Entropy levels in different groups of people.
\r\n\t
",isbn:"978-1-83881-922-4",printIsbn:"978-1-83881-921-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-923-1",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"dcfc52d92f694b0848977a3c11c13d00",bookSignature:"Dr. Fiaz Ahmad and Prof. Muhammad Sultan",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10454.jpg",keywords:"Agricultural Engineering, Technologies, Application, Sustainable Agriculture, Information Technology in Agriculture, Food Security, Renewable Energies, Precision Farming, Smart Agriculture, Farm Mechanization, Robotics, Post Harvest Technologies",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 25th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 23rd 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 21st 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"May 12th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"July 11th 2021",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"25 days",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Ahmad is a researcher in the field of agricultural mechanization and agricultural equipment engineering, in-charge of Farm Machinery Design Laboratory at Bahauddin Zakariya University, with expertise in modeling and simulation. He applied for two patents at the national level.",coeditorOneBiosketch:"Renowned researcher with a focus on developing energy-efficient heat- and/or water-driven temperature and humidity control systems for agricultural storage, greenhouse, agricultural livestock and poultry applications including HVAC, desiccant air-conditioning, adsorption, Maisotsenko cycle (M-cycle), and adsorption desalination.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"338219",title:"Dr.",name:"Fiaz",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"fiaz-ahmad",fullName:"Fiaz Ahmad",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/338219/images/system/338219.jpg",biography:"Fiaz Ahmad obtained his Ph.D. (2015) from Nanjing Agriculture University China in the field of Agricultural Bioenvironmental and Energy Engineering and Postdoc (2020) from Jiangsu University China in the field of Plant protection Engineering. He got the Higher Education Commission, Pakistan Scholarship for Ph.D. studies, and Post-Doctoral Fellowship from Jiangsu Government, China. During postdoctoral studies, he worked on the application of unmanned aerial vehicle sprayers for agrochemical applications to control pests and weeds. He passed the B.S. and M.S. degrees in agricultural engineering from the University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan in 2007. From 2007 to 2008, he was a Lecturer in the Department of Agricultural Engineering, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan-Pakistan. Since 2009, he has been an Assistant Professor in the Department of Agricultural Engineering, BZ University Multan, Pakistan. He is the author of 33 journal articles. He also supervised 6 master students and is currently supervising 5 master and 2 Ph.D. students. In addition, Dr. Ahmad completed three university-funded projects. His research interests include the design of agricultural machinery, artificial intelligence, and plant protection environment.",institutionString:"Bahauddin Zakariya University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Bahauddin Zakariya University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"199381",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sultan",slug:"muhammad-sultan",fullName:"Muhammad Sultan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199381/images/system/199381.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sultan completed his Ph.D. (2015) and Postdoc (2017) from Kyushu University (Japan) in the field of Energy and Environmental Engineering. He was an awardee of MEXT and JASSO fellowships (from the Japanese Government) during Ph.D. and Postdoc studies, respectively. In 2019, he did Postdoc as a Canadian Queen Elizabeth Advanced Scholar at Simon Fraser University (Canada) in the field of Mechatronic Systems Engineering. He received his Master\\'s in Environmental Engineering (2010) and Bachelor in Agricultural Engineering (2008) with distinctions, from the University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. He worked for Kyushu University International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER) for two years. Currently, he is working as an Assistant Professor at the Department of Agricultural Engineering, Bahauddin Zakariya University (Pakistan). He has supervised 10+ M.Eng./Ph.D. students so far and 10+ M.Eng./Ph.D. students are currently working under his supervision. He has published more than 70+ journal articles, 70+ conference articles, and a few magazine articles, with the addition of 2 book chapters and 2 edited/co-edited books. Dr. Sultan is serving as a Leading Guest Editor of a special issue in the Sustainability (MDPI) journal (IF 2.58). In addition, he is appointed as a Regional Editor for the Evergreen Journal of Kyushu University. His research is focused on developing energy-efficient heat- and/or water-driven temperature and humidity control systems for agricultural storage, greenhouse, livestock, and poultry applications. His research keywords include HVAC, desiccant air-conditioning, evaporative cooling, adsorption cooling, energy recovery ventilator, adsorption heat pump, Maisotsenko cycle (M-cycle), wastewater, energy recovery ventilators; adsorption desalination; and agricultural, poultry and livestock applications.",institutionString:"Bahauddin Zakariya University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Bahauddin Zakariya University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"8",title:"Chemistry",slug:"chemistry"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"252211",firstName:"Sara",lastName:"Debeuc",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252211/images/7239_n.png",email:"sara.d@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"878",title:"Phytochemicals",subtitle:"A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec77671f63975ef2d16192897deb6835",slug:"phytochemicals-a-global-perspective-of-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/878.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4816",title:"Face Recognition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"146063b5359146b7718ea86bad47c8eb",slug:"face_recognition",bookSignature:"Kresimir Delac and Mislav Grgic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3621",title:"Silver Nanoparticles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"silver-nanoparticles",bookSignature:"David Pozo Perez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3621.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6667",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Pozo",slug:"david-pozo",fullName:"David Pozo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"35098",title:"Statistical Analysis of Gel Electrophoresis Data",doi:"10.5772/36959",slug:"statistical-analysis-of-gel-electrophoresis-data",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/35098.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/35098",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/35098",totalDownloads:4668,totalViews:551,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"May 27th 2011",dateReviewed:"November 2nd 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"April 4th 2012",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/35098",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/35098",book:{slug:"gel-electrophoresis-principles-and-basics"},signatures:"Kimberly F. Sellers and Jeffrey C. Miecznikowski",authors:[{id:"84103",title:"Dr.",name:"Jeffrey",middleName:null,surname:"Miecznikowski",fullName:"Jeffrey Miecznikowski",slug:"jeffrey-miecznikowski",email:"jcm38@buffalo.edu",position:null,institution:{name:"University at Buffalo, State University of New York",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"95380",title:"Dr.",name:"Kimberly",middleName:null,surname:"Sellers",fullName:"Kimberly Sellers",slug:"kimberly-sellers",email:"kfs7@georgetown.edu",position:null,institution:{name:"Georgetown University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"1770",title:"Gel Electrophoresis",subtitle:"Principles and Basics",fullTitle:"Gel Electrophoresis - Principles and Basics",slug:"gel-electrophoresis-principles-and-basics",publishedDate:"April 4th 2012",bookSignature:"Sameh Magdeldin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1770.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"123648",title:"Dr.",name:"Sameh",middleName:null,surname:"Magdeldin",slug:"sameh-magdeldin",fullName:"Sameh Magdeldin"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"35087",title:"Introduction to Agarose and Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis Matrices with Respect to Their Detection Sensitivities",slug:"introduction-to-agarose-and-polyacrylamide-gel-electrophoresis-matrices-with-respect-to-their-detect",totalDownloads:31979,totalCrossrefCites:10,signatures:"Patricia Barril and Silvia Nates",authors:[{id:"118087",title:"Dr.",name:"Silvia",middleName:null,surname:"Nates",fullName:"Silvia Nates",slug:"silvia-nates"},{id:"118134",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Barril",fullName:"Patricia Barril",slug:"patricia-barril"}]},{id:"35088",title:"Gel-Electrophoresis and Its Applications",slug:"gel-electrophoresis-and-its-applications",totalDownloads:17184,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Pulimamidi Rabindra Reddy and Nomula Raju",authors:[{id:"117476",title:"Prof.",name:"Rabindra",middleName:null,surname:"Reddy",fullName:"Rabindra Reddy",slug:"rabindra-reddy"},{id:"118369",title:"Mr.",name:"Raju",middleName:null,surname:"Nomula",fullName:"Raju Nomula",slug:"raju-nomula"}]},{id:"35089",title:"Principles of Nucleic Acid Separation by Agarose Gel Electrophoresis",slug:"principles-of-nucleic-acid-separation-by-agarose-gel-electrophoresis",totalDownloads:35381,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Muhittin Yılmaz, Cem Ozic and İlhami Gok",authors:[{id:"118546",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhitdin",middleName:null,surname:"Yilmaz",fullName:"Muhitdin Yilmaz",slug:"muhitdin-yilmaz"},{id:"143191",title:"Dr.",name:"Cem",middleName:null,surname:"Ozic",fullName:"Cem Ozic",slug:"cem-ozic"},{id:"143193",title:"PhD.",name:"İlhami",middleName:null,surname:"Gok",fullName:"İlhami Gok",slug:"ilhami-gok"}]},{id:"35090",title:"Discriminatory Power of Agarose Gel Electrophoresis in DNA Fragments Analysis",slug:"discriminatory-power-of-agarose-gel-electrophoresis-in-dna-fragment-analysis",totalDownloads:31744,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Seow Ven Lee and Abdul Rani Bahaman",authors:[{id:"110308",title:"Dr.",name:"Seow Ven",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"Seow Ven Lee",slug:"seow-ven-lee"}]},{id:"35091",title:"Gel Electrophoresis of Proteins",slug:"gel-electrophoresis-of-proteins",totalDownloads:10408,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Laura García-Descalzo, Eva García-López, Alberto Alcázar, Fernando Baquero and Cristina Cid",authors:[{id:"113044",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Cid",fullName:"Cristina