Substitution events detected in complete D-loop sequences from multiple sequence alignment between Cows (35 animals) and buffaloes (53 animals).
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"10561",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Health-Related Quality of Life - Measurement Tools, Predictors and Modifiers",title:"Health-Related Quality of Life",subtitle:"Measurement Tools, Predictors and Modifiers",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The concept of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) has evolved since the 1980s, with broad-based applications for clinical care, research, and health policy, as well as for individual and patient use. This book, Health-Related Quality of Life - Measurement Tools, Predictors and Modifiers, highlights measurement tools for HRQoL, as well as predictors and modifiers, examining HRQoL in various disease states, including psychological health. It also discusses ethical issues in the use of HRQoL measurements. The book is a compendium of original research, sharing perspectives from across developing and developed world settings. It is a useful text for researchers and students of academic disciplines in public health and clinical studies, extending to healthcare administrators and policymakers.",isbn:"978-1-83969-021-1",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-020-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-022-8",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92935",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"health-related-quality-of-life-measurement-tools-predictors-and-modifiers",numberOfPages:196,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"eceab01f2adff820de3b93dcf2879ee4",bookSignature:"Jasneth Mullings, Sage Arbor and Medhane Cumbay",publishedDate:"April 6th 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10561.jpg",numberOfDownloads:1896,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:1,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:2,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 6th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 3rd 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 2nd 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"March 23rd 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"May 22nd 2021",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"248594",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jasneth",middleName:null,surname:"Mullings",slug:"jasneth-mullings",fullName:"Jasneth Mullings",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248594/images/system/248594.jpeg",biography:"Jasneth Mullings, Ph.D., is a social epidemiologist in the Faculty of Medical Sciences, the University of the West Indies at Mona, Jamaica. Her research focuses on the mental health effects of neighborhood structural and social processes and she serves as a strategic advisor to UrbanHealth360, global thought leaders in urban health.",institutionString:"The University Of The West Indies - Mona Campus, Jamaica",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:{id:"245319",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sage",middleName:null,surname:"Arbor",slug:"sage-arbor",fullName:"Sage Arbor",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/245319/images/system/245319.png",biography:"Sage Arbor is a computational biologist whose research includes fields ranging from drug design, systems biology, and epigenetic database creation to fitness app development. His work spans a broad biomedical spectrum from drug design to clinical trial analysis, including being a medical school professor and researcher, project management of developers/analysts of globally distributed labs, electronic medical record data mining (SQL and NoSQL), Python/pandas coding, data segmentation, 6σ improvement, pathway mapping, and computational drug design and synthesis. Having worked at multiple academic institutions (Duke, Marian University) and companies (e.g., Pfizer and Dupont), his research has been on both proprietary and open-access datasets for publication to the wider scientific community. His recent publication topics include quality of life modifiers, therapeutic interventions for Alzheimer\\'s disease, bioethical versus religious standards, and scientific training in those deciding public policy.",institutionString:"Duke University School of Medicine",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Duke University School of Medicine",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"326464",title:"Dr.",name:"Medhane",middleName:null,surname:"Cumbay",slug:"medhane-cumbay",fullName:"Medhane Cumbay",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/326464/images/system/326464.jpg",biography:"Dr. Medhane Cumbay has extensive experience in cell surface receptor function as it relates to cellular signaling, elucidating drug-receptor interactions, neurodegenerative diseases, and drug development. He earned a BS in Biochemistry and Biophysics from Oregon State University in 1995. While working with multiple research groups at Oregon Health Sciences University between 1995 and 1998, Dr. Cumbay developed an interest in neuroscience and neuropharmacology. This led him to pursue a doctoral degree at Purdue University, Indiana, where he earned a Ph.D. in Molecular Pharmacology in 2004. He completed a postdoctoral fellowship at the Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine. He joined the faculty at Butler University, Indiana, in 2007, and the Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Indiana, in 2015.",institutionString:"Marian University - Indiana",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Marian University - Indiana",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1132",title:"Health Care",slug:"medicine-public-health-health-care"}],chapters:[{id:"76585",title:"Modifiers of Health-Related Quality of Life by Biological, Psychological and Social Factors",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97451",slug:"modifiers-of-health-related-quality-of-life-by-biological-psychological-and-social-factors",totalDownloads:192,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Healthcare workers, clinicians and/or researchers require information on the consequences of illness on their patients, as well as on the effects associated with treatments, when making decisions on recommended treatments and for follow-up evaluations of the same. Identifying health indicators which provide necessary and appropriate data for the evaluation of clinical outcomes in terms of Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL), as established by the WHO Biopsychosocial Model, and which provide appropriate and pertinent information on physical, mental and social factors in patients, can improve decision-making in relation to a comprehensive and global perspective of clinical outcomes of the various treatments and procedures given to patients. This chapter aims to provide an overview of the various tools for assessing Health-Related Quality of Life, as a growing number of clinicians, researchers and patient groups wish for comprehensive and not merely biological measures of health. This may be explained by the growing number of self-administered or interview questionnaires which have the aim of measuring changes in health as well as the consequences of the various treatments used mainly on chronicity and chronic health conditions. During recent decades, numerous tools have been developed and applied to the measurement of the effects of Health-Related Quality of Life in patients based on biological or physical aspects, psychological or mental aspects, and social aspects. This chapter will review the most frequently-used tools for the measurement of Health-Related Quality of Life, and recommendations are made for their use in medical care according to psychometric characteristics and quality criteria, as a guide for use in the field of healthcare, in public health, or in outcomes research.",signatures:"Jose Antonio Miron Canelo, Maria-Fernanda Lorenzo Gómez, Elena Iglesias De Sena and Luz Celia Fernández Martín",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76585",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76585",authors:[{id:"65054",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria-Fernanda",surname:"Gómez Lorenzo",slug:"maria-fernanda-gomez-lorenzo",fullName:"Maria-Fernanda Gómez Lorenzo"},{id:"120721",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose Antonio",surname:"Miron Canelo",slug:"jose-antonio-miron-canelo",fullName:"Jose Antonio Miron Canelo"},{id:"346684",title:"Prof.",name:"Elena",surname:"Iglesias De Sena",slug:"elena-iglesias-de-sena",fullName:"Elena Iglesias De Sena"},{id:"347161",title:"Prof.",name:"Luz Celia",surname:"Fernández Martín",slug:"luz-celia-fernandez-martin",fullName:"Luz Celia Fernández Martín"}],corrections:null},{id:"76548",title:"Ethical Issues Which Have Prevented the U.S. from Maximizing Quality of Life Years",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97561",slug:"ethical-issues-which-have-prevented-the-u-s-from-maximizing-quality-of-life-years",totalDownloads:161,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The cost of healthcare interventions varies greatly with age, with a significant fraction of cost being spent in the last two years of life. Treating a child can save orders of magnitude more life-years than an octogenarian treated for the same disease, such as cancer. While Quality-Adjusted Life Years (QALYs) can be used to plan a roadmap for how resources should be expended to maximize quality of life the execution of those plans often fail due to societal norms which trump the carefully measured QALYs, resulting in lowered average number and/or quality of years lived. The ethical issues concerning age, sex, lifestyle (smoking, drinking, obesity), cost transparency, and extreme examples (war, population explosion vs. collapse) will be discussed.",signatures:"Sage Arbor",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76548",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76548",authors:[{id:"245319",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sage",surname:"Arbor",slug:"sage-arbor",fullName:"Sage Arbor"}],corrections:null},{id:"76493",title:"Assessment of Pain, Acceptance of Illness, Adjustment to Life and Strategies of Coping with the Illness in Patients with Pancreatic Cancer",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97325",slug:"assessment-of-pain-acceptance-of-illness-adjustment-to-life-and-strategies-of-coping-with-the-illnes",totalDownloads:141,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Pancreatic cancer is the fourth most common cancer causing death in the world. The prognosis of patients with pancreatic cancer is relatively low, which may be reflected in the patients’ lack of acceptance of the illness and passive attitudes towards the illness. The aim of the study was to evaluate the strategy of coping with pain and its control, acceptance of the illness and adjustment to life with cancer in patients suffering from pancreatic cancer. Forty-six patients with pancreatic cancer were included in the study. They were treated as outpatients at the Center of Oncology at Maria Skłodowska-Curie’s Institute in Warsaw between 2017 and 2018. The questionnaire included four psychometric tests: BPCQ, CSQ, AIS and MiniMAC. In the BPCQ test the highest average test result was obtained by “internal factors” (M = 16.85; SD = 5.64). The most frequently chosen strategies for coping with pain are praying/hoping (M = 22.33; SD = 7.85). The average illness acceptance score was 23.13 (SD = 7.84). The most common methods of psychological adjustment to cancer for the studied group are the strategies of positive re-evaluation (M = 20.07, SD = 3.67). Patients with pancreatic cancer have a low level of acceptance of their illness.",signatures:"Urszula Religioni, Aleksandra Czerw, Anna M. Badowska-Kozakiewicz, Michał Budzik and Andrzej Deptała",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76493",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76493",authors:[{id:"186172",title:"Dr.",name:"Aleksandra",surname:"Czerw",slug:"aleksandra-czerw",fullName:"Aleksandra Czerw"},{id:"230329",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",surname:"Badowska-Kozakiewicz",slug:"anna-badowska-kozakiewicz",fullName:"Anna