inline-graphic xlink:href="media/equ10.png" specific-use="print-only"/--\x3e [τ]ƛ=[τ_(ƛ),τ¯(ƛ)] for ƛ∈[0,1], where τ_(ƛ) and τ¯(ƛ) signify as the lower and upper branches of τ, respectively, that satisfy the following conditions:
τ_(ƛ) is bounded non‐decreasing lower function, left continuous on (0,1] and right continuous at ƛ=0
τ_(ƛ) is bounded non‐increasing upper function, left continuous on (0,1] and right continuous at ƛ=0
τ_(ƛ)≤τ¯(ƛ)
\n
The sum and scalar product of any fuzzy number is the consequence of Zadeh’s extension principal. Let ⊕, • and Θ be the symbols of addition, multiplication and subtraction, accordingly, for fuzzy numbers, which will be greatly used throughout the paper, then, for ƛ∈[0,1]\x3c!----\x3e:\n
Thus, (, ) defines a complete metric space with the properties of Hausdorff metric for fuzzy numbers.
\n\n
\n
2.2. Fuzzy-valued Function and its fractional derivative
\n
Any interval‐valued function \x3c!--F˜--\x3e is said to be a fuzzy‐valued function if \x3c!--F˜--\x3e is defined as F˜:R→E. Its ‐level set can be represented by real‐valued functions F_(t;ƛ) and F¯(t;ƛ) as its lower and upper branches, accordingly, i.e. \x3c!--F˜(t)=[F_(t;ƛ),F¯(t;ƛ)]--\x3e, \x3c!--∀t∈R--\x3e. Moreover, if \x3c!--limt→t0F_(t;ƛ)--\x3e and \x3c!--limt→t0F¯(t;ƛ)--\x3e exist as finite fuzzy numbers, then \x3c!--limt→t0F˜(t)--\x3e exists. Consequently, let \x3c!--T--\x3e be the space of continuous fuzzy‐valued functions, then \x3c!--F˜(t)∈T--\x3e if \x3c!--F_(t;ƛ)--\x3e and \x3c!--F¯(t;ƛ)--\x3e are continuous. The arithmetic for any two fuzzy‐valued functions \x3c!--F˜--\x3e and \x3c!--G˜--\x3e can be defined as previously mentioned in Section 2.1 for fuzzy numbers. Subsequent to existence of limit and continuity of \x3c!--F˜--\x3e, the fuzzy‐valued function (t)\x3c!--F˜(t)(t)--\x3e is said to be differentiable at each t0∈[a,b], if \x3c!--F˜′(t0)∈E--\x3e exists, such that\n
F˜′(t0)=Limh→0F˜(t0+h)ΘF˜(t0)hE2
\n
where h is taken in a way that (t0+h)∈(a,b). For \x3c!--F˜(t)=[F_(t;ƛ),F¯(t;ƛ)]--\x3e, \x3c!--F˜(t)--\x3e is said to be differentiable at t∈[a,b] if its lower function \x3c!--F_(t;ƛ)--\x3e and upper function \x3c!--F¯(t;ƛ)--\x3e are differentiable at t∈[a,b], i.e. for all ∈[0,1],\n
In a similar manner, fractional order differential of F˜(t)\x3c!----\x3e can be defined as, for all ∈[0,1], if F_(t;ƛ)\x3c!----\x3e and F¯(t;ƛ)\x3c!----\x3e are differentiable of order ω>0, then F˜(t)\x3c!----\x3e is differentiable of order ω>0, i.e.\n
where can be either fuzzy Riemann‐Liouville fractional differential operator or fuzzy Caputo-type fractional differential operator [15, 16, 19, 22, 23]. Here it is considered as fuzzy Caputo‐type fractional derivative that is approximated by Grünwald‐Letnikov\'s approach, illustrated in the next sequel.
\n
\n
\n
2.3. System of fractional order fuzzy differential equations
\n
In particular, modeling of differential equations of fractional order in imprecise characteristics is obtained by encompassing fuzzy‐valued functions. Let \x3c!--X˜(t)∈E--\x3e, then fuzzy differential equation of fractional order ω∈(0,1], subjected to initial conditions, is structured as:\n
DtωX˜(t)=Ψ(t,X˜(t))E5
\n
X˜(t0)=U˜0E6
\n
where the unknown fuzzy‐valued function X˜(t) can be written in form of ‐levels as, for all ∈[0,1], X˜(t)=[X_(t;ƛ),X¯(t;ƛ)], where as \x3c!--Ψ(t,X˜(t))--\x3e can be linear or nonlinear term in the form of fuzzy‐valued function and \x3c!--U˜0--\x3e is the fuzzy number, which can also be expressed as \x3c!--U˜0=[U0_(ƛ),U0¯(ƛ)]--\x3e, for all \x3c!--ƛ∈[0,1]--\x3e. Concisely, Eq. (5) is considered to have a unique and stable solution, for the reason that \x3c!--Ψ(t,X˜(t))--\x3e is continuous and satisfies the Lipschitz condition, i.e. there exists L>0 such that for \x3c!--Ψ:R→E--\x3e\n
where ν˜1,ν˜2,…,ν˜n are the fuzzy numbers that can be written as, for all \x3c!----\x3e\x3c!--ƛ∈[0,1]--\x3eν˜n(ƛ)=[ν_n(ƛ),ν¯n(ƛ)], n≥1, ω1, ω2, …, ωn are the fractional orders such that ωn∈(0,1] and the right hand side of Eq. (8) represent a system of fuzzy nonlinear equations with crisp coefficients kij, i≥1,j≤n, i.e.\n
And as mentioned earlier, \x3c!--Dtωn--\x3e are taken as the fuzzy Caputo‐type fractional differential operators and are numerically interpreted using Grünwald‐Letnikov’s fractional derivative definition.
\n
\n\n
\n
3. Grünwald‐Letnikov’s fractional derivative
\n
This section comprises the description of Grünwald‐Letnikov’s fractional derivative in conjunction with the algorithm to solve the system of Eq. (11) and undergoes some requisite theorem and lemma of the governing approach.
\n
Consider a function \x3c!--Y(t)--\x3e in finite interval [0, T], let the interval be divided into equidistant grids of step size h as:\n
0=η0<η1<⋯<ησ=t=σhwithησ−ησ−1=hE12
\n
DGLtωY(t)=limh→01hω∑i=0[th](−1)i(ωi)Y(t−ih)E13
\n
where (ωi) are the binomial coefficients that are obtained by the formula:\n
(ωi)=Γ(ω+1)i!Γ(ω−i+1)E14
\n
and [th] represents the integral part.
\n
\n
3.1. Lemma
\n
Let \x3c!--Y(t)--\x3e be a smooth function in [0,T], such that it can be expressed as a power series for [t]<T, where [t] is the integral part of t, then the Grünwald‐Letnikov’s approximation for each 0<t<T, a series of step size h and t=σh can be stated as:\n
DGLtωY(t)=1hω∑i=0σ(−1)i(ωi)Y(tσ−i)+O(h)(h→0)E15
\n
This definition is considered to be equivalent to the definition of Riemann‐Liouville fractional derivative and for equivalence to Caputo’s fractional definition the following term of initial value is added to the right hand side of Eq. (15), i.e.\n
That becomes zero if initial values of Caputo‐type differential equations are homogeneous and again reduces to that of Riemann‐Liouville definition. Since here the fuzzy Caputo‐type fractional differential equations are considered with inhomogeneous initial values, the definition in Eq. (16) will be used for the approximation of Eq. (11).
\n
Now let \x3c!--F˜(t)--\x3e be a fuzzy‐valued function such that \x3c!--F˜:R→E--\x3e, then Grünwald‐Letnikov’s fractional derivative of \x3c!--F˜(t)--\x3e(t) is expressed as:\n
Next consider the fractional system in Eq. (11), for the cases of inhomogeneous initial values. Assume the uniform grids tσ=σh, where σ=1,…,M, such that Mh=T,M∈. Applying Grünwald‐Letnikov’s fractional derivative on left hand sides of Eq. (11) we get,\n
Solving above system fuzzy-valued functions of respective fuzzy functions are generated at different grid points.
\n
\n
\n
3.2. Theorem: truncation error
\n
Let fuzzy‐valued functions X˜1(tσ),X˜2(tσ),⋯,X˜n(tσ) be the approximations to the true solutions X˜1(tσ),X˜2(tσ),⋯,X˜n(tσ), respectively and consider Ψ satisfies Lipchitz condition, then the local truncation error of the proposed numerical approach is O(h1+ωn), for n≥1, i.e.
where defines Hausdroff distance. On using Lipschitz condition, i.e. Eq. (7), proof is completed by obtaining the following equation:\n
(1−Lnhωn)[X˜n(tσ)ΘX˜n(tσ)]≤O(h1+ωn)∀n≥1E26
\n
\n
\n
\n
4. Numerical illustrations
\n
Subsequent to the algorithm demonstrated in Section 3, here numerical experiments of some system of fuzzy fractional differential equations are presented. Results for fuzzy‐valued functions are depicted in tabular form in the finite interval [0,1] at different values of ω∈(0,1]. In addition, error bar pictorials are given for each respective example. All the exact values and calculations are carried out through Mathematica 10.
\n
\n
4.1. Example 1
\n
Following nonlinear fractional system is solved in [27] using homotopy analysis method, here the system is restructured with imprecise functions and as:\n
Dtω1X˜1(t)=0.5X˜1(t)
\n
Dtω2X˜2(t)=X˜2(t)⊕X˜12(t)E27
\n
with ω1,ω2∈(0,1] and subjected to initial conditions\n
On applying Grünwald‐Letnikov’s fractional definition on left hand side of Eq. (27) and following the algorithm, the differential equations are reduced to nonlinear algebraic equations as:\n
Numerical results and absolute errors of X˜1(t)\x3c!----\x3e for Example 1 at ω1=1, ω2=1, h=0.001 and t=1.
\n
Solving this system, numerical approximations of Eq. (27) are obtained. Tables 1 and 2 represent absolute error of X˜1(t)\x3c!----\x3e and X˜2(t)\x3c!----\x3e, respectively, for ω1=ω2=1, h=0.001, t=1 and at different values of , whereas Table 3 shows the approximations of \x3c!----\x3eX˜1(t) and X˜2(t)\x3c!----\x3e for ω1=0.95, ω2=0.87,h=0.1 and t=1, at different values of . In Figures 1 and 2, the pointwise error variations of X˜1(t)\x3c!----\x3e and X˜2(t)\x3c!----\x3e, accordingly, at each time within the given interval for ω1=ω2=1,h=0.1 and = 0.6, are plotted. In these graphs, each approximated point is plotted against the value of σ in a discrete manner and each bar line on respective approximated point illustrates the measure of the absolute error at that point. Absolute error is obtained by taking the point‐to‐point difference between exact and the solutions calculated by Grünwald‐Letnikov’s fractional approach. Since these variations show small differences, this implies our results are in good agreement with the exact solutions.
\n
Table 2.
Numerical results and absolute errors of X˜2(t)\x3c!----\x3e for Example 1 at ω1=1, ω2=1, h=0.001 and t=1.
\n
Table 3.
Approximations of X˜1(t)\x3c!----\x3e and X˜2(t)\x3c!----\x3e of Example 1 for ω1=0.95, ω2=0.87, h=0.1 and t=1.
\n
Figure 1.
Bar plot of σ of X˜1(t) of Example 1 for h=0.1, ω1=ω2=1 and = 0.6.
\n
Figure 2.
Bar plot of approximate solutions and absolute error versus σ of X˜2(t) of Example 1 for h=0.1, ω1=ω2=1 and = 0.6.
