\r\n\t
",isbn:"978-1-83968-571-2",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-570-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-599-6",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"dd81bc60e806fddc63d1ae22da1c779a",bookSignature:"Dr. Sebahattin Demirkan and Dr. Irem Demirkan",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10818.jpg",keywords:"Decision Making, Blockchain, Accounting, Earnings Management, Strategic Alliances, Innovation, Performance, Corporate Governance, Accounting Quality, Digital Assets, Internationalization, MNCs",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"January 28th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"February 25th 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"April 26th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 15th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 13th 2021",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"6 hours",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Academician in the area of accounting who believes in the impact of interdisciplinary research. Dr. Sebahattin Demirkan's research interests are in the areas of financial accounting, capital markets, auditing, corporate governance, strategic alliances, taxation, CSR, and data analytics.",coeditorOneBiosketch:"Researcher of strategic management, corporate entrepreneurship, and international business; specific interests include innovation, the ambidexterity framework, inter-organizational relationships, and networks. Experienced in teaching graduate and undergraduate courses in strategy, entrepreneurship, and international business and management areas.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"336397",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebahattin",middleName:null,surname:"Demirkan",slug:"sebahattin-demirkan",fullName:"Sebahattin Demirkan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336397/images/system/336397.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sebahattin Demirkan is a Professor of Accounting. He earned his Ph.D. in Accounting/Management Science at Jindal School of Management of the University of Texas at Dallas where he got his MS in Accounting, MSA Supply Chain, and MBA degrees. He got his BA in Economics and Management at the Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences at Bogazici University, Istanbul. He worked at Koc Holding, a private venture capital firm, and the University of California, Berkeley during and after his education at Bogazici University. His research interests are in the areas of financial accounting, capital markets, auditing, corporate governance, strategic alliances, taxation, CSR, and data analytics. Dr. Sebahattin Demirkan has published articles in Contemporary Accounting Research, JAPP, JAAF, TEM, Journal of Management, and other top academic journals. He teaches several different classes in both undergraduate and graduate levels in Accounting and Analytics programs. He is a treasurer and vice president of the TASSA, board member of the BURCIN and member of the American Accounting Association.",institutionString:"Manhattan College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Manhattan College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"342242",title:"Dr.",name:"Irem",middleName:null,surname:"Demirkan",slug:"irem-demirkan",fullName:"Irem Demirkan",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000033HrA8QAK/Profile_Picture_1606729803873",biography:"Dr. Irem Demirkan earned her Ph.D. in International Management Studies and M.S. in Administrative Studies at Jindal School of Management at the University of Texas at Dallas, USA. She got her BA in Economics at the Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences at Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey. She worked in the finance and textile industries before joining to academia. Dr. Demirkan has published research in the areas of strategic management and corporate entrepreneurship in journals such as the Journal of Management, Journal of Business Research, Management Science, European Journal of Innovation and Management, IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, among others. Dr. Demirkan currently teaches strategic management, entrepreneurship, and international business at Loyola University Maryland in Baltimore, MD.",institutionString:"Loyola University Maryland",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Loyola University Maryland",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"7",title:"Business, Management and Economics",slug:"business-management-and-economics"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"301331",firstName:"Mia",lastName:"Vulovic",middleName:null,title:"Mrs.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/301331/images/8498_n.jpg",email:"mia.v@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager, my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"878",title:"Phytochemicals",subtitle:"A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec77671f63975ef2d16192897deb6835",slug:"phytochemicals-a-global-perspective-of-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/878.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4816",title:"Face Recognition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"146063b5359146b7718ea86bad47c8eb",slug:"face_recognition",bookSignature:"Kresimir Delac and Mislav Grgic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3621",title:"Silver Nanoparticles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"silver-nanoparticles",bookSignature:"David Pozo Perez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3621.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6667",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Pozo",slug:"david-pozo",fullName:"David Pozo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"17195",title:"Novel Electroceramic: Polymer Composites - Preparation, Properties and Applications",doi:"10.5772/17049",slug:"novel-electroceramic-polymer-composites-preparation-properties-and-applications",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/17195.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/17195",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/17195",totalDownloads:4864,totalViews:128,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"October 18th 2010",dateReviewed:"March 23rd 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"August 9th 2011",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/17195",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/17195",book:{slug:"nanocomposites-and-polymers-with-analytical-methods"},signatures:"Padmaja Guggilla and Ashok K. Batra",authors:[{id:"27099",title:"Dr.",name:"Padmaja",middleName:null,surname:"Guggilla",fullName:"Padmaja Guggilla",slug:"padmaja-guggilla",email:"padmaja.guggilla@aamu.edu",position:null,institution:null},{id:"38661",title:"Dr.",name:"Ashok",middleName:null,surname:"Batra",fullName:"Ashok Batra",slug:"ashok-batra",email:"ashok.batra@aamu.edu",position:null,institution:null}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"1045",title:"Nanocomposites and Polymers with Analytical Methods",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Nanocomposites and Polymers with Analytical Methods",slug:"nanocomposites-and-polymers-with-analytical-methods",publishedDate:"August 9th 2011",bookSignature:"John Cuppoletti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1045.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"49991",title:"Dr.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Cuppoletti",slug:"john-cuppoletti",fullName:"John Cuppoletti"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"17184",title:"Polymer Nanocomposites: From Synthesis to Applications",slug:"polymer-nanocomposites-from-synthesis-to-applications",totalDownloads:16745,totalCrossrefCites:21,signatures:"S. Anandhan and S. Bandyopadhyay",authors:[{id:"27050",title:"Prof.",name:"Sri",middleName:null,surname:"Bandyopadhyay",fullName:"Sri Bandyopadhyay",slug:"sri-bandyopadhyay"},{id:"44992",title:"Prof.",name:"Anandhan",middleName:null,surname:"Srinivasan",fullName:"Anandhan Srinivasan",slug:"anandhan-srinivasan"}]},{id:"17185",title:"PVA / Montmorillonite Nanocomposites: Development and Properties",slug:"pva-montmorillonite-nanocomposites-development-and-properties",totalDownloads:8439,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Andreas A. Sapalidis, Fotios K. Katsaros and Nick K. Kanellopoulos",authors:[{id:"30768",title:"Prof.",name:"Fotis",middleName:null,surname:"Katsaros",fullName:"Fotis Katsaros",slug:"fotis-katsaros"},{id:"42595",title:"Prof.",name:"Andreas",middleName:null,surname:"Sapalidis",fullName:"Andreas Sapalidis",slug:"andreas-sapalidis"},{id:"83789",title:"Dr.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Kanellopoulos",fullName:"Nick Kanellopoulos",slug:"nick-kanellopoulos"}]},{id:"17186",title:"Silver and Gold Nanoparticles on Sol-Gel TiO2, ZrO2, SiO2 Surfaces: Optical Spectra, Photocatalytic Activity, Bactericide Properties",slug:"silver-and-gold-nanoparticles-on-sol-gel-tio2-zro2-sio2-surfaces-optical-spectra-photocatalytic-acti",totalDownloads:7818,totalCrossrefCites:7,signatures:"Anna Eremenko, Natalia Smirnova, Iurii Gnatiuk, Oksana Linnik, Nadezhda Vityuk, Yulia Mukha and Aleksander Korduban",authors:[{id:"30871",title:"Prof.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Eremenko",fullName:"Anna Eremenko",slug:"anna-eremenko"},{id:"37791",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia",middleName:null,surname:"Smirnova",fullName:"Natalia Smirnova",slug:"natalia-smirnova"},{id:"37792",title:"Dr.",name:"Oksana",middleName:null,surname:"Linnik",fullName:"Oksana Linnik",slug:"oksana-linnik"},{id:"37793",title:"Dr.",name:"Nadezhda",middleName:null,surname:"vityuk",fullName:"Nadezhda vityuk",slug:"nadezhda-vityuk"},{id:"37794",title:"Ms.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Mukha",fullName:"Yulia Mukha",slug:"yulia-mukha"},{id:"37795",title:"Dr.",name:"Aleksander",middleName:null,surname:"Korduban",fullName:"Aleksander Korduban",slug:"aleksander-korduban"},{id:"96567",title:"Dr.",name:"Iurii",middleName:null,surname:"Gnatiuk",fullName:"Iurii Gnatiuk",slug:"iurii-gnatiuk"}]},{id:"17187",title:"New Composite Materials Modified with Nano-Layers of Functionalized Polymers for Bioanalysis and Medical Diagnostics",slug:"new-composite-materials-modified-with-nano-layers-of-functionalized-polymers-for-bioanalysis-and-med",totalDownloads:2367,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Dmitry Kapustin, Anna Prostyakova, Yana Bryk, Elena Yagudaeva and Vitaly Zubov",authors:[{id:"30336",title:"Dr.",name:"Dmitry",middleName:null,surname:"Kapustin",fullName:"Dmitry Kapustin",slug:"dmitry-kapustin"},{id:"43771",title:"Ms.