Badowska-Kozakiewicz"},{id:"241210",title:"Dr.",name:"Michał",surname:"Budzik",slug:"michal-budzik",fullName:"Michał Budzik"},{id:"337022",title:"Dr.",name:"Urszula",surname:"Religioni",slug:"urszula-religioni",fullName:"Urszula Religioni"},{id:"337023",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrzej",surname:"Deptała",slug:"andrzej-deptala",fullName:"Andrzej Deptała"}],corrections:null},{id:"77739",title:"Predictors of Health-Related Quality of Life among Patients with Diabetes Mellitus",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99179",slug:"predictors-of-health-related-quality-of-life-among-patients-with-diabetes-mellitus",totalDownloads:147,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The health of general population cannot be well characterized from the analyses of mortality and morbidity statistics alone, particularly for patients of chronic diseases including diabetes mellitus. It is equally important to contemplate health in terms of people’s assessment of their sense of well-being and ability to perform social roles. A number of reasons are there to measure the health-related quality of life among patients with diabetes mellitus. For one thing, diabetes patients are highly interested in functional capacity and well-being. On the other hand, patients in the same clinical manifestations might have different responses. Either general or specific instruments could be utilized to measure the health-related quality of life of diabetes patients. Choice of the instrument depends on time of the measurement, validity of the instrument and the interpretability. In Ethiopia, short form 36 (SF-36) instruments were utilized and the highest (63.2 ± 34.4) and the lowest (30.2 ± 22.9) mean score scored in physical functioning and general health domain respectively. The study indicated that age, sex, marital status, educational status, feeling of stigmatized, co-morbidity status, chronic complication and body mass index are some of the predictors of health-related quality of life for patients living with diabetes mellitus.",signatures:"Bikila Regassa Feyisa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77739",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77739",authors:[{id:"335491",title:"Mr.",name:"Bikila Regassa",surname:"Feyisa",slug:"bikila-regassa-feyisa",fullName:"Bikila Regassa Feyisa"}],corrections:null},{id:"76558",title:"Quality of Life in Patients with Skin Disease and Their Cohabitants",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97450",slug:"quality-of-life-in-patients-with-skin-disease-and-their-cohabitants",totalDownloads:246,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Health evaluation implies assess multidimensional aspects of a person’s development, such as physical, social, psychological, and emotional features. It is important to consider all these factors to apply a needs-oriented each patient approach. Chronic skin diseases have a great impact on quality of life, even more than other chronic conditions. For example, hidradenitis suppurativa is estimated to impair quality of life more than cardiovascular disease, lung disease or endocrine diseases. Multiple tools have been developed to measure health-related quality of life in patient, being the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) the most used. Psoriasis, hidradenitis suppurativa, acne, atopic dermatitis and hair disorders are those with the greatest impact on patients’ quality of life. Moreover, chronic skin conditions impair not only patients’ quality of life, but also cohabitants. Nevertheless, there is scarce information regarding the impact on their cohabitants. So, the objective of this chapter is to review the literature to assess the psychological and social effects of dermatological conditions both on patients and cohabitants.",signatures:"Trinidad Montero-Vílchez, Manuel Sánchez-Díaz, Antonio Martínez-López and Salvador Arias-Santiago",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76558",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76558",authors:[{id:"335619",title:"M.D.",name:"Trinidad",surname:"Montero-Vílchez",slug:"trinidad-montero-vilchez",fullName:"Trinidad Montero-Vílchez"},{id:"336507",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvador",surname:"Arias-Santiago",slug:"salvador-arias-santiago",fullName:"Salvador Arias-Santiago"},{id:"345407",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",surname:"Martinez-López",slug:"antonio-martinez-lopez",fullName:"Antonio Martinez-López"},{id:"345408",title:"Mr.",name:"Manuel",surname:"Sánchez-Díaz",slug:"manuel-sanchez-diaz",fullName:"Manuel Sánchez-Díaz"}],corrections:null},{id:"78177",title:"Psychological Intervention Based on Psychoneuroimmunology in Children and Adults",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99501",slug:"psychological-intervention-based-on-psychoneuroimmunology-in-children-and-adults",totalDownloads:219,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) is a field that has developed significantly during the last three decades; it has come to scientifically demonstrate the importance of the mind in the prevention, development and treatment of diseases. Throughout this chapter, we describe the evolution of PNI, the interaction of these systems to actively develop them, not only in adults but also in children. Similarly, it explains the influence of stress on the health of the individual and the importance of knowledge of psychoneuroimmunology to achieve the proper management of disease and quality of life. It also accounts for how psychological interventions have been proven effective and can serve as a model for researching and treating other diseases.",signatures:"Margarita del Valle Chacin Fuenmayor and Josymar Chacin de Fernandez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78177",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78177",authors:[{id:"336651",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Margarita",surname:"del Valle Chacin Fuenmayor",slug:"margarita-del-valle-chacin-fuenmayor",fullName:"Margarita del Valle Chacin Fuenmayor"},{id:"336656",title:"Dr.",name:"Josymar",surname:"Chacin de Fernandez",slug:"josymar-chacin-de-fernandez",fullName:"Josymar Chacin de Fernandez"}],corrections:null},{id:"75347",title:"Poverty and Social Psychology: The Importance of Integrative Manner",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95833",slug:"poverty-and-social-psychology-the-importance-of-integrative-manner",totalDownloads:461,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"As one of the most important social problems in the world, poverty has been studied by various disciplines. Although poverty is a basic subject of economics, it has also become one of the prominent research fields of social sciences in recent years. Poverty also relates to many psychological processes and mechanisms just as in the other social problems in the world. It is assumed that the social-psychological approach to poverty may contribute to establishing different road maps in combating poverty. Therefore this study aims at contributing to poverty reduction efforts from the social-psychological point of view by providing an integrative review of the social psychological correlates of poverty based on the empirical findings. Also, by including arguments such as social identity, migration, ideology and social context in poverty studies to be conducted with a social psychological perspective, a contribution can be made to poverty reduction with multidimensional research methods.",signatures:"Filiz Çömez Polat",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75347",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75347",authors:[{id:"326171",title:"Dr.",name:"Filiz",surname:"Çömez Polat",slug:"filiz-comez-polat",fullName:"Filiz Çömez Polat"}],corrections:null},{id:"74840",title:"Zambia’s Poorest Progressively Left Behind: Well-Being Denied",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95570",slug:"zambia-s-poorest-progressively-left-behind-well-being-denied",totalDownloads:243,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"After Independence in 1964, the government of Zambia set out to fashion a national of equals. In this, the school was seen to be a key strategy along the lines of the modernisation route to development. Initially, this seemed to be well directed but within a short time it was evident that this mode of schooling was elitist, promoting division between ‘haves’ and ‘have-nots.’ Today, the country is greatly divided between those who are well-off and those who are not. This article traces the path to this outcome historically.",signatures:"Brendan P. Carmody",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74840",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74840",authors:[{id:"325313",title:"Prof.",name:"Brendan P.",surname:"Carmody",slug:"brendan-p.-carmody",fullName:"Brendan P. Carmody"}],corrections:null},{id:"80511",title:"Living with Violence and Its Relationship with Executive Function in Childhood and Adolescence: Literature Review",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101470",slug:"living-with-violence-and-its-relationship-with-executive-function-in-childhood-and-adolescence-liter",totalDownloads:86,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The purpose of this article is to conduct a literature review of studies that have investigated the relationship between violence and the development of executive function (EF) in children and adolescents. A search was carried out in the PsycINFO, PubMed/Medline, BVS, Lilacs, Web of Science, Scopus, and Gale databases with the following descriptors; violence, executive functions, child, children, adolescence, an adolescent. A total of 486 articles, published in the last 10 years, were found. After reading the abstracts and considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria, eight articles remain that are related to the topic. It was found that all the studies investigated the relationship of abuse in children and adolescents. Diversity was also observed in terms of the EF components evaluated as well as in the instruments for assessing EF. Moreover, seven of the eight studies established that victimization impairs EF.",signatures:"Daniela Sacramento Zanini, Larissa de Oliveira e Ferreira and Karina Ferreira Leao Junqueira",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80511",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80511",authors:[{id:"60299",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniela",surname:"Sacramento Zanini",slug:"daniela-sacramento-zanini",fullName:"Daniela Sacramento Zanini"},{id:"345299",title:"Dr.",name:"Larissa",surname:"de Oliveira e Ferreira",slug:"larissa-de-oliveira-e-ferreira",fullName:"Larissa de Oliveira e Ferreira"},{id:"345300",title:"Dr.",name:"Karina",surname:"Ferreira Leao Junqueira",slug:"karina-ferreira-leao-junqueira",fullName:"Karina Ferreira Leao Junqueira"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7158",title:"Strategies to Reduce Hospital Mortality in Lower and Middle Income Countries (LMICs) and Resource-Limited Settings",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"28578ca86344aba6996b5c666d6c9359",slug:"strategies-to-reduce-hospital-mortality-in-lower-and-middle-income-countries-lmics-and-resource-limited-settings",bookSignature:"Jasneth Mullings, Camille-Ann Thoms-Rodriguez, Affette M. 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\r\n\tThoughts, emotions, behaviors, and body sensations are interrelated, and a change in one of these structures can affect the others. Today, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is in the position of a psychotherapy school with a wide application area, which includes a group psychotherapy approach based on this view. CBT is an effective treatment approach for many mental disorders/problems such as depression, anxiety disorders, alcohol-substance use disorders, marital problems, eating disorders, and severe mental disorders. Numerous studies have demonstrated the positive effect of CBT on functionality and quality of life. Since its emergence, CBT has made significant advances in clinical practice and research. This book will cover the historical development, basic principles, and application areas of CBT. It is aimed that the book chapters are prepared in the light of current literature findings will be an essential reference source for the readers.
