinary research that is needed to solve global 21st century problems. Open access connects science with society. It allows the public to engage with research. To go behind the headlines. And look at the scientific evidence. And it enables policy makers to draw on innovative solutions to societal challenges.\n\nCarlos Moedas, the European Commissioner for Research Science and Innovation at the STM Annual Frankfurt Conference, October 2016.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"about-open-access",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"The Open Access publishing movement started in the early 2000s when academic leaders from around the world participated in the formation of the Budapest Initiative. They developed recommendations for an Open Access publishing process, “which has worked for the past decade to provide the public with unrestricted, free access to scholarly research—much of which is publicly funded. Making the research publicly available to everyone—free of charge and without most copyright and licensing restrictions—will accelerate scientific research efforts and allow authors to reach a larger number of readers” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\\n\\nIntechOpen’s co-founders, both scientists themselves, created the company while undertaking research in robotics at Vienna University. Their goal was to spread research freely “for scientists, by scientists’ to the rest of the world via the Open Access publishing model. The company soon became a signatory of the Budapest Initiative, which currently has more than 1000 supporting organizations worldwide, ranging from universities to funders.
\\n\\nAt IntechOpen today, we are still as committed to working with organizations and people who care about scientific discovery, to putting the academic needs of the scientific community first, and to providing an Open Access environment where scientists can maximize their contribution to scientific advancement. By opening up access to the world’s scientific research articles and book chapters, we aim to facilitate greater opportunity for collaboration, scientific discovery and progress. We subscribe wholeheartedly to the Open Access definition:
\\n\\n“By “open access” to [peer-reviewed research literature], we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
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\n\nIntechOpen’s co-founders, both scientists themselves, created the company while undertaking research in robotics at Vienna University. Their goal was to spread research freely “for scientists, by scientists’ to the rest of the world via the Open Access publishing model. The company soon became a signatory of the Budapest Initiative, which currently has more than 1000 supporting organizations worldwide, ranging from universities to funders.
\n\nAt IntechOpen today, we are still as committed to working with organizations and people who care about scientific discovery, to putting the academic needs of the scientific community first, and to providing an Open Access environment where scientists can maximize their contribution to scientific advancement. By opening up access to the world’s scientific research articles and book chapters, we aim to facilitate greater opportunity for collaboration, scientific discovery and progress. We subscribe wholeheartedly to the Open Access definition:
\n\n“By “open access” to [peer-reviewed research literature], we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
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\n\nAs a firm believer in the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the Open Access Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH Version 2.0). Read more
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\n\nAll scientific works are Peer Reviewed prior to publishing. Read more
\n\nOA Publishing Fees
\n\nThe Open Access publishing model employed by IntechOpen eliminates subscription charges and pay-per-view fees, enabling readers to access research at no cost. In order to sustain operations and keep our publications freely accessible we levy an Open Access Publishing Fee for manuscripts, which helps us cover the costs of editorial work and the production of books. Read more
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\n\nIntechOpen is committed to ensuring the long-term preservation and the availability of all scholarly research we publish. We employ a variety of means to enable us to deliver on our commitments to the scientific community. Apart from preservation by the Croatian National Library (for publications prior to April 18, 2018) and the British Library (for publications after April 18, 2018), our entire catalogue is preserved in the CLOCKSS archive.
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