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Prostyakova",fullName:"Anna Prostyakova",slug:"anna-prostyakova"},{id:"43772",title:"Prof.",name:"Vitali",middleName:null,surname:"Zubov",fullName:"Vitali Zubov",slug:"vitali-zubov"},{id:"43835",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Yagudaeva",fullName:"Elena Yagudaeva",slug:"elena-yagudaeva"},{id:"110436",title:"Dr.",name:"Yana Andreevna",middleName:null,surname:"Bryk",fullName:"Yana Andreevna Bryk",slug:"yana-andreevna-bryk"}]},{id:"17188",title:"Polymer Nanocomposite Materials Based on Carbon Nanotubes",slug:"polymer-nanocomposite-materials-based-on-carbon-nanotubes",totalDownloads:2560,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Adam J. Proud, Rabin Bissessur and Douglas C. Dahn",authors:[{id:"30882",title:"Prof.",name:"Rabin",middleName:null,surname:"Bissessur",fullName:"Rabin Bissessur",slug:"rabin-bissessur"},{id:"39936",title:"BSc",name:"Adam",middleName:"Jonathan",surname:"Proud",fullName:"Adam Proud",slug:"adam-proud"},{id:"39937",title:"Dr.",name:"Douglas",middleName:null,surname:"Dahn",fullName:"Douglas Dahn",slug:"douglas-dahn"}]},{id:"17189",title:"Mechanical Properties Evaluation of Bulk and Coated Material by Depth Sensing Indentation",slug:"mechanical-properties-evaluation-of-bulk-and-coated-material-by-depth-sensing-indentation",totalDownloads:2694,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"J.V. Fernandes, N.A. Sakharova, J.M. Antunes and M.C. Oliveira",authors:[{id:"42589",title:"Prof.",name:"Nataliya",middleName:null,surname:"Sakharova",fullName:"Nataliya Sakharova",slug:"nataliya-sakharova"},{id:"48044",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Valdemar",middleName:null,surname:"Fernandes",fullName:"Jose Valdemar Fernandes",slug:"jose-valdemar-fernandes"},{id:"48045",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Antunes",fullName:"Jorge Antunes",slug:"jorge-antunes"},{id:"48046",title:"Dr.",name:"Marta",middleName:null,surname:"Oliveira",fullName:"Marta Oliveira",slug:"marta-oliveira"}]},{id:"17190",title:"Composites of Engineering Plastics with Layered Silicate Nanofillers: Preparation and Study of Microstructure and Thermomechanical Properties",slug:"composites-of-engineering-plastics-with-layered-silicate-nanofillers-preparation-and-study-of-micros",totalDownloads:3940,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Petroula A. Tarantili",authors:[{id:"45077",title:"Dr.",name:"Petroula A.",middleName:null,surname:"Tarantili",fullName:"Petroula A. Tarantili",slug:"petroula-a.-tarantili"}]},{id:"17191",title:"Sintered Materials Based on Copper and Alumina Powders Synthesized by a Novel Method",slug:"sintered-materials-based-on-copper-and-alumina-powders-synthesized-by-a-novel-method",totalDownloads:3735,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Marija Korać, Željko Kamberović, Zoran Anđić and Mirjana Filipovic",authors:[{id:"25902",title:"Dr.",name:"Zoran",middleName:null,surname:"Andjic",fullName:"Zoran Andjic",slug:"zoran-andjic"},{id:"29729",title:"Dr.",name:"Marija",middleName:null,surname:"Korac",fullName:"Marija Korac",slug:"marija-korac"},{id:"39467",title:"Prof.",name:"Zeljko",middleName:null,surname:"Kamberovic",fullName:"Zeljko Kamberovic",slug:"zeljko-kamberovic"},{id:"43384",title:"Prof.",name:"Mirjana",middleName:null,surname:"Filipovic",fullName:"Mirjana Filipovic",slug:"mirjana-filipovic"}]},{id:"17192",title:"Optical Nonlinearities of Colloidal Metal Quantum Dot - Glass Composites for Nanophotonics",slug:"optical-nonlinearities-of-colloidal-metal-quantum-dot-glass-composites-for-nanophotonics",totalDownloads:2866,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Binita Ghosh and Purushottam Chakraborty",authors:[{id:"27288",title:"Prof.",name:"Purushottam",middleName:null,surname:"Chakraborty",fullName:"Purushottam Chakraborty",slug:"purushottam-chakraborty"},{id:"83685",title:"Dr.",name:"Binita",middleName:null,surname:"Ghosh",fullName:"Binita Ghosh",slug:"binita-ghosh"}]},{id:"17193",title:"Structural Characterisation of Kraft Pulp Fibres and Their Nanofibrillated Materials for Biodegradable Composite Applications",slug:"structural-characterisation-of-kraft-pulp-fibres-and-their-nanofibrillated-materials-for-biodegradab",totalDownloads:5124,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Gary Chinga-Carrasco, Arttu Miettinen, Cris L. Luengo Hendriks, E. Kristofer Gamstedt and Markku Kataja",authors:[{id:"43834",title:"Dr.",name:"Gary",middleName:null,surname:"Chinga-Carrasco",fullName:"Gary Chinga-Carrasco",slug:"gary-chinga-carrasco"},{id:"83723",title:"Mr.",name:"Arttu",middleName:null,surname:"Miettinen",fullName:"Arttu Miettinen",slug:"arttu-miettinen"},{id:"83731",title:"Dr.",name:"Cris",middleName:"L.",surname:"Luengo Hendriks",fullName:"Cris Luengo Hendriks",slug:"cris-luengo-hendriks"},{id:"83737",title:"Dr.",name:"E. Kristofer",middleName:null,surname:"Gamstedt",fullName:"E. Kristofer Gamstedt",slug:"e.-kristofer-gamstedt"},{id:"83738",title:"Prof.",name:"Markku",middleName:null,surname:"Kataja",fullName:"Markku Kataja",slug:"markku-kataja"}]},{id:"17194",title:"Properties of Nanofillers in Polymer",slug:"properties-of-nanofillers-in-polymer",totalDownloads:19857,totalCrossrefCites:5,signatures:"Damien M. Marquis, Éric Guillaume and Carine Chivas-Joly",authors:[{id:"44307",title:"Dr",name:"Damien",middleName:"Michel",surname:"Marquis",fullName:"Damien Marquis",slug:"damien-marquis"},{id:"44317",title:"Prof.",name:"Carine",middleName:null,surname:"Chivas-Joly",fullName:"Carine Chivas-Joly",slug:"carine-chivas-joly"}]},{id:"17195",title:"Novel Electroceramic: Polymer Composites - Preparation, Properties and Applications",slug:"novel-electroceramic-polymer-composites-preparation-properties-and-applications",totalDownloads:4864,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Padmaja Guggilla and Ashok K. Batra",authors:[{id:"27099",title:"Dr.",name:"Padmaja",middleName:null,surname:"Guggilla",fullName:"Padmaja Guggilla",slug:"padmaja-guggilla"},{id:"38661",title:"Dr.",name:"Ashok",middleName:null,surname:"Batra",fullName:"Ashok Batra",slug:"ashok-batra"}]},{id:"17196",title:"Designing Bio-Inspired Composite Materials for Medical Applications",slug:"designing-bio-inspired-composite-materials-for-medical-applications",totalDownloads:3520,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Oana Craciunescu and Lucia Moldovan",authors:[{id:"28119",title:"Dr.",name:"Oana",middleName:null,surname:"Craciunescu",fullName:"Oana Craciunescu",slug:"oana-craciunescu"},{id:"40626",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucia",middleName:null,surname:"Moldovan",fullName:"Lucia Moldovan",slug:"lucia-moldovan"}]},{id:"17197",title:"Silicon Based Composite Anode for Lithium Ion Battery",slug:"silicon-based-composite-anode-for-lithium-ion-battery",totalDownloads:13314,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Angathevar Veluchamy and Chil-Hoon Doh",authors:[{id:"6653",title:"Prof.",name:"Angathevar",middleName:null,surname:"Veluchamy",fullName:"Angathevar Veluchamy",slug:"angathevar-veluchamy"},{id:"6654",title:"Prof.",name:"Chil-Hoon",middleName:null,surname:"Doh",fullName:"Chil-Hoon Doh",slug:"chil-hoon-doh"}]},{id:"17198",title:"Nano-Structured Calcium Silicate Phase Change Materials for Packaging Temperature Sensitive Products",slug:"nano-structured-calcium-silicate-phase-change-materials-for-packaging-temperature-sensitive-products",totalDownloads:4058,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"James H. Johnston",authors:[{id:"30724",title:"Prof.",name:"James",middleName:"H",surname:"Johnston",fullName:"James Johnston",slug:"james-johnston"}]},{id:"17199",title:"Matrix Active Micro- and Nanocomposites Based on the Polymer, Semiconductive and Ferropiezoceramic Materials",slug:"matrix-active-micro-and-nanocomposites-based-on-the-polymer-semiconductive-and-ferropiezoceramic-mat",totalDownloads:2694,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Mahmud Kerimov, Mirza Kurbanov,\nAzad Bayramov and Ali Mamedov",authors:[{id:"42377",title:"Prof.",name:"Mirza",middleName:null,surname:"Kurbanov",fullName:"Mirza Kurbanov",slug:"mirza-kurbanov"},{id:"43447",title:"Prof.",name:"Azad",middleName:"Agalar",surname:"Bayramov",fullName:"Azad Bayramov",slug:"azad-bayramov"},{id:"84878",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmud",middleName:null,surname:"Kerimov",fullName:"Mahmud Kerimov",slug:"mahmud-kerimov"},{id:"91816",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Mamedov",fullName:"Ali Mamedov",slug:"ali-mamedov"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1044",title:"Metal, Ceramic and Polymeric Composites for Various Uses",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"efe6de8a5dd7987feb5a26d96c26ae54",slug:"metal-ceramic-and-polymeric-composites-for-various-uses",bookSignature:"John Cuppoletti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1044.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"49991",title:"Dr.",name:"John",surname:"Cuppoletti",slug:"john-cuppoletti",fullName:"John Cuppoletti"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"16697",title:"Growth Reinforcing Composite Materials from Liquid Phase: Mechanical and Microstructural Parameters Relationship Essentially Evincing the Predominance of an Akin Mass Composition over the Domain of Compositions",slug:"growth-reinforcing-composite-materials-from-liquid-phase-mechanical-and-microstructural-parameters-r",signatures:"B.L. Sharma and Parshotam Lal",authors:[{id:"30767",title:"Prof.",name:"B.L.",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",fullName:"B.L. Sharma",slug:"b.l.