Cid",slug:"cristina-cid"},{id:"138425",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Baquero",fullName:"Fernando Baquero",slug:"fernando-baquero"},{id:"138426",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia-Descalzo",fullName:"Laura Garcia-Descalzo",slug:"laura-garcia-descalzo"},{id:"138427",title:"Dr.",name:"Eva",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia-Lopez",fullName:"Eva Garcia-Lopez",slug:"eva-garcia-lopez"},{id:"138428",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Alcazar",fullName:"Alberto Alcazar",slug:"alberto-alcazar"}]},{id:"35092",title:"Gel Electrophoresis of Protein - From Basic Science to Practical Approach",slug:"gel-electrophoresis-of-protein-from-basic-science-to-practical-approach",totalDownloads:6267,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Gholamreza Kavoosi and Susan K. Ardestani",authors:[{id:"115406",title:"Prof.",name:"Susan K",middleName:null,surname:"Ardestani",fullName:"Susan K Ardestani",slug:"susan-k-ardestani"},{id:"137623",title:"Dr.",name:"Gholamreza",middleName:null,surname:"Kavoosi",fullName:"Gholamreza Kavoosi",slug:"gholamreza-kavoosi"}]},{id:"35093",title:"Two-Dimensional Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis - A Practical Perspective",slug:"two-dimensional-polyacrylamide-gel-electrophoresis-a-practical-perspective",totalDownloads:10458,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Sameh Magdeldin, Ying Zhang, Bo Xu, Yutaka Yoshida and Tadashi Yamamoto",authors:[{id:"123648",title:"Dr.",name:"Sameh",middleName:null,surname:"Magdeldin",fullName:"Sameh Magdeldin",slug:"sameh-magdeldin"}]},{id:"35094",title:"High-Resolution Two-Dimensional Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis: A Tool for Identification of Polymorphic and Modified Linker Histone Components",slug:"high-resolution-two-dimensional-polyacrylamide-gel-electrophoresis-tool-for-the-identification-of-po",totalDownloads:3283,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Andrzej Kowalski and Jan Pałyga",authors:[{id:"116161",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrzej",middleName:null,surname:"Kowalski",fullName:"Andrzej Kowalski",slug:"andrzej-kowalski"},{id:"138505",title:"Prof.",name:"Jan",middleName:null,surname:"Pałyga",fullName:"Jan Pałyga",slug:"jan-palyga"}]},{id:"35095",title:"Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (2-DE)",slug:"two-dimensional-gel-electrophoresis",totalDownloads:4046,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Bruno Baudin",authors:[{id:"116600",title:"Prof.",name:"Bruno",middleName:null,surname:"Baudin",fullName:"Bruno Baudin",slug:"bruno-baudin"}]},{id:"35096",title:"High Speed Isoelectric Focusing of Proteins Enabling Rapid Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis",slug:"high-speed-ief-and-increased-two-dimensional-gel-electrophoresis-throughput",totalDownloads:3449,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Gary B. Smejkal and Darren J. Bauer Part",authors:[{id:"110134",title:"Prof.",name:"Gary",middleName:null,surname:"Smejkal",fullName:"Gary Smejkal",slug:"gary-smejkal"}]},{id:"35097",title:"Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) in Microbial Ecology - Insights from Freshwaters",slug:"denaturing-gradient-gel-electrophoresis-dgge-in-microbial-ecology-insights-from-freshwaters",totalDownloads:11536,totalCrossrefCites:5,signatures:"Sofia Duarte, Fernanda Cassio and Claudia Pascoal",authors:[{id:"115878",title:"Dr.",name:"Sofia",middleName:null,surname:"Duarte",fullName:"Sofia Duarte",slug:"sofia-duarte"},{id:"138487",title:"Prof.",name:"Fernanda",middleName:null,surname:"Cássio",fullName:"Fernanda Cássio",slug:"fernanda-cassio"},{id:"138488",title:"Prof.",name:"Cláudia",middleName:null,surname:"Pascoal",fullName:"Cláudia Pascoal",slug:"claudia-pascoal"}]},{id:"35098",title:"Statistical Analysis of Gel Electrophoresis Data",slug:"statistical-analysis-of-gel-electrophoresis-data",totalDownloads:4668,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Kimberly F. Sellers and Jeffrey C. Miecznikowski",authors:[{id:"84103",title:"Dr.",name:"Jeffrey",middleName:null,surname:"Miecznikowski",fullName:"Jeffrey Miecznikowski",slug:"jeffrey-miecznikowski"},{id:"95380",title:"Dr.",name:"Kimberly",middleName:null,surname:"Sellers",fullName:"Kimberly Sellers",slug:"kimberly-sellers"}]},{id:"35099",title:"Quantitative Analysis of Electrophoresis Data - Application to Sequence-Specific Ultrasonic Cleavage of DNA",slug:"quantitative-analysis-of-electrophoresis-data-application-to-sequence-specific-ultrasonic-cleavage-o",totalDownloads:2573,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Sergei Grokhovsky, Irina Il’icheva, Dmitry Nechipurenko, Michail Golovkin, Georgy Taranov, Larisa Panchenko,\r\nRobert Polozov and Yury Nechipurenko",authors:[{id:"113885",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergei",middleName:null,surname:"Grokhovsky",fullName:"Sergei Grokhovsky",slug:"sergei-grokhovsky"},{id:"138334",title:"Dr.",name:"Irina",middleName:null,surname:"Il'Icheva",fullName:"Irina Il'Icheva",slug:"irina-il'icheva"},{id:"138335",title:"Dr.",name:"Dmitry",middleName:null,surname:"Nechipurenko",fullName:"Dmitry Nechipurenko",slug:"dmitry-nechipurenko"},{id:"138336",title:"Dr.",name:"Michail",middleName:null,surname:"Golovkin",fullName:"Michail Golovkin",slug:"michail-golovkin"},{id:"138337",title:"Mr.",name:"Georgy",middleName:null,surname:"Taranov",fullName:"Georgy Taranov",slug:"georgy-taranov"},{id:"138338",title:"Dr.",name:"Larisa",middleName:null,surname:"Panchenko",fullName:"Larisa Panchenko",slug:"larisa-panchenko"},{id:"138339",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Polozov",fullName:"Robert Polozov",slug:"robert-polozov"},{id:"138340",title:"Dr.",name:"Yury",middleName:null,surname:"Nechipurenko",fullName:"Yury Nechipurenko",slug:"yury-nechipurenko"}]},{id:"35100",title:"The Use of Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis in Listeria monocytogenes Sub-Typing - Harmonization at the European Union Level",slug:"harmonization-of-listeria-monocytogenes-pfge-sub-typing-at-european-union-level",totalDownloads:3973,totalCrossrefCites:5,signatures:"Benjamin Felix, Trinh Tam Dao, Bertrand Lombard, Adrien Assere Anne Brisabois and Sophie Roussel",authors:[{id:"116745",title:"Dr.",name:"Sophie",middleName:null,surname:"Roussel",fullName:"Sophie Roussel",slug:"sophie-roussel"},{id:"118109",title:"Dr.",name:"Benjamin",middleName:null,surname:"Félix",fullName:"Benjamin Félix",slug:"benjamin-felix"}]},{id:"35101",title:"Electrophoretic Techniques in Microbial Ecology",slug:"electrophoretic-techniques-in-microbial-ecology",totalDownloads:2491,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Elena Gonzalez-Toril, David Lara-Astiaso, Ricardo Amils and Angeles Aguilera",authors:[{id:"68352",title:"Dr.",name:"Angeles",middleName:null,surname:"Aguilera",fullName:"Angeles Aguilera",slug:"angeles-aguilera"},{id:"74686",title:"Dr.",name:"Ricardo",middleName:null,surname:"Amils",fullName:"Ricardo Amils",slug:"ricardo-amils"},{id:"117519",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"González-Toril",fullName:"Elena González-Toril",slug:"elena-gonzalez-toril"},{id:"117529",title:"Mr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Lara-Astiaso",fullName:"David Lara-Astiaso",slug:"david-lara-astiaso"}]},{id:"35102",title:"Application of Multiplex PCR, Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE), and BOX-PCR for Molecular Analysis of Enterococci",slug:"application-of-multiplex-pcr-pulsed-field-gel-electrophoresis-pfge-and-box-pcr-for-molecular-analysi",totalDownloads:3503,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Charlene R. Jackson, Lori M. Spicer, John B. Barrett and Lari M. Hiott",authors:[{id:"82511",title:"Dr",name:"Charlene",middleName:null,surname:"Jackson",fullName:"Charlene Jackson",slug:"charlene-jackson"},{id:"114713",title:"Mr.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Barrett",fullName:"John Barrett",slug:"john-barrett"},{id:"137245",title:"Mrs.",name:"Lori",middleName:null,surname:"Spicer",fullName:"Lori Spicer",slug:"lori-spicer"},{id:"137246",title:"MSc.",name:"Lari",middleName:null,surname:"Hiott",fullName:"Lari Hiott",slug:"lari-hiott"}]},{id:"35103",title:"The Use of Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis in Listeria monocytogenes Sub-Typing - Comparison with MLVA Method Coupled with Gel Electrophoresis",slug:"feasibility-of-the-mlva-method-coupled-with-agarose-gel-electrophoresis-for-subtyping-listeria-monoc",totalDownloads:2160,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Sophie Roussel, Marie-Leone Vignaud, Jonass T Larsson, Benjamin Felix, Aurore Rossignol,\r\nEva Moller Nielsen and Anne Brisabois",authors:[{id:"116745",title:"Dr.",name:"Sophie",middleName:null,surname:"Roussel",fullName:"Sophie Roussel",slug:"sophie-roussel"},{id:"118109",title:"Dr.",name:"Benjamin",middleName:null,surname:"Félix",fullName:"Benjamin Félix",slug:"benjamin-felix"}]},{id:"35104",title:"Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis of PCR-Amplified Fragments (PCR-RFLP) and Gel Electrophoresis - Valuable Tool for Genotyping and Genetic Fingerprinting",slug:"restriction-fragment-length-polymorphism-analysis-of-pcr-amplified-fragments-pcr-rflp-and-related-te",totalDownloads:32395,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Henrik Berg Rasmussen",authors:[{id:"114068",title:"Dr.",name:"Henrik",middleName:null,surname:"Rasmussen",fullName:"Henrik Rasmussen",slug:"henrik-rasmussen"}]},{id:"35105",title:"Application of Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis to Microbial Systems",slug:"application-of-two-dimensional-gel-electrophoresis-to-microbial-systems",totalDownloads:9826,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Fatemeh Tabandeh, Parvin Shariati and Mahvash Khodabandeh",authors:[{id:"115663",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatemeh",middleName:null,surname:"Tabandeh",fullName:"Fatemeh Tabandeh",slug:"fatemeh-tabandeh"},{id:"118100",title:"Dr.",name:"Parvin",middleName:null,surname:"Shariati",fullName:"Parvin Shariati",slug:"parvin-shariati"},{id:"118101",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahvash",middleName:null,surname:"Khodabandeh",fullName:"Mahvash Khodabandeh",slug:"mahvash-khodabandeh"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2303",title:"Gel Electrophoresis",subtitle:"Advanced Techniques",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b6af88dfcbe43d82dc7293184207c1",slug:"gel-electrophoresis-advanced-techniques",bookSignature:"Sameh Magdeldin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2303.