",isbn:"978-1-83969-897-2",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-896-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-898-9",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"849acf69df0db62876816078930b4481",bookSignature:"Prof. Cicek Hocaoglu",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11890.jpg",keywords:"Exposure, Homework Assignments, Formulation, Treatment Rationale, Depression, Anxiety Disorders, Eating Disorders, Personality Disorders, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Psychotherapy, Dysthymia",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 3rd 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"July 6th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 4th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 23rd 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 22nd 2023",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"a month",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Cicek Hocaoglu received postgraduate training in psychiatry at the Medical School of Karadeniz Technical University. She is currently a Professor and Head of the Department of Psychiatry at the Recep Tayyip Erdogan University Medical School. She has published over 100 national/international scientific articles, book chapters, and papers presented. Her interests include consultation-liaison psychiatry, suicide, schizophrenia, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, and psychopharmacology.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"28322",title:"Prof.",name:"Cicek",middleName:null,surname:"Hocaoglu",slug:"cicek-hocaoglu",fullName:"Cicek Hocaoglu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/28322/images/system/28322.jpg",biography:"Cicek Hocaoglu obtained her medical degree from Uludag University Faculty of Medicine, Bursa, Turkey. She received postgraduate training in psychiatry at the Medical School of Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey. She is currently Professor and Head of the Department of Psychiatry at the Recep Tayyip Erdogan University Medical School, Rize, Turkey. She has many published national/international scientific articles, book chapters, and papers presented in congresses. 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We are convinced that the sole prospect for a sustainable identification capability lies in the construction of systems that employ DNA sequences as taxon ‘barcodes’. It was established previously that the mitochondrial gene cytochrome
Species identification is essential in food quality control procedures or for the detection and identification of animal material in food samples. Recent food scares e.g. avian flu and swine flu, malpractices of some food producers and religious reasons have tremendously reinforced public awareness regarding the composition of food products. However, because labels do not provide sufficient guarantee about the true contents of a product, it is necessary to identify and/or authenticate the components of processed food, thus protecting both consumers and producers from illegal substitutions [1]. In addition, trade of endangered species has contributed to severe depletion of biodiversity.
Numerous analytical methods that rely on protein analysis have been developed for species identification, such as electrophoresis techniques [2], immunoassays [3] and liquid chromatography [4]. However, these methods are of limited use in species identification. The progress of molecular biology introduced a new approach, which is based on nucleotide sequence diversities among species in particular regions of DNA [5–7]. The nucleotide regions chosen for species identification were varied by researchers. Within vertebrates, a cytochrome b (cyt b) gene in the mitochondrial DNA has been studied from multiple viewpoints including the nucleotide diversity among species [6] and the availability of nucleotide sequence data for references [5]. Many of the other regions studied are also located in the mtDNA. The coding regions for 12S and 16S ribosomal RNA [8–10], and the noncoding D-loop region [7, 11, 12] have shown their potential to be the targets for the species test.
Although central to much biological research, the identification of species is often difficult. DNA sequencing, with key sequences serving as a pattern ‘‘barcode’’, has therefore been proposed as a technology that might expedite species identification [13].
DNA barcoding promises fast, accurate species identifications by focusing analysis on a short standardized segment of the genome [14]. Several studies have now established that sequence diversity in a 650-bp fragment of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase I (cox1; also referred to as COI) provides strong species-level resolution for varied animal groups including birds [15], fishes [16] and Lepidoptera [17].
Besides the cox1 gene, other mitochondrial markers also have been widely sequenced across vertebrates for their utility in phylogenetic or to complement cox1 in DNA barcoding.
In amphibians the 16S ribosomal RNA gene (16S) has been suggested as a complementary DNA barcoding marker [18]. Another protein coding gene, cytochrome b, has also been suggested as a marker to determine species boundaries [19, 20].
An attempt was made to present a phylogenetic systematic framework for an improved barcoder as well as a taxonomic framework for interweaving classical taxonomy with the goals of ‘DNA barcoding’ [21]. Another study showed that DNA arrays and DNA barcodes are valuable molecular methods for biodiversity monitoring programs [22]. In this chapter we introduce the use of specific fragments of mitochondrial ribosomal RNA from Egyptian buffalo to be used as a perfect barcode for identification of closely related species. Also, we will extend this study to include distantly species identification [23-24]. Our studies were also extended for chickens and small organisms like mites to be studied by both nuclear and mitochondrial markers. Identification of these mites is very important for biological control programs.
All these methods could be used for global bio‐identification system or forensic science development.
Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood of Egyptian buffalo\'s and chickens by using standard commercial Kit (Pure-gene Genomic DNA purification Kit) as recommended by the manufacturer (www.gentra.com). In case of mites, Genomic DNA was extracted using Capture Column kit method, total DNA was purified using generation DNA purification system.
These primers yielded a PCR product of 1142 base pairs. This encompasses the whole of the D-loop and includes flanking sequence at both ends [12].
IL0500: 5’AGGCATTTTCAGTGCCTTGC-3’
IL0501: 5’TAGTGCTAATACCAACGGCC-3’
Two additional new forward primers (SH-1 and SH-2) specific for buffalo were designed inside the D-loop sequence to facilitate sequencing and correction processes.
SH-1: 5’ CCT CGC ATG TAC GGC ATA CA-3’
SH-2: 5’CAA CCC TTC AGG CAA GGA TC-3’
Two target DNA fragments of the predatory mite,
5’TGATTTTTTGGTCACCCAGAAG3’ and 5’TACAGCTCCTATAGATAAAAC 3\'.
The ITS region was amplified using the primers 5’AGAGGAAGTAAAAGTCGTAACAAG 3\' for the 3’ end of 18S rDNA and 5\' ATATGCTTAAATTCAGGGGG 3’ for the 5\' end of the 28S.
The conserved primer pair, L16750 (forward; 5’-AGG ACT ACG GCT TGA AAA GC-3’) and H 547 (reverse; 5’- ATG TGC CTG ACC GAG GAA CAA G-3’) were used to amplify the first 539 base fragment of the D-loop region of the birds. The primer number refers to the positions of the 3’ end of the primer in the reference sequence [27].
Primers specific for mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene were synthesized [23]:
5’-CAAACTGGGATTAGATACCCCACTAT-3’; 5’-AGGGTGACGGGCGGTGTGT-3’ and directed towards the two conserved regions of the gene. The primers were synthesized by Amersham Pharmacia Biotech (U.K.).
PCR amplification and direct sequencing With two universal primers (sense, 5’- GTGCAAAGGTAGCATAATCA‐3’ and antisense, 5’‐TGTCCTGATCCAACATCGAG‐3’) directed toward conserved regions [24], the polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify homologous segments of mitochondrial 16S rRNA from four animal species belonging to family Bovidae, including river buffalo, cattle, sheep and goat.
The amplification reaction used for amplification of the D-loop fragment was also used (with little modifications in temperature cycling) in the other experiments according to the conditions of each experiment.
The amplification reaction was carried out in a 25 μl reaction mixture consisting of 1.25 unit Taq polymerase (DyNAzyme), 1X enzyme buffer (1X is 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.8 at 25 0C, 1.5 mM MgCl2, 50 mM KCl and 0.1% Triton X-100) supplied by the manufacture, 1 μM of each forward and reverse primer, 0.2 mM dNTPs and 100 ng of DNA. The reaction mixture was overlaid with sterile mineral oil and was run in an MJ research PTC-100 Thermocycler. The temperature cycling was as follows: 30 cycles of 45 seconds at 94°C; 1 minute at 58°C and 1 minute at 71°C, followed by a final extension at 71°C for 5 minutes. All PCR amplifications included a negative control reaction which lacked template DNA. No product was seen in any negative control. Small quantities of the reaction products (5 μl each) were used for electrophoresis with an appropriate size marker on 1.5% agarose in 1X-Tris acetate buffer (TAE).
After electrophoresis the gels were stained with ethidium bromide and were examined with UV lamp at a wave length 312 nm to verify amplification of the chosen specific fragment. The PCR products were purified using QIAquick PCR purification kit (Qiagen, Inc.) and the resulting purified products were used in the subsequent sequencing reactions. Sequencing was performed on an Applied Biosystems 310 genetic analyzer (Applied Biosystem) using Big Dye terminator cycle sequencing ready reaction mixture according to manufacturer’s instructions (Applied Biosystems).
Pairwise sequence alignments were carried out using NCBI-BLASTN 2.2.5 version & PSI BLAST. Multiple sequence alignments were done using the MUSCLE 3.6 software and CLUSTALW (1.82). Analysis, manipulation, conservation plots, positional entropy plot and conserved region analysis was done using the BIOEDIT package. Variable sites were extracted from the multiple sequence alignment using the MEGA 3.1 package [12].
Phylogenetic model selection was done using the FINDMODEL server available from the HCV LANL database at (http://hcv.lanl.gov/ /content/hcv-db/findmodel/). A Bayesian phylogenetic tree was constructed by Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method as implemented in the MR BAYES 3.1 package using the Hasegawa-Kishino-Yano plus Gamma model HKY+G substitution model with an invariant four category gamma distribution among sites. A 50% consensus tree was generated and the analysis was repeated two times. Maximum parsimony tree was conducted using MEGA version 4, with 1000 bootstraps for reliability.
The mean overall, within group and between groups genetic distances were done using the MEGA 4.0 software [12].
Our experience in the field of molecular identification or DNA barcoding through a series of published research papers are represented in this section Results with some illustrated figures and tables are represented here but the complete information could be obtained through obtaining the complete published papers from the publication section.
Shows the Positional entropy plot of the D‐loop for the buffalo, and cow sequences The Bayesian phylogenetic trees of cow and buffalo sequences were constructed using MRBAYES software (Figure 2) and Maximum parsimony tree using the Kimura two‐parameter model and the closest neighbor interchange method of the MEGA 3.1 software package (Figure 3). Table 1. Shows the Substitution events detected in complete D‐loop sequences from multiple sequence alignments between cows and buffaloes.
Positional Entropy Plot of the D loop for the Buffalo, and cow sequences. The X axis is the nucleotide position, while the Y axis is the entropy (lack of information) at that position. The central region is mainly conserved, and the beginning and end regions are highly variable (shaded areas).
Bayesian phylogenetic tree of the cow and buffalo sequences using the MRBAYES software.
Maximum parsimony tree constructed using the Kimura two-parameter model and the closest neighbor interchange method of the MEGA 3.1 software package. The numbers show the percentage of bootstrap confidence.