-sharma"},{id:"91012",title:"Dr.",name:"Parshotam",middleName:null,surname:"Lal",fullName:"Parshotam Lal",slug:"parshotam-lal"}]},{id:"16698",title:"In-Situ Deposition of Metal Matrix Composite in Fe-Ti-C System Using Laser Cladding Process",slug:"in-situ-deposition-of-metal-matrix-composite-in-fe-ti-c-system-using-laser-cladding-process",signatures:"Ali Emamian, Stephen F. Corbin and Amir Khajepour",authors:[null]},{id:"16699",title:"New Superhard Ternary Borides in Composite Materials",slug:"new-superhard-ternary-borides-in-composite-materials",signatures:"Zakhariev",authors:[{id:"44131",title:"Prof.",name:"Zaharii",middleName:"Todorov",surname:"Zakhariev",fullName:"Zaharii Zakhariev",slug:"zaharii-zakhariev"}]},{id:"16700",title:"Thermo-Mechanical Treatment of Glass-Balloon-Dispersed Metal Matrix Composite",slug:"thermo-mechanical-treatment-of-glass-balloon-dispersed-metal-matrix-composite",signatures:"Osamu Umezawa",authors:[{id:"39060",title:"Prof.",name:"Osamu",middleName:null,surname:"Umezawa",fullName:"Osamu Umezawa",slug:"osamu-umezawa"}]},{id:"16701",title:"Inversion of Physical Properties for Determining the Microstructure of Natural Composites",slug:"inversion-of-physical-properties-for-determining-the-microstructure-of-natural-composites",signatures:"Elena Kazatchenko, Mikhail Markov, Evgeny Pervago and Aleksandr Mousatov",authors:[{id:"42864",title:"Dr.",name:"Aleksandr",middleName:null,surname:"Mousatov",fullName:"Aleksandr Mousatov",slug:"aleksandr-mousatov"},{id:"42869",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Kazatchenko",fullName:"Elena Kazatchenko",slug:"elena-kazatchenko"},{id:"42870",title:"Dr",name:"Mikhail",middleName:null,surname:"Markov",fullName:"Mikhail Markov",slug:"mikhail-markov"},{id:"42871",title:"Dr.",name:"Evgeny",middleName:null,surname:"Pervago",fullName:"Evgeny Pervago",slug:"evgeny-pervago"}]},{id:"16702",title:"Hybrid Inorganic/Organic Composites of Layered Double Hydroxides Intercalated with Organic Acid Anions for the Uptake of Hazardous Substances from Aqueous Solution",slug:"hybrid-inorganic-organic-composites-of-layered-double-hydroxides-intercalated-with-organic-acid-anio",signatures:"Tomohito Kameda and Toshiaki Yoshioka",authors:[{id:"28562",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomohito",middleName:null,surname:"Kameda",fullName:"Tomohito Kameda",slug:"tomohito-kameda"},{id:"34414",title:"Prof.",name:"Toshiaki",middleName:null,surname:"Yoshioka",fullName:"Toshiaki Yoshioka",slug:"toshiaki-yoshioka"}]},{id:"16703",title:"Hibrid Materials Based on Zn-Al Alloys",slug:"hibrid-materials-based-on-zn-al-alloys",signatures:"Elizabeth Martínez-Flores and Gabriel Torres-Villaseñor",authors:[{id:"27733",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriel",middleName:null,surname:"Torres-Villaseñor",fullName:"Gabriel Torres-Villaseñor",slug:"gabriel-torres-villasenor"},{id:"36497",title:"Prof.",name:"Elizabeth",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Flores",fullName:"Elizabeth Martínez-Flores",slug:"elizabeth-martinez-flores"}]},{id:"16704",title:"Mechanical Behavior of Filled Thermoplastic Polymers",slug:"mechanical-behavior-of-filled-thermoplastic-polymers",signatures:"Sergey Bazhenov",authors:[{id:"51539",title:"Prof.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Bazhenov",fullName:"Sergey Bazhenov",slug:"sergey-bazhenov"}]},{id:"16705",title:"Porous Ceramic Matrix Al2O3/Al Composites as Supports and Precursors for Catalysts and Permeable Materials",slug:"porous-ceramic-matrix-al2o3-al-composites-as-supports-and-precursors-for-catalysts-and-permeable-mat",signatures:"Nikolai Pakhomov, Elena Nemykina, Aleksey Salanov, Vladislav Sadykov, Vladimir Romanenkov, Tatiana Pietiushyk and Serguei Tikhov",authors:[{id:"20604",title:"Prof.",name:"Vladislav",middleName:null,surname:"Sadykov",fullName:"Vladislav Sadykov",slug:"vladislav-sadykov"},{id:"33348",title:"Prof.",name:"Serguei",middleName:null,surname:"Tikhov",fullName:"Serguei Tikhov",slug:"serguei-tikhov"},{id:"42928",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikolai",middleName:null,surname:"Pakhomov",fullName:"Nikolai Pakhomov",slug:"nikolai-pakhomov"},{id:"42929",title:"Mrs",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Nemykina",fullName:"Elena Nemykina",slug:"elena-nemykina"},{id:"42930",title:"Dr.",name:"Aleksey",middleName:null,surname:"Salanov",fullName:"Aleksey Salanov",slug:"aleksey-salanov"},{id:"42931",title:"Dr.",name:"Vladimir",middleName:null,surname:"Romanenkov",fullName:"Vladimir Romanenkov",slug:"vladimir-romanenkov"},{id:"42932",title:"Ms.",name:"Tatiana",middleName:null,surname:"Pietiushyk",fullName:"Tatiana Pietiushyk",slug:"tatiana-pietiushyk"}]},{id:"16706",title:"Thermal Conductivity of an in-Situ Metal Matrix Composite - Cast Iron",slug:"thermal-conductivity-of-an-in-situ-metal-matrix-composite-cast-iron",signatures:"J.K. Chen and S.F. Chen",authors:[{id:"43605",title:"Prof.",name:"J.K.",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"J.K. Chen",slug:"j.k.-chen"},{id:"83835",title:"Prof.",name:"S.F.",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"S.F. Chen",slug:"s.f.-chen"}]},{id:"16707",title:"Synthesis and Characterization of Ordered Mesoporous Silica Pillared Clay with HPW Heteropoly Acid Encapsulated into the Framework and Its Catalytic Performance for Deep Oxidative Desulfurization of Fuels",slug:"synthesis-and-characterization-of-ordered-mesoporous-silica-pillared-clay-with-hpw-heteropoly-acid-e",signatures:"Baoshan Li and Zhenxing Liu",authors:[{id:"30546",title:"Prof.",name:"Baoshan",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Baoshan Li",slug:"baoshan-li"},{id:"39046",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhenxing",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",fullName:"Zhenxing Liu",slug:"zhenxing-liu"}]},{id:"16708",title:"Biocomposites Based on New Monomer Systems Reinforced with Micro /Nanoparticles and Glass Fibers",slug:"biocomposites-based-on-new-monomer-systems-reinforced-with-micro-nanoparticles-and-glass-fibers",signatures:"Cristina Prejmerean, Tinca Buruiana, Teresa Nunes, Marioara Moldovan and Loredana Colceriu",authors:[{id:"41410",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Prejmerean",fullName:"Cristina Prejmerean",slug:"cristina-prejmerean"},{id:"43033",title:"Dr.",name:"Tinca",middleName:null,surname:"Buruiana",fullName:"Tinca Buruiana",slug:"tinca-buruiana"},{id:"43034",title:"Dr.",name:"Marioara",middleName:null,surname:"Moldovan",fullName:"Marioara Moldovan",slug:"marioara-moldovan"},{id:"43532",title:"Dr.",name:"Teresa",middleName:null,surname:"Nunes",fullName:"Teresa Nunes",slug:"teresa-nunes"},{id:"43533",title:"Dr.",name:"Loredana",middleName:null,surname:"Colceriu",fullName:"Loredana Colceriu",slug:"loredana-colceriu"}]},{id:"16709",title:"Wollastonite-Based Chemically Bonded Phosphate Ceramic Composites",slug:"wollastonite-based-chemically-bonded-phosphate-ceramic-composites",signatures:"Henry Colorado, Clem Hiel, H. Thomas Hahn and Jenn-Ming Yang",authors:[{id:"27330",title:"Dr.",name:"Henry",middleName:null,surname:"Colorado",fullName:"Henry Colorado",slug:"henry-colorado"},{id:"30947",title:"Prof.",name:"Jenn-Ming",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",fullName:"Jenn-Ming Yang",slug:"jenn-ming-yang"},{id:"30948",title:"Prof.",name:"H. Thomas",middleName:null,surname:"Hahn",fullName:"H. Thomas Hahn",slug:"h.-thomas-hahn"},{id:"44762",title:"Dr.",name:"Clem",middleName:null,surname:"Hiel",fullName:"Clem Hiel",slug:"clem-hiel"}]},{id:"16710",title:"Microstructure and High-Temperature Strength of 9CrODS Ferritic Steel",slug:"microstructure-and-high-temperature-strength-of-9crods-ferritic-steel",signatures:"Shigeharu Ukai",authors:[{id:"28449",title:"Prof.",name:"Shigeharu",middleName:null,surname:"Ukai",fullName:"Shigeharu Ukai",slug:"shigeharu-ukai"}]},{id:"16711",title:"Spider Silk Composites and Applications",slug:"spider-silk-composites-and-applications",signatures:"Craig Vierra, Yang Hsia, Eric Gnesa, Simon Tang and Felicia Jeffery",authors:[{id:"49692",title:"Dr.",name:"Craig",middleName:"Anthony",surname:"Vierra",fullName:"Craig Vierra",slug:"craig-vierra"},{id:"84684",title:"MSc.",name:"Eric",middleName:null,surname:"Gnesa",fullName:"Eric Gnesa",slug:"eric-gnesa"},{id:"84686",title:"MSc.",name:"Yang",middleName:null,surname:"Hsia",fullName:"Yang Hsia",slug:"yang-hsia"},{id:"88851",title:"Dr.",name:"Simon",middleName:null,surname:"Tang",fullName:"Simon Tang",slug:"simon-tang"},{id:"88852",title:"MSc.",name:"Felicia",middleName:null,surname:"Jeffery",fullName:"Felicia Jeffery",slug:"felicia-jeffery"}]},{id:"16712",title:"Natural Silkworm-Epoxy Resin Composite for High Performance Application",slug:"natural-silkworm-epoxy-resin-composite-for-high-performance-application",signatures:"Kelvin Loh and Willy Tan",authors:[{id:"47323",title:"Dr.",name:"Willy",middleName:null,surname:"Tan",fullName:"Willy Tan",slug:"willy-tan"},{id:"47762",title:"Mr",name:"Kelvin",middleName:null,surname:"Loh",fullName:"Kelvin Loh",slug:"kelvin-loh"}]},{id:"16713",title:"Noncrystalline L-Phenylalanine-Silica Hybrid Composite Materials for High Selective Reversed Phase Liquid Chromatography",slug:"noncrystalline-l-phenylalanine-silica-hybrid-composite-materials-for-high-selective-reversed-phase-l",signatures:"M. Mizanur Rahman, Makoto Takafuji and Hirotaka Ihara",authors:[{id:"27136",title:"Prof.",name:"Hirotaka",middleName:null,surname:"Ihara",fullName:"Hirotaka Ihara",slug:"hirotaka-ihara"},{id:"43062",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mizanur",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",fullName:"M. Mizanur Rahman",slug:"m.