\n
\n
\n
4.2. Example 2
\n
Consider the following nonlinear fractional system [27] with imprecise functions X˜1(t),X˜2(t),\x3c!----\x3e\x3c!----\x3e and X˜3(t)\x3c!----\x3e as:\n
Dtω1X˜1(t)=X˜1(t),
\n
Dtω2X˜2(t)=2X˜12(t)
\n
Dtω3X˜3(t)=3X˜1(t)•X˜2(t)E31
\n
with ω1,ω2,ω3∈(0,1] and subjected to initial conditions
and in ‐levels of X˜1(t),X˜2(t),\x3c!----\x3e,\x3c!----\x3e and X˜3(t)\x3c!----\x3e the system above converts into six nonlinear equations, i.e. for all ,\n
Thus, numerical results of Eq. (31) are obtained from the above system. Tables 4–6 present absolute error of X˜1(t),X˜2(t)\x3c!----\x3e,\x3c!----\x3e and X˜3(t)\x3c!----\x3e, respectively, for ω1=ω2=ω3=1, h=0.001, t=1 and at different values of . In Table 7, the approximations of X˜1(t),X˜2(t)\x3c!----\x3e,\x3c!----\x3e and X˜3(t)\x3c!----\x3e are rendered for h=0.1,ω1=0.95, ω2=0.87, ω3=0.79 and t=1, at different values of . Additionally, the pointwise error variations between approximated and exact solutions of X˜1(t),X˜2(t)\x3c!----\x3e,\x3c!----\x3e and X˜3(t)\x3c!----\x3e at each time within the given interval for ω1=ω2=ω3=1 and = 0.6 are plotted in Figures 3–5, respectively. It is to be noted that the small length of bar lines on each point is illustrating small differences between the exact and the result obtained by the proposed approach that shows the acceptable convergence of the solution towards the exact values.
\n\n
Table 4.
Numerical results and absolute errors of for Example 2 at ω1=ω2=ω3=1, h=0.001 and t=1.
\n
Table 5.
Numerical results and absolute errors of for Example 2 at ω1=ω2=ω3=1, h=0.001 and t=1.
\n
Table 6.
Numerical results and absolute errors of X˜3(t)\x3c!----\x3e for Example 2 at ω1=ω2=ω3=1, h=0.001 and t=1.
\n
Table 7.
Approximations of X˜1(t),X˜2(t)\x3c!----\x3e,\x3c!----\x3e and X˜3(t)\x3c!----\x3e of Example 2 for ω1=0.95, ω2=0.87ω3=0.79, h=0.1 and t=1.
\n
Figure 3.
Bar plot of approximate solutions and absolute error versus σ of X˜1(t) of Example 2 for h=0.1, ω1=ω2=ω3=1 and = 0.6.
Figure 4.
Bar plot of approximate solutions and absolute error versus σ of X˜2(t) of Example 2 for h=0.1, ω1=ω2=ω3=1 and = 0.6.
Figure 5.
Bar plot of approximate solutions and absolute error versus σ of X˜3(t) of Example 2 for h=0.1, ω1=ω2=ω3=1 and = 0.6.
\n
\n
\n
\n
5. Conclusion
\n
In this chapter, system of fractional differential equations with fuzzy‐valued functions was constructed to study the system in imprecise environment. We assessed numerical interpretations of the system using Grünwald‐Letnikov’s fractional derivative scheme, which has not been considered for fuzzy differential equations in literature hitherto. In addition, we illustrated the stability of the scheme for the system of fuzzy fractional differential equations. Furthermore, we conducted experiment on some nonlinear fuzzy fractional systems and successfully attained the approximated solutions. From the entire discussion and analysis, collectively, we come up with the following remarks:
Scrutinizing differential models with arbitrary fractional order in combination with fuzzy theory is effectively advantageous to analyze the change in the system at each fractional step with imprecise parameters rather than crisp values.
Grünwald‐Letnikov’s fractional definition is equivalent to either Riemann‐Liouville fractional definition or Caputo-type fractional definition in case of homogeneous and inhomogeneous initial values, respectively. Since Riemann‐Liouville fractional definition and Caputo‐type fractional definition are greatly applicable for defining fractional derivative of fuzzy‐valued functions, so is Grünwald‐Letnikov’s fractional definition found to be.
Approximations of examples attained by undertaking Grünwald‐Letnikov’s fractional derivative approach are efficaciously convergent towards the exact solutions that prove the method to be appropriate for the solutions of fuzzy differential equations of fractional order to a great extent.
Pointwise explanation of errors through bar graph is conspicuously helpful in locating the error between exact and calculated solutions at each time by simply measuring the length of the bar at the respective point.
\n
\n\n',keywords:"fuzzy‐valued functions, fuzzy differential equations, fractional differential equations, Grünwald‐Letnikov’s derivative",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/51721.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/51721.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51721",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51721",totalDownloads:1102,totalViews:172,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"November 4th 2015",dateReviewed:"May 9th 2016",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"August 24th 2016",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:"Fractional calculus and fuzzy calculus theory, mutually, are highly applicable for showing different aspects of dynamics appearing in science. This chapter provides comprehensive discussion of system of fractional differential models in imprecise environment. In addition, presenting a new vast area to investigate numerical solutions of fuzzy fractional differential equations, numerical results of proposed system are carried out by the Grünwald‐Letnikov's fractional derivative. The stability along with truncation error of the Grünwald‐Letnikov’s fractional approach is also proved. Moreover, some numerical experiments are performed and effective remarks are concluded on the basis of efficient convergence of the approximated results towards the exact solutions and on the depictions of error bar plots.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/51721",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/51721",book:{slug:"numerical-simulation-from-brain-imaging-to-turbulent-flows"},signatures:"Najeeb Alam Khan, Oyoon Abdul Razzaq, Asmat Ara and Fatima\nRiaz",authors:[{id:"180327",title:"Dr.",name:"Najeeb",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",fullName:"Najeeb Khan",slug:"najeeb-khan",email:"njbalam@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Karachi",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"181244",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Fatima",middleName:null,surname:"Riaz",fullName:"Fatima Riaz",slug:"fatima-riaz",email:"fatima.riaz@ymail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Karachi",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"181248",title:"Dr.",name:"Oyoon",middleName:null,surname:"Razzaq",fullName:"Oyoon Razzaq",slug:"oyoon-razzaq",email:"oyoon.abdulrazzaq@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Karachi",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"184887",title:"Dr.",name:"Asmat",middleName:null,surname:"Ara",fullName:"Asmat Ara",slug:"asmat-ara",email:"noble.asmat@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Basic descriptions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1. Fuzzy numbers",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2. Fuzzy-valued Function and its fractional derivative",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"2.3. System of fractional order fuzzy differential equations",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6",title:"3. Grünwald‐Letnikov’s fractional derivative",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"3.1. Lemma",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"3.2. Theorem: truncation error",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9",title:"4. Numerical illustrations",level:"1"},{id:"sec_9_2",title:"4.1. Example 1",level:"2"},{id:"sec_10_2",title:"4.2. Example 2",level:"2"},{id:"sec_12",title:"5. Conclusion",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Podlubny I. Fractional‐order systems and fractional‐order controllers. Kosice: Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences; 1994:12.\n'},{id:"B2",body:'Panagiotopoulos PD, Panagouli OK. Fractal geometry in contact mechanics and numerical applications. In Fractals and Fractional Calculus in Continuum Mechanics: Springer Vienna; 1997: 109–171.\n'},{id:"B3",body:'Oldhman K, Spanier J. The fractional calculus: theory and applications of differentiation and integration to arbitrary order. New York: Academic Press; 1974.\n'},{id:"B4",body:'Miller KS, Ross B. An introduction to the fractional calculus and fractional differential equations: Wiley New Jersey; 1993.\n'},{id:"B5",body:'Gorenflo R, Mainardi F. Fractional calculus. Springer Vienna; 1997.\n'},{id:"B6",body:'Podlubny I. Fractional differential equations: an introduction to fractional derivatives, fractional differential equations, to methods of their solution and some of their applications: Academic press San Diego; 1998.\n'},{id:"B7",body:'Zadeh LA. Fuzzy sets. Information and Control. 1965;8(3):338–53.\n'},{id:"B8",body:'Puri ML, Ralescu DA. Differentials of fuzzy functions. Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications. 1983;91(2):552–8.\n'},{id:"B9",body:'Kandel A. Fuzzy dynamical systems and the nature of their solutions. Fuzzy Sets: Springer US; 1980: 93–121.\n'},{id:"B10",body:'Kaleva O. Fuzzy differential equations. Fuzzy sets and systems. 1987;24(3):301–17.\n'},{id:"B11",body:'Dubois D, Prade H. Towards fuzzy differential calculus part 3: Differentiation. Fuzzy Sets and Systems. 1982;8(3):225–33.\n'},{id:"B12",body:'Bede B, Gal SG. Generalizations of the differentiability of fuzzy‐number‐valued functions with applications to fuzzy differential equations. Fuzzy Sets and Systems. 2005;151(3):581–99.\n'},{id:"B13",body:'Agarwal RP, Lakshmikantham V, Nieto JJ. On the concept of solution for fractional differential equations with uncertainty. Nonlinear Analysis: Theory, Methods & Applications. 2010;72(6):2859–62.\n'},{id:"B14",body:'Ahmad M, Hasan MK, Abbasbandy S. Solving fuzzy fractional differential equations using Zadeh’s extension principle. The Scientific World Journal. 2013;2013: Article ID 454969, 11 pages.\n'},{id:"B15",body:'Salahshour S, Allahviranloo T, Abbasbandy S, Baleanu D. Existence and uniqueness results for fractional differential equations with uncertainty. Advances in Difference Equations. 2012;2012(1):1–12.\n'},{id:"B16",body:'Allahviranloo T, Abbasbandy S, Shahryari MRB, Salahshour S, Baleanu D. On solutions of linear fractional differential equations with uncertainty. Abstract and Applied Analysis. 2013;2013:13.\n'},{id:"B17",body:'Varazgahi HR, Abbasbandy S. Modified fractional Euler method for solving Fuzzy sequential Fractional Initial Value Problem under H‐differentiability. Journal of Fuzzy Set Valued Analysis. 2015;2015(2):110–21.\n'},{id:"B18",body:'Shahriyar M, Ismail F, Aghabeigi S, Ahmadian A, Salahshour S. An eigenvalue eigenvector method for solving a system of fractional differential equations with uncertainty. Mathematical Problems in Engineering. 2013;2013: Article ID 579761, 11 pages.\n'},{id:"B19",body:'Ngo VH. Fuzzy fractional functional integral and differential equations. Fuzzy Sets and Systems. 2015;280:58–90.\n'},{id:"B20",body:'Khan NA, Riaz F, Razzaq OA. A comparison between numerical methods for solving Fuzzy fractional differential equations. Nonlinear Engineering. 2014;3(3):155–62.\n'},{id:"B21",body:'Ghaemi F, Yunus R, Ahmadian A, Salahshour S, Suleiman M, Saleh SF, editors. Application of fuzzy fractional kinetic equations to modelling of the acid hydrolysis reaction. Abstract and Applied Analysis. 2013;2013: Article ID 610314, 19 pages.\n'},{id:"B22",body:'Arshad S, Lupulescu V. On the fractional differential equations with uncertainty. Nonlinear Analysis: Theory, Methods & Applications. 2011;74(11):3685–93.\n'},{id:"B23",body:'Khan NA, Riaz F, Abdul Razzaq O. An operator method for finding the solution of linear fractional order fuzzy differential equations. Progress in Fractional Differentiation and Applications. 2016;2(1):41–54.\n'},{id:"B24",body:'Scherer R, Kalla SL, Tang Y, Huang J. The Grünwald–Letnikov method for fractional differential equations. Computers & Mathematics with Applications. 2011;62(3):902–17.\n'},{id:"B25",body:'Murio DA. Stable numerical evaluation of Grünwald–Letnikov fractional derivatives applied to a fractional IHCP. Inverse Problems in Science and Engineering. 2009;17(2):229–43.\n'},{id:"B26",body:'Khader M, Sweilam N, Mahdy A. Two computational algorithms for the numerical solution for system of fractional differential equations. Arab Journal of Mathematical Sciences. 2015;21(1):39–52.\n'},{id:"B27",body:'Zurigat M, Momani S, Odibat Z, Alawneh A. The homotopy analysis method for handling systems of fractional differential equations. Applied Mathematical Modelling. 2010;34(1):24–35.\n'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Najeeb Alam Khan",address:"njbalam@yahoo.com",affiliation:'