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"123648",title:"Dr.",name:"Sameh",surname:"Magdeldin",slug:"sameh-magdeldin",fullName:"Sameh Magdeldin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"34909",title:"Application of Gel Electrophoresis Techniques to the Study of Wine Yeast and to Improve Winemaking",slug:"application-of-gel-electrophoresis-techniques-to-the-study-of-wine-yeast-and-to-improve-winemaking",signatures:"María Esther Rodríguez, Laureana Rebordinos, Eugenia Muñoz-Bernal, Francisco Javier Fernández-Acero and Jesús Manuel Cantoral",authors:[{id:"115954",title:"Prof.",name:"Jesús Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Cantoral Fernández",fullName:"Jesús Manuel Cantoral Fernández",slug:"jesus-manuel-cantoral-fernandez"},{id:"117891",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Fernández-Acero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Fernández-Acero",slug:"francisco-javier-fernandez-acero"},{id:"117934",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Rodríguez",fullName:"Maria Esther Rodríguez",slug:"maria-esther-rodriguez"},{id:"117936",title:"Prof.",name:"Laureana",middleName:null,surname:"Rebordinos",fullName:"Laureana Rebordinos",slug:"laureana-rebordinos"},{id:"117937",title:"MSc.",name:"Eugenia",middleName:null,surname:"Muñoz-Bernal",fullName:"Eugenia Muñoz-Bernal",slug:"eugenia-munoz-bernal"}]},{id:"34910",title:"Proteomics in Seaweeds: Ecological Interpretations",slug:"proteomics-in-seaweeds-ecological-interpretations",signatures:"Loretto Contreras-Porcia and Camilo López-Cristoffanini",authors:[{id:"114982",title:"Prof.",name:"Loretto",middleName:null,surname:"Contreras-Porcia",fullName:"Loretto Contreras-Porcia",slug:"loretto-contreras-porcia"}]},{id:"34911",title:"Gel Electrophoresis Based Genetic Fingerprinting Techniques on Environmental Ecology",slug:"application-of-genetic-fingerprinting-techniques-on-environmental-ecology",signatures:"Zeynep Cetecioglu, Orhan Ince and Bahar Ince",authors:[{id:"48845",title:"Prof.",name:"Orhan",middleName:null,surname:"Ince",fullName:"Orhan Ince",slug:"orhan-ince"},{id:"53263",title:"Dr.",name:"Zeynep",middleName:null,surname:"Cetecioglu",fullName:"Zeynep Cetecioglu",slug:"zeynep-cetecioglu"},{id:"56506",title:"Prof.",name:"Bahar",middleName:null,surname:"Ince",fullName:"Bahar Ince",slug:"bahar-ince"}]},{id:"34912",title:"Gel Electrophoresis of Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) Isozymes - A Review",slug:"gel-electrophoresis-of-grapevine-vitis-vinifera-l-isozymes-a-review",signatures:"Gizella Jahnke, János Májer and János Remete",authors:[{id:"112875",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Gizella",middleName:null,surname:"Győrffyné Dr. Jahnke",fullName:"Gizella Győrffyné Dr. Jahnke",slug:"gizella-gyorffyne-dr.-jahnke"},{id:"112913",title:"BSc.",name:"János",middleName:null,surname:"Remete",fullName:"János Remete",slug:"janos-remete"},{id:"112915",title:"Dr.",name:"János",middleName:null,surname:"Májer",fullName:"János Májer",slug:"janos-majer"}]},{id:"34913",title:"Molecular Electrophoretic Technique for Authentication of the Fish Genetic Diversity",slug:"molecular-electrophoretic-technique-for-authentication-of-the-fish-genetic-diversity",signatures:"Tsai-Hsin Chiu, Yi-Cheng Su, Hui-Chiu Lin and Chung-Kang Hsu",authors:[{id:"115095",title:"Dr.",name:"Tsai-Hsin",middleName:null,surname:"Chiu",fullName:"Tsai-Hsin Chiu",slug:"tsai-hsin-chiu"},{id:"115097",title:"Dr.",name:"Yi-Cheng",middleName:null,surname:"Su",fullName:"Yi-Cheng Su",slug:"yi-cheng-su"},{id:"116176",title:"Mr.",name:"Hui-Chiu",middleName:null,surname:"Lin",fullName:"Hui-Chiu Lin",slug:"hui-chiu-lin"},{id:"116177",title:"Mr.",name:"Chung-Kang",middleName:null,surname:"Hsu",fullName:"Chung-Kang Hsu",slug:"chung-kang-hsu"}]},{id:"34914",title:"Gel Electrophoresis for Investigating Enzymes with Biotechnological Application",slug:"enzymes-with-biotechnological-application",signatures:"Maria de Lourdes T. M. Polizeli, Simone C. Peixoto-Nogueira, Tony M. da Silva, Alexandre Maller and Hamilton Cabral",authors:[{id:"120693",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria De Lourdes",middleName:"Teixeira De Moraes",surname:"Polizeli",fullName:"Maria De Lourdes Polizeli",slug:"maria-de-lourdes-polizeli"}]},{id:"34915",title:"Application of Molecular Typing Methods to the Study of Medically Relevant Gram-Positive Cocci",slug:"application-of-molecular-typing-methods-to-the-study-of-medically-relevant-gram-positive-cocci-",signatures:"Laura Bonofiglio, Noella Gardella and Marta Mollerach",authors:[{id:"115024",title:"Prof.",name:"Marta",middleName:null,surname:"Mollerach",fullName:"Marta Mollerach",slug:"marta-mollerach"},{id:"115025",title:"Dr.",name:"Noella",middleName:null,surname:"Gardella",fullName:"Noella Gardella",slug:"noella-gardella"},{id:"115026",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Bonofiglio",fullName:"Laura Bonofiglio",slug:"laura-bonofiglio"}]},{id:"34916",title:"Molecular Microbiology Applied to the Study of Phytopathogenic Fungi",slug:"molecular-microbiology-applied-to-the-study-of-phytopathogenic-fungi",signatures:"Carlos Garrido, Francisco J. Fernández-Acero, María Carbú, Victoria E. González-Rodríguez, Eva Liñeiro and Jesús M. Cantoral",authors:[{id:"115954",title:"Prof.",name:"Jesús Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Cantoral Fernández",fullName:"Jesús Manuel Cantoral Fernández",slug:"jesus-manuel-cantoral-fernandez"},{id:"117891",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Fernández-Acero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Fernández-Acero",slug:"francisco-javier-fernandez-acero"},{id:"117887",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Garrido Crespo",fullName:"Carlos Garrido Crespo",slug:"carlos-garrido-crespo"},{id:"117892",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Carbú",fullName:"Maria Carbú",slug:"maria-carbu"},{id:"117893",title:"MSc.",name:"Victoria E.",middleName:null,surname:"González-Rodríguez",fullName:"Victoria E. González-Rodríguez",slug:"victoria-e.-gonzalez-rodriguez"},{id:"117894",title:"MSc.",name:"Eva",middleName:null,surname:"Liñeiro",fullName:"Eva Liñeiro",slug:"eva-lineiro"}]},{id:"34917",title:"Molecular and Proteolytic Profiles of Trypanosoma cruzi Sylvatic Isolates from Rio de Janeiro-Brazil",slug:"molecular-and-proteolytic-profiles-of-trypanosoma-cruzi-sylvatic-isolates-from-rio-de-janeiro-brazil",signatures:"Suzete A. O. Gomes, Danielle Misael, Cristina S. Silva, Denise Feder, Alice H. Ricardo-Silva, André L. S. Santos, Jacenir R. Santos-Mallet and Teresa Cristina M. Gonçalves",authors:[{id:"108028",title:"Prof.",name:"Denise",middleName:null,surname:"Feder",fullName:"Denise Feder",slug:"denise-feder"},{id:"115927",title:"Dr.",name:"André L S",middleName:null,surname:"Santos",fullName:"André L S Santos",slug:"andre-l-s-santos"},{id:"118085",title:"Dr.",name:"Suzete",middleName:"Araujo Oliveira",surname:"Gomes",fullName:"Suzete Gomes",slug:"suzete-gomes"},{id:"140006",title:"Dr.",name:"Danielle",middleName:null,surname:"Misael",fullName:"Danielle Misael",slug:"danielle-misael"},{id:"140007",title:"MSc.",name:"Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Silva",fullName:"Cristina Silva",slug:"cristina-silva"},{id:"140008",title:"MSc.",name:"Alice",middleName:null,surname:"Ricardo Da Silva",fullName:"Alice Ricardo Da Silva",slug:"alice-ricardo-da-silva"},{id:"140045",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacenir Dos Reis",middleName:null,surname:"Santos-Mallet",fullName:"Jacenir Dos Reis Santos-Mallet",slug:"jacenir-dos-reis-santos-mallet"},{id:"140046",title:"Dr.",name:"Teresa Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Monte Gonçalves",fullName:"Teresa Cristina Monte Gonçalves",slug:"teresa-cristina-monte-goncalves"}]},{id:"34918",title:"Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis in Molecular Typing and Epidemiological Detection of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)",slug:"pulsed-field-gel-electrophoresis-in-molecular-typing-and-epidemiological-detection-of-methicillin-re",signatures:"Velazquez-Meza Maria Elena, Vázquez-Larios Rosario, Hernández Dueñas Ana Maria and Rivera Martínez Eduardo",authors:[{id:"112721",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Velazquez-Meza",fullName:"Maria Elena Velazquez-Meza",slug:"maria-elena-velazquez-meza"},{id:"117898",title:"BSc.",name:"Rosario",middleName:null,surname:"Vazquez-Larios",fullName:"Rosario Vazquez-Larios",slug:"rosario-vazquez-larios"},{id:"117900",title:"BSc.",name:"Ana Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Hernández-Dueñas",fullName:"Ana Maria Hernández-Dueñas",slug:"ana-maria-hernandez-duenas"},{id:"117903",title:"Dr.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rivera-Martínez",fullName:"Eduardo Rivera-Martínez",slug:"eduardo-rivera-martinez"}]},{id:"34919",title:"Usefulness of Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis Assay in the Molecular Epidemiological Study of Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase Producers",slug:"usefulness-of-pulsed-field-gel-electrophoresis-assay-in-the-molecular-epidemiological-study-of-exten",signatures:"Patrick Eberechi Akpaka and Padman Jayaratne",authors:[{id:"115846",title:"Dr.",name:"Patrick Eberechi",middleName:null,surname:"Akpaka",fullName:"Patrick Eberechi Akpaka",slug:"patrick-eberechi-akpaka"},{id:"118181",title:"Dr.",name:"Padman",middleName:null,surname:"Jayaratne",fullName:"Padman Jayaratne",slug:"padman-jayaratne"}]},{id:"34920",title:"Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay: Analyzing Protein - Nucleic Acid Interactions",slug:"electrophoretic-mobility-shift-assay-analyzing-protein-nucleic-acid-interactions",signatures:"Carolina Alves and Celso Cunha",authors:[{id:"113540",title:"Ms.",name:"Carolina",middleName:null,surname:"Alves",fullName:"Carolina Alves",slug:"carolina-alves"},{id:"117508",title:"Mr.",name:"Celso",middleName:null,surname:"Cunha",fullName:"Celso Cunha",slug:"celso-cunha"}]},{id:"34921",title:"Analysis of Chromosomal Replication Progression by Gel Electrophoresis",slug:"analysis-of-chromosomal-replication-progression-by-gel-electrophoresis",signatures:"Elena C. Guzmán and Enrique Viguera",authors:[{id:"38783",title:"Prof.",name:"Elena",middleName:"C.",surname:"Guzman",fullName:"Elena Guzman",slug:"elena-guzman"},{id:"117812",title:"Prof.",name:"Enrique",middleName:null,surname:"Viguera",fullName:"Enrique Viguera",slug:"enrique-viguera"}]},{id:"34922",title:"Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis an Important Tool for the Detection and Analysis of Enzymatic Activities by Electrophoretic Zymograms",slug:"polyacrylamide-gel-electrophoresis-an-important-tool-for-the-detection-and-analysis-of-enzymatic-act",signatures:"Reyna Lucero Camacho Morales, Vanesa Zazueta-Novoa, Carlos A. Leal-Morales, Alberto Flores Martínez, Patricia Ponce Noyola and Roberto Zazueta-Sandoval",authors:[{id:"113141",title:"Prof.",name:"Roberto",middleName:null,surname:"Zazueta-Sandoval Ph. D.",fullName:"Roberto Zazueta-Sandoval Ph. D.",slug:"roberto-zazueta-sandoval-ph.-d."}]},{id:"34923",title:"Applications of Zymography (Substrate-SDS-PAGE) for Peptidase Screening in a Post-Genomic Era",slug:"applications-of-zymography-substrate-sds-page-for-peptidase-screening-in-a-post-genomic-era",signatures:"Claudia M. d'Avila-Levy, André L. S. Santos, Patrícia Cuervo, José Batista de Jesus and Marta H. Branquinha",authors:[{id:"115927",title:"Dr.",name:"André L S",middleName:null,surname:"Santos",fullName:"André L S Santos",slug:"andre-l-s-santos"},{id:"110156",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia M",middleName:null,surname:"D'Avila-Levy",fullName:"Claudia M D'Avila-Levy",slug:"claudia-m-d'avila-levy"},{id:"115929",title:"Dr.",name:"Patrícia",middleName:null,surname:"Cuervo",fullName:"Patrícia Cuervo",slug:"patricia-cuervo"},{id:"115931",title:"Dr.",name:"José Batista",middleName:null,surname:"De Jesus",fullName:"José Batista De Jesus",slug:"jose-batista-de-jesus"},{id:"115932",title:"Dr.",name:"Marta H",middleName:null,surname:"Branquinha",fullName:"Marta H Branquinha",slug:"marta-h-branquinha"}]},{id:"34924",title:"Temporal Temperature Gel Electrophoresis to Survey Pathogenic Bacterial Communities: The Case of Surgical Site Infections",slug:"temporal-temperature-gel-electrophoresis-to-survey-pathogenic-bacterial-communities-the-case-of-surg",signatures:"Romano-Bertrand Sara, Parer Sylvie, Lotthé Anne, Colson Pascal, Albat Bernard and Jumas-Bilak Estelle",authors:[{id:"88986",title:"Prof.",name:"Estelle",middleName:null,surname:"Jumas-Bilak",fullName:"Estelle Jumas-Bilak",slug:"estelle-jumas-bilak"},{id:"115061",title:"Mrs.