-mizanur-rahman"},{id:"52605",title:"Prof.",name:"Makoto",middleName:null,surname:"Takafuji",fullName:"Makoto Takafuji",slug:"makoto-takafuji"}]},{id:"16714",title:"High Dipsersion Power of Cardo-Typed Fluorene Moieties on Carbon Fillers",slug:"high-dipsersion-power-of-cardo-typed-fluorene-moieties-on-carbon-fillers",signatures:"Shinichi Kawasaki, Toshikazu Takada and Fengzhe Jin",authors:[{id:"34063",title:"Dr.",name:"Shinichi",middleName:null,surname:"Kawasaki",fullName:"Shinichi Kawasaki",slug:"shinichi-kawasaki"},{id:"37630",title:"Prof.",name:"Toshikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",fullName:"Toshikazu Takada",slug:"toshikazu-takada"},{id:"37631",title:"Mr",name:"Fengzhe",middleName:null,surname:"Jin",fullName:"Fengzhe Jin",slug:"fengzhe-jin"}]},{id:"16715",title:"Optical Properties and Some Applications of Plasmonic Heterogeneous Materials",slug:"optical-properties-and-some-applications-of-plasmonic-heterogeneous-materials",signatures:"Sergey Moiseev",authors:[{id:"29088",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Moiseev",fullName:"Sergey Moiseev",slug:"sergey-moiseev"}]},{id:"16716",title:"Polymer-Bioglass Composite Coatings: A Promising Alternative For Advanced Biomedical Implants",slug:"polymer-bioglass-composite-coatings-a-promising-alternative-for-advanced-biomedical-implants",signatures:"Laura Floroian, Andrei Popescu, Natalia Serban and Ion Mihailescu",authors:[{id:"17636",title:"Dr.",name:"Ion",middleName:"N.",surname:"Mihailescu",fullName:"Ion Mihailescu",slug:"ion-mihailescu"},{id:"23532",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrei",middleName:null,surname:"Popescu",fullName:"Andrei Popescu",slug:"andrei-popescu"},{id:"31190",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Floroian",fullName:"Laura Floroian",slug:"laura-floroian"},{id:"44146",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia",middleName:null,surname:"Serban",fullName:"Natalia Serban",slug:"natalia-serban"}]},{id:"16717",title:"Effects of Filler Content on Mechanical and Optical Properties of Dental Composite Resin",slug:"effects-of-filler-content-on-mechanical-and-optical-properties-of-dental-composite-resin",signatures:"Seyed Mostafa Mousavinasab",authors:[{id:"27931",title:"Prof.",name:"Seyed Mostafa",middleName:null,surname:"Mousavinasab",fullName:"Seyed Mostafa Mousavinasab",slug:"seyed-mostafa-mousavinasab"}]},{id:"16718",title:"Tuneable Composites Containing Magnetic Microwires",slug:"tuneable-composites-containing-magnetic-microwires",signatures:"Larissa Panina, Mihail Ipatov, Julian Gonzalez, Valentina Zhukova and Arcady Zhukov",authors:[{id:"43039",title:"Dr.",name:"Arcady",middleName:null,surname:"Zhukov",fullName:"Arcady Zhukov",slug:"arcady-zhukov"},{id:"44060",title:"Prof.",name:"Larissa",middleName:null,surname:"Panina",fullName:"Larissa Panina",slug:"larissa-panina"},{id:"44061",title:"Dr.",name:"Mihail",middleName:null,surname:"Ipatov",fullName:"Mihail Ipatov",slug:"mihail-ipatov"},{id:"44062",title:"Prof.",name:"Julian",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez",fullName:"Julian Gonzalez",slug:"julian-gonzalez"},{id:"44063",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Zhukova",fullName:"Valentina Zhukova",slug:"valentina-zhukova"}]},{id:"16719",title:"3D Network SiC-metals Composites for Heavy Duty Brake Applications",slug:"3d-network-sic-metals-composites-for-heavy-duty-brake-applications",signatures:"Hongqiang Ru, Jingyang Li and Wei Wang",authors:[{id:"40171",title:"Prof.",name:"Hongqiang",middleName:null,surname:"Ru",fullName:"Hongqiang Ru",slug:"hongqiang-ru"},{id:"43627",title:"Dr.",name:"Jingyang",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Jingyang Li",slug:"jingyang-li"},{id:"83538",title:"Dr.",name:"Wei",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Wei Wang",slug:"wei-wang"}]},{id:"16720",title:"Smart Magnetic Composites (SMC)",slug:"smart-magnetic-composites-smc-",signatures:"Jerzy Kaleta, Daniel Lewandowski, Rafał Mech and Piotr Zając",authors:[{id:"19069",title:"Prof.",name:"Jerzy",middleName:null,surname:"Kaleta",fullName:"Jerzy Kaleta",slug:"jerzy-kaleta"},{id:"45935",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Lewandowski",fullName:"Daniel Lewandowski",slug:"daniel-lewandowski"},{id:"45936",title:"Mr.",name:"Rafał",middleName:null,surname:"Mech",fullName:"Rafał Mech",slug:"rafal-mech"},{id:"45938",title:"Mr.",name:"Piotr",middleName:null,surname:"Zając",fullName:"Piotr Zając",slug:"piotr-zajac"}]},{id:"16721",title:"Magnetic and Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Nd-Fe-B Composite Materials with Polymer Matrix",slug:"magnetic-and-dynamic-mechanical-properties-of-nd-fe-b-composite-materials-with-polymer-matrix",signatures:"Jasna Stajic-Trosic, Mirko Stijepovic, Jasmina Stevanovic, Radoslav Aleksic and Aleksandar Grujic",authors:[{id:"31975",title:"Dr.",name:"Aleksandar",middleName:null,surname:"Grujic",fullName:"Aleksandar Grujic",slug:"aleksandar-grujic"},{id:"43859",title:"Dr.",name:"Jasna",middleName:null,surname:"Stajic-Trosic",fullName:"Jasna Stajic-Trosic",slug:"jasna-stajic-trosic"},{id:"43860",title:"Dr.",name:"Mirko",middleName:null,surname:"Stijepovic",fullName:"Mirko Stijepovic",slug:"mirko-stijepovic"},{id:"43861",title:"Dr.",name:"Jasmina",middleName:null,surname:"Stevanovic",fullName:"Jasmina Stevanovic",slug:"jasmina-stevanovic"},{id:"83749",title:"Prof.",name:"Radoslav",middleName:null,surname:"Aleksic",fullName:"Radoslav Aleksic",slug:"radoslav-aleksic"}]},{id:"16722",title:"Composite Materials for Some Radiophysics Applications",slug:"composite-materials-for-some-radiophysics-applications",signatures:"Sergey Bibikov and Mikhail Prokof'Ev",authors:[{id:"30318",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Bibikov",fullName:"Sergey Bibikov",slug:"sergey-bibikov"},{id:"92431",title:"Dr.",name:"Mikhail",middleName:null,surname:"Prokof'ev",fullName:"Mikhail Prokof'ev",slug:"mikhail-prokof'ev"}]},{id:"16723",title:"The Composite Materials for Localization of Volatile Radioactive Iodine Forms from Steam-Air Phase during Severe Accidents at NPPs",slug:"the-composite-materials-for-localization-of-volatile-radioactive-iodine-forms-from-steam-air-phase-d",signatures:"Sergey Kulyukhin, Lubov Mizina, Igor Rumer and Nikolai Mikheev",authors:[{id:"30586",title:"Prof.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Kulyukhin",fullName:"Sergey Kulyukhin",slug:"sergey-kulyukhin"},{id:"39221",title:"Mrs.",name:"Lubov",middleName:null,surname:"Mizina",fullName:"Lubov Mizina",slug:"lubov-mizina"},{id:"39229",title:"Mr.",name:"Igor",middleName:null,surname:"Rumer",fullName:"Igor Rumer",slug:"igor-rumer"},{id:"39230",title:"Prof.",name:"Nikolai",middleName:null,surname:"Mikheev",fullName:"Nikolai Mikheev",slug:"nikolai-mikheev"}]},{id:"16724",title:"Composite Materials under Extreme Radiation and Temperature Environments of the Next Generation Nuclear Reactors",slug:"composite-materials-under-extreme-radiation-and-temperature-environments-of-the-next-generation-nucl",signatures:"Nikolaos Simos",authors:[{id:"43298",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikolaos",middleName:null,surname:"Simos",fullName:"Nikolaos Simos",slug:"nikolaos-simos"}]},{id:"16725",title:"Graphite-Composites Alternatives for Electrochemical Biosensor",slug:"graphite-composites-alternatives-for-electrochemical-biosensor",signatures:"Eliana Alhadeff and Ninoska Bojorge",authors:[{id:"29947",title:"Prof.",name:"Ninoska",middleName:null,surname:"Bojorge",fullName:"Ninoska Bojorge",slug:"ninoska-bojorge"},{id:"104432",title:"Prof.",name:"Eliana",middleName:null,surname:"Alhadeff",fullName:"Eliana Alhadeff",slug:"eliana-alhadeff"}]},{id:"16726",title:"Composite Cathode Material for Li-Ion Batteries Based on LiFePO4 System.",slug:"composite-cathode-material-for-li-ion-batteries-based-on-lifepo4-system-",signatures:"Janina Molenda and Marcin Molenda",authors:[{id:"44051",title:"Prof.",name:"Janina",middleName:null,surname:"Molenda",fullName:"Janina Molenda",slug:"janina-molenda"},{id:"44072",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcin",middleName:null,surname:"Molenda",fullName:"Marcin Molenda",slug:"marcin-molenda"}]},{id:"16727",title:"Multilayer Fresnel Zone Plate with High-Diffraction Efficiency: Application of Composite Layer to X-Ray Optics",slug:"multilayer-fresnel-zone-plate-with-high-diffraction-efficiency-application-of-composite-layer-to-x-r",signatures:"Shigeharu Tamura",authors:[{id:"33763",title:"Dr",name:"Shigeharu",middleName:null,surname:"Tamura",fullName:"Shigeharu Tamura",slug:"shigeharu-tamura"}]},{id:"16728",title:"New Composite Materials for Decreasing of Radioactive Molecular Iodine in the Water Coolant in Working and New Developed NPPs",slug:"new-composite-materials-for-decreasing-of-radioactive-molecular-iodine-in-the-water-coolant-in-worki",signatures:"Lubov Mizina and Sergey Kulyukhin",authors:[{id:"30586",title:"Prof.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Kulyukhin",fullName:"Sergey Kulyukhin",slug:"sergey-kulyukhin"},{id:"39221",title:"Mrs.",name:"Lubov",middleName:null,surname:"Mizina",fullName:"Lubov Mizina",slug:"lubov-mizina"}]},{id:"16729",title:"The Glass Transition Temperature in Dental Composites",slug:"the-glass-transition-temperature-in-dental-composites",signatures:"J.C.S. Moraes, M.M.D.S. Sostena and Carlos Roberto Grandini",authors:[{id:"42590",title:"Dr.",name:"J.C.S.",middleName:null,surname:"Moraes",fullName:"J.C.S. Moraes",slug:"j.c.s.-moraes"},{id:"42878",title:"Dr.",name:"M.M.D.S.",middleName:null,surname:"Sostena",fullName:"M.M.D.S. Sostena",slug:"m.m.d.s.-sostena"},{id:"42880",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos Roberto",middleName:null,surname:"Grandini",fullName:"Carlos Roberto Grandini",slug:"carlos-roberto-grandini"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"68254",title:"Cell Attachment and Osteoinductive Properties of Tissue Engineered, Demineralized Bone Fibers for Bone Void Filling Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88290",slug:"cell-attachment-and-osteoinductive-properties-of-tissue-engineered-demineralized-bone-fibers-for-bon",body:'\nBone voids may occur due to trauma, surgery, tumor resections, or other factors. For decades, surgeons have used bone grafting to treat a wide variety of bone defects. Bone grafts may contain up to three of the vital properties necessary for bone formation: osteoconductivity, osteoinductivity, and osteogenicity [1]. The property of osteoconductivity describes the way the graft acts as a scaffold on which host cells can attach and proliferate, leading to osseointegration. Osteoinductivity, on the other hand, describes the cellular signaling potential of a graft. Whether endogenous or recombinant, specific growth factors, such as bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2), attract host cells to a graft and encourage mesenchymal stem cells to differentiate into lineage-committed bone cells. Finally, osteogenicity describes the ability of a bone graft to form bone matrix directly, which can only happen when live cells capable of producing bone matrix are contained within the graft. Bone graft options may contain varying amounts of these properties and are chosen based on the characteristics that the patient needs in order to achieve bone fusion. There are several graft options available, including autograft, synthetic bone substitutes, and allografts.