Department of Mathematics, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
'},{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Oyoon Abdul Razzaq",address:null,affiliation:'
Department of Mathematics, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
Department of Mathematics, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"5198",title:"Numerical Simulation",subtitle:"From Brain Imaging to Turbulent Flows",fullTitle:"Numerical Simulation - From Brain Imaging to Turbulent Flows",slug:"numerical-simulation-from-brain-imaging-to-turbulent-flows",publishedDate:"August 24th 2016",bookSignature:"Ricardo Lopez-Ruiz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5198.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"9849",title:"Prof.",name:"Ricardo",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Ruiz",slug:"ricardo-lopez-ruiz",fullName:"Ricardo Lopez-Ruiz"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"50911",title:"BOLD fMRI Simulation",slug:"bold-fmri-simulation",totalDownloads:1149,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Zikuan Chen and Vince Calhoun",authors:[{id:"179437",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zikuan",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Zikuan Chen",slug:"zikuan-chen"}]},{id:"50398",title:"Basics of Multibody Systems: Presented by Practical Simulation Examples of Spine Models",slug:"basics-of-multibody-systems-presented-by-practical-simulation-examples-of-spine-models",totalDownloads:926,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Bauer Sabine",authors:[{id:"180120",title:"Dr.",name:"Sabine",middleName:null,surname:"Bauer",fullName:"Sabine Bauer",slug:"sabine-bauer"}]},{id:"51596",title:"Simulation of Neural Behavior",slug:"simulation-of-neural-behavior",totalDownloads:865,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Tatsuo Kitajima, Zonggang Feng and Azran Azhim",authors:[{id:"180149",title:"Prof.",name:"Tatsuo",middleName:null,surname:"Kitajima",fullName:"Tatsuo Kitajima",slug:"tatsuo-kitajima"},{id:"184933",title:"Prof.",name:"Zhonggang",middleName:null,surname:"Feng",fullName:"Zhonggang Feng",slug:"zhonggang-feng"},{id:"184934",title:"Prof.",name:"Azran",middleName:null,surname:"Azhim",fullName:"Azran Azhim",slug:"azran-azhim"}]},{id:"50522",title:"Numerical Simulations of Dynamics Behaviour of the Action Potential of the Human Heart's Conduction System",slug:"numerical-simulations-of-dynamics-behaviour-of-the-action-potential-of-the-human-heart-s-conduction-",totalDownloads:1228,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Beata Jackowska-Zduniak",authors:[{id:"180003",title:"Dr.",name:"Beata",middleName:null,surname:"Jackowska-Zduniak",fullName:"Beata Jackowska-Zduniak",slug:"beata-jackowska-zduniak"}]},{id:"51085",title:"Numerical Simulation Using Artificial Neural Network on Fractional Differential Equations",slug:"numerical-simulation-using-artificial-neural-network-on-fractional-differential-equations",totalDownloads:1251,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Najeeb Alam Khan, Amber Shaikh, Faqiha Sultan and Asmat Ara",authors:[{id:"180327",title:"Dr.",name:"Najeeb",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",fullName:"Najeeb Khan",slug:"najeeb-khan"},{id:"184888",title:"Dr.",name:"Amber",middleName:null,surname:"Shaikh",fullName:"Amber Shaikh",slug:"amber-shaikh"},{id:"184889",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",fullName:"Sidra Khan",slug:"sidra-khan"},{id:"184890",title:"Dr.",name:"Faqiha",middleName:null,surname:"Sultan",fullName:"Faqiha Sultan",slug:"faqiha-sultan"}]},{id:"51603",title:"Numerical Simulations of Some Real-Life Problems Governed by ODEs",slug:"numerical-simulations-of-some-real-life-problems-governed-by-odes",totalDownloads:941,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"N. H. Sweilam and T. A. Assiri",authors:[{id:"180285",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:null,surname:"Sweilam",fullName:"Nasser Sweilam",slug:"nasser-sweilam"}]},{id:"50913",title:"A Multi-Domain Spectral Collocation Approach for Solving Lane-Emden Type Equations",slug:"a-multi-domain-spectral-collocation-approach-for-solving-lane-emden-type-equations",totalDownloads:1168,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Motsa Sandile Sydney, Magagula Vusi Mpendulo, Goqo Sicelo\nPraisegod, Oyelakin Ibukun Sarah and Sibanda Precious",authors:[{id:"18031",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandile",middleName:null,surname:"Motsa",fullName:"Sandile Motsa",slug:"sandile-motsa"},{id:"41622",title:"Prof.",name:"Precious",middleName:null,surname:"Sibanda",fullName:"Precious Sibanda",slug:"precious-sibanda"},{id:"180865",title:"Dr.",name:"Vusi",middleName:"Mpendulo",surname:"Magagula",fullName:"Vusi Magagula",slug:"vusi-magagula"},{id:"180867",title:"Mr.",name:"Sicelo",middleName:null,surname:"Goqo",fullName:"Sicelo Goqo",slug:"sicelo-goqo"},{id:"180868",title:"Ms.",name:"Ibukun",middleName:null,surname:"Oyelakin",fullName:"Ibukun Oyelakin",slug:"ibukun-oyelakin"}]},{id:"51721",title:"Numerical Solution of System of Fractional Differential Equations in Imprecise Environment",slug:"numerical-solution-of-system-of-fractional-differential-equations-in-imprecise-environment",totalDownloads:1102,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Najeeb Alam Khan, Oyoon Abdul Razzaq, Asmat Ara and Fatima\nRiaz",authors:[{id:"180327",title:"Dr.",name:"Najeeb",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",fullName:"Najeeb Khan",slug:"najeeb-khan"},{id:"181244",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Fatima",middleName:null,surname:"Riaz",fullName:"Fatima Riaz",slug:"fatima-riaz"},{id:"181248",title:"Dr.",name:"Oyoon",middleName:null,surname:"Razzaq",fullName:"Oyoon Razzaq",slug:"oyoon-razzaq"},{id:"184887",title:"Dr.",name:"Asmat",middleName:null,surname:"Ara",fullName:"Asmat Ara",slug:"asmat-ara"}]},{id:"51210",title:"Analysis of Heat Transfer in an Experimental Heat Exchanger Using Numerical Simulation",slug:"analysis-of-heat-transfer-in-an-experimental-heat-exchanger-using-numerical-simulation",totalDownloads:1639,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Laura L. Castro, Alfredo Aranda and Gustavo Urquiza",authors:[{id:"108593",title:"Dr.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Urquiza",fullName:"Gustavo Urquiza",slug:"gustavo-urquiza"},{id:"179471",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Castro Gómez",fullName:"Laura Castro Gómez",slug:"laura-castro-gomez"}]},{id:"51534",title:"Solving Inverse Heat Transfer Problems When Using CFD Modeling",slug:"solving-inverse-heat-transfer-problems-when-using-cfd-modeling",totalDownloads:1767,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Paweł Ludowski, Dawid Taler and Jan Taler",authors:[{id:"15203",title:"Dr.",name:"Dawid",middleName:null,surname:"Taler",fullName:"Dawid Taler",slug:"dawid-taler"},{id:"43955",title:"Prof.",name:"Jan",middleName:"Marian",surname:"Taler",fullName:"Jan Taler",slug:"jan-taler"},{id:"179938",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Paweł",middleName:null,surname:"Ludowski",fullName:"Paweł Ludowski",slug:"pawel-ludowski"}]},{id:"51422",title:"A Numerical Procedure for 2D Fluid Flow Simulation in Unstructured Meshes",slug:"a-numerical-procedure-for-2d-fluid-flow-simulation-in-unstructured-meshes",totalDownloads:1088,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"António M. G. Lopes",authors:[{id:"180158",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Gameiro Lopes",fullName:"Antonio Gameiro Lopes",slug:"antonio-gameiro-lopes"}]},{id:"51081",title:"On a New Numerical Approach on Micropolar Fluid, Heat and Mass Transfer Over an Unsteady Stretching Sheet Through Porous Media in the Presence of a Heat Source/Sink and Chemical Reaction",slug:"on-a-new-numerical-approach-on-micropolar-fluid-heat-and-mass-transfer-over-an-unsteady-stretching-s",totalDownloads:1434,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Stanford Shateyi, Fazle Mabood and Gerald Tendayi Marewo",authors:[{id:"16056",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanford",middleName:null,surname:"Shateyi",fullName:"Stanford Shateyi",slug:"stanford-shateyi"},{id:"185291",title:"Dr.",name:"Fazle",middleName:null,surname:"Mabood",fullName:"Fazle Mabood",slug:"fazle-mabood"},{id:"185293",title:"Dr.",name:"Gerald T",middleName:null,surname:"Marewo",fullName:"Gerald T Marewo",slug:"gerald-t-marewo"}]},{id:"51428",title:"Computational Fluid Dynamics in Turbulent Flow Applications",slug:"computational-fluid-dynamics-in-turbulent-flow-applications",totalDownloads:2085,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Alejandro Alonzo-García, Claudia del Carmen Gutiérrez-Torres and José Alfredo Jiménez-Bernal",authors:[{id:"185292",title:"Dr.",name:"Alejandro",middleName:null,surname:"Alonzo-García",fullName:"Alejandro Alonzo-García",slug:"alejandro-alonzo-garcia"},{id:"185294",title:"Dr.",name:"José Alfredo",middleName:null,surname:"Jiménez-Bernal",fullName:"José Alfredo Jiménez-Bernal",slug:"jose-alfredo-jimenez-bernal"},{id:"189760",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia Del C.",middleName:null,surname:"Gutierrez-Torres",fullName:"Claudia Del C. Gutierrez-Torres",slug:"claudia-del-c.-gutierrez-torres"}]},{id:"51087",title:"Two-Fluid RANS-RSTM-PDF Model for Turbulent Particulate Flows",slug:"two-fluid-rans-rstm-pdf-model-for-turbulent-particulate-flows",totalDownloads:1015,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"P. Lauk, A. Kartushinsky, M. Hussainov, A. Polonsky, Ü. Rudi, I. Shcheglov, S. Tisler and K.-E. Seegel",authors:[{id:"57704",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",middleName:"Ivanovich",surname:"Kartushinsky",fullName:"Alexander Kartushinsky",slug:"alexander-kartushinsky"},{id:"169397",title:"Dr.",name:"Medhat",middleName:null,surname:"Hussainov",fullName:"Medhat Hussainov",slug:"medhat-hussainov"},{id:"169398",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:null,surname:"Shcheglov",fullName:"Igor Shcheglov",slug:"igor-shcheglov"},{id:"169399",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergei",middleName:null,surname:"Tisler",fullName:"Sergei Tisler",slug:"sergei-tisler"},{id:"188304",title:"Dr.",name:"Peep",middleName:null,surname:"Lauk",fullName:"Peep Lauk",slug:"peep-lauk"},{id:"188305",title:"Dr.",name:"Ulo",middleName:null,surname:"Rudi",fullName:"Ulo Rudi",slug:"ulo-rudi"},{id:"188306",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Karl",middleName:"Erik",surname:"Seegel",fullName:"Karl Seegel",slug:"karl-seegel"},{id:"188376",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrei",middleName:null,surname:"Polonscky",fullName:"Andrei Polonscky",slug:"andrei-polonscky"}]},{id:"51693",title:"Free Surface Flow Simulation Using VOF Method",slug:"free-surface-flow-simulation-using-vof-method",totalDownloads:1991,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Mohammad Javad Ketabdari",authors:[{id:"181430",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad Javad",middleName:null,surname:"Ketabdari",fullName:"Mohammad Javad Ketabdari",slug:"mohammad-javad-ketabdari"},{id:"191220",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad Javad",middleName:null,surname:"Ketabdari",fullName:"Mohammad Javad Ketabdari",slug:"mohammad-javad-ketabdari"}]},{id:"51748",title:"Transport and Mixing in Liquid Phase Using Large Eddy Simulation: A Review",slug:"transport-and-mixing-in-liquid-phase-using-large-eddy-simulation-a-review",totalDownloads:1176,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Juan M. Mejía, Amsini Sadiki, Farid Chejne and Alejandro Molina",authors:[{id:"180046",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan M.",middleName:null,surname:"Mejía",fullName:"Juan M. Mejía",slug:"juan-m.