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Romano",fullName:"Sara Romano",slug:"sara-romano"},{id:"115062",title:"Dr.",name:"Sylvie",middleName:null,surname:"Parer",fullName:"Sylvie Parer",slug:"sylvie-parer"},{id:"115063",title:"Prof.",name:"Bernard",middleName:null,surname:"Albat",fullName:"Bernard Albat",slug:"bernard-albat"},{id:"115065",title:"Prof.",name:"Pascal",middleName:null,surname:"Colson",fullName:"Pascal Colson",slug:"pascal-colson"},{id:"117724",title:"Dr.",name:"Anne",middleName:null,surname:"Lotthé",fullName:"Anne Lotthé",slug:"anne-lotthe"}]},{id:"34925",title:"Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis Reveals Differential Protein Expression Between Individual Daphnia",slug:"two-dimensional-gel-electrophoresis-reveals-differential-protein-expression-between-individual-daphn",signatures:"Darren J. Bauer, Gary B. Smejkal and W. Kelley Thomas",authors:[{id:"110134",title:"Prof.",name:"Gary",middleName:null,surname:"Smejkal",fullName:"Gary Smejkal",slug:"gary-smejkal"},{id:"137298",title:"Dr.",name:"Darren J.",middleName:null,surname:"Bauer",fullName:"Darren J. Bauer",slug:"darren-j.-bauer"},{id:"139170",title:"Dr.",name:"W. Kelley",middleName:null,surname:"Thomas",fullName:"W. Kelley Thomas",slug:"w.-kelley-thomas"}]},{id:"34926",title:"Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis and Mass Spectrometry in Studies of Nanoparticle-Protein Interactions",slug:"two-dimensional-gel-electrophoresis-and-mass-spectrometry-in-studies-of-nanoparticle-protein-interac",signatures:"Helen Karlsson, Stefan Ljunggren, Maria Ahrén, Bijar Ghafouri, Kajsa Uvdal, Mats Lindahl and Anders Ljungman",authors:[{id:"115504",title:"Dr.",name:"Anders",middleName:null,surname:"Ljungman",fullName:"Anders Ljungman",slug:"anders-ljungman"},{id:"138459",title:"Dr.",name:"Helen",middleName:null,surname:"Karlsson",fullName:"Helen Karlsson",slug:"helen-karlsson"},{id:"138461",title:"MSc.",name:"Stefan",middleName:null,surname:"Ljunggren",fullName:"Stefan Ljunggren",slug:"stefan-ljunggren"},{id:"138462",title:"MSc.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Ahrén",fullName:"Maria Ahrén",slug:"maria-ahren"},{id:"138463",title:"Dr.",name:"Bijar",middleName:null,surname:"Ghafouri",fullName:"Bijar Ghafouri",slug:"bijar-ghafouri"},{id:"138464",title:"Prof.",name:"Kajsa",middleName:null,surname:"Uvdahl",fullName:"Kajsa Uvdahl",slug:"kajsa-uvdahl"},{id:"138465",title:"Dr.",name:"Mats",middleName:null,surname:"Lindahl",fullName:"Mats Lindahl",slug:"mats-lindahl"}]},{id:"34927",title:"Two Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis in Cancer Proteomics",slug:"2-d-gel-electrophoresis-in-cancer-proteomics",signatures:"Soundarapandian Kannan, Mohanan V. Sujitha, Shenbagamoorthy Sundarraj and Ramasamy Thirumurugan",authors:[{id:"112876",title:"Dr.",name:"Soundarapandian",middleName:null,surname:"Kannan",fullName:"Soundarapandian Kannan",slug:"soundarapandian-kannan"},{id:"112888",title:"Ms.",name:"Mohnan V",middleName:null,surname:"Sujitha",fullName:"Mohnan V Sujitha",slug:"mohnan-v-sujitha"},{id:"148911",title:"Mr.",name:"Shenbagamoorthy",middleName:null,surname:"Sundarraj",fullName:"Shenbagamoorthy Sundarraj",slug:"shenbagamoorthy-sundarraj"},{id:"148912",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramasamy",middleName:null,surname:"Thirumurugan",fullName:"Ramasamy Thirumurugan",slug:"ramasamy-thirumurugan"}]},{id:"34928",title:"Enzymatic Staining for Detection of Phenol-Oxidizing Isozymes Involved in Lignin- Degradation by Lentinula edodes on Native-PAGE",slug:"enzymatic-staining-for-detection-of-phenol-oxidizing-isozymes-involved-in-lignin-degradation-by-lent",signatures:"Eiji Tanesaka, Naomi Saeki, Akinori Kochi and Motonobu Yoshida",authors:[{id:"114489",title:"Dr.",name:"Eiji",middleName:null,surname:"Tanesaka",fullName:"Eiji Tanesaka",slug:"eiji-tanesaka"},{id:"117886",title:"Ms.",name:"Naomi",middleName:null,surname:"Saeki",fullName:"Naomi Saeki",slug:"naomi-saeki"},{id:"117888",title:"Prof.",name:"Motonobu",middleName:null,surname:"Yoshida",fullName:"Motonobu Yoshida",slug:"motonobu-yoshida"},{id:"139168",title:"MSc.",name:"Akinori",middleName:null,surname:"Kochi",fullName:"Akinori Kochi",slug:"akinori-kochi"}]},{id:"34929",title:"Protection Studies by Antioxidants Using Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis (Comet Assay)",slug:"protection-studies-by-antioxidants-using-comet-assay",signatures:"Pınar Erkekoglu",authors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pinar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoglu",fullName:"Pinar Erkekoglu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu"}]},{id:"34930",title:"Gel Electrophoresis as Quality Control Method of the Radiolabeled Monoclonal Antibodies",slug:"gel-electrophoresis-as-quality-control-method-of-the-radiolabeled-monoclonal-antibodies",signatures:"Veronika Kocurová",authors:[{id:"117049",title:"Dr.",name:"Veronika",middleName:null,surname:"Kocurova",fullName:"Veronika Kocurova",slug:"veronika-kocurova"}]},{id:"34931",title:"Gel Electrophoresis as a Tool to Study Polymorphism and Nutritive Value of the Seed Storage Proteins in the Grain Sorghum",slug:"gel-electrophoresis-as-a-tool-to-study-polymorphism-and-nutritive-value-of-the-seed-storage-proteins",signatures:"Lev Elkonin, Julia Italianskaya and Irina Fadeeva",authors:[{id:"118272",title:"Dr.",name:"Lev",middleName:null,surname:"Elkonin",fullName:"Lev Elkonin",slug:"lev-elkonin"},{id:"118285",title:"Mrs.",name:"Julia",middleName:null,surname:"Italianskaya",fullName:"Julia Italianskaya",slug:"julia-italianskaya"},{id:"118287",title:"Dr.",name:"Irina",middleName:null,surname:"Fadeeva",fullName:"Irina Fadeeva",slug:"irina-fadeeva"}]},{id:"34932",title:"Extraction and Electrophoresis of DNA from the Remains of Mexican Ancient Populations",slug:"extraction-of-dna-from-the-skeletal-remains-of-mexican-prehispanic-populations-",signatures:"Maria de Lourdes Muñoz, Mauro Lopez-Armenta, Miguel Moreno-Galeana, Alvaro Díaz-Badillo, Gerardo Pérez-Ramirez, Alma Herrera-Salazar, Elizabeth Mejia-Pérez-Campos, Sergio Gómez-Chávez and Adrián Martínez-Meza",authors:[{id:"115267",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria De Lourdes",middleName:null,surname:"Muñoz",fullName:"Maria De Lourdes Muñoz",slug:"maria-de-lourdes-munoz"},{id:"117759",title:"MSc.",name:"Mauro",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Armenta",fullName:"Mauro Lopez-Armenta",slug:"mauro-lopez-armenta"},{id:"117760",title:"BSc.",name:"Miguel Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Moreno-Galeana",fullName:"Miguel Angel Moreno-Galeana",slug:"miguel-angel-moreno-galeana"},{id:"117761",title:"Dr.",name:"Alvaro",middleName:null,surname:"Díaz-Badillo",fullName:"Alvaro Díaz-Badillo",slug:"alvaro-diaz-badillo"},{id:"117762",title:"Dr.",name:"Gerardo",middleName:null,surname:"Pérez-Ramirez",fullName:"Gerardo Pérez-Ramirez",slug:"gerardo-perez-ramirez"},{id:"117763",title:"Dr.",name:"Elizabeth",middleName:null,surname:"Mejia-Pérez-Campos",fullName:"Elizabeth Mejia-Pérez-Campos",slug:"elizabeth-mejia-perez-campos"},{id:"117764",title:"MSc.",name:"Adrian",middleName:null,surname:"Martinez",fullName:"Adrian Martinez",slug:"adrian-martinez"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"69229",title:"Probabilistic-Entropic Concept of Sustainable Development of the Example of Territories",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89287",slug:"probabilistic-entropic-concept-of-sustainable-development-of-the-example-of-territories",body:'\nThe term “sustainable development” originally was used in 1972 at the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm. In 1987 in a report entitled as “Our common future” of the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) where Norwegian Prime Minister Gro Harlem Brundtland was a chair, the term definition of “sustainable development” has been formulated: “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” [1]. The “sustainable development” interpretation is very common and does not show a particular way to move into practice [2]. One can point out the main conceptual complexity, which is that the concept of “sustainable development” includes two terms “sustainability” and “development.” Moreover, each of these terms is interpreted in different points.
\nThese terms are multidirectional. Really, maximizing efficiency usually increases risks, reducing the stability of the functioning of a system. Rather, excessive stability leads to an increase in the costs of its maintenance, reducing the efficiency of functioning of a system.
\nThirdly, formalization of sustainable development is a complicated complexity of the studied systems and the phenomena. Currently, there is no unambiguous, accurate interpretation of a concept of the complex system. However, there are characteristic signs, such as multidimensionality, multiconnectivity, a multiloop, multileveled (hierarchy), the composite and multipurpose nature of construction, and also indeterminacy and stochasticity of behavior. We will give below the definition which, in our opinion, most adequately characterizes the concept of the complex system.
\nDefinition 1. A complex system is called a system in the model of which there is not enough information to effectively manage this system [3].
\nThis fact leads to different understandings of “sustainable development” in relation to particular systems [4–11]. For example, in [12], there are more than 50 different interpretations of the “sustainable development” concept.
\nThe implementation of sustainable development implies that certain monitoring of the studied system or phenomenon should be carried out. Monitoring is understood as a system of constant overseeing by the current of any phenomenon for the establishment of its compliance to the initial assumptions or desirable result. This phenomenon can occur in any sphere—in social relations, in nature, in the financial and economic sphere, etc. Within monitoring, there is assessment, control of the system, and the formation of management recommendations (management of its state) depending on the impact of particular factors.
\nTherefore, the formulation of the formalized concept of monitoring sustainable development, which could be concretized for particular cases, seems to be an urgent problem. One of the possible ways is to use a systems approach [13]. Let us make an attempt to formulate monitoring of the sustainable development concept of complex systems with the example of territories.