\nAutologous bone is harvested from the site of surgery in the patient or a second site, such as the iliac crest. It is still considered the gold standard by many surgeons because it can theoretically provide all three vital properties for bone formation, does not provoke an immune response, and has a long history of use. However, the use of autograft bone is associated with several disadvantages such as donor site morbidity, insufficient supply, and variable quality [2, 3]. Up to 30% of patients experience significant donor site morbidity as well as infection risk, increased operative time, blood loss, and the potential for arterial and nerve injury [4]. Additionally, autograft is limited, and the quality may be poor depending on the patient’s health. For example, diabetes, low bone mass, and smoking can all increase the risk of fusion failure as well as intraoperative complications [5].
\nSynthetic bone substitutes are designed with the goal of mimicking the natural properties of human bone. They can be comprised of a variety of materials including but not limited to, ceramics, cements, and bioactive glass. These grafts are generally biocompatible, osteoconductive, and may be mechanically similar to bone [6, 7]. This category of graft has typically been manufactured to contain porosity similar to bone, but may lack other desirable surface properties, such as hydrophilicity or a rough surface on which cells can attach. Synthetic bone substitutes have gained popularity due to reduced cost and ready availability; however, they may have mismatched resorption rates compared to bone and generally lack osteogenic and osteoinductive properties [8]. Some synthetics, such as recombinant human BMP-2, depend almost solely upon osteoinductivity and often result in rapid bone formation. However, several studies indicate substantial side effects, including osteolysis, heterotopic bone formation, and swelling/edema [9, 10, 11]. While synthetics have improved over the last few decades, mimicking natural bone has proven difficult, and allografts, being natural bone, have continued to be a reliable source of grafting material.
\nAllograft bone is obtained from deceased human donors and has a long history of use. It is readily available in a variety of forms, shapes, and sizes providing surgeons with several graft options suitable for various procedures [12, 13, 14]. Allografts can provide up to all three properties necessary for bone formation. For example, mineralized bone allografts have similar osteoconductive properties to autograft while avoiding complications such as donor site morbidity [15]. Some mineralized grafts have been processed to increase desirable characteristics such as increased surface area on which cells can attach as well as increased coefficient of friction to prevent the graft from shifting once implanted. Other allografts, such as demineralized bone matrix (DBM) are both osteoconductive and osteoinductive. To produce DBMs, acid demineralization is used to remove a portion of the mineral component of bone, thus exposing the active signaling proteins necessary to induce new bone formation. The ability of DBMs to facilitate bone healing was demonstrated in clinical applications as early as 1889 when Dr. Nicholas Senn reported using demineralized bone as a vehicle for antiseptics to treat patients with osteomyelitis [16]. However, it was not until 1965, when Dr. Marshall Urist characterized specific proteins trapped within the bone matrix, that it was understood that bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) contributed to the osteoinductive property of DBMs [17]. Since the discovery of BMPs, other proteins, such as those associated with angiogenesis, have also been found to contribute to the process of bone healing and regeneration [18]. In addition to containing active signaling proteins, optimal surface characteristics of DBMs are essential for supporting cellular attachment and proliferation. For example, it is crucial to provide enough space for blood vessel formation and for the patient’s own cells to migrate into and proliferate on the scaffold [19, 20]. Therefore, some allograft processors work to maintain ideal porosity for cell migration and angiogenesis. Other processes are designed to create a hospitable topography for cell attachment and proliferation as well as to enhance handling characteristics to facilitate implantation and mitigate migration.
\nDBMs are available in varying forms, including powders, putty, strips, and moldable paste. These grafts often contain carriers such as glycerol, starch, or hyaluronic acid to improve handling. Without a carrier, bone grafts may be difficult to implant in the desired area, or may drift away from the area during surgical irrigation or exposure to blood. However, despite improved handling characteristics, it has been reported that some carriers may inhibit osteoinductive potential [21]. In addition, a carrier dilutes the bone concentration and may easily elute from the surgical site, effectively reducing the implant volume. With these limitations in mind, a novel DBM with unique fiber technology was recently developed as described in Section 2. These fibers (Figure 1) are composed solely of demineralized cortical bone and are designed to provide surface features conducive for cellular attachment and easily moldable handling characteristics, all without the addition of a carrier. The purpose of this chapter is to present original research, detailing the composition, osteoinductive nature, cell attachment properties and endogenous bone growth factor content of these bone fibers through in vivo and in vitro test methods.
\nRehydrated moldable demineralized fibers.
The fibers described here are referred to as L-MDF (LifeNet Health-Moldable Demineralized Fibers, LifeNet Health, Virginia Beach, VA and clinically available as part of PliaFX® and OraGRAFT® Prime brands). The particular fibers studied below were prepared from human cortical long bones that were aseptically recovered from donors, debrided, and disassociated from marrow and trabecular bone. The resulting tissue was processed by a proprietary computer numerical controlled-milling method (CNC-milled) into long fibers and disinfected using a proprietary process. The fibers were then demineralized using proprietary procedures. Following demineralization, fiber samples were taken to quantify residual calcium levels (average 1.7%) using a calcium reagent kit (Eagle Diagnostics, Cedar Hill, TX). The demineralized fibers were then freeze-dried, placed in final packaging, and treated via low-dose, low-temperature gamma irradiation, at a level necessary to achieve a sterility assurance level (SAL) of 10−6.
\nThe cytotoxic potential of L-MDF were quantitatively evaluated by the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay using L929 mouse fibroblasts. Three samples of 2.5 cc from each of the six donors (n = 18) were rehydrated with 5 mL sterile saline (0.99% w/v sodium chloride in water). Sample extracts were prepared by incubating 0.2 g of each sample with 1 mL of extraction medium (Minimum Essential Medium supplemented with 10% v/v fetal bovine serum, 100 U mL−1 penicillin, 100 μg mL−1 streptomycin, and 2 mM
Human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) seeded on L-MDF were measured for metabolic activity using an alamarBlue® assay (Bio-Rad, Raleigh, NC) over the course of 7 days. L-MDF from six donors were placed in triplicate in low-attachment 24-well cell culture plates at a density of 13.1 mg of fiber per cm2 and seeded with BM-MSCs at 62,500 cells per well on day 0. BM-MSCs without fibers served as the control. After 2–4 h in culture, 1 mL of complete media was added to each well, followed by incubation at 37°C. Samples remained in the incubator until specific time points designated for analysis, at which point media was replaced. The metabolic activity of cells adhered to the fibers was measured after 1, 4 and 7 days in culture. At each time point media was aspirated and replaced with 1 mL of 10% alamarBlue reagent and incubated for an average of 2 h at 37°C. The solution was collected from each sample, centrifuged to pellet any debris, and measured in a 96-well plate at 544 nm excitation/592 nm emission. Fluorescence was recorded using relative fluorescence units (RFUs), and values were normalized to its time-matched control. A one-way ANOVA in conjunction with a Tukey post-hoc was used to determine differences in metabolic activity over time.
\nScanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to qualitatively evaluate the attachment and morphology of cells seeded on four L-MDF samples (25 ± 1 mg) at 0.5–1 h, 1 and 7 days in culture. The fibers were placed in separate glass scintillation vials with 1 mL of complete media and incubated at 37°C. Following incubation, excess media was aspirated and BM-MSCs were seeded at 100,000 per cells per vial. At each time point, corresponding vials were removed from the incubator, excess media was removed, and 3 mL of 2.5% glutaraldehyde in cacodylate buffer was added to fix the samples. Cell-seeded samples were rinsed in 0.1 M cacodylate buffer, incubated in 1% osmium tetroxide for 60 min, and then dehydrated in a series of ethanol solutions increasing in concentration up to 100%. Samples were then dried via evaporation of a chemical drying agent, hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS). Prior to imaging, all samples were sputter coated in gold palladium for 200 s at 60 mA, then secured to a holder that was placed inside a vacuum-sealed imaging chamber. Samples were then imaged at a magnification 3000× using a Zeiss Gemini HD Scanning Electron Microscope.
\nL-MDF were analyzed for the presence of BMP-2 and BMP-7 using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (R&D Systems, Minneapolis MN). L-MDF from six donors were weighed (30 ± 10 mg per donor) and placed in microcentrifuge tubes. Samples were then rehydrated with 5 μL of Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) per milligram of fiber, followed by the addition of purified collagenase (14.47 Units/mg of fiber). The samples were digested at 37°C with constant mixing for 16–18 h. Digestion solutions were centrifuged to remove remaining undigested components and the supernatants were collected for testing. The resulting solutions were analyzed for BMP content in triplicate using an ELISA assay. The measured BMP content was averaged across all six donors and results were reported in ng protein/g of demineralized fibers.
\nThe osteoinductive potential of L-MDF was evaluated using an in vivo athymic mouse model at NAMSA (Northwood, Ohio) following American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) F-2529 guidelines. Four 20–25 mg replicates of L-MDF were rehydrated with 100–150 μL of sterile 0.9% w/v sodium chloride and loaded into 0.3 cc sterile syringes. Samples were then compressed to remove excess solution, and implanted bi-laterally between the biceps femoris and superficial gluteal muscle of athymic mice. All mice were euthanized 5 weeks post-implantation by carbon dioxide inhalation. Explants were fixed with 10% formalin and bisected along the long axis. Bisects of each explant were paraffin embedded, and three slides were generated each with 4–6 μm-thick tissue sections. Once stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), slides were evaluated by a blinded pathologist. The presence of cartilage, chondroblasts, chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoid, newly formed lamellar bone, and bone marrow were evaluated as new bone elements as they are indicators of endochondral bone formation process.