-mejia"},{id:"181375",title:"Prof.",name:"Amsini",middleName:null,surname:"Sadiki",fullName:"Amsini Sadiki",slug:"amsini-sadiki"},{id:"181377",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid",middleName:null,surname:"Chejne",fullName:"Farid Chejne",slug:"farid-chejne"},{id:"181378",title:"Prof.",name:"Alejandro",middleName:null,surname:"Molina",fullName:"Alejandro Molina",slug:"alejandro-molina"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6216",title:"Complexity in Biological and Physical Systems",subtitle:"Bifurcations, Solitons and Fractals",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c511a26efc1b9c0638c8f9244240cb93",slug:"complexity-in-biological-and-physical-systems-bifurcations-solitons-and-fractals",bookSignature:"Ricardo López-Ruiz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6216.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"9849",title:"Prof.",name:"Ricardo",surname:"Lopez-Ruiz",slug:"ricardo-lopez-ruiz",fullName:"Ricardo Lopez-Ruiz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"58685",title:"Mechanical Models of Microtubules",slug:"mechanical-models-of-microtubules",signatures:"Slobodan Zdravković",authors:[{id:"210601",title:"Dr.",name:"Slobodan",middleName:null,surname:"Zdravkovic",fullName:"Slobodan Zdravkovic",slug:"slobodan-zdravkovic"}]},{id:"57291",title:"The Dynamics Analysis of Two Delayed Epidemic Spreading Models with Latent Period on Heterogeneous Network",slug:"the-dynamics-analysis-of-two-delayed-epidemic-spreading-models-with-latent-period-on-heterogeneous-n",signatures:"Qiming Liu, Meici Sun and Shihua Zhang",authors:[{id:"209856",title:"Dr.",name:"Qiming",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",fullName:"Qiming Liu",slug:"qiming-liu"},{id:"213889",title:"Mrs.",name:"Shihua",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Shihua Zhang",slug:"shihua-zhang"},{id:"213890",title:"Mrs.",name:"Meici",middleName:null,surname:"Sun",fullName:"Meici Sun",slug:"meici-sun"}]},{id:"57947",title:"Stability and Hopf Bifurcation Analysis of a Simple Nutrient- Prey-Predator Model with Intratrophic Predation in Chemostat",slug:"stability-and-hopf-bifurcation-analysis-of-a-simple-nutrient-prey-predator-model-with-intratrophic-p",signatures:"Zabidin Salleh and Liyana Abd Rahim",authors:[{id:"208713",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Zabidin",middleName:null,surname:"Salleh",fullName:"Zabidin Salleh",slug:"zabidin-salleh"},{id:"209618",title:"BSc.",name:"Liyana",middleName:null,surname:"Abd. Rahim",fullName:"Liyana Abd. Rahim",slug:"liyana-abd.-rahim"}]},{id:"59055",title:"Sensitivity Analysis: A Useful Tool for Bifurcation Analysis",slug:"sensitivity-analysis-a-useful-tool-for-bifurcation-analysis",signatures:"Raheem Gul and Stefan Bernhard",authors:[{id:"209417",title:"Dr.",name:"Raheem",middleName:null,surname:"Gul",fullName:"Raheem Gul",slug:"raheem-gul"},{id:"212078",title:"Prof.",name:"Stefan",middleName:null,surname:"Bernhard",fullName:"Stefan Bernhard",slug:"stefan-bernhard"}]},{id:"59376",title:"Biological Hypercomputation and Degrees of Freedom",slug:"biological-hypercomputation-and-degrees-of-freedom",signatures:"Carlos Eduardo Maldonado",authors:[{id:"187178",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"Eduardo",surname:"Maldonado",fullName:"Carlos Maldonado",slug:"carlos-maldonado"}]},{id:"57530",title:"Self-Organization, Coherence and Turbulence in Laser Optics",slug:"self-organization-coherence-and-turbulence-in-laser-optics",signatures:"Vladimir L. Kalashnikov and Evgeni Sorokin",authors:[{id:"176576",title:"Dr.",name:"Vladimir",middleName:"L.",surname:"Kalashnikov",fullName:"Vladimir Kalashnikov",slug:"vladimir-kalashnikov"},{id:"221603",title:"Dr.",name:"Evgeni",middleName:null,surname:"Sorokin",fullName:"Evgeni Sorokin",slug:"evgeni-sorokin"}]},{id:"57349",title:"Interaction of Solitons with the Electromagnetic Field in Classical Nonlinear Field Models",slug:"interaction-of-solitons-with-the-electromagnetic-field-in-classical-nonlinear-field-models",signatures:"Jon C. Luke",authors:[{id:"210047",title:"Dr.",name:"Jon",middleName:null,surname:"Luke",fullName:"Jon Luke",slug:"jon-luke"}]},{id:"57324",title:"A Perturbation Theory for Nonintegrable Equations with Small Dispersion",slug:"a-perturbation-theory-for-nonintegrable-equations-with-small-dispersion",signatures:"Georgy Omel’yanov",authors:[{id:"210484",title:"Dr.",name:"Georgy",middleName:null,surname:"Omel'Yanov",fullName:"Georgy Omel'Yanov",slug:"georgy-omel'yanov"}]},{id:"58239",title:"Weakly Nonlinear Stability Analysis of a Nanofluid in a Horizontal Porous Layer Using a Multidomain Spectral Collocation Method",slug:"weakly-nonlinear-stability-analysis-of-a-nanofluid-in-a-horizontal-porous-layer-using-a-multidomain-",signatures:"Osman A.I. Noreldin, Precious Sibanda and Sabyasachi Mondal",authors:[{id:"41622",title:"Prof.",name:"Precious",middleName:null,surname:"Sibanda",fullName:"Precious Sibanda",slug:"precious-sibanda"},{id:"178997",title:"Dr.",name:"Sabyasachi",middleName:null,surname:"Mondal",fullName:"Sabyasachi Mondal",slug:"sabyasachi-mondal"},{id:"212394",title:"Mr.",name:"Osman A. I.",middleName:null,surname:"Noreldin",fullName:"Osman A. I. Noreldin",slug:"osman-a.-i.-noreldin"}]},{id:"57485",title:"Small-Angle Scattering from Mass and Surface Fractals",slug:"small-angle-scattering-from-mass-and-surface-fractals",signatures:"Eugen Mircea Anitas",authors:[{id:"213626",title:"Dr.",name:"Eugen",middleName:null,surname:"Anitas",fullName:"Eugen Anitas",slug:"eugen-anitas"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"63159",title:"Solar Cooling Technologies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80484",slug:"solar-cooling-technologies",body:'\n
\n
1. Introduction
\n
Today, the increase of requirements for indoor cooling demands improves thermal human comfort inside residential buildings, reduces the divergence between the energy supply and energy demand by the use of low-grade heat sources such as solar energy and industrial waste heat, lowers the CO2 emissions in the building sector due to the use of air condition systems, and finally reduces the peak of energy consumption of air conditioning processes generated by the use of conventional vapor compression system especially during summer period for the buildings and spaces that have high latent loads. All above reasons make the solar cooling that has been received much more attention as innovative, promising, efficient, and environmentally friendly air conditioning systems as alternative options for conventional air conditioning systems [1, 2]. The building sector is considered as a major contributor to energy consumption in the world. Numerically, 41.1% of the total energy in the United States in 2011 was consumed in the building sector, and this state is expected to increase to 42.1% in 2035 [3]. In Europe, buildings consumed for 39% of total energy consumption, which 26% is for residential buildings and 13% for commercial architectures [4]. In China, 25–30% of the total energy is consumed by civil and industrial buildings [5]. A same scenario in Australia which the building industry consumes 40% of the total energy produced [6]. According to the report issued by EU strategy on heating and cooling 2016, the energy consumption for cooling and heating in buildings demonstrated about 80%. Although less than 20% is presently exploited for cooling purposes, the domestic cooling building still has a high potential for growth. Moreover, the use of the innovative low-energy cooling technologies for heating and cooling will bring fuel savings of 5 Mtoe per year in 2030, corresponding to 9 million ton of CO2 [7]. Therefore, the annual energy for air-conditioning purposes for a room was increased considerably, which was 1.7 GWh in 1990 and it reached 44 GWh in 2010 [8]. The Mediterranean countries have saved 40–50% of their energy consumed for refrigeration and air-conditioning by using solar-driven air-conditioning system techniques [9, 10]. It is stated that the solar system was able to contribute up to 70% of total energy consumption for heating and air-conditioning for domestic buildings. Many solar cooling technologies such as solar absorption, solar adsorption, desiccant, and ejector systems have been studied by researchers. Among these technologies, solar absorption is the most widely used technology with 59% of the installed systems in Europe against 11% for solar adsorption and 23% for desiccant cooling [11]. Many investigations have been done on solar thermal-driven absorption refrigeration machines in the small range of refrigeration capacity (5–30 kW). Some of the investigation results have been published in [12, 13, 14]. A design guide for solar cooling systems is presented in [15].
\n
\n
\n
2. Classification of solar cooling technologies
\n
Solar cooling systems can be classified into two main categories according to the energy used to drive them: solar thermal cooling systems and solar electric cooling systems. In solar thermal cooling systems, the cooling process is driven by solar collectors collecting solar energy and converting it into thermal energy, and uses this energy to drive thermal cooling systems such as absorption, adsorption, and desiccant cycles; whereas in solar electric cooling systems, electrical energy that is provided by solar photovoltaic (PV) panels is used to drive a conventional electric vapor compressor air-conditioning system. Both types of solar cooling can be used in industrial and domestic refrigeration and air-conditioning processes, with up to 95% saving in electricity [16].
\n
\n
2.1. Electricity-driven solar refrigeration systems
\n
In general, the solar electrical cooling system consists of two parts: photovoltaic panel and electrical refrigeration device. Photovoltaic cells transform light into electricity through photoelectric effect. The power generated by solar photovoltaic panel is supplied either to the vapor compression systems, thermoelectrical system, or Stirling cycle.
\n
\n
2.1.1. Solar-powered vapor compression systems
\n
Photovoltaic powered refrigerators are an alternative option to produce cooling in remote areas of developing countries. Photovoltaic cell converts the incident solar radiation to DC power which can drive the compressor of vapor compression system. This system as depicted in Figure 1 consists of a DC compression refrigerator connected to controller, a battery to supply and store energy, and a photovoltaic (PV) generator which supplies the refrigerator and charges the battery with excess energy. The main advantage of this system compared to the other air-conditioning systems is that it does not require an outside fuel supply. In order to run the system at highest efficiency, the voltage should be close to the voltage produced at the maximum possible power.
\n
Figure 1.
A configuration of a PV solar-powered vapor compression systems.
\n
\n
\n
2.1.2. Thermoelectric cooling systems (the Peltier cooling system)
\n
Thermoelectric device utilizes the Peltier effect to make a temperature gradient by creating heat flux between two different types of semiconductors materials. Riffat and Qiu [17] defined the Peltier effect as presence of cooling or heating effect at junction of two different conductors due to electricity flow. The main principle of working thermoelectric cooling systems is shown in Figure 2 and follows these steps: an electric current flows across the joint of n- and p-type semiconductor materials by applying a voltage. When the current passes through the junctions of the two conductors, heat is removed at one junction and absorbs the heat from its surrounding space to create a cooling effect. Heat is deposited at the other junction. When a direction of the current is reversed, the air-conditioning system operates in the heating manner due to reverse of the heat flow direction. The main advantages of using thermoelectric cooling compared to vapor compression cycle are as follows: (a) compact and lightweight due to no bulky compressor units needed; (b) no moving parts; (c) environment friendly due to no hazardous gases; (d) silent operation; (e) high reliability in which a mean time between failures (MTBF) is more than 100,000 h; (f) precise temperature stability in which a tolerance of better than +/−0.1°C; and (g) finally cooling/heating mode option, which is fully reversible with switch in polarity and supports rapid temperature cycling. But on the other side, high cost and low efficiency are the main disadvantages.