Animals | Cows (35) | Buffaloes (53) | Cows & buffaloes (88) | |||
Substitutions and genetic distances | Value | S E | Value | S E | Value | S E |
Total numbers of transitions | 44 | 20 | 100 | |||
Total numbers of transversions | 4 | 1 | 61 | |||
Total number of indels (insertions/ deletions) | 1 | 7 | 15 | |||
Total number of substitutions | 49 | 28 | 176 | |||
R ratio (transversions/transitions) | 0.09 | 0.05 | 0.61 | |||
Genetic distance within group | 0.023 | 0.003 | 0.007 | 0.002 | ||
Genetic distance between the two groups | 0.156 | 0.016 | ||||
Overall (all animals) distance | 0.06 | 0.006 |
Substitution events detected in complete D-loop sequences from multiple sequence alignment between Cows (35 animals) and buffaloes (53 animals).
Shows the PCR amplification of chicken mitochondrial D loop fragments while the phylogenetic tree constructed between the Egyptian and GenBank database chicken samples is represented in Figure 5. The Polymorphic sites and their positions are shown in Table 2.
PCR amplification of chicken mitochondrial D loop fragment. The PCR reactions were run on 1% agarose gel, stained with ethidium bromide and examined with UV. Samples from 1 to 4 for Dandarawi breed and samples from 5 to 8 for Fayoumi breed. The
Phylogenetic tree constructed between the Egyptian and GenBank database chicken samples. Sample DQ629875 was used as out-group for its high diversity.
Breed & Accession number | Variable sites and their positions | |||||
23 | 35 | 276 | 457 | 464 | 483 | |
EgyDand1 EF586881 | T | A | C | A | G | T |
EgyDand2 EF586882 | T | A | C | C | T | T |
EgyDand3 EU352856 | T | A | C | A | G | A |
EgyFay1 EF586879 | T | A | A | A | G | A |
EgyFay2 EF586880 | T | A | C | C | T | A |
DQ629875 | A | * | C | A | G | A |
Database public sequence | T | A | C | A | G | A |
The Polymorphic sites and their positions. The nucleotide positions were given with respect to the Egyptian nucleotide numbers in GenBank database. The left column shows the breeds with their accession numbers.
The following Figures: show polyacrylamide gel representing the PCR-amplified fragment of CO1 and its sequence (Figures 6 & 8) while the PCR-amplified fragment of ITS region and its sequence were presented in Figures 7 & 9.
polyacrylamide gel representing the PCR-amplified product of CO1. M: 50 bp DNA size marker, lane 1: CO1 fragment and lane 2: blank (PCR cocktail without DNA).
Agarose gel representing the PCR-amplified product of ITS. M: 50 bp DNA size marker, lane 1: ITS fragment and lane 2: blank.
Sequence of the mitochondrial gene fragment coding for cytochrome oxidase subunit I(COI) in the predacious mite,
Sequence of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) region in the predacious mite
Sequencing of a fragment of ITS region (ITS1, ITS2, 5.8S) indicated almost complete identity of the Egyptian samples with
According to the molecular analysis (Table 3), samples are grouped into three groups.
Nucleotide number (Accession No. EU924213) | 23 | 33 | 35 | 88 | 145 | 146 | 147 | 148 | 149 | 163 | 182 | 216 | 223 | 249 | 262 | 271 | 274 | 287 | 300 | 304 | 310-311 | 314 | 315 | 318-319 | 323 | 332 | ||
Sample | Accession Number | Phylogenetic Group | ITS1 | 5.8S rRNA | ITS2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Sample 3 | EU924213 | Group 1 | c | c | c | a | c | c | a | t | a | c | c | a | g | t | c | a | t | a | c | c | - | a | g | - | a | g |
Sample 4 | EU924214 | c | c | c | a | c | c | a | t | a | c | c | a | g | t | c | a | t | a | c | c | - | a | g | - | a | g | |
Sample 2 | EU924215 | a | a | t | a | t | c | a | t | a | - | c | a | g | t | c | a | t | a | c | c | - | a | g | - | a | g | |
Sample 1 | EU924212 | Group 3 | a | a | t | - | t | g | t | - | - | - | t | - | t | t | t | t | - | t | - | t | t | t | t | t | a | - |
EU310505 | a | a | t | - | t | g | t | - | - | - | t | - | t | t | t | t | - | t | - | t | t | t | t | t | a | t | ||
Sample 5 | EU924216 | Group 2 | n | a | t | - | t | g | t | - | - | - | t | a | g | a | t | t | - | c | c | t | t | a | t | g | g | t |
Sample 6 | EU924217 | n | n | n | - | t | g | t | - | - | - | t | a | g | a | t | a | - | c | - | t | t | a | t | - | g | t |
The variable sites (a = Adenine, c = Cytosine, g = Guanine, t = Thymine, - = deletion and n = Not detected) detected in a fragment of nuclear ITS region of six samples of
The results of 12S rRNA showed that, two haplotypes of 12S rRNA sequences were identified from the multiple alignment results between the nine tested Egyptian buffalo sequences and other examples of homologous buffalo sequences selected from GenBank database. Two buffalo haplotypes were revealed, of which haplotype 1 which include Egyptian buffaloes and haplotype 2 which include Chinese swamp buffalo; breed: Haikou (accession AY702618), Mediterranean (accession AY488491) and
Eleven SNPs were detected which can be used to discriminate between subfamily Bovinae, represented by buffalo and cattle and the subfamily Caprinae represented by sheep and goat.
No. of SNPs | Specificity | Representing nucleotide | Base position |
8 | all buffaloes (haplotypes 1 & 2) | Guanine | at positions 110, 132 and 196 |
Thymine | position 172 | ||
Cytosine | positions 71, 269, 271 and 348. | ||
3 | buffalo haplotype 1 only | Guanine | position 158 |
Cytosine | position 267 | ||
Adenine | position 293 | ||
4 | buffalo haplotype 2 only | Thymine | positions 32 and 267 |
Guanine | position 293 | ||
Cytosine | position 72 | ||
12 | cattle ( | Guanine | positions 193, 266 and 273 |
Adenine | 27 and 174 | ||
Thymine | positions 26, 36, 186 & 190 | ||
Cytosine | positions 253, 294 and 295. | ||
6 + 2 indels | sheep ( | Guanine | positions 172, 231 and 300 |
Adenine | position 190 | ||
Thymine | position 271 | ||
Cytosine | position 349 | ||
insertion of Adenine | position 164-165 | ||
deletion of Adenine | position 259 | ||
6 + 1 deletion | goat ( | Guanine | position 299 |
Thymine | positions 260, 261 and 317 | ||
Cytosine | positions 225 and 259 | ||
deletion of Adenine | deletion at position 273 |
Nucleotide variation in a specific 12S rRNA gene fragment of four studied Bovidae species. Nucleotide positions correspond to Egyptian buffaloes GenBank accession numbers (FJ828575-FJ828583).
Considering multiple alignment results between homologous 16S rRNA sequences obtained from GenBank database with the reference sequence, it was shown that, the entire 16S rRNA fragment (422 bp. in size) contains more than 57 variable sites (from base no. 21 to base no. 323) inside the two conserved regions. The bases outside this variable region are completely conserved in the four species (Figure 10 and Table 5). From these variable sites, 25 specific nucleotides were chosen (which gave clear significant results in both types of alignment comparisons (two and multiple alignment sequences programs) as a reference for identification of unknown species (from base no. 21 to base no. 308). It was also shown that the size of the amplified fragments were less by one nucleotide (421 bp) in case of goat and two nucleotides (420 bp) in case of both cattle and sheep.
Detection of specific variable sites between Egyptian buffalo 16S rRNA gene fragment and the other studied three species is shown to be a good marker for identification of the four studied species. The detected variable sites can be classified as represented in both Fig. 10 and Table 5.
Multiple sequence alignments result showing the total variable sites between river buffalo (BBU), Cattle (Bost, Bosi and JBC), Sheep (Ovis) and goat (Capra) in the specific 16S rRNA fragment. Sequences of the 16S rRNA fragment of Egyptian buffaloes (FJ748599–FJ748607). Differing nucleotides are noted (T, A, G and C)
No. of Variable sites (SNPs) | Specificity | Representing nucleotides | Base position |
Six | River buffaloes | Guanine | (36, 189, and 297) |
Thymine | (29) | ||
Cytosine | (21 and 182) | ||
Three | Cattle ( | Guanine | (55) |
Thymine | (190 and 221) | ||
Seven | Sheep ( | Guanine | (119, 171, and 251) |
Adenine | (122) | ||
Thymine | (167) | ||
Cytosine | (295 and 301) | ||
Four | Goat ( | Guanine | (252 and 254) |
Thymine | (227) | ||
Cytosine | (50). | ||
Five | Group one (river buffaloes and cattle, Subfamily Bovinae) | Thymine | (102, 129 and 249) |
Cytosine | (298 and 308) | ||
Five | Group two (sheep and goat, Subfamily Caprinae). | Adenine | (298) |
Cytosine | (102, 129 and 249) | ||
Thymine | (308) |
Nucleotide variation in a specific 16S rRNA gene fragment of four studied Bovidae species. Nucleotide Positions correspond to Egyptian buffaloes GenBank accession numbers (FJ748599–FJ748607)
The ability of molecular trees to encompass both short and long periods of time is based on the observation that different genes evolve at different rates. The DNA specifying ribosomal RNA (rRNA) changes relatively slowly, so comparisons of DNA sequences in these genes are useful for investigating relationships between taxa that diverged hundreds of millions of years ago. Studies of the genes for rRNA have shown, for example, that fungi are more closely related to animals than to green plants—something that certainly could not have been deduced from morphological comparisons alone.
In contrast, the DNA in mitochondria (mtDNA) evolves relatively rapidly and can be used to investigate more recent evolutionary events.