\nCytotoxicity assay results showed that negative and positive controls behaved as expected (i.e., percent viability ≥70% for the negative control groups and <70% for the positive control groups). The average percent viability for negative and positive controls were 94 and 4%, respectively. The average percent viability of L-MDF (91%) was above the 70% threshold, and thus, based on the criteria of the protocol and ISO 10993-5 guidelines, L-MDF are considered to be non-cytotoxic.
\nOverall, the cellular activity of the BM-MSCs was shown to significantly increase over the course of the 7 day investigation. The results indicated that cells seeded on L-MDF showed a significant increase in proliferation between days 4 (51.3 ± 1.2 RFU) and 7 (59.5 ± 1.5 RFU) compared to day 1 (21.3 ± 0.8 RFU) (Figure 2).
\nProliferation of BM-MSCs attached to L-MDF over 7 days. The average relative fluorescence unit (RFU) values for each set of triplicate test samples were normalized to the average RFU of the corresponding control group (fibers of the respective donor cultured without cells) for all six donors. Asterisks represent statistically significant differences from day 1 proliferation activity.
SEM images confirmed BM-MSC attachment to L-MDF within 30 min of seeding. Cells appeared rounded with numerous folds and ridges and minimal surface contact (Figure 3A). After 1 h in culture, BM-MSCs became elongated and began spreading and increasing surface contact with the fibers (Figure 3B). After 1 day, imaging showed flattened cells with multiple adhesion points and cellular extensions as well as extracellular matrix (ECM) secretion (Figure 3C). By day 7 in culture, BM-MSCs infiltrated between fibers and demonstrated cell-to-cell interactions (Figure 3D).
\nRepresentative SEM images illustrating the morphology of cells attached to L-MDF. Following culture for 30 min (A), 1 h (B), 1 day (C) or 7 days (D), respectively, the samples were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde and processed for scanning electron microscopy. Images are representative of all samples evaluated and were taken at 3000× magnification. Scale bar represents 10 μm. Images were pseudo-colored in Adobe Photoshop to distinguish the cells (in yellow) from the fibers.
The ELISA results indicated the presence of growth factors in L-MDF. The average BMP-2 and 7 concentrations in the samples fibers were 11.24 ± 1.49 and 85.78 ± 6.84 ng/g, respectively (Figure 4).
\nBMP-2 and BMP-7 content in L-MDF. L-MDF produced from six different donors were digested in collagenase for 16–18 h. Using ELISAs, the resulting digestion solutions were tested for BMP-2 and BMP-7 content in triplicate (mean ∓ SE).
Additionally, in the athymic mouse muscle pouch model, histological analysis revealed new bone elements around and within the implanted scaffold at time of sacrifice (5 weeks; Figure 5). Panel A shows a set of merged images that illustrate new bone elements present in the explant (4× objective). Panels B and C highlight the presence of new bone elements such as cartilage, chondroblasts/cytes, bone marrow, new blood vessels, and new bone.
\nH&E staining of explants from an athymic nude mouse implanted with L-MDF (*). Merged set of H&E images showing new bone elements present in the entire explant at 35 days post-implantation (4× objective). Expanded areas show the presence of new bone elements such as cartilage (^), chondroblasts/cytes (#), bone marrow ($), new blood vessels (&), and new bone (+) around L-MDF implant (*) at 35 days.
Demineralized bone matrices (DBMs) are widely used in spinal, orthopedic, craniomaxillofacial, and dental procedures to treat bone voids. An ideal DBM provides both osteoinductive and osteoconductive properties to promote new bone formation and provide a scaffold upon which cells can attach and proliferate. Furthermore, DBMs should be malleable and resist graft migration once impacted into a bone defect. To achieve these characteristics important for bone healing, manufacturers use a variety of techniques to process and sterilize DBMs. Despite demineralization being a well-known technique, the proportion of the osteoinductive element—the demineralized bone—of clinically available DBM-based graft materials varies widely by manufacturer. Differences in carrier material and sterilization may also contribute to variability among these grafts. The moldable demineralized fibers described here represent a recently developed allograft configuration that can function as an independent bone void filler without the need of a synthetic carrier. This study was conducted to ensure L-MDF possess the necessary qualities to function in this capacity.
\nAn osteoinductive bone graft has the ability to induce bone growth. Factors such as residual calcium level and growth factor content play important roles in a DBM’s ability to grow bone. In particular, residual calcium level can serve as an indicator for the availability of growth factors necessary for bone formation. The literature suggests that DBMs with different degrees of residual calcium show significant differences in osteoinductivity. Zhang et al. evaluated the effects of varying degrees of demineralization, particle size, donor age, and gender on the osteoinductivity of DBM in vivo (athymic mouse model) and in vitro (alkaline phosphatase assay) [22]. The authors suggested that demineralized bone with a residual calcium level of approximately 2% is “optimally osteoinductive”. Similarly, Turonis et al. found that a 2% residual calcium level in human demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft appears to enhance osseous wound healing [23]. The L-MDF samples discussed in this chapter were demineralized using a proprietary and patented process targeted at achieving an optimized level of residual calcium of 1–4%. Furthermore, the presence of specific proteins in DBM is frequently associated with its osteoinductive potential as growth factors can provide signals that direct cellular behavior [18, 22, 24]. In particular, BMP-2 and 7 are important for bone growth as they are known for their “ability to stimulate differentiation of MSCs to osteochondroblastic lineage” [18]. Previous studies have reported a wide span of BMP-2 and BMP-7 levels in demineralized bone, with ranges from 6.5 to 110 and 44 to 125 ng/g demineralized bone, respectively. In this study, ELISA results indicated the presence of BMP-2 and 7 in L-MDF (11.24 ± 1.49 and 85.78 ± 6.84 ng/g) consistent with values reported in the literature. This milieu of growth factors illustrate that L-MDF contain the appropriate trophic factor profile necessary for bone formation and are consistent with expected physiological levels.
\nThe osteoinductive and osteoconductive potential of DBMs are commonly evaluated using an in vivo athymic mouse intramuscular pouch model to histologically assess new bone formation [25].
\nIn the study described here, histological analysis revealed the presence of new bone elements demonstrating the osteoinductive potential of L-MDF. In addition, newly formed blood vessels were observed, which can also be indicative of the osteoconductive nature of the bone graft in providing a conducive environment for new bone formation. The surface characteristics of DBMs play an important role in their ability to provide a scaffold for new bone formation [19, 20]. Bone cells need a hospitable environment in which to attach and thrive. In particular, increased surface area, a rough topography, and interconnected networks are known to promote cellular attachment and cell spreading [26]. As demonstrated by the SEM imaging presented here, the long, interconnected L-MDF create a hospitable environment for BM-MSCs to infiltrate and make cell-to-cell connections. The ability of cells not only to quickly attach to the matrix but also maintain a healthy morphology throughout the duration of culture provides evidence of the osteoconductive qualities of L-MDF.
\nThe need for versatile handling has led to the addition of various inert carriers in commercial DBMs. However, studies have shown that carriers may negatively affect the inherent properties of a DBM. In particular, Lee et al. concluded that Poloxamer 407-based hydrogel may inhibit MSC osteoblastic differentiation by filling up spaces between DBM powders, negatively affecting the release of growth factors [21]. In a rat calvarial defect model, investigators found that the two types of DBM had significant differences in bone regeneration, which was attributed to the type of carrier [27]. Furthermore, varying the ratio of carrier to DBM can alter handling characteristics such as malleability and resistance to graft migration. Through in vivo and in vitro analyses, studies have found that increased bone content in DBMs produces larger amounts of new bone formation [25, 28, 29]. With this is mind, L-MDF were produced by proprietary CNC-milling cortical bone to create specially designed rough surfaces allowing fibers to interlock, allowing this bone void filler to be carrier-free. The roughness also provides numerous attachment points for the cells and their lamellipodia, encouraging a flattened morphology. These interlocking fibers thereby encourage malleability, graft placement in the implant site, and resistance to irrigation, all of which represent ideal handling characteristics.
\nFinally, terminal sterilization is a processing measure used to ensure the safety of DBMs by reducing the risk of disease transmission. This is in contrast to aseptic processing alone, which introduces no additional bioburden from the environment but alone does not guarantee sterile tissue [30, 31]. Unlike aseptic-only processed tissue, terminal sterilization can result in a graft with a defined sterility assurance level (SAL). For example, an SAL of 10−6 indicates a 1 out of 1,000,000 chance that a viable organism exists within any single graft [31]. Although gamma irradiation is currently the most common method for terminally sterilizing allografts, some reports suggests that gamma irradiation can negatively impact the inherent properties of DBMs. There are several factors to consider when evaluating the effects of gamma irradiation on DBMs such as dose and temperature. Irradiation performed in a high dose range or at uncontrolled temperatures can result in denaturing of the osteoinductive signaling proteins, rendering them inactive, and/or structural damage to the collagen matrix due to generation of reactive oxygen species. Weintroub and Reddi evaluated DBM samples which were irradiated on ice at varying doses [32]. Histologic analysis showed DBM irradiated at 0.5–2.5 Mrad were similar to the non-irradiated control, indicating no effect on the induction properties of the implant. In another study, investigators found that DBM irradiated on dry ice (−72°C) demonstrated new bone formation comparable to non-irradiated samples [33]. These results demonstrate DBMs irradiated at low dose and low temperatures are expected to retain properties important to clinical performance. Thus, L-MDF are terminally sterilized to an SAL of 10−6 using low-dose, ultra-low temperature gamma irradiation to avoid negative impacts to the osteoinductive and osteoconductive potential, as verified by the results presented here.
\nL-MDF were engineered with the ideal characteristics of a DBM in mind. The cortical bone fibers are demineralized to target optimal levels of residual calcium to yield tissue with osteoinductive potential, and also terminally sterilized to minimize the risk of disease transmission. The results presented here demonstrate that L-MDF exhibit the osteoinductive potential and osteoconductive properties desirable to promote bone formation while also being easy to handle for surgical procedures. These characteristics suggest that L-MDF are a suitable option to treat bone defects in a number of orthopedic, spinal, trauma, craniomaxillofacial, and dental applications.
\nWe would like to acknowledge Breanne Gjurich PhD, Evans Wralstad, Alana Sampson MS, Yao Akpamagbo MS, and Davorka Softic MS for their contributions to study design, analysis and interpretation of data presented in the chapter.
\nJBM, NC, PS, and MM are employees of LifeNet Health, a nonprofit organization.