\nThe systems approach involves the representation of the system S in the form of interrelated elements (infrastructures, key indicators, etc.). Territorial systems are complex ecological and socioeconomic systems, consisting of a large number of interacting elements. They are characterized by a huge variety and complexity of factors, elements of infrastructures, and relations between them [14]. The features of territorial systems can be attributed to [15] multidimensionality, the interconnectedness of components, stochastic nature of the behavior, multicriteriality, and diversity behavior of the elements.
\nTaking these features into account, the system S can be represented as a random vector Y = (Y1, Y2, …, Ym). Each component Yi of this vector is a one-dimensional random variable characterizing the functioning of the corresponding element of the system (Figure 1).
\nA model of the system as a structure model.
The sustainable development concept has to reflect two components: “sustainability” and “development.” Therefore, for its formulation, it is necessary to solve the following three tasks:
The development of an integral indicator which characterizes the effective functioning of the system.
Ensuring the sustainable functioning of the system.
The formation of a criterion which characterizes a sustainable development in the point of solving the first two tasks.
Consider the problem of developing an integral indicator that characterizes the effective functioning of the system.
\nMulticriteriality of complex systems functioning, including territorial, and the diversity of their elements functioning, makes the development of universal formal indicators difficult which characterizes the effectiveness of systems as a whole.
\nIt is known that entropy is a fundamental property in any systems with probabilistic behavior [16]. The concept of entropy is flexible and allows interpretation in terms of the branch of science, where it is applied. Therefore, entropy modeling is one of the promising lines of research of complex stochastic systems [17, 18, 19, 20].
\nHowever, the frequent use of entropy for modeling of open systems, in contrast to thermodynamics, is insufficiently formalized and has generally qualitative and private character; there are no rather simple and adequate mathematical models that allow associating entropy with the actual characteristics of conditions of multidimensional systems. Common in these works is the use of Shannon’s information entropy [21]. But, as it is noted in [15], the information entropy allows developing adequate entropy models only for particular problems.
\nHowever, in the same work [21], Shannon heuristically offered a formal analog of a concept of information entropy for the m-dimensional continuous random vector of Y with a probability density:
\nThis value Kolmogorov together with Gelfand and Yaglom was called subsequently differential entropy [22].
\nThe differential entropy, being the functional given on the set of the probability density of a random vector of Y, represents a number. Therefore it cannot be an adequate mathematical model of a multidimensional system. However, the practical use of entropy (1) is complicated by the need to know the distribution law of a multidimensional random value of Y.
\nIn [23] it was offered to use a differential entropy (further, an entropy) for modeling multidimensional stochastic systems. It is proven [23] that entropy in Eq. (1) can be represented as a sum of two components:
\nwhere \n
In particular, for multidimensional normally distributed random variable Y.
\nwhere R is the correlation matrix of random vector Y.
\nThe formula (2) does not always explain the behavior of the system. The addition of the component H(Y)V and H(Y)R in terms of systems analysis is incorrect since they characterize various regularities of the complex systems: H(Y)V is additivity, and H(Y)R is an integrity of the system.
\nThe practical use of the relation (2) showed that there are situations when systems with different functional states have approximately the same general entropies of H(Y), but the corresponding values of entropies of randomness H(Y)V and self-organization H(Y)R have significant differences. It schematically looks as follows. There are two the same systems Y(1) and Y(2) with different states. At the same time, \n
Complex systems, including territorial ones, are open, and their entropy can both increase and decrease. Moreover, the directions of change in the entropies of randomness H(Y)V and self-organization H(Y)R of systems may be different. To build adequate models and investigate multidimensional stochastic systems, differential entropy should be considered not in scalar, but in vector form as two components—the entropies of randomness and self-organization as [15]:
\nIn specific situations, the direction and values of the entropy vector Eq. (4) should be set on the basis of the features of the studied system. In other words, complex systems should have a balance between the entropies of randomness and self-organization.
\nThe complex systems are open. Influence of entropy on the evolution of open systems was investigated by many scientists. In their publications, it is noted that the change of open systems either leads to degradation or it is self-organization process as a result of which more complex structures appear. Prigogine [24] in 1955 formulated an extended version of the second law of thermodynamics. According to this law, the total change of entropy dS of an open system must be represented in the form of two parts. The reason of the first of them serves internal processes which are irreversible and by all means are followed by the transition of a part of the energy of ordered processes (kinetic energy of a moving body, energy of electric current, etc.) into the energy of the disordered processes and eventually in warmth. The second part is caused by the exchange of energy and substance between a system and a surrounding medium:
\nwhere dS is the total change in entropy of an open system, dSin is the change in entropy during the processes occurring in a system, and dSout is the change of entropy during the processes of exchange with the environment.
\nHowever, the question of the practical application of this theory for research of real systems has not been disclosed. Let us express the change of the total entropy of ΔH (Y) through the changes of entropies of randomness and self-organization:
\nLet us try to give an interpretation of Eq. (5) according to Eq. (6). First, it is apparent that \n
Let us consider the influence on the entropy of processes of exchange with the environment. From the environment multidimensional open system takes or gives energy, which can be treated as a change of mean square deviations \n
System elements in the process of functioning can strengthen or weaken the interaction between them due to the increase or decrease of the narrowness of correlation communication. Therefore, the change of entropy during the processes happening in a system is a change of self-organization entropy:
\nOn the basis of Eqs. (7) and (8), it is possible to make the following hypothesis.
\nHypothesis 1. The total change of entropy of an open system consists of the sum of two items. The first item characterizes the impact of the interaction of a system with the external environment and represents a change of randomness entropy. The second item characterizes the processes occurring within a system and represents a change of self-organization entropy.
\nExample 1. Entropy analysis of Yekaterinburg (regional center of Sverdlovsk region) development dynamics in 1992–2017.
\nThe effective functioning of the megalopolis as a complex system according to the vector entropy model Eq. (4) consists in the simultaneous growth of diversity, opportunities for all elements of this system, and the presence of a close interrelation between these elements. This is manifested in the fact that with the development of a megalopolis, its randomness entropy should gradually increase, and the self-organization entropy will decrease.
\nThe analysis will be performed according to the official data from the Russian Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat) [24]. Of the many basic socioeconomic indicators of cities, we will form a system of signs that characterize all the main aspects of the city’s infrastructure [15]:
Natural increase, decrease (−) per 1000 population.
The share of the working population in organizations, %.
Average monthly nominal accrued wages (in 2017 prices), thousand rubles.
The share of retirees registered with the social security authorities, %.
The total area of residential premises per one urban resident (at the end of the year), m2.
Number of pupils in preschool educational organizations, thousand people.
The number of doctors per 1000 population, people.
The number of registered crimes per thousand people.
The volume of work performed under construction contracts (in 2017 prices), ths. rub. for one person.
Retail trade turnover (in 2017 prices), ths. rub. for 1 person.
Investments in fixed assets (in 2017 prices), ths. rub. for one person.
When calculating the entropy, the estimates were performed for periods of 13 years. This period turned out to be optimal, on the one hand from the statistical smoothing point of view and on the other hand because it takes into account the dynamics of entropy change. Entropy was estimated in the vector form Eq. (4). Accounting for inflation was carried out by recalculation in 2017 prices based on consumer price indices; the different populations of cities were taken into account by the transition to relative indicators per inhabitant. Since the sample was quite small, the deviations of the empirical distributions of the considered features from the normal distribution are practically impossible to establish. Therefore, when calculating the entropies of randomness and self-organization, we use Eq. (3).
\nFigure 2 shows the graphs of changes in the entropies of randomness and self-organization in Yekaterinburg. Figure 3 shows the entropy dynamics.
\nThe change in self-organization and randomness entropies in Yekaterinburg.
Entropy dynamics in Yekaterinburg.
Analysis of graphs in Figures 2 and 3 allows us to make the following conclusions:
The period of stabilization of operation (until 2008). The randomness entropy hV increases, and the self-organization entropy hR decreases.
The global financial crisis of 2008–2009. Short-term sharp change in the direction of vector entropy to the opposite.
The period of economic recovery after the financial crisis (2009–2011), followed by a decrease in the growth rate of gross domestic product (2012–2013). The direction of vector entropy gradually changes (at first hV increases, and hR decreases, but gradually this trend fades).
Announcement of sanctions (2014). A steep increase in hR.
Functioning in terms of sanctions (since 2014). There is a practical lack of vector entropy dynamics, with the value of self-organization entropy hR fixed at the level of 2006–2007, and randomness entropy hV at the level of 2013.
The total entropy H(Y) in the period under consideration has changed slightly.
Example 2. The modeling of a system that characterizes the safety of the production.
\nSeventeen coal mining enterprises were investigated [23]. On the basis of two generalized factors (Y1 is the factor characterizing the organization of safe production; Y2 is the factor reflecting the professionalism of the staff), all enterprises were divided into two groups: (1) enterprises with a low level of injury; (2) enterprises with a high level of injury. For the first and second groups of mines, respectively, we have.
\nIn this case, the direction of the entropy change vector will differ from Example 1: at the enterprises with a high level of injury, the randomness entropy needs to be reduced, and the self-organization entropy needs to be increased.
\nFor example, this can be accomplished as follows: to bring the state of the second group of mines to the state of the first group, it is necessary to reduce the dispersion of the factor characterizing the organization of safe production and reduce interrelation with the factor reflecting the professionalism of the staff. This means a more specific and accurate organization of production. The organization of safe production should not depend on the degree of professionalism and competence of staff strongly.
\nExample 3. We investigate the possibilities of entropy modeling on the example of the population analysis in terms of prevention of chronic noninfectious diseases (CNID) by biological risk factors [23]. For carrying out the analysis of change of population entropy depending on the health status, two equal age groups were formed: 18–26 years and 27–35 years. Four risk factors were identified: “total cholesterol,” “systolic blood pressure,” “body mass index,” and “glucose level.” The results of the analysis are given in Table 1.
\nAge (years) | \nHealth status | \nRandomness entropy H(Y)V | \nSelf-organization entropy H(Y)R | \nTotal entropy H(Y) | \n
---|---|---|---|---|
18–26 | \nHealthy | \n5.500 | \n−0.514 | \n4.986 | \n
Apparently healthy | \n7.131 | \n−0.578 | \n6.553 | \n|
Patient | \n7.847 | \n−0.696 | \n7.151 | \n|
27–35 | \nHealthy | \n5.731 | \n−0.299 | \n5.432 | \n
Apparently healthy | \n8.376 | \n−0.542 | \n7.834 | \n|
Patient | \n8.720 | \n−0.781 | \n7.939 | \n
Entropy levels in different groups of people.
As the health of the population deteriorates, the total population entropy and the randomness entropy increase. This can be explained by the fact that the additional damaging influence of CNID, in general, is added to the pathological influence of risk factors on a human body separately and on all population.
\nConversely, the self-organization entropy as the deterioration of the health status of the population decreases which corresponds to the strengthening of the narrowness of the interrelations between subsystems. This can be explained by the fact that the development of diseases in the organism happens in many respects and it is interdependent. On the other hand, at the development of diseases, some subsystems can adapt to others, compensating shortcomings their functioning (substitution effect).