\n
Figure 2.
Thermoelectric cooling configuration.
\n
\n
\n
2.1.3. Stirling systems
\n
The cooling cycle is split into four steps as depicted in Figure 3. The cycle starts when the two pistons are in their most left positions:
Process (a\n\n→\n\nb): Isothermal compression process and heat rejection to the surrounding. Initially, the left warm piston moves to the right while the cold piston is fixed. The isothermal compression process was occurred and the pressure rises, so the heat transfer Qa is taken to the surroundings at ambient temperature Ta.
Process (b\n\n→\n\nc): Constant volume. The two pistons move to the right at the same rate to keep the volume constant, so the volume between the two pistons is kept constant. The hot gas enters the regenerator with temperature Ta and leaves it with temperature TL. The heat is transferred to the regenerator material.
Process (c\n\n→\n\nd): Isothermal expansion process and heat addition from the external source. The cold piston moves to the right while the warm piston is fixed. The isothermal expansion was occurred and the pressure decreases, so the heat transfer QL is taken up. This is the useful cooling power.
Process (d\n\n→\n\na): Constant volume. The two pistons move to the left to keep the total volume constant.
The gas temperature rises from TL to Ta so heat is taken up from the regenerator material. This completes the cycle.
\n
Figure 3.
(a) Schematic diagram of a Stirling cooler; (b) four states in the Stirling cycle; and (c) PV-diagram of the ideal Stirling cycle.
\n
\n
\n
\n
2.2. Solar thermal cooling systems
\n
\n
2.2.1. Absorption systems
\n
The absorption refrigeration cycle is one of the oldest refrigeration technologies. Absorption refrigeration cycle operates under the same principle as the conventional vapor compression refrigeration cycle in the refrigerant side. The mechanical compressor in the conventional vapor compression refrigeration cycle is replaced by the thermal compressor in the absorption refrigeration cycle. The thermal compressor consists of absorber and generator. Figure 4 shows the general schematic of a single effect absorption cycle [18]. The absorption chiller cycle consists of the following steps:
The rich solution (rich on coolant) will be pumped from the absorber to the generator passing the solution heat exchanger (economizer).
Through the heat supply in the generator from a driving heat source (solar collectors), a part of the coolant will be driven out from the rich solution and flows to the condenser. After that, the remaining poor solution (poor on coolant) flows back to the absorber.
In the condenser, the refrigerant vapor from the generator condenses in the condenser. The heat of condensation must be rejected at an intermediate temperature level by the use of the cooling water supplied from a cooling tower.
The refrigerant condensate flows back to the evaporator at low pressure through an expansion device. The cycle of the coolant then repeats.
In the evaporator, the refrigerant is vaporized at very low pressure to produce the cooling power by extracting heat from the low-temperature medium. The coolant vapor flows to the absorber.
In the absorber, refrigerant vapor is absorbed by the poor solution, which flows back from the generator passing the economizer and the throttle. Then, the heat of absorption and mixing is rejected by the cooling water stream supplied from a cooling tower. After that, the cycle of the solution will repeat again.
\n
Figure 4.
Schematic of the absorption chilling cycle [18].
\n
The two main pairs of refrigerant/absorbent that are widely used are water/lithium bromide (H2O/LiBr) and ammonia/water pair (NH3/H2O), where water is the refrigerant (coolant) and LiBr is the absorbent; while for the second pair, ammonia and water are the refrigerant and absorbent, respectively.
\n
List of advantages of using water/LiBr pair, which is the most common for solar air-conditioning application, is as follows:
uses nontoxic substances;
low working pressures; and
nonvolatile absorbent, i.e., there is no need of rectification of the refrigerant.
\n
However, there are disadvantages associated with the water/LiBr pair and are as follows:
Water cooling is required, which is commonly accomplished by a cooling tower. Cooling towers have the risk of legionella;
Systems have bigger sizes which are due to the large volume of the water vapor;
Risk of corrosion of the components; and
Risk of the crystallization of the solution at very low cooling temperatures.
\n
\n
\n
2.2.2. Adsorption systems
\n
Adsorption refrigeration cycle is similar to absorption refrigeration cycle. The main difference in the former is that the refrigerant is adsorbed on the internal surface of highly porous solid material instead of the refrigerant being absorbed by a liquid solution. In the adsorption refrigeration cycle, the solid sorbent and the refrigerant form the adsorption pairs such as activated carbon-ammonia, activated carbon-methanol, activated carbon-ethanol, silica gel-water, and zeolite-water.
\n
Adsorption is a physical or chemical process that is different from absorption, which is a chemical process. Just as there is an attraction between a liquid and a solid at a surface, there is also an attraction between a gas and a solid at a surface. Adsorption is a surface phenomenon which can be divided into physical adsorption (physisorption) and chemical adsorption (chemisorption). Physical adsorption generally resulted by the Van der Waals forces through physical process, and chemical adsorption usually achieved by valency forces through chemical process. The heat of adsorption is usually large in chemical adsorption and small in physical adsorption. Adsorbent substances can be retained to original properties by a desorption process under the application of heat.
\n
The adsorption refrigeration cycle consists of two sorption chambers, a condenser, and an evaporator, as illustrated in Figure 5. The adsorption cycle achieves a COP of 0.3–0.7, depending upon the driving heat temperature of 55–90°C.
\n
Figure 5.
Schematic of adsorption cycle solar cooling system.
\n
The working cycle of 5–7 min consists of the following four steps [19]:
In the first step, the adsorbed water is desorbed after the application of thermal energy (as example from solar energy). The collector becomes the generator (1).
In the second step, the desorbed refrigerant (water) is cooled and condensed to liquid in the condenser by rejecting the heat through the cooling water supplied from a cooling tower.
In the third step, the condensed water flows through the expansion valve to the evaporator, where it vaporizes under low partial pressure and low temperature in the evaporator while the useful cooling is produced, then heat is taken away from the chilled water.
In the fourth and final step, the vaporized water is adsorbed in the collector (2) until the silica gel is saturated, then it is switched to the second adsorber chamber.
The circuit is completed as the condensed water is fed back into the evaporator through a valve.
The functions of two sorption chambers are reversed by alternating the opening of the butterfly valves and the direction of the heating and cooling refrigerants. In this way, the chilling refrigerant is obtained continuously. The cycle then repeats.
\n
Advantages of adsorption chiller systems compared to absorption chiller systems [20, 21] are as follows:
The operating temperatures can be lower, e.g., 55–90°C as compared to 70–120°C for absorption chillers.
There is no low limit to the temperature reservoir.
There is no limitation for the low cooling water temperature, because there is no risk of crystallization problem as in the case of absorption chillers.
No risk of corrosion problem as in the case of absorption chillers, because there are heat sources with temperature close to 500°C that can be used directly.
The adsorption systems have flexibility in regeneration temperature and do not require frequent replacement of adsorbent.
The adsorption systems do not need a rectifier for the refrigerant or solution pump in comparison with absorption systems.
\n
The disadvantages of adsorption chiller systems include [22]:
Adsorption technology is more expensive than absorption technology.
The average COP of adsorption chillers is lower than the absorption chillers.
The adsorption chillers are both heavy weight and larger than the absorption chillers.
Heat recovery is very complex, because the adsorption system is intermittent system.
\n
Advantages of absorption and adsorption chiller systems compared to vapor compression systems:
Absorption and adsorption systems are environmentally friendly. The equipment uses completely harmless working fluids.
The maximum cooling load can be achieved with the maximum available solar radiation and hence potential of the refrigeration system.
Maintenance costs are lower due to fewer moving parts like solenoid valves and vacuum pumps. It is almost noiseless system, where there are not many moving parts, other than the solution pump in the absorption refrigeration systems.
Taking advantage of solar thermal plants in the sorption refrigeration technology even when there is no heat demand.
Operation costs are lower due to low electricity consumption in comparison with vapor compression systems.
\n
\n
\n
2.2.3. Desiccant systems
\n
The desiccant air-conditioning system utilizes the capability of desiccant materials in removing the air moisture content by sorption process. All materials that attract moisture at different capacities are called desiccant [4]. The desiccant cooling system can be a suitable selection for thermal comfort especially in climates with high humidity. Moreover, this technique allows us to utilize renewable energy or low-temperature gains from solar energy, waste heat, and cogeneration to drive the cooling cycle. The comparison between desiccant system and conventional systems is listed in Table 1. There are many required properties for any desiccant materials selected in open-cycle cooling based on [23]: (i) mechanical and chemical stability; (ii) large moisture capacity per unit weight; (iii) low heat of adsorption/absorption to regenerate; (iv) sorption rate; (v) large adsorption/absorption capacity at low water vapor pressures; (vi) cheap cost; (vii) sorption at low relative humidity; and (viii) finally ideal isotherm shape.
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n\n
\n
Parameter
\n
Conventional system
\n
Desiccant system
\n
\n\n\n
\n
Operation cost
\n
High
\n
Low
\n
\n
\n
Performance
\n
High
\n
Low
\n
\n
\n
Energy source
\n
Mainly electricity
\n
Low-grade energy
\n
\n
\n
Environmental safety
\n
Less
\n
High
\n
\n
\n
System care
\n
Less
\n
High
\n
\n
\n
Control over humidity
\n
Average
\n
Accurate
\n
\n
\n
Indoor air quality
\n
Less
\n
More
\n
\n
\n
System installation
\n
Simple
\n
More complicate
\n
\n
\n
Energy storage capacity
\n
Mainly not applicable
\n
Applicable
\n
\n
\n
Installation cost
\n
High
\n
Low
\n
\n
\n
System control
\n
Average
\n
Complicate
\n
\n\n
Table 1.
The comparison between desiccant system and conventional systems.
\n
Two configurations were described in detail below: ventilation and recirculation modes. The schematic of the ventilation mode representation is demonstrated in Figure 6a. On the conditioning side of the system (air processing side), warm and humid air enters the slowly rotating desiccant wheel and is dehumidified by adsorption of water (1–2). Since the air is heated up by the adsorption heat, a heat recovery wheel is passed (2–3), resulting in a significant precooling of the supply air stream. Subsequently, the air is humidified and thus further cooled by a controlled humidifier (3–4) according to the set-values of supply air temperature and humidity. In order to control the sensible heat factor, the remix air is introduced by the mix evaporatively cooled room air with the cooled and dried room make-up air (5–6). On the regeneration side of the system, the exhaust air stream of the rooms is humidified (6–7) close to the saturation point to exploit the full cooling potential in order to allow an effective heat recovery (7–8). After that, the sorption wheel has to be regenerated (8–9) by applying heat in a comparatively low temperature range from 50 to 75°C and to allow a continuous operation of the dehumidification process. Finally, the cold and humid air is exhausted to the atmosphere (9–10) and the cooling cycle is completed.
\n
Figure 6.
Schematic of desiccant cooling system in (a) ventilation mode and (b) recirculation mode.
\n
The recirculation mode representation is depicted in Figure 6b. It uses the same components as the ventilation mode except the process air side in the recirculation mode is a closed loop, whereas the regeneration air side is an open cycle where the outdoor air is used for regeneration.
\n
\n
\n
2.2.4. Ejector systems
\n
A solar-driven ejector cooling system consists of an ejector cooling cycle and a collector circuit. The main components of the system are collector array, generator, ejector, condenser, expansion valve, evaporator, and cycle pump. A schematic diagram of the solar ejector cooling system and its component is presented in Figure 7. The working principle of the ejector systems follows the below states [24, 25]:
\n
Figure 7.
Schematic presentation of the solar ejector cooling configuration.