The methodology used in DNA barcoding has been straightforward. Sequences of the barcoding region are obtained from various individuals. The resulting sequence data are then used to construct a phylogenetic tree using a distance-based \'neighbour-joining\' method. In such a tree, similar, putatively related individuals are clustered together. The term \'DNA barcode\' seems to imply that each species is characterized by a unique sequence, but there is of course considerable genetic variation within each species as well as between species. However, genetic distances between species are usually greater than those within species, so the phylogenetic tree is characterized by clusters of closely related individuals, and each cluster is assumed to represent a separate species.
An evolutionary tree (or
Now that we can compare entire genomes, including our own, some interesting facts have emerged. As you may have heard, the genomes of humans and chimpanzees are strikingly similar. An even more remarkable fact is that homologous genes are widespread and can extend over huge evolutionary distances. While the genes of humans and mice are certainly not identical, 99% of them are detectably homologous. And 50% of human genes are homologous with those of yeast.
It is not a coincidence that DNA barcoding has developed in concert with genomics-based investigations.
DNA barcoding (a tool for rapid species identification based on DNA sequences) and genomics (which compares entire genome structure and expression) share an emphasis on large scale genetic data acquisition that offers new answers to questions previously beyond the reach of traditional disciplines. DNA barcodes consist of a standardized short sequence of DNA (400–800 bp) that in principle should be easily generated and characterized for all species on the planet (1). A massive on-line digital library of barcodes will serve as a standard to which the DNA barcode sequence of an unidentified sample from the forest, garden, or market can be matched. Similar to genomics, which has accelerated the process of recognizing novel genes and comparing gene function, DNA barcoding will allow users to efficiently recognize known species and speed the discovery of species yet to be found in nature. DNA barcoding aims to use the information of one or a few gene regions to identify all species of life, whereas genomics, the inverse of barcoding, describes in one (e.g., humans) or a few selected species the function and interactions across all genes.
To be practical as a DNA barcode a gene region must satisfy three criteria: (
Evolution results from the accumulation of inherited changes in populations. Because DNA is the molecule of heredity, evolutionary changes must be reflected in changes in DNA. Systematics have long known that comparing DNA within a group of species would be a powerful method for inferring evolutionary relationships, but for most of the history of systematics, direct access to genetic information was nothing more than a dream. Today, however, DNA sequencing—determining the sequence of nucleotides in segment of DNA –is comparatively cheap, easy, and widely available.
make the outputs of systematics available to the largest possible community of end-users by providing standardized and high-tech identification tools, e.g. for biomedicine (parasites and vectors), agriculture (pests), environmental assays and customs (trade in endangered species);
relieve the enormous burden of identifications from taxonomists, so they can focus on more pertinent duties such as delimiting taxa, resolving their relationships and discovering and describing new species;
pair up various life stages of the same species (e.g. seedlings, larvae);
provide a bio-literacy tool for the general public.
Perhaps another advantage of DNA barcoding is that it will also facilitate basic biodiversity inventories. Indeed, from the premises of molecular phylogenetics to assembling the tree of life, DNA sequences in environmental sampling and reconstruction of phylogenetic trees to place sequences into an evolutionary context have been used in several inventories of cryptic biodiversity (e.g. soil bacteria or marine/freshwater micro-organisms).
New \'Genetic Bar Code\' Technique Establishes Ability to Derive DNA Information from RNA
A paper introducing the technique appears in the April 8 online edition of
DNA contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of every living cell. RNA acts as a messenger that relays genetic information in the cell so that the great majority of processes needed for tissue to function properly can be carried out.
To date, access to databases with DNA information has been restricted and protected as it has long been considered the sole genetic fingerprint for every individual. However, vast amounts of RNA data have been made publicly available via a number of databases in the United States and Europe. These databases contain thousands of genomic studies from around the world.
In this study, authors developed a technique whereby a person\'s DNA could be inferred from RNA data using gene-expression levels monitored in any of a number of tissues. In contrast, most studies involving DNA and RNA begin with DNA sequences and then seek to associate expression patterns with changes in DNA between individuals in a population. This is the first time going from RNA levels to DNA sequence has been described.
"By observing RNA levels in a given tissue, we can infer a genotypic barcode that uniquely tags an individual in ways that enables matching the individual to an independently derived DNA sample,". Not only can genotypic barcodes be deduced from RNA, but RNA levels in some tissue can inform not only individual characteristics like age and sex, but on diseases such as Alzheimer\'s and cancer, as well as the risks of developing those diseases."
The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR) at King Abdulaziz University (KAU) represented by the Unit of Strategic Technologies Research through the Project number (10-BIO1257-03).
Energy is an important element in all levels of people’s lives. We live in an interdependent world, and access to easy and reliable energy resources is critical for economic growth to maintain our quality of life. World energy consumption continues to increase, especially in developing countries. Global energy demand has tripled in the last 50 years and may even triple in the next 30 years, while current energy consumption and production levels are unsustainable. The energy sources we used to support the entire range of human activities today come from fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), supplying about 81%. Fossil-fueled power plants convert heat into mechanical energy, which then operates an electric generator. Changing heat energy, of course, involves heat transfer from one point to another.
The heat transfer process certainly involves an essential tool, including a heat exchanger, which is expected to have high performance with smaller dimensions. For large power, the increase in the performance of the heat exchanger will impact financial reductions in a company. Of course, efforts are needed to increase the heat transfer coefficient of a heat exchanger with various methods.
There are several methods to increase the heat transfer of a heat exchanger, namely, the active method and the passive method or a combination of its (compound). Passive methods increase heat transfer in heat exchangers that do not require an external energy supply. For example, one of the passive method is to change the thermal properties of the cooling fluid by adding solid particles with a much higher thermal conductivity than the thermal conductivity of the liquid. While active methods are ways to increase heat transfer in heat exchangers whose systems require external energy, for example, by vibrating the fluid with ultrasonic frequency in the heat exchanger.
The purpose of writing this article is to combine the two methods mentioned above, namely, the use of nanofluid fluid, at the same time vibrated with ultrasonic frequency to get the maximum increase in heat transfer.
The improvement of the heat transfer coefficient can be achieved by modifying the cooling fluid by adding nanometer-sized particles. Hopefully, the application of nanofluid will save energy and reduce the emissions, global warming potential, and greenhouse-gas effect. It enhances the heat transfer for energy-saving purposes that could contribute to a better quality of human life and fulfill sustainable development. Currently, the production of nano-sized particles is made easy because of the nanotechnology that was predicted 15 years ago. He predicts that energy is one of the “top 10” problems for humankind worldwide in the next 50 years and can only be solved by nanotechnology [1] and it plays a vital role in heat transfer enhancement [2]. Materials commonly used for the manufacture of nanometer-sized solid particles (nanoparticles) from metal materials (Al, Cu, Zn, Ag, and Au), metal oxides, such as SiO2, TiO2, Al2O3, ZnO, CuO, and organic particles/organic particles, such as carbon nanotubes, graphene oxide, and diamond [3, 4]. Nanoparticles allow the development of cooling fluids called nanofluids. The fluid is a liquid suspension containing nanoparticles smaller than 100 nm and has better thermal conductivity than the base fluid [5]. Adding nanoparticles into the fluid will change the properties of the fluid as a heat transfer fluid (thermophysical properties).
The properties of nanofluid for density of nanofluid calculated widely used in research of nanofluid for a wide range of volume concentration can be estimated by using the following equations as [6]:
where,
The nanofluid volume fraction,
where
For hybrid nanofluid, the nanofluid volume fraction, calculated by Eq. (3)
where
The capacity heat of nanofluid is calculated by Xuan and Roetzel [7] as the following equation is widely used.
where
where
Various models of the thermal conductivity of nanofluid have been published, the earliest of models developed by Maxwell [9] as shown in Eq. (6)
where
Nanofluid is made by dispersing nanoparticles into a base fluid. Good dispersion is a prerequisite for the use of nanofluids in various fields. Therefore, surfactants are sometimes used to increase the nanofluid’s stability to prevent clogging. In addition, the surface modification of the dispersed particles and the application of strong forces to the clusters of dispersed nanoparticles can improve the stability of nanofluids.
There are two ways to prepare nanofluid: one-step method and two-step method. Each method has advantages and disadvantages. The advantage of the one-step method is that it produces good dispersion, but it is very expensive to manufacture and cannot produce large amounts of nanofluids. While the two-step method produces poor dispersion, the cost of making nanofluids is relatively low and can produce large amounts of nanofluid. Most researchers use this type of method to make nanofluids. Zhu et al. [10] made nanofluids using Al2O3 particles with a pure water base fluid using a two-step method. The manufacture of nanofluids using a two-step method is shown in Figure 1. The first step is to prepare the base fluid and nanoparticles by weighing them according to the specified concentration. The next step is to mix the nanoparticles into the base fluid by adding a little surfactant and stirring using magnetic steering. After the nanoparticles and base fluid are well mixed, sonification is carried out, namely, vibrating the mixture with ultrasonic frequency to homogeneous for 1 h.
Preparation of nanofluids using a two-step method [
The heat transfer characteristics of nanofluid depend on various factors, including thermophysical properties of base fluid and nanoparticles, nanoparticle concentration, nanoparticle size, presence of surfactants, temperature, etc. Hence, the functional form of the Nusselt number of nanofluid can be expressed by Xuan and Roetzel [7] in Eq. (7)
The Nusselt number of
Xuan and Li [11] studied CuO/water nanofluid in turbulent flow and correlated Eq. (9).