\n"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality. Throughout the world, we are seeing progress in attracting, retaining, and promoting women in STEMM. IntechOpen are certainly supporting this work globally by empowering all scientists and ensuring that women are encouraged and enabled to publish and take leading roles within the scientific community." Dr. Catrin Rutland, University of Nottingham, UK
",metaTitle:"Advantages of Publishing with IntechOpen",metaDescription:"We have more than a decade of experience in Open Access publishing. \n\n ",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:null,contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"We have more than a decade of experience in Open Access publishing. The advantages of publishing with IntechOpen include:
\\n\\nOur platform – IntechOpen is the world’s leading publisher of OA books, built by scientists, for scientists.
\\n\\nOur reputation – Everything we publish goes through a two-stage peer review process. We’re proud to count Nobel laureates among our esteemed authors. We meet European Commission standards for funding, and the research we’ve published has been funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the Wellcome Trust, among others. IntechOpen is a member of all relevant trade associations (including the STM Association and the Association of Learned and Professional Society Publishers) and has a selection of books indexed in Web of Science's Book Citation Index.
\\n\\nOur expertise – We’ve published more than 4,500 books by more than 118,000 authors and editors.
\\n\\nOur reach – Our books have more than 130 million downloads and more than 146,150 Web of Science citations. We increase citations via indexing in all the major databases, including the Book Citation Index at Web of Science and Google Scholar.
\\n\\nOur services – The support we offer our authors and editors is second to none. Each book in our program receives the following:
\\n\\nOur end-to-end publishing service frees our authors and editors to focus on what matters: research. We empower them to shape their fields and connect with the global scientific community.
\\n\\n"In developing countries until now, advancement in science has been very limited, because insufficient economic resources are dedicated to science and education. These limitations are more marked when the scientists are women. In order to develop science in the poorest countries and decrease the gender gap that exists in scientific fields, Open Access networks like IntechOpen are essential. Free access to scientific research could contribute to ameliorating difficult life conditions and breaking down barriers." Marquidia Pacheco, National Institute for Nuclear Research (ININ), Mexico
\\n\\nInterested? Contact Ana Pantar (book.idea@intechopen.com) for more information.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'We have more than a decade of experience in Open Access publishing. The advantages of publishing with IntechOpen include:
\n\nOur platform – IntechOpen is the world’s leading publisher of OA books, built by scientists, for scientists.
\n\nOur reputation – Everything we publish goes through a two-stage peer review process. We’re proud to count Nobel laureates among our esteemed authors. We meet European Commission standards for funding, and the research we’ve published has been funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the Wellcome Trust, among others. IntechOpen is a member of all relevant trade associations (including the STM Association and the Association of Learned and Professional Society Publishers) and has a selection of books indexed in Web of Science's Book Citation Index.
\n\nOur expertise – We’ve published more than 4,500 books by more than 118,000 authors and editors.
\n\nOur reach – Our books have more than 130 million downloads and more than 146,150 Web of Science citations. We increase citations via indexing in all the major databases, including the Book Citation Index at Web of Science and Google Scholar.
\n\nOur services – The support we offer our authors and editors is second to none. Each book in our program receives the following:
\n\nOur end-to-end publishing service frees our authors and editors to focus on what matters: research. We empower them to shape their fields and connect with the global scientific community.
\n\n"In developing countries until now, advancement in science has been very limited, because insufficient economic resources are dedicated to science and education. These limitations are more marked when the scientists are women. In order to develop science in the poorest countries and decrease the gender gap that exists in scientific fields, Open Access networks like IntechOpen are essential. Free access to scientific research could contribute to ameliorating difficult life conditions and breaking down barriers." Marquidia Pacheco, National Institute for Nuclear Research (ININ), Mexico
\n\nInterested? Contact Ana Pantar (book.idea@intechopen.com) for more information.
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",middleName:null,surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58592/images/1664_n.jpg",biography:"Arun K. Shanker is serving as a Principal Scientist (Plant Physiology) with the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) at the Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture in Hyderabad, India. He is working with the ICAR as a full time researcher since 1993 and has since earned his Advanced degree in Crop Physiology while in service. He has been awarded the prestigious Member of the Royal Society of Chemistry (MRSC), by the Royal Society of Chemistry, London in 2015. Presently he is working on systems biology approach to study the mechanism of abiotic stress tolerance in crops. His main focus now is to unravel the mechanism of drought and heat stress response in plants to tackle climate change related threats in agriculture.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Council of Agricultural Research",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",middleName:"P",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4782/images/system/4782.jpg",biography:"Bishnu P. Pal is Professor of Physics at Mahindra École\nCentrale Hyderabad India since July 1st 2014 after retirement\nas Professor of Physics from IIT Delhi; Ph.D.’1975 from IIT\nDelhi; Fellow of OSA and SPIE; Senior Member IEEE;\nHonorary Foreign Member Royal Norwegian Society for\nScience and Arts; Member OSA Board of Directors (2009-\n11); Distinguished Lecturer IEEE Photonics Society (2005-\n07).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Delhi",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"69653",title:"Dr.",name:"Chusak",middleName:null,surname:"Limsakul",slug:"chusak-limsakul",fullName:"Chusak Limsakul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Prince of Songkla University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"75563",title:"Dr.",name:"Farzana Khan",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"farzana-khan-perveen",fullName:"Farzana Khan Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75563/images/system/75563.png",biography:"Dr Farzana Khan Perveen (FLS; Gold-Medallist) obtained her BSc (Hons) and MSc (Zoology: Entomology) from the University of Karachi, MAS (Monbush-Scholar; Agriculture: Agronomy) and from the Nagoya University, Japan, and PhD (Research and Course-works from the Nagoya University; Toxicology) degree from the University of Karachi. She is Founder/Chairperson of the Department of Zoology (DOZ) and Ex-Controller of Examinations at Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University (SBBU) and Ex-Founder/ Ex-Chairperson of DOZ, Hazara University and Kohat University of Science & Technology. \nShe is the author of 150 high impact research papers, 135 abstracts, 4 authored books and 8 chapters. She is the editor of 5 books and she supervised BS(4), MSc(50), MPhil(40), and Ph.D. (1) students. She has organized and participated in numerous international and national conferences and received multiple awards and fellowships. She is a member of research societies, editorial boards of Journals, and World-Commission on Protected Areas, International Union for Conservation of Nature. Her fields of interest are Entomology, Toxicology, Forensic Entomology, and Zoology.",institutionString:"Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University",institution:{name:"Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"23804",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamzah",middleName:null,surname:"Arof",slug:"hamzah-arof",fullName:"Hamzah Arof",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/23804/images/5492_n.jpg",biography:"Hamzah Arof received his BSc from Michigan State University, and PhD from the University of Wales. Both degrees were in electrical engineering. His current research interests include signal processing and photonics. Currently he is affiliated with the Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Malaya, Malaysia.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaya",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"41989",title:"Prof.",name:"He",middleName:null,surname:"Tian",slug:"he-tian",fullName:"He Tian",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"East China University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"33351",title:null,name:"Hendra",middleName:null,surname:"Hermawan",slug:"hendra-hermawan",fullName:"Hendra Hermawan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/33351/images/168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Institut Teknologi Bandung",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"11981",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Ishiguro",slug:"hiroshi-ishiguro",fullName:"Hiroshi Ishiguro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Osaka University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"45747",title:"Dr.",name:"Hsin-I",middleName:null,surname:"Chang",slug:"hsin-i-chang",fullName:"Hsin-I Chang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/no_image.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Chiayi University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"61581",title:"Dr.",name:"Joy Rizki Pangestu",middleName:null,surname:"Djuansjah",slug:"joy-rizki-pangestu-djuansjah",fullName:"Joy Rizki Pangestu Djuansjah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61581/images/237_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"94249",title:"Prof.",name:"Junji",middleName:null,surname:"Kido",slug:"junji-kido",fullName:"Junji Kido",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Yamagata University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"12009",title:"Dr.",name:"Ki Young",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",slug:"ki-young-kim",fullName:"Ki Young Kim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12009/images/system/12009.jpg",biography:"Http://m80.knu.ac.kr/~doors",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Cheng Kung University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5763},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5227},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1717},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10365},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:897},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15784}],offset:12,limit:12,total:10365},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"6"},books:[{type:"book",id:"8977",title:"Protein Kinase - New Opportunities, Challenges and Future Perspectives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"6d200cc031706a565b554fdb1c478901",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Rajesh Kumar Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8977.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-singh",fullName:"Rajesh Singh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9659",title:"Fibroblasts - Advances in Cancer, Autoimmunity and Inflammation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"926fa6446f6befbd363fc74971a56de2",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Mojca Frank Bertoncelj and Ms. Katja Lakota",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9659.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"328755",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mojca",surname:"Frank Bertoncelj",slug:"mojca-frank-bertoncelj",fullName:"Mojca Frank Bertoncelj"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10797",title:"Cell Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2c628f4757f9639a4450728d839a7842",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Xianquan Zhan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10797.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10800",title:"Ligase",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1f10ff112edb1fec24379dac85ef3b5b",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10800.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10801",title:"Uric Acid",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d947ab87019e69ab11aa597edbacc018",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10837",title:"Peroxisomes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0014b09d4b35bb4d7f52ca0b3641cda1",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10837.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10838",title:"Ion Channels",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"048017b227b3bdfd0d33a49bac63c915",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10840",title:"Benzimidazole",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9fe810233f92a9c454c624aec634316f",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10840.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10841",title:"Hydrolases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"64617cf21bf1e47170bb2bcf31b1fc37",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10841.