\n
In the generator, the refrigerant is vaporized as a primary steam by utilizing the solar energy coming from the solar collector. This primary steam leaves the generator at a relatively high pressure and enters the supersonic nozzle of the ejector to accelerate it at supersonic velocity and creating low pressure at the nozzle exit section. This low pressure draws the secondary flow coming from the evaporator into the chamber. The primary and secondary streams are mixed in the mixing chamber. These mixing steams enter into diffuses where increases its pressure to the condensing pressure. The mixing stream discharges from the ejector to the condenser, where the stream is converted into liquid refrigerant by rejection heat to the surrounding. Some part of the liquid refrigerant pumps to the generator and the remaining liquid part leaves the condenser and enters the evaporator through expansion value.
\n
In expansion value, the refrigerant pressure is dropped and this refrigerant enters the evaporator to absorb heat from space that required to cool and the refrigerant is converted into vapor and enters to the ejector.
\n
\n
\n
2.2.5. Rankine systems
\n
One of the promising methods that utilize solar heat to produce mechanical work and then use it to drive a conventional vapor compression cycle is solar Rankine cooling systems. Two different configurations of solar Rankine cooling systems were suggested by different scholars [26]. One arrangement is using separate power and cooling system where the compressor of the vapor compression cycle is mechanically coupled with the expander of organic Rankine cycle. Another arrangement is an integrated system by the use of one joint condenser for both cycle coupled with the expander-compressor.
\n
The main advantages of a second configuration are the use of a same working fluid in both loops to remove a leakage and mixing problems. Moreover, the integrated design is simpler but on the other side reduces the system flexibility.
\n
Figure 8 depicts a schematic for two widely solar Rankine cooling system arrangements. In the first loop of organic Rankine cycle, high-pressure liquid coming from the pump is vaporized inside the boiler (state 1) that absorbs the heat from solar collector. The vapor (state 2) enters the expander and produces a useful work which is used to drive a compressor of a conventional refrigeration cycle. The working fluid pressure from the expander outlet is same to the condenser pressure (state 3). After that, a rejection heat to the surrounding inside the condenser converts the working fluid to saturated fluid. Subsequently, a pressure of the working fluid is increased by using pump to enter a boiler as subcooled liquid (state 1).
\n
Figure 8.
Representation of a Rankine solar cooling system as (a) separate configuration for power and refrigeration cycles and (b) integrated configuration for power and refrigeration cycle.
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
3. Conclusion
\n
The executed investigations on the field of solar thermal-driven cooling systems and the gained results can be concluded as follows:
The investigations on solar thermal-driven systems show that solar thermal refrigeration systems are promised technologies, especially in the small and middle cooling capacity ranges.
The work temperatures have a big impact on the refrigeration capacity of the chiller.
The higher is the required chilled water temperature, the higher are the refrigeration capacity and the coefficient of performance (COP) of the absorption refrigeration machine.
The lower is the cooling water temperature; the higher are the refrigeration capacity and the COP of the absorption refrigeration machine.
There are a big potential for further research at this field to optimize the system operation and to reduce the specific costs (€/kW cooling capacity).
\n
\n\n',keywords:"cooling, air conditioning system, solar cooling, performance, absorption machines, adsorption machines",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/63159.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/63159.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63159",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63159",totalDownloads:1119,totalViews:640,totalCrossrefCites:1,dateSubmitted:"February 21st 2018",dateReviewed:"July 25th 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"January 16th 2019",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:"This chapter describes different available technologies to provide the cooling effect by utilizing solar energy for both thermal and photovoltaic ways. Moreover, this chapter highlights the following points: (i) the main attributes for different solar cooling technologies to recognize the main advantages, challenges, disadvantages, and feasibility analysis; (ii) the need for further research to reduce solar cooling chiller manufacture costs and improve its performance; (iii) it provides useful information for decision-makers to select the proper solar cooling technology for specific application. Furthermore, some references, which include investigation results, will be included. A conclusion about the main gained investigation results will summarize the investigation results and the perspectives of such technologies.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/63159",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/63159",signatures:"Salman Ajib and Ali Alahmer",book:{id:"6866",title:"Energy Conversion",subtitle:"Current Technologies and Future Trends",fullTitle:"Energy Conversion - Current Technologies and Future Trends",slug:"energy-conversion-current-technologies-and-future-trends",publishedDate:"January 16th 2019",bookSignature:"Ibrahim H. Al-Bahadly",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6866.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19588",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibrahim H.",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Bahadly",slug:"ibrahim-h.-al-bahadly",fullName:"Ibrahim H. Al-Bahadly"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"247163",title:"Prof.",name:"Salman",middleName:null,surname:"Ajib",fullName:"Salman Ajib",slug:"salman-ajib",email:"salman.ajib@th-owl.de",position:null,institution:null},{id:"267665",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Alahmer",fullName:"Ali Alahmer",slug:"ali-alahmer",email:"a.alahmer@ttu.edu.jo",position:null,institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Classification of solar cooling technologies",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1. Electricity-driven solar refrigeration systems",level:"2"},{id:"sec_2_3",title:"2.1.1. Solar-powered vapor compression systems",level:"3"},{id:"sec_3_3",title:"2.1.2. Thermoelectric cooling systems (the Peltier cooling system)",level:"3"},{id:"sec_4_3",title:"2.1.3. Stirling systems",level:"3"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"2.2. Solar thermal cooling systems",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6_3",title:"2.2.1. Absorption systems",level:"3"},{id:"sec_7_3",title:"2.2.2. Adsorption systems",level:"3"},{id:"sec_8_3",title:"Table 1.",level:"3"},{id:"sec_9_3",title:"2.2.4. Ejector systems",level:"3"},{id:"sec_10_3",title:"2.2.5. Rankine systems",level:"3"},{id:"sec_13",title:"3. Conclusion",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Alahmer A, Wang X, Al-Rbaihat R, Alam KA, Saha BB. Performance evaluation of a solar adsorption chiller under different climatic conditions. Applied Energy. 2016;175:293-304\n'},{id:"B2",body:'Ajib S. An overview on solar thermal energy for cooling and air conditioning. Annals of Arid Zone. 2010;49(3 & 4):275-284\n'},{id:"B3",body:'Henning HM. Solar assisted air conditioning of buildings—An overview. Applied Thermal Engineering. 2007;27(10):1734-1749\n'},{id:"B4",body:'El-Samadony Y, Hamed AM, Kabeel AE. Dynamic performance evaluation of single bed desiccant dehumidification system. International Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy. 2013;2(1):18-25\n'},{id:"B5",body:'U.S. Department of Energy. 2011 Buildings Energy Data Book, Table 1.1.3. D & R International Ltd; 2012. Available: https://ieer.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/DOE-2011-Buildings-Energy-DataBook-BEDB.pdf [Retrieved 18th August, 2018]\n'},{id:"B6",body:'Boyano A, Hernandez P, Wolf O. Energy demands and potential savings in European office buildings; case studies based on energy plus simulations. Energy and Buildings. 2013;65:19-28\n'},{id:"B7",body:'Zhu S, Chen J. A simulation study for a low carbon consumption HVAC project using energy plus. International Journal of Low Carbon Technologies. 2012;7(3):248-254\n'},{id:"B8",body:'Baniyounes AM, Ghadi YY, Rasul MG, Khan MM. An overview of solar assisted air conditioning in Queensland’s subtropical regions, Australia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2013;26:781-804\n'},{id:"B9",body:'EU Commission. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament: The Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions—An EU Strategy on Heating and Cooling. Brussels; 2016;2:2016. Available: https://ec.europa.eu/transparency/regdoc/rep/1/2016/EN/1-2016-51-EN-F1-1.PDF [Retrieved 18th August, 2018]\n'},{id:"B10",body:'Clausse M, Alam KC, Meunier F. Residential air conditioning and heating by means of enhanced solar collectors coupled to an adsorption system. Solar Energy. 2008;82(10):885-892\n'},{id:"B11",body:'Balaras CA, Grossman G, Henning HM, Ferreira CA, Podesser E, Wang L, Wiemken E. Solar air conditioning in Europe—An overview. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2007;11(2):299-314\n'},{id:"B12",body:'Hamdeh NH, Mu’Taz A. Optimization of solar adsorption refrigeration system using experimental and statistical techniques. Energy Conversion and Management. 2010;51(8):1610\n'},{id:"B13",body:'Ajib S, Günther W. Solar thermally driven cooling systems; some investigation results and perspectives. Energy Conversion and Management. 2013;65:663-669\n'},{id:"B14",body:'Kohlenbach P, Jakob U. Solar Cooling: The Earthscan Expert Guide to Solar Cooling Systems. 1st ed. Routledge; 12 August 2014\n'},{id:"B15",body:'Daniel Mugnier D, Neyer D, White S. The Solar Cooling Design Guide—Case Studies of Successful Solar Air Conditioning Design. Wilhelm Ernst & Sohn, Verlag für Architektur und Technische Wissenschaften GmbH & Co. KG; 2017. DOI: 10.1002/9783433606841\n'},{id:"B16",body:'Desideri U, Proietti S, Sdringola P. Solar-powered cooling systems; technical and economic analysis on industrial refrigeration and air-conditioning applications. Applied Energy. 2009;86(9):1376-1386\n'},{id:"B17",body:'Riffat SB, Qiu G. Comparative investigation of thermoelectric air-conditioners versus vapour compression and absorption air-conditioners. Applied Thermal Engineering. 2004;24(14-15):1979-1993\n'},{id:"B18",body:'Wang J, Shang S, Li X, Wang B, Wu W, Shi W. Dynamic performance analysis for an absorption chiller under different working conditions. Applied Sciences. 2017;7(8):797. DOI: 10.3390/app7080797\n'},{id:"B19",body:'Al-Rbaihat R, Sakhrieh A, Al-Asfar J, Alahmer A, Ayadi O, Al-Salaymeh A, Al_hamamre Z, Al-bawwab A, Hamdan M. Performance assessment and theoretical simulation of adsorption refrigeration system driven by flat plate solar collector. Jordan Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering. 2017;11(1):1-11\n'},{id:"B20",body:'Behbahani-nia A, Sayfikar M. Study of the performance of a solar adsorption cooling system. Energy Equipment and Systems. 2013;1(1):75-90\n'},{id:"B21",body:'Alsaqoor S, Alahmer A, Chorowski M, Pyrka P, Rogala Z. Performance evaluation for a low temperature heat powered for 3-beds with dual evaporators silica gel water adsorption chillers. In: 2017 8th International Renewable Energy Congress (IREC); IEEE; 2017. pp. 1-6\n'},{id:"B22",body:'Fasfous A, Asfar J, Al-Salaymeh A, Sakhrieh A, Al_hamamre Z, Al-Bawwab A, Hamdan M. Potential of utilizing solar cooling in the University of Jordan. Energy Conversion and Management. 2013;65:729-735\n'},{id:"B23",body:'Alahmer A. Thermal analysis of a direct evaporative cooling system enhancement with desiccant dehumidification for vehicular air conditioning. Applied Thermal Engineering. 2016;98:1273-1285\n'},{id:"B24",body:'Varga S, Oliveira AC, Diaconu B. Analysis of a solar-assisted ejector cooling system for air conditioning. International Journal of Low Carbon Technologies. 2009;4(1):2-8\n'},{id:"B25",body:'Zhang B, Lv JS, Zuo JX. Theoretical and experimental study on solar ejector cooling system using R236fa. International Journal of Low Carbon Technologies. 2013;9(4):245-249\n'},{id:"B26",body:'Zeyghami M, Goswami DY, Stefanakos E. A review of solar thermo-mechanical refrigeration and cooling methods. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2015;51:1428-1445\n'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Salman Ajib",address:"salman.ajib@hs-owl.de",affiliation:'
Department of Renewable Energies and Decentralized Energy Supplying, Hochschule Ostwestfalen-Lippe, Germany
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tafila Technical University, Jordan