Several experimental studies have been reported using nanofluid in the heat exchanger. Raei et al. [12] investigated a double-tube heat exchanger with a low volume concentration of particles (0.15%) of Al2O3-DI water nanofluids. The nanofluid results in increasing the heat transfer coefficient by 23% without much penalty in pressure drop. Shahrul et al. [13, 14] analyzed nanofluid flow through a shell-and-tube exchanger considering various oxide-based nanofluid at different small volume concentrations (0.01–0.04%) of ZnO, CuO, Fe3O4, TiO2, and Al2O3 nanoparticles into the water. Heat transfer enhancement was found at about 23–52% compared to the base fluid. In their study, the highest improvement was obtained for ZnO-water nanofluid. Researchers have studied the behavior of nanofluids in automobile radiators due to good heat transfer characteristics. Different nanofluids have been tested to observe their thermal performance and pressure drop to validate their practicality in this application. Heris et al. [15] used base fluid water EG (40/60) to suspend CuO nanoparticles to study the radiator’s performance and the maximum enhancement of heat transfer apprehended about 55% compared to the base fluid. Alosious et al. [16] performed an experimental and numerical analysis of Al2O3/Water and CuO/water nanofluid, and they found that the Nusselt number, the total heat transfer coefficient, and convective heat transfer coefficient increased by increasing of Reynolds number. They also demonstrated that the thermal conductivity of alumina oxide is more than copper oxide. However, an increase in pressure drop was not significant.
Subhedar et al. [17] recently researched Al2O3/Water-EG in the laminar flow regime and found that for just 0.2% concentration volume of nanoparticles, the Nusselt number increased by 30%. Their research, flow rate, and concentration of volume particles were reported as the key factors influencing heat transfer enhancement. Inlet temperature had a lower effect; an increase of about 26% from 70°C to 85°C was recorded. Heat transfer coefficient enhancement is the process of increasing the effectiveness of the heat exchanger. Adding a small amount of nanoparticles to the base fluid increases the thermal conductivity of the nanofluid with ultrasonic vibrations to increase the performance of a heating system, but the viscosity of the nanofluid is also increased slightly. Working conditions at high temperatures in a heat exchanger is an advantage in itself, which causes the viscosity of the fluid to decrease. The addition of small nanoparticles and high working temperature is an ideal combination for improving efficiency of systems..
The main drawback of nanofluids is their poor stability. Long-term stability of nanofluids is a major concern for engineering applications. Nanoparticles tend naturally to aggregate and sediment in the base fluid, due to the interaction between the particles themselves and between the particles and the surrounding liquid [18]. The main cause is the attraction between the particles called the Van der Waals attraction, which causes the particles to form clusters or agglomerate, then settle to the bottom due to gravity. To obtain stable nanofluids, the repulsion of electrical double layers forces must exceed the Van der Waals attraction.
Overcoming this problem by adding surfactants as a dispersant, is an effective stability enhancement method that prevents the agglomeration of nanoparticles within the nanofluids [19]. It is a simple and economical chemical method, which reduces the surface tension of the base fluid and improves the immersion of nanoparticles. Because surfactants consist of the hydrophobic tail portion (e.g., long-chain hydrocarbons) and the hydrophilic polar head group that tends to increase the hydrophilic behavior between the base fluid and the nanoparticles. The disadvantage of using dispersant as a nanofluid stabilizer is its sensitivity to hot temperature because the rise in temperature causes the bonds between the nanoparticles and the surfactant to be damaged. Some common dispersants are sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS), gum arabic, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB), oleic acid (OA), etc.
The other method to achieve the long-term stability of nanofluids, without the need for surfactants, is surface modification techniques by modifying the nanoparticles’ surface via functionalization. Functionalization is the process of adding new functions, features, capabilities, or properties to the material by changing the surface chemistry of the material. This is done by introducing functionalized nanoparticles into the base fluid to obtain a self-stabilized nanofluid. Usually, suitable functional organic groups are selected as they tend to attach to the surface of the atom, enabling the nanoparticles to self-organize and avoid agglomeration [20].
Ultrasonic waves are sound waves whose frequency is above human hearing (>20 kHz), distinguished according to the power and frequency emitted. When viewed from the magnitude of the frequency, it is divided into three categories, namely, low-frequency ultrasonic waves (20–100 kHz) or ultrasonic waves with high power, high-frequency ultrasonic waves (100 kHz–1 MHz), and very high-frequency ultrasonic waves, namely, above 1 MHz. Ultrasonic with a low frequency of 20 kHz–100 kHz can change the medium in which it passes and is widely used in the chemical industry, which aims to change the chemical properties to generate cavitation bubbles and the effect of surface instability.
When sound waves propagate through a liquid, they produce a series of cycles of pressure compression and tensile (rarefaction). In the compression cycle, at the top of the wave position (max), the liquid gets a compressive force, and in the tensile cycle, where the wave position is at the bottom of the valley (min), the liquid experiences a tensile force and so on. Two important phenomena of ultrasonic waves propagating through liquids are acoustic cavitation and acoustic streaming.
When a sound wave consists of a maximum cycle (peak) and a minimum cycle (valley), and propagates in a liquid fluid, compression and expansion cycles occur. The compression cycle produces a positive pressure, while the expansion cycle produces a negative pressure causing the liquid molecules to move away [21]. When the magnitude of the tension exceeds the tensile strength between the liquid molecules in the expansion cycle, the liquid will break down, and a cavity will be created to appear as small vapor-filled voids called cavitation bubbles [22], in other words, the phenomenon. The formation, growth, and contraction of bubbles are known as acoustic cavitation.
Acoustic cavitation is divided into stable cavitation and transient cavitation or unstable cavitation/inertia cavitation. Acoustic cavitation consists of three distinct stages: nucleation, rapid bubble growth (expansion) until it reaches a critical size, and bubble collapse (shown in Figure 2.
The formation, growth, and collapse of bubbles due to ultrasonic vibrations in liquid fluids produce stable and unstable cavitation.
Stable cavitation due to micro-bubbles in a liquid, resulting from changes in liquid pressure (compression and refraction) ultrasonic waves, changing/oscillating in size and shape that causes the surrounding liquid to move is known as non-inertial cavitation. It produces a strong shearing force around the solid surface, and removes particles. But in unstable cavitation, the micro-bubbles oscillate and in the end, the bubbles burst/collapse due to the acoustic wave strength exceeding the cavitation threshold, producing a shock wave.
When the bubble collapses surrounded by liquid, several physical effects will appear, including shock waves, micro-jets, turbulence, and shear forces. This physical effect has been widely applied in emulsification, extraction, and cleaning [23]. In this process, bubble size changes drastically by several hundred times to reach the equilibrium size of the bubble radius before an explosion occurs in just a few microseconds. Figure 3 shows the process of bubble collapse, cavitation releases a large amount of energy and produces local “hotspots” experiencing extreme temperatures and pressures that have a chemical impact because the temperatures and pressures that occur are very high at around 5000°C and 200 atm [24].
Bubbles size growth due to ultrasonic waves occurs in just microseconds.
Besides having a chemical impact (sonochemical), ultrasonic waves also impact physical changes (sonophysical). The liquid medium will absorb sound wave energy in the direction of the wave. Physical effects include streaming, micro-jets, and shock waves. Streaming is a term that describes the average mass density at steady conditions or velocity caused by acoustic wave oscillations in a liquid fluid due to a momentum gradient resulting in fluid flow. The sound propagation with large amplitude in the liquid will produce fluid motion. This nonlinear phenomenon is called acoustic streaming. Acoustic streaming caused by ultrasonic vibrations effectively enhances heat transfer and cleans contaminated surfaces.
Unlike bubbles in a liquid, the bursting of bubbles near the solid-liquid interface makes the bubble surface unsymmetrical because the solid surface acts as a flow barrier. The result is a powerful jet coming from the side of the bubble that produces a strong beam toward the surface called micro-jetting, which functions as ultrasonic cleaning or antifouling. This phenomenon is used to clean with the ultrasonic method, while in heat transfer applications, it will interfere with the boundary layer of convection heat transfer, as shown in Figure 4.
Bubble collapse near the solid surface.
Unlike cavitation bubble collapse in a liquid, cavitation bubble collapse near a solid surface is not symmetrical due to surface barriers impeding fluid flow. The result is a rush of liquid coming from the side of the bubble away from the surface, creating a strong liquid jet directed toward the surface. The collapsing bubble near the solid-liquid interface disrupts the thermal boundary and velocity boundary layers, reducing thermal resistance and creating micro-turbulence due to shock waves. For this reason, ultrasonic vibrations in the liquid enhance convective heat transfer because of the growth and collapse of bubbles near the surface, which disturbs/compresses the thermal boundary layer. The amount of convection heat transfer is inversely proportional to the thickness of the thermal boundary layer. The thinner the thermal boundary layer, the greater the heat transfer rate, as shown in formula (10).
Another phenomenon due to the bursting of cavitation bubbles near the solid surface is widely applied as a cleaning process due to the presence of liquid jets toward the surface. The study of bubble collapses near the solid wall surface was carried out by Li et al. [25] with numerical and experimental methods on the shape and behavior of dynamic bubbles, which state that there are similarities between experimental results and numerical simulation results. The results show that the velocity of the liquid jet is stronger toward the walls of the spherical bubble compared to the non-spherical shape. Other studies by vibrating the working fluid with ultrasonic frequencies have been carried out by several researchers, including Tajik et al. [26], who showed that the increase in heat transfer is proportional to the ultrasonic power and inversely proportional to the distance between the vibration center and the heat source. The highest increase is due to ultrasonic vibration with a frequency of 18 kHz by 390% with power between 56 and 158 W. Legay et al. [27] investigated convection heat transfer using a double pipe heat exchanger using pure water, and an ultrasonic vibrator was installed in the middle of the heat exchanger with a frequency of 35 kHz, the highest increase in heat transfer was in laminar flow of 150%, whereas in turbulent flow it had no effect. Ultrasonic vibrations also decrease the thermal convection heat transfer resistance. A comparison of the performance of shell-and-tube and double-pipe heat exchangers has also been carried out by Legay et al. [28]. In Gondrexon et al. investigated a shell and tube heat exchanger, the increase in the total heat transfer coefficient with ultrasonic vibrations ranged from 123% to 257% depending on the fluid flow rate [29]. The experiment was carried out by Zhou [30] to test convective heat transfer in a horizontal copper pipe under the influence of an acoustic cavitation field. The fluids used are acetone, ethanol, and pure water at constant heat flux. The results show that the highest heat transfer increase of 395% occurs in acetone fluid. The disturbance of the cavitation bubbles and the collision of the cavitation bubble clusters cause thinning of the thermal boundary layer on the pipe surface, leading to increased convection heat transfer.