\nConsider the task of ensuring the system sustainable functioning. Here you first need to concretize the “sustainability” concept. Typically the stability of the system functioning is interpreted in terms of its safety. Security issues are resolved with the help of risk analysis [25]. Some authors note that growth rates of damage considerably exceed growth rates of the economy [26, 27]. This can be explained with a constant increase of risk in the conditions of a scientific and technical revolution and the forced development of a technosphere [28]. Therefore, we will assume that the functioning stability of the territorial system is intimately connected with risk; the lower the risk level, the more stable the system state. Thus, the diagnosis of system sustainability can be made on the basis of monitoring its risk. This requires adequate risk models.
\nLet S be some multidimensional stochastic system. Let us consider an adequate representation of this system as a random vector X = (X1, X2, …, Xl) with a certain probability density pX(x). The development of a complex system and an increase in the efficiency of its functioning are an inevitable cause of increasing risks. Therefore, it is necessary to assess the risks of such systems. Consider the risk model of multidimensional stochastic systems proposed in [29].
\nInstead of the generally conventional selection of concrete dangerous situations, we will define the geometric area D of adverse outcomes. Formally this area can look arbitrarily depending on a specific objective.
\nThe concept of dangerous states as larger and improbable deviations of a conception of dangerous conditions as large and improbable deviations of random variables from some best provision Θ is mostly distributed. In this case, D represents an external area of an m-axis ellipsoid.
Setting the function of consequences from dangerous situations (risk function) in the form of g(x), we will receive a model for the quantitative assessment of risk [30]:
\nIf in Eq. (9) to accept \n
If at an early stage of system analysis is difficult to describe enough precisely the g(x) function, then Eq. (2) becomes an assessment of P(D) and is a convenient initial approximation of risk model.
\nTo define a function g(x) requires a quantitative assessment of consequences for the studied system depending on values of risk factors. It demands to carry out separate research. Let us note that values of the function g(x) are given in the nominal units. But they are usually quite simply interpreted in the respective subject area. The essence of the function g(x) is as follows. It accepts the least nonnegative (e.g., zero) value in a point of Θ or in its neighborhood of U(Θ). Further in each direction during removal from U(Θ) the g(x) function has to increase monotonously. For scaling on each risk factor, we will set some limit values, at which consequences become dangerous (or irreversible). Let us set values g(x) at each such point equal to some value, for example 1. For convenience, it is desirable to impose a number of restrictions on the function g(x): convexity, continuity, etc.
\nIn [30] the variant of the task of the g(x) function in the form of a paraboloid is given. By way of illustration in Figure 4, the example of the risk function for a case \n
An example of a two-dimensional risk functions.
In the problems of risk monitoring, along with risk assessment, \n
Dividing \n
Let us note that along with a contribution to the common risk of one factor, Eqs. (10) and (11) allow us to estimate influence and groups of factors.
\nMonitoring risk on the basis of the model in Eqs. (9)–(11) consists of serial estimation in time of the actual values of r(X), \n
Let us consider the most common case when X has a joint normal distribution with a probability density:
\nwhere \n
The use of a Gaussian random vector is based on the central limit theorem [31]. As approbation on a number of examples has shown, such idealization is not so critical, and if there are any bases to consider that density of probabilities is a component of the vector of X having more extended tails, then this can be corrected by setting the g(x) function accordingly.
\nExample 4. Let us consider a two-dimensional Gaussian random vector which components have a zero average and single dispersion. In Figure 5 the example of realization of such accidental vector is shown for: (a) \n
Realization of a standard normal random vector.
From Figure 5 we see that the probability of large deviations of the random vector from the origin increases with the increase in the closeness of the correlation.
\nExample 5. Let us estimate the probability of P(D) for a Gaussian random vector of X, with the different narrowness of correlation communication \n
The analysis of schedules in Figure 6 indicates the following.
\nDependences of lgP(D) on threshold level A: (a) De(X) = 0; (b) De(X) = 0.5; (c) De(X) = 1. Designations: Row 1 (m = 1), row 2 (m = 2), row 3 (m = 3), row 4 (m = 4), row 5 (m = 5).
The increase in the probability of an unfavorable outcome is influenced by both the increase in the dimension of m and an increase in the narrowness of correlation communication between the components of a random vector of X. Let us note that even the average narrowness of correlation (\n
Example 6. Approbation of risk model of a multidimensional stochastic system for monitoring of risk of Sverdlovsk region in 1999–2017.
\nLet us execute monitoring of Sverdlovsk region on the dynamics of macroeconomic risk factors, taken as an interval of 9 years. Risk factors and their threshold levels are given in Table 2.
\nRisk factors | \nThreshold levels Kj | \n
---|---|
X1—real income movement, in % to the previous year | \n79.93 | \n
X2—the ratio of the average size of pension to subsistence minimum of pensioners | \n0.66 | \n
X3—morbidity on 1000 people of the population | \n960 | \n
X4—mortality from external causes, number of the dead on 100,000 people of the population | \n322.1 | \n
X5—wear of fixed assets on the end of the year, % | \n71.33 | \n
X6—the volume of budget revenues per capita, in the prices of 2017, thousand rubles | \n21.75 | \n
X7—quantum index of gross regional product, % to the previous year | \n88.4 | \n
X8—unemployment rate, in % | \n18 | \n
Macroeconomic risk factors of the region.
We consider that random vector X has a joint normal distribution.
\nIn Figures 7 and 8, results of the calculation of the probability of unfavorable outcome P(D) and risk r(X) for the threshold levels of risk factors K are shown.
\nEstimates of P(D) in the Sverdlovsk region.
Estimates of r(X) in the Sverdlovsk region.
Analysis of the results of monitoring of multidimensional risk in the Sverdlovsk region showed the following:
During the initial period, the greatest socioeconomic instability (the highest risk values) was observed. Then gradually the dynamics of sustainability in the region have increased (decreased risks).
After the sanctions were imposed, the risk began to increase. The lower rate of growth of r(X) than P(D) indicates that the probability of occurrence of very dangerous situations has been growing slightly since 2014.
In the Sverdlovsk region until 2010, the main contribution to regional instability was made by factor X6, then X2 became such a factor, and since 2015, the main contribution to instability was made by factor X7.
Consideration of examples shows that “development” and “sustainability” characterize various aspects of the complex systems operation. And for ensuring sustainable development, they need to be taken into account together.
\nHypothesis 2. We will understand dynamics consisting of available trends of the balanced change of a vector entropy while maintaining an acceptable level of risks as sustainable development of the complex system.
\nFor this purpose, we combine the vector entropy model and the risk model of a multidimensional stochastic system. Moreover, it is necessary to consider elements of the system (components of the random vector Z), both as risk factors Xi and as indicators Yj, characterizing the functioning of the system, that is,
\nThe case \n
Within the framework of the proposed concept, along with the tasks of monitoring complex systems discussed above, it is possible to solve management problems (development of control recommendations).
\nThe idea of vector entropy control is the transfer of the vector h(Z) from the state \n
For a Gaussian system, the vector entropy control consists in directing the entropy from some initial point \n
An illustration of vector entropy management to ensure sustainable development of the system.
The problem of the vector entropy control of the Gaussian system to ensure sustainable development will take the form:
\nwhere \n
The last constraint in Eq. (12) means positive definiteness of the matrix \n
Thus, on the basis of the use of two original models—a vector entropy and multidimensional risk—it was succeeded to formalize the new concept of sustainable development of complex systems. Both models are successfully approved on real data.
\nThis concept can be implemented by means of monitoring of the studied system. As observed parameters efficiency factors of the functioning of a system and its risk factors are used. The direction of development is given by an entropy vector, and stability is provided due to an acceptable risk level.
\nManagement recommendations are formed in the form of the solution to an extreme problem Eq. (12). This problem is solved by methods of penalty functions. Currently, the work is at a stage of practical approbation of monitoring of sustainable development of Sverdlovsk region.
\n\n
The probability-entropy concept of sustainable development of complex stochastic systems is formulated. It is based on vector entropy and multidimensional risk models.
According to the formulated concept, the sustainable development of a complex system will be understood as the dynamics consisting of the tendency of a balanced change in vector entropy while maintaining an acceptable level of risk.
The proposed concept of sustainable development has been tried out in application to territorial systems.
The present study was carried out by financial support of the Russian Fund of Fundamental Research grant № 17-01-00315 “Development of models and methods of monitoring, forecasting, and control optimization of multidimensional regional socioeconomic systems based on entropy and minimax approaches.”
\nIntechOpen Compacts provide a mid-length publishing format which bridges the gap between journal articles, book chapters and monographs, and cover content across all scientific disciplines. Compacts are the preferred publishing option for brief research reports on new topics, in-depth case studies, dissertations, or essays exploring new ideas, issues or broader topics on the research subject.
",metaTitle:"IntechOpen Compacts",metaDescription:"IntechOpen Compacts present a mid-length publishing format which bridges the gap between journal articles, book chapters, and monographs and covers content across all scientific disciplines.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/compacts",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Without sacrificing the quality of carefully edited and produced peer-reviewed content, Compacts are published as part of IntechOpen’s book collection but on a faster schedule, typically 4-6 weeks after acceptance. With an average of 132,000 visitors per week, publishing in Compacts not only guarantees high visibility but also facilitates international content sharing. As a fully Open Access publisher, the utilization of a CC BY NC 4.0 license means that other researchers will never have to pay permission fees and can adapt, use, and further build upon the material published in Compacts, eliminating any barriers to the further development of scientific research.
\\n\\nCOMPACTS-SHORT FORM MONOGRAPH
\\n\\nCOST
\\n\\n4,000 GBP Compacts Monograph - Short Form
\\n\\nThe final price will depend on the volume of the publication and includes project management, editorial and peer-review services, technical editing, language copyediting, cover design, book layout, book promotion and ISBN assignment.
\\n\\n*The price does not include Value-Added Tax (VAT). Residents of European Union countries need to add VAT based on the specific rate applicable in their country of residence. Institutions and companies registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state will not pay VAT by providing us with their VAT registration number. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\\n\\nOptional Services
\\n\\nIntechOpen has collaborated with Enago, through its sister company, Ulatus – one of the world’s leading providers of book translation services. The services are designed to convey the essence of your work seamlessly to readers from across the globe in their own language. Enago’s expert translators incorporate cultural nuances in translations to make the content relevant for local audiences while retaining the original meaning and style. With a high degree of linguistic and subject expertise, Enago translators are equipped to handle all complex and multiple overlapping themes encompassed in a single book to deliver a superior quality of translation.
\\n\\nIntechOpen Authors that wish to use this service will receive a 20% discount on all translation work. For more information or a quote, please visit: https://www.enago.com/intech.
\\n\\nFUNDING
\\n\\nWe feel that financial barriers should never prevent researchers from publishing their research. Please consult our Open Access Funding page to explore funding opportunities and learn more about how you can finance your IntechOpen publication.
\\n\\nBENEFITS
\\n\\nPUBLISHING PROCESS STEPS
\\n\\nSee a complete overview and description of the steps involved in the publishing process here.
\\n\\nSEND YOUR PROPOSAL
\\n\\nIf you are interested in publishing your book with IntechOpen, please submit your book proposal by completing the Publishing Proposal Form.
\\n\\nNot sure if this is the right option for you? Please refer back to the main Publish with IntechOpen page or feel free to contact us directly at book.department@intechopen.com
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'Without sacrificing the quality of carefully edited and produced peer-reviewed content, Compacts are published as part of IntechOpen’s book collection but on a faster schedule, typically 4-6 weeks after acceptance. With an average of 132,000 visitors per week, publishing in Compacts not only guarantees high visibility but also facilitates international content sharing. As a fully Open Access publisher, the utilization of a CC BY NC 4.0 license means that other researchers will never have to pay permission fees and can adapt, use, and further build upon the material published in Compacts, eliminating any barriers to the further development of scientific research.