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"6866",title:"Energy Conversion",subtitle:"Current Technologies and Future Trends",fullTitle:"Energy Conversion - Current Technologies and Future Trends",slug:"energy-conversion-current-technologies-and-future-trends",publishedDate:"January 16th 2019",bookSignature:"Ibrahim H. Al-Bahadly",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6866.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19588",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibrahim H.",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Bahadly",slug:"ibrahim-h.-al-bahadly",fullName:"Ibrahim H. Al-Bahadly"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"161853",title:"Prof.",name:"Adel",middleName:null,surname:"Mohamed",email:"adel.mohamed@qu.edu.qa",fullName:"Adel Mohamed",slug:"adel-mohamed",position:null,biography:null,institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalEditedBooks:"0",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:null},booksEdited:[],chaptersAuthored:[{title:"A Review on the Heat Treatment of Al-Si-Cu/Mg Casting Alloys",slug:"a-review-on-the-heat-treatment-of-al-si-cu-mg-casting-alloys",abstract:null,signatures:"A.M.A. Mohamed and F.H. Samuel",authors:[{id:"146853",title:"Prof.",name:"Fawzy",surname:"Samuel",fullName:"Fawzy Samuel",slug:"fawzy-samuel",email:"fawzy-hosny_samuel@uqac.ca"},{id:"148963",title:"Dr.",name:"A.M.A",surname:"Mohamed",fullName:"A.M.A Mohamed",slug:"a.m.a-mohamed",email:"madel@uqac.ca"},{id:"148969",title:"Prof.",name:"Saleh",surname:"Alkahtani",fullName:"Saleh Alkahtani",slug:"saleh-alkahtani",email:"adelamer74@hotmail.com"},{id:"161853",title:"Prof.",name:"Adel",surname:"Mohamed",fullName:"Adel Mohamed",slug:"adel-mohamed",email:"adel.mohamed@qu.edu.qa"}],book:{title:"Heat Treatment",slug:"heat-treatment-conventional-and-novel-applications",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"40763",title:"Prof.",name:"Manuel Pedro",surname:"Graça",slug:"manuel-pedro-graca",fullName:"Manuel Pedro Graça",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"40786",title:"Prof.",name:"Manuel",surname:"Valente",slug:"manuel-valente",fullName:"Manuel Valente",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100571",title:"Prof.",name:"Jozef",surname:"Jurko",slug:"jozef-jurko",fullName:"Jozef Jurko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:"Jozef Jurko completed his university studies at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering at the Technical University of KoÅ¡ice in 1991. In 1994 he became a technical assistant in the Faculty of Manufacturing Technologies Technologies at the University of KoÅ¡ice. In 1999 he successfully completed his doctorate in Machining Technology at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering at the Technical University of KoÅ¡ice. His doctoral study focused on the problematic machining of different steels. Since his successful defence of his dissertation in 2004 he has worked as a faculty member in the Department of Production Technology in PreÅ¡ov.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Košice",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Slovakia"}}},{id:"110448",title:"Prof.",name:"Anton",surname:"Panda",slug:"anton-panda",fullName:"Anton Panda",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Košice",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Slovakia"}}},{id:"146853",title:"Prof.",name:"Fawzy",surname:"Samuel",slug:"fawzy-samuel",fullName:"Fawzy Samuel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"147363",title:"Dr.",name:"Angel",surname:"Zumbilev",slug:"angel-zumbilev",fullName:"Angel Zumbilev",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"147783",title:"Dr.",name:"Iveta",surname:"Panda",slug:"iveta-panda",fullName:"Iveta Panda",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"148598",title:"Dr.",name:"Grzegorz",surname:"Golański",slug:"grzegorz-golanski",fullName:"Grzegorz Golański",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"148963",title:"Dr.",name:"A.M.A",surname:"Mohamed",slug:"a.m.a-mohamed",fullName:"A.M.A Mohamed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"148969",title:"Prof.",name:"Saleh",surname:"Alkahtani",slug:"saleh-alkahtani",fullName:"Saleh Alkahtani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]},generic:{page:{slug:"WIS-cost",title:"What Does It Cost?",intro:"
Open Access publishing helps remove barriers and allows everyone to access valuable information, but article and book processing charges also exclude talented authors and editors who can’t afford to pay. The goal of our Women in Science program is to charge zero APCs, so none of our authors or editors have to pay for publication.
",metaTitle:"What Does It Cost?",metaDescription:"Open Access publishing helps remove barriers and allows everyone to access valuable information, but article and book processing charges also exclude talented authors and editors who can’t afford to pay. The goal of our Women in Science program is to charge zero APCs, so none of our authors or editors have to pay for publication.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:null,contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"
We are currently in the process of collecting sponsorship. If you have any ideas or would like to help sponsor this ambitious program, we’d love to hear from you. Contact us at info@intechopen.com.
\\n\\n
All of our IntechOpen sponsors are in good company! The research in past IntechOpen books and chapters have been funded by:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
European Commission
\\n\\t
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
\\n\\t
Wellcome Trust
\\n\\t
National Institute of Health (NIH)
\\n\\t
National Science Foundation (NSF)
\\n\\t
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
We are currently in the process of collecting sponsorship. If you have any ideas or would like to help sponsor this ambitious program, we’d love to hear from you. Contact us at info@intechopen.com.
\n\n
All of our IntechOpen sponsors are in good company! The research in past IntechOpen books and chapters have been funded by:
\n\n
\n\t
European Commission
\n\t
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
\n\t
Wellcome Trust
\n\t
National Institute of Health (NIH)
\n\t
National Science Foundation (NSF)
\n\t
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
\n\t
Research Councils United Kingdom (RCUK)
\n\t
Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)
\n\t
Chinese Academy of Sciences
\n\t
Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)
\n\t
German Research Foundation (DFG)
\n\t
Max Planck Institute
\n\t
Austrian Science Fund (FWF)
\n\t
Australian Research Council (ARC)
\n
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5775},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5239},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1721},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10411},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:897},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15810}],offset:12,limit:12,total:118378},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{sort:"dateendthirdsteppublish",topicid:"11"},books:[],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:20},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:1}],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9521",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",subtitle:"A One Health Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30949e78832e1afba5606634b52056ab",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-one-health-perspective",bookSignature:"Mihai Mareș, Swee Hua Erin Lim, Kok-Song Lai and Romeo-Teodor Cristina",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9521.jpg",editors:[{id:"88785",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihai",middleName:null,surname:"Mares",slug:"mihai-mares",fullName:"Mihai Mares"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"190224",title:"Dr.",name:"Swee Hua Erin",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"swee-hua-erin-lim",fullName:"Swee Hua Erin Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190224/images/system/190224.png",biography:"Dr. Erin Lim is presently working as an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates and is affiliated as an Associate Professor to Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Selangor, Malaysia. She obtained her Ph.D. from Universiti Putra Malaysia in 2010 with a National Science Fellowship awarded from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia and has been actively involved in research ever since. Her main research interests include analysis of carriage and transmission of multidrug resistant bacteria in non-conventional settings, besides an interest in natural products for antimicrobial testing. She is heavily involved in the elucidation of mechanisms of reversal of resistance in bacteria in addition to investigating the immunological analyses of diseases, development of vaccination and treatment models in animals. She hopes her work will support the discovery of therapeutics in the clinical setting and assist in the combat against the burden of antibiotic resistance.",institutionString:"Abu Dhabi Women’s College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Perdana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"221544",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok-Song",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",slug:"kok-song-lai",fullName:"Kok-Song Lai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221544/images/system/221544.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Lai Kok Song is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. He obtained his Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan in 2012. Prior to his academic appointment, Dr. Lai worked as a Senior Scientist at the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia. His current research areas include antimicrobial resistance and plant-pathogen interaction. His particular interest lies in the study of the antimicrobial mechanism via membrane disruption of essential oils against multi-drug resistance bacteria through various biochemical, molecular and proteomic approaches. Ultimately, he hopes to uncover and determine novel biomarkers related to antibiotic resistance that can be developed into new therapeutic strategies.",institutionString:"Higher Colleges of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Higher Colleges of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10020",title:"Operations Management",subtitle:"Emerging Trend in the Digital Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"526f0dbdc7e4d85b82ce8383ab894b4c",slug:"operations-management-emerging-trend-in-the-digital-era",bookSignature:"Antonella Petrillo, Fabio De Felice, Germano Lambert-Torres and Erik Bonaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10020.jpg",editors:[{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9560",title:"Creativity",subtitle:"A Force to Innovation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"58f740bc17807d5d88d647c525857b11",slug:"creativity-a-force-to-innovation",bookSignature:"Pooja Jain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9560.jpg",editors:[{id:"316765",title:"Dr.",name:"Pooja",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"pooja-jain",fullName:"Pooja Jain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10192",title:"Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca24028d89912b5efea56e179dff089",slug:"background-and-management-of-muscular-atrophy",bookSignature:"Julianna Cseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10192.jpg",editors:[{id:"135579",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianna",middleName:null,surname:"Cseri",slug:"julianna-cseri",fullName:"Julianna Cseri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9243",title:"Coastal Environments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e05e5f631e935eef366980f2e28295d",slug:"coastal-environments",bookSignature:"Yuanzhi Zhang and X. San Liang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9243.jpg",editors:[{id:"77597",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuanzhi-zhang",fullName:"Yuanzhi Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9550",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Contemporary Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b4ac1ee5b743abf6f88495452b1e5e7",slug:"entrepreneurship-contemporary-issues",bookSignature:"Mladen Turuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9550.jpg",editors:[{id:"319755",title:"Prof.",name:"Mladen",middleName:null,surname:"Turuk",slug:"mladen-turuk",fullName:"Mladen Turuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8558",title:"Aerodynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db7263fc198dfb539073ba0260a7f1aa",slug:"aerodynamics",bookSignature:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy and Aly-Mousaad Aly",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8558.jpg",editors:[{id:"35542",title:"Prof.",name:"Mofid",middleName:null,surname:"Gorji-Bandpy",slug:"mofid-gorji-bandpy",fullName:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5249},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9521",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",subtitle:"A One Health Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30949e78832e1afba5606634b52056ab",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-one-health-perspective",bookSignature:"Mihai Mareș, Swee Hua Erin Lim, Kok-Song Lai and Romeo-Teodor Cristina",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9521.jpg",editors:[{id:"88785",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihai",middleName:null,surname:"Mares",slug:"mihai-mares",fullName:"Mihai Mares"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"190224",title:"Dr.",name:"Swee Hua Erin",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"swee-hua-erin-lim",fullName:"Swee Hua Erin Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190224/images/system/190224.png",biography:"Dr. Erin Lim is presently working as an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates and is affiliated as an Associate Professor to Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Selangor, Malaysia. She obtained her Ph.D. from Universiti Putra Malaysia in 2010 with a National Science Fellowship awarded from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia and has been actively involved in research ever since. Her main research interests include analysis of carriage and transmission of multidrug resistant bacteria in non-conventional settings, besides an interest in natural products for antimicrobial testing. She is heavily involved in the elucidation of mechanisms of reversal of resistance in bacteria in addition to investigating the immunological analyses of diseases, development of vaccination and treatment models in animals. She hopes her work will support the discovery of therapeutics in the clinical setting and assist in the combat against the burden of antibiotic resistance.",institutionString:"Abu Dhabi Women’s College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Perdana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"221544",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok-Song",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",slug:"kok-song-lai",fullName:"Kok-Song Lai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221544/images/system/221544.