These properties in terms of heat exchanger performance are very attractive because two advantages, namely, increasing heat transfer and reducing fouling (dirt on the heat exchanger surface) can be achieved by high-power ultrasonic wave propagation.
As discussed earlier, many studies on the technique of increasing heat transfer by adding nanoparticles to pure water (nanofluid) have been carried out by researchers. There are two main problems in using nanofluid as a cooling fluid: high particle deposition and agglomeration rate of nanoparticles. Practically, this deposition can be avoided by vibrating the fluid with ultrasonic frequency. In addition to antifouling and anti-agglomeration effects, ultrasonic waves can also improve heat transfer. The heat transfer characteristics of nanofluids with vibrations imposed on heat transfer surfaces have not been widely studied until now, which provides an important purpose for writing this book.
Delouei et al. [31] studied nanofluids vibrated by ultrasonic waves to determine the effect of increasing heat transfer and pressure drop on forced convection. It uses nanofluid Al2O3 particles passed through a fine pipe with an inner diameter of 17 mm, a pipe thickness of 1 mm, and a length of 1 m, which is vibrated using 28 kHz ultrasonic waves with ultrasonic power variations of 75 W and 100 W. The results show that ultrasonic waves can increase heat transfer by 11.37% and reduce the pressure drop by 15.27%. Furthermore, it shows that ultrasonic vibration can increase heat transfer and reduce pressure drop, and the ultrasonic effect is sensitive at a high percentage of particle volume and a low flow rate. Therefore, ultrasonic waves in a heat exchanger that uses nanofluid fluid are very beneficial, besides being antifouling and anti-agglomeration, the third is increasing heat transfer and reducing pressure drop. The use of ultrasonic waves in nanofluids is the answer to the weakness of nanofluids in practical applications, namely, an increase in pressure drop due to nanoparticles, which cause greater energy consumption. Shen et al. [32] tested the effect of ultrasonic vibrations on natural convection heat transfer by using a platinum rod with a diameter of 2 mm and a length of 8 cm immersed in nanofluid Al2O3-water with a volume concentration of 0.01% with variations in the temperature of the fluid (nanofluid) 30°C, 40°C, and 50°C. The results show that ultrasonic vibration can increase the convection heat transfer coefficient by 128% at a temperature of 30°C; at a fluid temperature of 50°C, it increases the convection heat transfer coefficient by 87%, and at a temperature of 50°C, it increases the convection heat transfer coefficient by 25%. In addition, it was found that high heat flux will reduce the heat transfer coefficient and the temperature of the test rod.
Research has been carried out by Sudarmadji et al. [33] using Al2O3 particles in radiator coolant (40:60 EG/water) on radiators accompanied by ultrasonic vibrations to increase the rate of heat transfer. The effect of adding nanoparticles to the radiator coolant increased heat transfer by 39.6%, while the ultrasonic effect was only 15.7%. The increase in heat transfer due to both methods is 62.7% when compared to pure radiator coolant without vibration. The drawback of this research is the limitation of ultrasonic power, which is relatively small so that the ultrasonic wave energy absorbed by the cooling fluid is relatively low.
One of the important parameters in ultrasonic reactions is the size change of bubbles. Generation, growth, and transient collapse of microbubbles could create intense local energy because these changes produce extremely high temperatures and pressure. The bubble implosion near a solid-liquid interface disrupts thermal and velocity boundary layers, reducing thermal resistance and creating microturbulence. This is one of the reasons why acoustic cavitation is often considered the main reason for heat transfer enhancement by ultrasound. It can also be used as a way to promote or control turbulence, which already suggests some possible use in heat exchange devices. The presence of nanoparticles will strengthen the heat transfer coefficient in the heat transfer systems. The advantage of using this combined method, in addition to increasing heat transfer and reducing pressure drop on the heat transfer system, can also function as a descaling agent on the surface of a heat exchanger (cleaning), which is often called antifouling, and also anti-clogging on nanofluids.
∅ | the volume fraction of nanofluid |
Cnp | the specific heat of nanofluid |
Cb | the specific heat of the base fluid |
ρb | density of the base fluid |
ρnf | density of nanofluids |
ρnp | density of nanoparticles |
mb | mass of base fluid |
mnp | mass of nanoparticles |
μb | viscosity of base fluid |
μnf | viscosity of the nanofluid |
kb | thermal conductivity of the base fluid |
knf | thermal conductivity of nanofluid |
Nnf | Nusselt number of nanofluid |
Re | Reynold number |
Pr | Prandtl number |
Intro
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The chapter describes the design, implementation and integration of a ground penetrating radar (GPR) using a software defined radio (SDR) platform into the aerial drone. The chapter?s goal is first to tackle in detail the development of a custom-designed lightweight GPR by approaching interplay between hardware and software radio on an SDR platform. The SDR-based GPR system results on a much lighter sensing device compared against the conventional GPR systems found in the literature and with the capability of re-configuration in real-time for different landmines and terrains, with the capability of detecting landmines under terrains with different dielectric characteristics. Secondly, the chapter introduce the integration of the SDR-based GPR into an autonomous drone by describing the mechanical integration, communication system, the graphical user interface (GUI) together with the landmine detection and geo-mapping. This chapter approach completely the hardware and software implementation topics of the on-board GPR system given first a comprehensive background of the software-defined radar technology and second presenting the main features of the Tx and Rx modules. Additional details are presented related with the mechanical and functional integration of the GPR into the UAV system.",book:{id:"5905",slug:"robots-operating-in-hazardous-environments",title:"Robots Operating in Hazardous Environments",fullTitle:"Robots Operating in Hazardous Environments"},signatures:"Manuel Ricardo Pérez Cerquera, Julian David Colorado Montaño\nand Iván Mondragón",authors:[{id:"177422",title:"Dr.",name:"Julian",middleName:null,surname:"Colorado",slug:"julian-colorado",fullName:"Julian Colorado"},{id:"197884",title:"Prof.",name:"Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Mondragon",slug:"ivan-mondragon",fullName:"Ivan Mondragon"},{id:"199958",title:"Prof.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Perez",slug:"manuel-perez",fullName:"Manuel Perez"}]},{id:"15855",title:"Kinematics of AdeptThree Robot Arm",slug:"kinematics-of-adeptthree-robot-arm",totalDownloads:14668,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"152",slug:"robot-arms",title:"Robot Arms",fullTitle:"Robot Arms"},signatures:"Adelhard Beni Rehiara",authors:[{id:"29287",title:"Dr.",name:"Adelhard",middleName:"Beni",surname:"Rehiara",slug:"adelhard-rehiara",fullName:"Adelhard Rehiara"}]},{id:"62978",title:"Intelligent Robotic Perception Systems",slug:"intelligent-robotic-perception-systems",totalDownloads:2443,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"Robotic perception is related to many applications in robotics where sensory data and artificial intelligence/machine learning (AI/ML) techniques are involved. Examples of such applications are object detection, environment representation, scene understanding, human/pedestrian detection, activity recognition, semantic place classification, object modeling, among others. Robotic perception, in the scope of this chapter, encompasses the ML algorithms and techniques that empower robots to learn from sensory data and, based on learned models, to react and take decisions accordingly. The recent developments in machine learning, namely deep-learning approaches, are evident and, consequently, robotic perception systems are evolving in a way that new applications and tasks are becoming a reality. Recent advances in human-robot interaction, complex robotic tasks, intelligent reasoning, and decision-making are, at some extent, the results of the notorious evolution and success of ML algorithms. This chapter will cover recent and emerging topics and use-cases related to intelligent perception systems in robotics.",book:{id:"7227",slug:"applications-of-mobile-robots",title:"Applications of Mobile Robots",fullTitle:"Applications of Mobile Robots"},signatures:"Cristiano Premebida, Rares Ambrus and Zoltan-Csaba Marton",authors:[{id:"203409",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Cristiano",middleName:null,surname:"Premebida",slug:"cristiano-premebida",fullName:"Cristiano Premebida"},{id:"254880",title:"Dr.",name:"Rares",middleName:null,surname:"Ambrus",slug:"rares-ambrus",fullName:"Rares Ambrus"},{id:"254881",title:"Dr.",name:"Zoltan-Csaba",middleName:null,surname:"Marton",slug:"zoltan-csaba-marton",fullName:"Zoltan-Csaba Marton"}]},{id:"67705",title:"Advanced UAVs Nonlinear Control Systems and Applications",slug:"advanced-uavs-nonlinear-control-systems-and-applications",totalDownloads:1971,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Recent development of different control systems for UAVs has caught the attention of academic and industry, due to the wide range of their applications such as in surveillance, delivery, work assistant, and photography. In addition, arms, grippers, or tethers could be installed to UAVs so that they can assist in constructing, transporting, and carrying payloads. In this book chapter, the control laws of the attitude and position of a quadcopter UAV have been derived basically utilizing three methods including backstepping, sliding mode control, and feedback linearization incorporated with LQI optimal controller. The main contribution of this book chapter would be concluded in the strategy of deriving the control laws of the translational positions of a quadcopter UAV. The control laws for trajectory tracking using the proposed strategies have been validated by simulation using MATLAB®/Simulink and experimental results obtained from a quadcopter test bench. Simulation results show a comparison between the performances of each of the proposed techniques depending on the nonlinear model of the quadcopter system under investigation; the trajectory tracking has been achieved properly for different types of trajectories, i.e., spiral trajectory, in the presence of unknown disturbances. Moreover, the practical results coincided with the results of the simulation results.",book:{id:"7792",slug:"unmanned-robotic-systems-and-applications",title:"Unmanned Robotic Systems and Applications",fullTitle:"Unmanned Robotic Systems and Applications"},signatures:"Abdulkader Joukhadar, Mohammad Alchehabi and Adnan Jejeh",authors:null}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"22",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82223",title:"Biomechanical Design Principles Underpinning Anthropomorphic Manipulators",slug:"biomechanical-design-principles-underpinning-anthropomorphic-manipulators",totalDownloads:12,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105434",abstract:"The biomechanical design of an artificial anthropomorphic manipulator is the focus of many researchers in diverse fields. Current electromechanical artificial hands are either in the research stage, expensive, have patents, lack severely in function, and/or are driven by robotic/mechanical principles, which tend to ignore the biological requirements of such designs. In response to the challenges addressed above this chapter discusses the potential of current technology and methods used in design to bridge the chasm that exists between robot manipulators and the human hand. This chapter elucidates artificial anthropomorphic manipulator design