\n\nCOMPACTS-SHORT FORM MONOGRAPH
\n\nCOST
\n\n4,000 GBP Compacts Monograph - Short Form
\n\nThe final price will depend on the volume of the publication and includes project management, editorial and peer-review services, technical editing, language copyediting, cover design, book layout, book promotion and ISBN assignment.
\n\n*The price does not include Value-Added Tax (VAT). Residents of European Union countries need to add VAT based on the specific rate applicable in their country of residence. Institutions and companies registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state will not pay VAT by providing us with their VAT registration number. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\n\nOptional Services
\n\nIntechOpen has collaborated with Enago, through its sister company, Ulatus – one of the world’s leading providers of book translation services. The services are designed to convey the essence of your work seamlessly to readers from across the globe in their own language. Enago’s expert translators incorporate cultural nuances in translations to make the content relevant for local audiences while retaining the original meaning and style. With a high degree of linguistic and subject expertise, Enago translators are equipped to handle all complex and multiple overlapping themes encompassed in a single book to deliver a superior quality of translation.
\n\nIntechOpen Authors that wish to use this service will receive a 20% discount on all translation work. For more information or a quote, please visit: https://www.enago.com/intech.
\n\nFUNDING
\n\nWe feel that financial barriers should never prevent researchers from publishing their research. Please consult our Open Access Funding page to explore funding opportunities and learn more about how you can finance your IntechOpen publication.
\n\nBENEFITS
\n\nPUBLISHING PROCESS STEPS
\n\nSee a complete overview and description of the steps involved in the publishing process here.
\n\nSEND YOUR PROPOSAL
\n\nIf you are interested in publishing your book with IntechOpen, please submit your book proposal by completing the Publishing Proposal Form.
\n\nNot sure if this is the right option for you? Please refer back to the main Publish with IntechOpen page or feel free to contact us directly at book.department@intechopen.com
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5681},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5161},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1683},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10200},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:886},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15610}],offset:12,limit:12,total:117095},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"21,16"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10231",title:"Proton Therapy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f4a9009287953c8d1d89f0fa9b7597b0",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10231.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10673",title:"The Psychology of Trust",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1f6cac41fd145f718ac0866264499cc8",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10673.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10723",title:"Brachial Plexus Injury",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"441fb315d751efcdc4ae3fdb03808b46",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10723.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10731",title:"Cannabinoids",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1d2e090ecf2415b8d3c9fba15856b7b1",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10731.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10712",title:"Thrombectomy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"853e71d74c3dd5007277d3770e639d47",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10712.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10721",title:"Preeclampsia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d23fca4321fbc65c3e5c3e0d377c6e1f",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10721.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10729",title:"Sepsis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3981e82a4ab305272c07784a8f7298fb",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10729.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10708",title:"Regional Anesthesia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b481b3c45dfcce8c4f048ce08f520763",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10708.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10717",title:"Gestational Diabetes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9e38724c0e4f2bd852444e9b6f0facc8",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10717.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10725",title:"Paranasal Sinuses Anatomy and Conditions",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"7373bad684eb0c956ad2725227cd7227",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10725.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10703",title:"Cardiovascular Risk Factors",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"74951b49bbb62ec0de58ef39b777256b",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10703.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10714",title:"Decompression",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"bc40028a7727e796398dccca1b24e866",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10714.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:60},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:111},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7769",title:"Medical Isotopes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f8d3c5a6c9a42398e56b4e82264753f7",slug:"medical-isotopes",bookSignature:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi and Muhammad Babar Imrani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7769.jpg",editors:[{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9376",title:"Contemporary Developments and Perspectives in International Health Security",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9a00b84cd04aae458fb1d6c65795601",slug:"contemporary-developments-and-perspectives-in-international-health-security-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki, Michael S. Firstenberg, Sagar C. Galwankar, Ricardo Izurieta and Thomas Papadimos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9376.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9279",title:"Concepts, Applications and Emerging Opportunities in Industrial Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9bfa87f9b627a5468b7c1e30b0eea07a",slug:"concepts-applications-and-emerging-opportunities-in-industrial-engineering",bookSignature:"Gary Moynihan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9279.jpg",editors:[{id:"16974",title:"Dr.",name:"Gary",middleName:null,surname:"Moynihan",slug:"gary-moynihan",fullName:"Gary Moynihan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7807",title:"A Closer Look at Organizational Culture in Action",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"05c608b9271cc2bc711f4b28748b247b",slug:"a-closer-look-at-organizational-culture-in-action",bookSignature:"Süleyman Davut Göker",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7807.jpg",editors:[{id:"190035",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Süleyman Davut",middleName:null,surname:"Göker",slug:"suleyman-davut-goker",fullName:"Süleyman Davut Göker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7796",title:"Human 4.0",subtitle:"From Biology to Cybernetic",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5ac5c052d3a593d5c4f4df66d005e5af",slug:"human-4-0-from-biology-to-cybernetic",bookSignature:"Yves Rybarczyk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7796.jpg",editors:[{id:"72920",title:"Prof.",name:"Yves",middleName:"Philippe",surname:"Rybarczyk",slug:"yves-rybarczyk",fullName:"Yves Rybarczyk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9711",title:"Pests, Weeds and Diseases in Agricultural Crop and Animal Husbandry Production",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"12cf675f1e433135dd5bf5df7cec124f",slug:"pests-weeds-and-diseases-in-agricultural-crop-and-animal-husbandry-production",bookSignature:"Dimitrios Kontogiannatos, Anna Kourti and Kassio Ferreira Mendes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9711.jpg",editors:[{id:"196691",title:"Dr.",name:"Dimitrios",middleName:null,surname:"Kontogiannatos",slug:"dimitrios-kontogiannatos",fullName:"Dimitrios Kontogiannatos"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10178",title:"Environmental Emissions",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"febf21ec717bfe20ae25a9dab9b5d438",slug:"environmental-emissions",bookSignature:"Richard Viskup",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10178.jpg",editors:[{id:"103742",title:"Dr.",name:"Richard",middleName:null,surname:"Viskup",slug:"richard-viskup",fullName:"Richard Viskup"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8511",title:"Cyberspace",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8c1cdeb133dbe6cc1151367061c1bba6",slug:"cyberspace",bookSignature:"Evon Abu-Taieh, Abdelkrim El Mouatasim and Issam H. Al Hadid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8511.jpg",editors:[{id:"223522",title:"Dr.",name:"Evon",middleName:"M.O.",surname:"Abu-Taieh",slug:"evon-abu-taieh",fullName:"Evon Abu-Taieh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9534",title:"Banking and Finance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"af14229738af402c3b595d7e124dce82",slug:"banking-and-finance",bookSignature:"Razali Haron, Maizaitulaidawati Md Husin and Michael Murg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9534.jpg",editors:[{id:"206517",title:"Prof.",name:"Razali",middleName:null,surname:"Haron",slug:"razali-haron",fullName:"Razali Haron"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5126},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8697",title:"Virtual Reality and Its Application in Education",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ee01b5e387ba0062c6b0d1e9227bda05",slug:"virtual-reality-and-its-application-in-education",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8697.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9785",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f457ca61f29cf7e8bc191732c50bb0ce",slug:"endometriosis",bookSignature:"Courtney Marsh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9785.jpg",editors:[{id:"255491",title:"Dr.",name:"Courtney",middleName:null,surname:"Marsh",slug:"courtney-marsh",fullName:"Courtney Marsh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8468",title:"Sheep Farming",subtitle:"An Approach to Feed, Growth and Sanity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"838f08594850bc04aa14ec873ed1b96f",slug:"sheep-farming-an-approach-to-feed-growth-and-sanity",bookSignature:"António Monteiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8468.jpg",editors:[{id:"190314",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"Cardoso",surname:"Monteiro",slug:"antonio-monteiro",fullName:"António Monteiro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8816",title:"Financial Crises",subtitle:"A Selection of Readings",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f2f49fb903656e4e54280c79fabd10c",slug:"financial-crises-a-selection-of-readings",bookSignature:"Stelios Markoulis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8816.jpg",editors:[{id:"237863",title:"Dr.",name:"Stelios",middleName:null,surname:"Markoulis",slug:"stelios-markoulis",fullName:"Stelios Markoulis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9376",title:"Contemporary Developments and Perspectives in International Health Security",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9a00b84cd04aae458fb1d6c65795601",slug:"contemporary-developments-and-perspectives-in-international-health-security-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki, Michael S. Firstenberg, Sagar C. Galwankar, Ricardo Izurieta and Thomas Papadimos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9376.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7769",title:"Medical Isotopes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f8d3c5a6c9a42398e56b4e82264753f7",slug:"medical-isotopes",bookSignature:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi and Muhammad Babar Imrani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7769.jpg",editors:[{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8468",title:"Sheep Farming",subtitle:"An Approach to Feed, Growth and Sanity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"838f08594850bc04aa14ec873ed1b96f",slug:"sheep-farming-an-approach-to-feed-growth-and-sanity",bookSignature:"António Monteiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8468.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"190314",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"Cardoso",surname:"Monteiro",slug:"antonio-monteiro",fullName:"António Monteiro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9523",title:"Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5eb6ec2db961a6c8965d11180a58d5c1",slug:"oral-and-maxillofacial-surgery",bookSignature:"Gokul Sridharan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9523.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82453",title:"Dr.",name:"Gokul",middleName:null,surname:"Sridharan",slug:"gokul-sridharan",fullName:"Gokul Sridharan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9785",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f457ca61f29cf7e8bc191732c50bb0ce",slug:"endometriosis",bookSignature:"Courtney Marsh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9785.