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:13},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:14},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:27},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:1}],offset:12,limit:12,total:9},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.png",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7841",title:"New Insights Into Metabolic Syndrome",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef5accfac9772b9e2c9eff884f085510",slug:"new-insights-into-metabolic-syndrome",bookSignature:"Akikazu Takada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7841.jpg",editors:[{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8620",title:"Mining Techniques",subtitle:"Past, Present and Future",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b65658f81d14e9e57e49377869d3a575",slug:"mining-techniques-past-present-and-future",bookSignature:"Abhay Soni",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8620.jpg",editors:[{id:"271093",title:"Dr.",name:"Abhay",middleName:null,surname:"Soni",slug:"abhay-soni",fullName:"Abhay Soni"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8558",title:"Aerodynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db7263fc198dfb539073ba0260a7f1aa",slug:"aerodynamics",bookSignature:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy and Aly-Mousaad Aly",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8558.jpg",editors:[{id:"35542",title:"Prof.",name:"Mofid",middleName:null,surname:"Gorji-Bandpy",slug:"mofid-gorji-bandpy",fullName:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9668",title:"Chemistry and Biochemistry of Winemaking, Wine Stabilization and Aging",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c5484276a314628acf21ec1bdc3a86b9",slug:"chemistry-and-biochemistry-of-winemaking-wine-stabilization-and-aging",bookSignature:"Fernanda Cosme, Fernando M. Nunes and Luís Filipe-Ribeiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9668.jpg",editors:[{id:"186819",title:"Prof.",name:"Fernanda",middleName:null,surname:"Cosme",slug:"fernanda-cosme",fullName:"Fernanda Cosme"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7847",title:"Medical Toxicology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db9b65bea093de17a0855a1b27046247",slug:"medical-toxicology",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Tomohisa Ogawa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7847.jpg",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoglu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9660",title:"Inland Waters",subtitle:"Dynamics and Ecology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"975c26819ceb11a926793bc2adc62bd6",slug:"inland-waters-dynamics-and-ecology",bookSignature:"Adam Devlin, Jiayi Pan and Mohammad Manjur Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9660.jpg",editors:[{id:"280757",title:"Dr.",name:"Adam",middleName:"Thomas",surname:"Devlin",slug:"adam-devlin",fullName:"Adam Devlin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9731",title:"Oxidoreductase",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"852e6f862c85fc3adecdbaf822e64e6e",slug:"oxidoreductase",bookSignature:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9731.jpg",editors:[{id:"224662",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmoud Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Mansour",slug:"mahmoud-ahmed-mansour",fullName:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9864",title:"Hydrology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"02925c63436d12e839008c793a253310",slug:"hydrology",bookSignature:"Theodore V. Hromadka II and Prasada Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9864.jpg",editors:[{id:"181008",title:"Dr.",name:"Theodore V.",middleName:"V.",surname:"Hromadka II",slug:"theodore-v.-hromadka-ii",fullName:"Theodore V. Hromadka II"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9083",title:"Rodents",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"480148de5ecf236b3e0860fc3954b2d4",slug:"rodents",bookSignature:"Loth S. Mulungu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9083.jpg",editors:[{id:"108433",title:"Dr.",name:"Loth S.",middleName:null,surname:"Mulungu",slug:"loth-s.-mulungu",fullName:"Loth S. Mulungu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5220},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7841",title:"New Insights Into Metabolic Syndrome",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef5accfac9772b9e2c9eff884f085510",slug:"new-insights-into-metabolic-syndrome",bookSignature:"Akikazu Takada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7841.jpg",editors:[{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8558",title:"Aerodynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db7263fc198dfb539073ba0260a7f1aa",slug:"aerodynamics",bookSignature:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy and Aly-Mousaad Aly",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8558.jpg",editors:[{id:"35542",title:"Prof.",name:"Mofid",middleName:null,surname:"Gorji-Bandpy",slug:"mofid-gorji-bandpy",fullName:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9668",title:"Chemistry and Biochemistry of Winemaking, Wine Stabilization and Aging",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c5484276a314628acf21ec1bdc3a86b9",slug:"chemistry-and-biochemistry-of-winemaking-wine-stabilization-and-aging",bookSignature:"Fernanda Cosme, Fernando M. Nunes and Luís Filipe-Ribeiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9668.jpg",editors:[{id:"186819",title:"Prof.",name:"Fernanda",middleName:null,surname:"Cosme",slug:"fernanda-cosme",fullName:"Fernanda Cosme"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7847",title:"Medical Toxicology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db9b65bea093de17a0855a1b27046247",slug:"medical-toxicology",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Tomohisa Ogawa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7847.jpg",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoglu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8620",title:"Mining Techniques",subtitle:"Past, Present and Future",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b65658f81d14e9e57e49377869d3a575",slug:"mining-techniques-past-present-and-future",bookSignature:"Abhay Soni",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8620.jpg",editors:[{id:"271093",title:"Dr.",name:"Abhay",middleName:null,surname:"Soni",slug:"abhay-soni",fullName:"Abhay Soni"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9660",title:"Inland Waters",subtitle:"Dynamics and Ecology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"975c26819ceb11a926793bc2adc62bd6",slug:"inland-waters-dynamics-and-ecology",bookSignature:"Adam Devlin, Jiayi Pan and Mohammad Manjur Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9660.jpg",editors:[{id:"280757",title:"Dr.",name:"Adam",middleName:"Thomas",surname:"Devlin",slug:"adam-devlin",fullName:"Adam Devlin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9122",title:"Cosmetic Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"207026ca4a4125e17038e770d00ee152",slug:"cosmetic-surgery",bookSignature:"Yueh-Bih Tang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9122.jpg",editors:[{id:"202122",title:"Prof.",name:"Yueh-Bih",middleName:null,surname:"Tang",slug:"yueh-bih-tang",fullName:"Yueh-Bih Tang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9550",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Contemporary Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b4ac1ee5b743abf6f88495452b1e5e7",slug:"entrepreneurship-contemporary-issues",bookSignature:"Mladen Turuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"319755",title:"Prof.",name:"Mladen",middleName:null,surname:"Turuk",slug:"mladen-turuk",fullName:"Mladen Turuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8098",title:"Resources of Water",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d251652996624d932ef7b8ed62cf7cfc",slug:"resources-of-water",bookSignature:"Prathna Thanjavur Chandrasekaran, Muhammad Salik Javaid, Aftab Sadiq",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8098.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"167917",title:"Dr.",name:"Prathna",middleName:null,surname:"Thanjavur Chandrasekaran",slug:"prathna-thanjavur-chandrasekaran",fullName:"Prathna Thanjavur Chandrasekaran"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10432",title:"Casting Processes and Modelling of Metallic Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c5c9df938666bf5d1797727db203a6d",slug:"casting-processes-and-modelling-of-metallic-materials",bookSignature:"Zakaria Abdallah and Nada Aldoumani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10432.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"201670",title:"Dr.",name:"Zak",middleName:null,surname:"Abdallah",slug:"zak-abdallah",fullName:"Zak Abdallah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9671",title:"Macrophages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"03b00fdc5f24b71d1ecdfd75076bfde6",slug:"macrophages",bookSignature:"Hridayesh Prakash",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9671.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"287184",title:"Dr.",name:"Hridayesh",middleName:null,surname:"Prakash",slug:"hridayesh-prakash",fullName:"Hridayesh Prakash"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8415",title:"Extremophilic Microbes and Metabolites",subtitle:"Diversity, Bioprospecting and Biotechnological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"93e0321bc93b89ff73730157738f8f97",slug:"extremophilic-microbes-and-metabolites-diversity-bioprospecting-and-biotechnological-applications",bookSignature:"Afef Najjari, Ameur Cherif, Haïtham Sghaier and Hadda Imene Ouzari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8415.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196823",title:"Dr.",name:"Afef",middleName:null,surname:"Najjari",slug:"afef-najjari",fullName:"Afef Najjari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9731",title:"Oxidoreductase",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"852e6f862c85fc3adecdbaf822e64e6e",slug:"oxidoreductase",bookSignature:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9731.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"224662",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmoud Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Mansour",slug:"mahmoud-ahmed-mansour",fullName:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"802",title:"Operations Management",slug:"industrial-engineering-and-management-operations-management",parent:{title:"Industrial Engineering and Management",slug:"industrial-engineering-and-management"},numberOfBooks:1,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:1,numberOfWosCitations:2,numberOfCrossrefCitations:7,numberOfDimensionsCitations:10,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"industrial-engineering-and-management-operations-management",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"3723",title:"Management and Services",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fd3d170b6b6bfc78a9568d26c89ca435",slug:"management-and-services",bookSignature:"Mamun Habib",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3723.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12501",title:"Prof.",name:"Dr. Md. Mamun",middleName:null,surname:"Habib",slug:"dr.-md.-mamun-habib",fullName:"Dr. Md. Mamun Habib"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:1,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"11653",doi:"10.5772/9950",title:"An Empirical Research of ITESCM (Integrated Tertiary Educational Supply Chain Management) Model",slug:"an-empirical-research-of-itescm-integrated-tertiary-educational-supply-chain-management-model",totalDownloads:3047,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:9,book:{slug:"management-and-services",title:"Management and Services",fullTitle:"Management and Services"},signatures:"Mamun Habib",authors:null},{id:"11655",doi:"10.5772/9952",title:"Nonfunctional Requirements Validation Using Nash Equilibria",slug:"nonfunctional-requirements-validation-using-nash-equilibria",totalDownloads:2026,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"management-and-services",title:"Management and Services",fullTitle:"Management and Services"},signatures:"Andreas Gregoriades and Vicky Papadopoulou",authors:null},{id:"11654",doi:"10.5772/9951",title:"Learning 2.0: Collaborative Technologies Reshaping Learning Pathways",slug:"learning-2-0-collaborative-technologies-reshaping-learning-pathways",totalDownloads:1493,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"management-and-services",title:"Management and Services",fullTitle:"Management and Services"},signatures:"Veronica Popovici and Ramona Nicoleta Bunda",authors:null}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"11653",title:"An Empirical Research of ITESCM (Integrated Tertiary Educational Supply Chain Management) Model",slug:"an-empirical-research-of-itescm-integrated-tertiary-educational-supply-chain-management-model",totalDownloads:3046,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:9,book:{slug:"management-and-services",title:"Management and Services",fullTitle:"Management and Services"},signatures:"Mamun Habib",authors:null},{id:"11657",title:"Realization of Lowpass and Bandpass Leapfrog Filters Using OAs and CCCIIs",slug:"realization-of-lowpass-and-bandpass-leapfrog-filters-using-oas-and-ccciis",totalDownloads:3632,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"management-and-services",title:"Management and Services",fullTitle:"Management and Services"},signatures:"Yanhui Xi and Hui Peng",authors:null},{id:"11655",title:"Nonfunctional Requirements Validation Using Nash Equilibria",slug:"nonfunctional-requirements-validation-using-nash-equilibria",totalDownloads:2026,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"management-and-services",title:"Management and Services",fullTitle:"Management and Services"},signatures:"Andreas Gregoriades and Vicky Papadopoulou",authors:null},{id:"11654",title:"Learning 2.0: Collaborative Technologies Reshaping Learning Pathways",slug:"learning-2-0-collaborative-technologies-reshaping-learning-pathways",totalDownloads:1493,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"management-and-services",title:"Management and Services",fullTitle:"Management and Services"},signatures:"Veronica Popovici and Ramona Nicoleta Bunda",authors:null},{id:"11656",title:"Constructing Geo-Information Sharing GRID Architecture",slug:"constructing-geo-information-sharing-grid-architecture",totalDownloads:1561,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"management-and-services",title:"Management and Services",fullTitle:"Management and Services"},signatures:"Qiang Liu and Boyan Cheng",authors:null}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"industrial-engineering-and-management-operations-management",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/162278/mervi-paulasto-krockel",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"162278",slug:"mervi-paulasto-krockel"},fullPath:"/profiles/162278/mervi-paulasto-krockel",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()