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Lai Kok Song is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. He obtained his Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan in 2012. Prior to his academic appointment, Dr. Lai worked as a Senior Scientist at the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia. His current research areas include antimicrobial resistance and plant-pathogen interaction. His particular interest lies in the study of the antimicrobial mechanism via membrane disruption of essential oils against multi-drug resistance bacteria through various biochemical, molecular and proteomic approaches. Ultimately, he hopes to uncover and determine novel biomarkers related to antibiotic resistance that can be developed into new therapeutic strategies.",institutionString:"Higher Colleges of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Higher Colleges of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10020",title:"Operations Management",subtitle:"Emerging Trend in the Digital Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"526f0dbdc7e4d85b82ce8383ab894b4c",slug:"operations-management-emerging-trend-in-the-digital-era",bookSignature:"Antonella Petrillo, Fabio De Felice, Germano Lambert-Torres and Erik Bonaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10020.jpg",editors:[{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9560",title:"Creativity",subtitle:"A Force to Innovation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"58f740bc17807d5d88d647c525857b11",slug:"creativity-a-force-to-innovation",bookSignature:"Pooja Jain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9560.jpg",editors:[{id:"316765",title:"Dr.",name:"Pooja",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"pooja-jain",fullName:"Pooja Jain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10192",title:"Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca24028d89912b5efea56e179dff089",slug:"background-and-management-of-muscular-atrophy",bookSignature:"Julianna Cseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10192.jpg",editors:[{id:"135579",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianna",middleName:null,surname:"Cseri",slug:"julianna-cseri",fullName:"Julianna Cseri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9243",title:"Coastal Environments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e05e5f631e935eef366980f2e28295d",slug:"coastal-environments",bookSignature:"Yuanzhi Zhang and X. San Liang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9243.jpg",editors:[{id:"77597",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuanzhi-zhang",fullName:"Yuanzhi Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9550",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Contemporary Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b4ac1ee5b743abf6f88495452b1e5e7",slug:"entrepreneurship-contemporary-issues",bookSignature:"Mladen Turuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9550.jpg",editors:[{id:"319755",title:"Prof.",name:"Mladen",middleName:null,surname:"Turuk",slug:"mladen-turuk",fullName:"Mladen Turuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9243",title:"Coastal Environments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e05e5f631e935eef366980f2e28295d",slug:"coastal-environments",bookSignature:"Yuanzhi Zhang and X. San Liang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9243.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"77597",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuanzhi-zhang",fullName:"Yuanzhi Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10020",title:"Operations Management",subtitle:"Emerging Trend in the Digital Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"526f0dbdc7e4d85b82ce8383ab894b4c",slug:"operations-management-emerging-trend-in-the-digital-era",bookSignature:"Antonella Petrillo, Fabio De Felice, Germano Lambert-Torres and Erik Bonaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10020.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9521",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",subtitle:"A One Health Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30949e78832e1afba5606634b52056ab",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-one-health-perspective",bookSignature:"Mihai Mareș, Swee Hua Erin Lim, Kok-Song Lai and Romeo-Teodor Cristina",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9521.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88785",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihai",middleName:null,surname:"Mares",slug:"mihai-mares",fullName:"Mihai Mares"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"190224",title:"Dr.",name:"Swee Hua Erin",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"swee-hua-erin-lim",fullName:"Swee Hua Erin Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190224/images/system/190224.png",biography:"Dr. Erin Lim is presently working as an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates and is affiliated as an Associate Professor to Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Selangor, Malaysia. She obtained her Ph.D. from Universiti Putra Malaysia in 2010 with a National Science Fellowship awarded from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia and has been actively involved in research ever since. Her main research interests include analysis of carriage and transmission of multidrug resistant bacteria in non-conventional settings, besides an interest in natural products for antimicrobial testing. She is heavily involved in the elucidation of mechanisms of reversal of resistance in bacteria in addition to investigating the immunological analyses of diseases, development of vaccination and treatment models in animals. She hopes her work will support the discovery of therapeutics in the clinical setting and assist in the combat against the burden of antibiotic resistance.",institutionString:"Abu Dhabi Women’s College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Perdana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"221544",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok-Song",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",slug:"kok-song-lai",fullName:"Kok-Song Lai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221544/images/system/221544.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Lai Kok Song is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. He obtained his Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan in 2012. Prior to his academic appointment, Dr. Lai worked as a Senior Scientist at the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia. His current research areas include antimicrobial resistance and plant-pathogen interaction. His particular interest lies in the study of the antimicrobial mechanism via membrane disruption of essential oils against multi-drug resistance bacteria through various biochemical, molecular and proteomic approaches. Ultimately, he hopes to uncover and determine novel biomarkers related to antibiotic resistance that can be developed into new therapeutic strategies.",institutionString:"Higher Colleges of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Higher Colleges of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9560",title:"Creativity",subtitle:"A Force to Innovation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"58f740bc17807d5d88d647c525857b11",slug:"creativity-a-force-to-innovation",bookSignature:"Pooja Jain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9560.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"316765",title:"Dr.",name:"Pooja",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"pooja-jain",fullName:"Pooja Jain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9669",title:"Recent Advances in Rice Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"12b06cc73e89af1e104399321cc16a75",slug:"recent-advances-in-rice-research",bookSignature:"Mahmood-ur- Rahman Ansari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-Ur-",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-Ur- Rahman Ansari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10192",title:"Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca24028d89912b5efea56e179dff089",slug:"background-and-management-of-muscular-atrophy",bookSignature:"Julianna Cseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10192.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"135579",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianna",middleName:null,surname:"Cseri",slug:"julianna-cseri",fullName:"Julianna Cseri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9550",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Contemporary Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b4ac1ee5b743abf6f88495452b1e5e7",slug:"entrepreneurship-contemporary-issues",bookSignature:"Mladen Turuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"319755",title:"Prof.",name:"Mladen",middleName:null,surname:"Turuk",slug:"mladen-turuk",fullName:"Mladen Turuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1300",title:"Robot Manipulator",slug:"robot-manipulator",parent:{title:"Robot Control",slug:"robot-control"},numberOfBooks:1,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:1,numberOfWosCitations:33,numberOfCrossrefCitations:8,numberOfDimensionsCitations:42,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"robot-manipulator",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"3625",title:"Contemporary Robotics",subtitle:"Challenges and Solutions",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"contemporary-robotics-challenges-and-solutions",bookSignature:"A D Rodić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3625.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"120794",title:"Dr.",name:"Aleksandar",middleName:null,surname:"Rodic",slug:"aleksandar-rodic",fullName:"Aleksandar Rodic"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:1,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"8875",doi:"10.5772/7796",title:"Modeling and Assessing of Omni-Directional Robots with Three and Four Wheels",slug:"modeling-and-assessing-of-omni-directional-robots-with-three-and-four-wheels",totalDownloads:5182,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:31,book:{slug:"contemporary-robotics-challenges-and-solutions",title:"Contemporary Robotics",fullTitle:"Contemporary Robotics - Challenges and Solutions"},signatures:"Helder P. Oliveira, Armando J. Sousa, A. Paulo Moreira and Paulo J. Costa",authors:null},{id:"8865",doi:"10.5772/7805",title:"Robotic Grasping of Unknown Objects",slug:"robotic-grasping-of-unknown-objects",totalDownloads:2046,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"contemporary-robotics-challenges-and-solutions",title:"Contemporary Robotics",fullTitle:"Contemporary Robotics - Challenges and Solutions"},signatures:"Mario Richtsfeld and Markus Vincze",authors:null},{id:"8871",doi:"10.5772/7801",title:"Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) of a Mobile Robot Based on Fusion of Odometry and Visual Data Using Extended Kalman Filter",slug:"simultaneous-localization-and-mapping-slam-of-a-mobile-robot-based-on-fusion-of-odometry-and-visual-",totalDownloads:2284,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"contemporary-robotics-challenges-and-solutions",title:"Contemporary Robotics",fullTitle:"Contemporary Robotics - Challenges and Solutions"},signatures:"Andre M. Santana and Adelardo A. D. Medeiros",authors:null}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"8865",title:"Robotic Grasping of Unknown Objects",slug:"robotic-grasping-of-unknown-objects",totalDownloads:2050,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"contemporary-robotics-challenges-and-solutions",title:"Contemporary Robotics",fullTitle:"Contemporary Robotics - Challenges and Solutions"},signatures:"Mario Richtsfeld and Markus Vincze",authors:null},{id:"8875",title:"Modeling and Assessing of Omni-Directional Robots with Three and Four Wheels",slug:"modeling-and-assessing-of-omni-directional-robots-with-three-and-four-wheels",totalDownloads:5186,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:31,book:{slug:"contemporary-robotics-challenges-and-solutions",title:"Contemporary Robotics",fullTitle:"Contemporary Robotics - Challenges and Solutions"},signatures:"Helder P. Oliveira, Armando J. Sousa, A. Paulo Moreira and Paulo J. Costa",authors:null},{id:"8864",title:"Automatic Trajectory Generation Using Redundancy Resolution Scheme Based on Virtual Mechanism",slug:"automatic-trajectory-generation-using-redundancy-resolution-scheme-based-on-virtual-mechanism",totalDownloads:2335,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"contemporary-robotics-challenges-and-solutions",title:"Contemporary Robotics",fullTitle:"Contemporary Robotics - Challenges and Solutions"},signatures:"Bojan Nemec and Leon Zlajpah",authors:null},{id:"8881",title:"Biomimetic Approach to Design and Control Mechatronics Structure Using Smart Materials",slug:"biomimetic-approach-to-design-and-control-mechatronics-structure-using-smart-materials",totalDownloads:2279,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"contemporary-robotics-challenges-and-solutions",title:"Contemporary Robotics",fullTitle:"Contemporary Robotics - Challenges and Solutions"},signatures:"Nicu George Bizdoaca , Daniela Tarnita, Anca Petrisor, Ilie Diaconu, Dan Tarnita and Elvira Bizdoaca",authors:null},{id:"8867",title:"Computed-Torque-Plus-Compensation-Plus-Chattering Controller of Robot Manipulators",slug:"computed-torque-plus-compensation-plus-chattering-controller-of-robot-manipulators",totalDownloads:2214,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"contemporary-robotics-challenges-and-solutions",title:"Contemporary Robotics",fullTitle:"Contemporary Robotics - Challenges and Solutions"},signatures:"Leonardo Acho, Yolanda Vidal and Francesc Pozo",authors:null},{id:"8874",title:"Control of Fuel Cell Systems in Mobile Applications",slug:"control-of-fuel-cell-systems-in-mobile-applications",totalDownloads:1946,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"contemporary-robotics-challenges-and-solutions",title:"Contemporary Robotics",fullTitle:"Contemporary Robotics - Challenges and Solutions"},signatures:"Jiri Koziorek, Bohumil Horak and Miroslav Kopriva",authors:null},{id:"8876",title:"Hunter Hybrid Unified Tracking Environment",slug:"hunter-hybrid-unified-tracking-environment",totalDownloads:1397,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"contemporary-robotics-challenges-and-solutions",title:"Contemporary Robotics",fullTitle:"Contemporary Robotics - Challenges and Solutions"},signatures:"Aislan Gomide Foina and Francisco Javier Ramirez-Fernandez",authors:null},{id:"8866",title:"A Modeling Approach for Mode Handling of Flexible Manufacturing Systems",slug:"a-modeling-approach-for-mode-handling-of-flexible-manufacturing-systems",totalDownloads:1481,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"contemporary-robotics-challenges-and-solutions",title:"Contemporary Robotics",fullTitle:"Contemporary Robotics - Challenges and Solutions"},signatures:"Nadia Hamani and Abderahman El Mhamedi",authors:null},{id:"8872",title:"Distributed Estimation of Unknown Beacon Positions in a Localization Network",slug:"distributed-estimation-of-unknown-beacon-positions-in-a-localization-network",totalDownloads:1591,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"contemporary-robotics-challenges-and-solutions",title:"Contemporary Robotics",fullTitle:"Contemporary Robotics - Challenges and Solutions"},signatures:"Mikko Elomaa and Aarne Halme",authors:null},{id:"8879",title:"Dynamic-Based Simulation for Humanoid Robot Walking Using Walking Support System",slug:"dynamic-based-simulation-for-humanoid-robot-walking-using-walking-support-system",totalDownloads:2189,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"contemporary-robotics-challenges-and-solutions",title:"Contemporary Robotics",fullTitle:"Contemporary Robotics - Challenges and Solutions"},signatures:"Aiman Musa M. Omer, Hun-ok Lim and Atsuo Takanishi",authors:null}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"robot-manipulator",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/161853/adel-mohamed",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"161853",slug:"adel-mohamed"},fullPath:"/profiles/161853/adel-mohamed",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var m;(m=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(m)}()