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"255491",title:"Dr.",name:"Courtney",middleName:null,surname:"Marsh",slug:"courtney-marsh",fullName:"Courtney Marsh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9018",title:"Some RNA Viruses",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a5cae846dbe3692495fc4add2f60fd84",slug:"some-rna-viruses",bookSignature:"Yogendra Shah and Eltayb Abuelzein",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9018.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"278914",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yogendra",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"yogendra-shah",fullName:"Yogendra Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8816",title:"Financial Crises",subtitle:"A Selection of Readings",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f2f49fb903656e4e54280c79fabd10c",slug:"financial-crises-a-selection-of-readings",bookSignature:"Stelios Markoulis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"237863",title:"Dr.",name:"Stelios",middleName:null,surname:"Markoulis",slug:"stelios-markoulis",fullName:"Stelios Markoulis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9585",title:"Advances in Complex Valvular Disease",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef64f11e211621ecfe69c46e60e7ca3d",slug:"advances-in-complex-valvular-disease",bookSignature:"Michael S. Firstenberg and Imran Khan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9585.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64343",title:null,name:"Michael S.",middleName:"S",surname:"Firstenberg",slug:"michael-s.-firstenberg",fullName:"Michael S. Firstenberg"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10150",title:"Smart Manufacturing",subtitle:"When Artificial Intelligence Meets the Internet of Things",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"87004a19de13702d042f8ff96d454698",slug:"smart-manufacturing-when-artificial-intelligence-meets-the-internet-of-things",bookSignature:"Tan Yen Kheng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10150.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"78857",title:"Dr.",name:"Tan Yen",middleName:null,surname:"Kheng",slug:"tan-yen-kheng",fullName:"Tan Yen Kheng"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9386",title:"Direct Numerical Simulations",subtitle:"An Introduction and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"158a3a0fdba295d21ff23326f5a072d5",slug:"direct-numerical-simulations-an-introduction-and-applications",bookSignature:"Srinivasa Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9386.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6897",title:"Dr.",name:"Srinivasa",middleName:"P",surname:"Rao",slug:"srinivasa-rao",fullName:"Srinivasa Rao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1357",title:"Metrology",slug:"technology-industrial-engineering-metrology",parent:{title:"Industrial Engineering",slug:"technology-industrial-engineering"},numberOfBooks:2,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:55,numberOfWosCitations:30,numberOfCrossrefCitations:15,numberOfDimensionsCitations:41,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"technology-industrial-engineering-metrology",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"6594",title:"Temperature Sensing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"598e9ad9be0629fa35cf14915a8da943",slug:"temperature-sensing",bookSignature:"Ivanka Stanimirovi? and Zdravko Stanimirovi?",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6594.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3420",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivanka",middleName:null,surname:"Stanimirović",slug:"ivanka-stanimirovic",fullName:"Ivanka Stanimirović"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1547",title:"Modern Metrology Concerns",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"27edf8c2b79a9c6ae0c3d87ca8cae49c",slug:"modern-metrology-concerns",bookSignature:"Luigi Cocco",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1547.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"112023",title:"Dr.",name:"Luigi",middleName:null,surname:"Cocco",slug:"luigi-cocco",fullName:"Luigi Cocco"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:2,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"36717",doi:"10.5772/36553",title:"Optical Measurements: Polarization and Coherence of Light Fields",slug:"the-state-of-the-art-ande-prospects-of-metrology",totalDownloads:2736,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:17,book:{slug:"modern-metrology-concerns",title:"Modern Metrology Concerns",fullTitle:"Modern Metrology Concerns"},signatures:"O. V. Angelsky, P. V. Polyanskii, I. I. Mokhun, C. Yu. Zenkova, H. V. Bogatyryova, Ch. V. Felde, V. T. Bachinskiy, T. M. Boichuk and A. G. Ushenko",authors:[{id:"108799",title:"Prof.",name:"Oleg",middleName:null,surname:"Angelsky",slug:"oleg-angelsky",fullName:"Oleg Angelsky"}]},{id:"36722",doi:"10.5772/37508",title:"Relativistic Metrology: From Earth to Astrophysics",slug:"relativistic-metrology-from-earth-to-astrophysics",totalDownloads:1372,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:6,book:{slug:"modern-metrology-concerns",title:"Modern Metrology Concerns",fullTitle:"Modern Metrology Concerns"},signatures:"Luca Lusanna",authors:[{id:"113030",title:"Dr.",name:"Luca",middleName:null,surname:"Lusanna",slug:"luca-lusanna",fullName:"Luca Lusanna"}]},{id:"60618",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75943",title:"Temperature in Machining of Aluminum Alloys",slug:"temperature-in-machining-of-aluminum-alloys",totalDownloads:476,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"temperature-sensing",title:"Temperature Sensing",fullTitle:"Temperature Sensing"},signatures:"Mário C. Santos, Alisson R. Machado and Marcos A.S. Barrozo",authors:[{id:"234961",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Cezar",middleName:"Cezar",surname:"Santos",slug:"mario-cezar-santos",fullName:"Mario Cezar Santos"},{id:"245753",title:"Dr.",name:"Alisson",middleName:null,surname:"R. Machado",slug:"alisson-r.-machado",fullName:"Alisson R. Machado"},{id:"245754",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcos",middleName:null,surname:"A. S. Barrozo",slug:"marcos-a.-s.-barrozo",fullName:"Marcos A. S. Barrozo"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"36710",title:"Dimensional Metrology and Frequency Sweeping Interferometry",slug:"dimensional-metrology-and-frequency-sweeping-interferometry",totalDownloads:2045,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"modern-metrology-concerns",title:"Modern Metrology Concerns",fullTitle:"Modern Metrology Concerns"},signatures:"Alexandre Cabral, José Manuel Rebordão and Manuel Abreu",authors:[{id:"113515",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandre",middleName:null,surname:"Cabral",slug:"alexandre-cabral",fullName:"Alexandre Cabral"},{id:"113519",title:"Prof.",name:"José",middleName:null,surname:"Rebordão",slug:"jose-rebordao",fullName:"José Rebordão"},{id:"113520",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Abreu",slug:"manuel-abreu",fullName:"Manuel Abreu"}]},{id:"36717",title:"Optical Measurements: Polarization and Coherence of Light Fields",slug:"the-state-of-the-art-ande-prospects-of-metrology",totalDownloads:2736,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:17,book:{slug:"modern-metrology-concerns",title:"Modern Metrology Concerns",fullTitle:"Modern Metrology Concerns"},signatures:"O. V. Angelsky, P. V. Polyanskii, I. I. Mokhun, C. Yu. Zenkova, H. V. Bogatyryova, Ch. V. Felde, V. T. Bachinskiy, T. M. Boichuk and A. G. Ushenko",authors:[{id:"108799",title:"Prof.",name:"Oleg",middleName:null,surname:"Angelsky",slug:"oleg-angelsky",fullName:"Oleg Angelsky"}]},{id:"36711",title:"Nano-Accuracy Surface Figure Metrology of Precision Optics",slug:"nanoaccuracy-surface-figure-metrology-of-precision-optics",totalDownloads:4415,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"modern-metrology-concerns",title:"Modern Metrology Concerns",fullTitle:"Modern Metrology Concerns"},signatures:"Shinan Qian and Peter Takacs",authors:[{id:"111260",title:"Prof.",name:"Shinan",middleName:null,surname:"Qian",slug:"shinan-qian",fullName:"Shinan Qian"},{id:"111627",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Takacs",slug:"peter-takacs",fullName:"Peter Takacs"}]},{id:"36722",title:"Relativistic Metrology: From Earth to Astrophysics",slug:"relativistic-metrology-from-earth-to-astrophysics",totalDownloads:1372,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:6,book:{slug:"modern-metrology-concerns",title:"Modern Metrology Concerns",fullTitle:"Modern Metrology Concerns"},signatures:"Luca Lusanna",authors:[{id:"113030",title:"Dr.",name:"Luca",middleName:null,surname:"Lusanna",slug:"luca-lusanna",fullName:"Luca Lusanna"}]},{id:"36712",title:"Josephson Junctions for Present and Next Generation Voltage Metrology",slug:"josephson-junctions-for-present-and-next-generation-voltage-standard",totalDownloads:2410,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"modern-metrology-concerns",title:"Modern Metrology Concerns",fullTitle:"Modern Metrology Concerns"},signatures:"Vincenzo Lacquaniti and Andrea Sosso",authors:[{id:"108311",title:"Dr.",name:"Vincenzo",middleName:null,surname:"Lacquaniti",slug:"vincenzo-lacquaniti",fullName:"Vincenzo Lacquaniti"}]},{id:"36723",title:"Development of Metrology for Modern Biology",slug:"development-of-metrology-for-modern-biology",totalDownloads:2230,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"modern-metrology-concerns",title:"Modern Metrology Concerns",fullTitle:"Modern Metrology Concerns"},signatures:"Sang-Ryoul Park, Jun-Hyuk Choi and Ji-Seon Jeong",authors:[{id:"112421",title:"Dr.",name:"Sang-Ryoul",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"sang-ryoul-park",fullName:"Sang-Ryoul Park"},{id:"112444",title:"Dr.",name:"Jun-Hyuk",middleName:null,surname:"Choi",slug:"jun-hyuk-choi",fullName:"Jun-Hyuk Choi"},{id:"142624",title:"Dr.",name:"Ji-Seon",middleName:null,surname:"Jeong",slug:"ji-seon-jeong",fullName:"Ji-Seon Jeong"}]},{id:"59492",title:"Optic-Fiber Temperature Sensor",slug:"optic-fiber-temperature-sensor",totalDownloads:604,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"temperature-sensing",title:"Temperature Sensing",fullTitle:"Temperature Sensing"},signatures:"Yundong Zhang, Huaiyin Su, Kai Ma, Fuxing Zhu, Ying Guo and\nWeiguo Jiang",authors:[{id:"4353",title:"Professor",name:"Yundong",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yundong-zhang",fullName:"Yundong Zhang"},{id:"240781",title:"Dr.",name:"Huaiyin",middleName:null,surname:"Su",slug:"huaiyin-su",fullName:"Huaiyin Su"},{id:"240783",title:"Dr.",name:"Kai",middleName:null,surname:"Ma",slug:"kai-ma",fullName:"Kai Ma"},{id:"240785",title:"Mr.",name:"Fuxing",middleName:null,surname:"Zhu",slug:"fuxing-zhu",fullName:"Fuxing Zhu"},{id:"240786",title:"Ms.",name:"Ying",middleName:null,surname:"Guo",slug:"ying-guo",fullName:"Ying Guo"},{id:"240787",title:"Dr.",name:"Weiguo",middleName:null,surname:"Jiang",slug:"weiguo-jiang",fullName:"Weiguo Jiang"}]},{id:"36715",title:"Fast Method for Frequency Measurement by Rational Approximations with Application in Mechatronics",slug:"fast-method-for-frequency-measurement-by-rational-approximations-with-application-in-mecatronics",totalDownloads:2691,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"modern-metrology-concerns",title:"Modern Metrology Concerns",fullTitle:"Modern Metrology Concerns"},signatures:"Daniel Hernandez-Balbuena, Oleg Sergiyenko, Patricia L. A. Rosas-Méndez, Vera Tyrsa and Moises Rivas-Lopez",authors:[{id:"51184",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Hernandez-Balbuena",slug:"daniel-hernandez-balbuena",fullName:"Daniel Hernandez-Balbuena"},{id:"58036",title:"Dr.",name:"Oleg",middleName:null,surname:"Sergiyenko",slug:"oleg-sergiyenko",fullName:"Oleg Sergiyenko"},{id:"58037",title:"MSc.",name:"Patricia L. A.",middleName:null,surname:"Rosas-Mendez",slug:"patricia-l.-a.-rosas-mendez",fullName:"Patricia L. A. Rosas-Mendez"},{id:"58038",title:"Dr.",name:"Vera",middleName:null,surname:"Tyrsa",slug:"vera-tyrsa",fullName:"Vera Tyrsa"}]},{id:"36719",title:"Attosecond Metrology and Spectroscopy",slug:"attosecond-metrology-and-spectroscopy",totalDownloads:1806,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"modern-metrology-concerns",title:"Modern Metrology Concerns",fullTitle:"Modern Metrology Concerns"},signatures:"Martin Schultze and Reinhard Kienberger",authors:[{id:"112066",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",middleName:null,surname:"Schultze",slug:"martin-schultze",fullName:"Martin Schultze"},{id:"112761",title:"Prof.",name:"Reinhard",middleName:null,surname:"Kienberger",slug:"reinhard-kienberger",fullName:"Reinhard Kienberger"}]},{id:"36718",title:"Digital Demodulation of Interferometric Signals",slug:"digital-demodulation-of-interferometric-signals",totalDownloads:4495,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"modern-metrology-concerns",title:"Modern Metrology Concerns",fullTitle:"Modern Metrology Concerns"},signatures:"Tristan J. Tayag and R. Collins Watson",authors:[{id:"106491",title:"Prof.",name:"Tristan",middleName:"Jorge",surname:"Tayag",slug:"tristan-tayag",fullName:"Tristan Tayag"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"technology-industrial-engineering-metrology",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/161559/cenk-misirli",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"161559",slug:"cenk-misirli"},fullPath:"/profiles/161559/cenk-misirli",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()