by outlining biomechanical concepts that contribute to the function, esthetics and performance of artificial manipulators. This chapter addresses joint stabilization, tendon structures and tendon excursion in artificial anthropomorphic manipulators.",book:{id:"11455",title:"Recent Advances in Robot Manipulators",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11455.jpg"},signatures:"Mahonri William Owen and Chikit Au"},{id:"82056",title:"Learning Robotic Ultrasound Skills from Human Demonstrations",slug:"learning-robotic-ultrasound-skills-from-human-demonstrations",totalDownloads:14,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105069",abstract:"Robotic ultrasound system plays a vital role in assisting or even replacing sonographers in some cases. However, modeling and learning ultrasound skills from professional sonographers are still challenging tasks that hinder the development of ultrasound systems’ autonomy. To solve these problems, we propose a learning-based framework to acquire ultrasound scanning skills from human demonstrations1. First, ultrasound scanning skills are encapsulated into a high-dimensional multi-modal model, which takes ultrasound images, probe pose, and contact force into account. The model’s parameters can be learned from clinical ultrasound data demonstrated by professional sonographers. Second, the target function of autonomous ultrasound examinations is proposed, which can be solved roughly by the sampling-based strategy. The sonographers’ ultrasound skills can be represented by approximating the limit of the target function. Finally, the robustness of the proposed framework is validated with the experiments on ground-true data from sonographers.",book:{id:"10823",title:"Cognitive Robotics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10823.jpg"},signatures:"Miao Li and Xutian Deng"},{id:"82057",title:"An Episodic-Procedural Semantic Memory Model for Continuous Topological Sensorimotor Map Building",slug:"an-episodic-procedural-semantic-memory-model-for-continuous-topological-sensorimotor-map-building",totalDownloads:8,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104818",abstract:"For humans to understand the world around them, learning and memory are two cognitive processes of the human brain that are deeply connected. Memory allows information to retain and forms an experiences reservoir. Computational models replicating those memory attributes can lead to the practical use of robots in everyday human living environments. However, constantly acquiring environmental information in real-world, dynamic environments has remained a challenge for many years. This article proposes an episodic-procedure semantic memory model to continuously generate topological sensorimotor maps for robot navigation. The proposed model consists of two memory networks: i) episodic-procedural memory network (EPMN) and ii) semantic memory network (SMN). The EPMN comprises an Incremental Recurrent Kernel Machines (I-RKM) that clusters incoming input vectors as nodes and learns the activation patterns of the nodes for spatiotemporal encoding. The SMN then takes neuronal activity trajectories from the EPMN and task-relevant signals to update the SMN and produce more compact representations of episodic experience. Thus, both memory networks prevent catastrophic forgetting by constantly generating nodes when the network meets new inputs or updating node weights when the incoming input is similar to previously learned knowledge. In addition, idle or outlier nodes will be removed to preserve memory space.",book:{id:"10823",title:"Cognitive Robotics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10823.jpg"},signatures:"Wei Hong Chin, Naoyuki Kubota and Chu Kiong Loo"},{id:"81922",title:"Skill Acquisition for Resource-Constrained Mobile Robots through Continuous Exploration",slug:"skill-acquisition-for-resource-constrained-mobile-robots-through-continuous-exploration",totalDownloads:18,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104996",abstract:"We present a cognitive mobile robot that acquires knowledge, and autonomously learns higher-level abstract capabilities based on play instincts, inspired by human behavior. To this end, we (i) model skills, (ii) model the robot’s sensor and actuator space based on elementary physical properties, and (iii) propose algorithms inspired by humans’ play instincts that allow the robot to autonomously learn the skills based on its sensor and actuator capabilities. We model general knowledge in the form of competencies (skills) of the mobile robot based on kinematic properties using physical quantities. Thus, by design, our approach has the potential to cover very generic application domains. To connect desired skills to the primitive capabilities of the robot’s sensors and actuators, it playfully explores the effects of its actions on its sensory input, thus autonomously learning relations and dependencies and eventually the desired skill. KnowRob is used for knowledge representation and reasoning, and the robot’s operation is based on ROS. In the experiments, we use a millirobot, sized 2 cm2, equipped with two wheels, motion, and distance sensors. We show that our cognitive mobile robot can successfully and autonomously learn elementary motion skills based on a playful exploration of its wheels and sensors.",book:{id:"10823",title:"Cognitive Robotics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10823.jpg"},signatures:"Markus D. Kobelrausch and Axel Jantsch"},{id:"81693",title:"The Neo-Mechanistic Model of Human Cognitive Computation and Its Major Challenges",slug:"the-neo-mechanistic-model-of-human-cognitive-computation-and-its-major-challenges",totalDownloads:13,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104995",abstract:"The neo-mechanistic theory of human cognition is currently one of the most accepted major theories in fields, such as cognitive science and cognitive neuroscience. This proposal offers an account of human cognitive computation, and it has been considered by its proponents as revolutionary and capable of integrating research concerning human cognition with new evidence provided by fields of biology and neuroscience. However, some complex cognitive capacities still present a challenge for explanations constructed by using this theoretical structure. In this chapter, I make a presentation of some of the central tenets of this framework and show in what dimensions it helps our understanding of human cognition concerning aspects of capacities, such as visual perception and memory consolidation. My central goal, however, is to show that to understand and explain some particular human cognitive capacities, such as self-consciousness and some conscious informal reasoning and decision making, the framework shows substantial limitations. I conclude the chapter by suggesting that to fully understand human cognition we will need much more than what the neo-mechanistic framework is actually able to provide.",book:{id:"10823",title:"Cognitive Robotics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10823.jpg"},signatures:"Diego Azevedo Leite"},{id:"81719",title:"Service Robots in Healthcare Settings",slug:"service-robots-in-healthcare-settings",totalDownloads:21,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104640",abstract:"Robots will play a part in all aspects of healthcare. The presence of service robots in healthcare demands special attention, whether it is in the automation of menial labour, prescription distribution, or offering comfort. In this chapter, we examine the several applications of healthcare-oriented robots in the acute, ambulatory and at-home settings. We discuss the role of robotics in reducing environmental dangers, as well as at the patient’s bedside and in the operating room, in the acute setting. We examine how robotics can protect and scale up healthcare services in the ambulatory setting. Finally, in the at-home scenario, we look at how robots can be employed for both rural/remote healthcare delivery and home-based care. In addition to assessing the current state of robotics at the interface of healthcare delivery, we describe critical problems for the future where such technology will be ubiquitous. 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Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. 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Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. 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He has 19 publications in indexed international journals (ISIS), as well as over 60 publications and oral presentations in both Portuguese and international journals and congresses.",institutionString:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",institution:{name:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",biography:"Rita Payan Carreira earned her Veterinary Degree from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1985. She obtained her Ph.D. in Veterinary Sciences from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal. After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"283019",title:"Dr.",name:"Oudessa",middleName:null,surname:"Kerro Dego",slug:"oudessa-kerro-dego",fullName:"Oudessa Kerro Dego",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/283019/images/system/283019.png",biography:"Dr. Kerro Dego is a veterinary microbiologist with training in veterinary medicine, microbiology, and anatomic pathology. Dr. Kerro Dego is an assistant professor of dairy health in the department of animal science, the University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee. He received his D.V.M. (1997), M.S. (2002), and Ph.D. (2008) degrees in Veterinary Medicine, Animal Pathology and Veterinary Microbiology from College of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia; College of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, the Netherlands and Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada respectively. He did his Postdoctoral training in microbial pathogenesis (2009 - 2015) in the Department of Animal Science, the University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee. Dr. Kerro Dego’s research focuses on the prevention and control of infectious diseases of farm animals, particularly mastitis, improving dairy food safety, and mitigation of antimicrobial resistance. Dr. Kerro Dego has extensive experience in studying the pathogenesis of bacterial infections, identification of virulence factors, and vaccine development and efficacy testing against major bacterial mastitis pathogens. Dr. Kerro Dego conducted numerous controlled experimental and field vaccine efficacy studies, vaccination, and evaluation of immunological responses in several species of animals, including rodents (mice) and large animals (bovine and ovine).",institutionString:"University of Tennessee at Knoxville",institution:{name:"University of Tennessee at Knoxville",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón Poggi",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon-poggi",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",biography:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi received University degree from the Faculty of Agrarian Science in Argentina, in 1983. Also he received Masters Degree and PhD from Córdoba University, Spain. He is currently a Professor at the Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, at the Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery. He teaches diverse courses in the field of Animal Reproduction and he is the Director of the Veterinary Farm. He also participates in academic postgraduate activities at the Veterinary Faculty of Murcia University, Spain. His research areas include animal physiology, physiology and biotechnology of reproduction either in males or females, the study of gametes under in vitro conditions and the use of ultrasound as a complement to physiological studies and development of applied biotechnologies. Routinely, he supervises students preparing their doctoral, master thesis or final degree projects.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Valencia Catholic University Saint Vincent Martyr",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"309529",title:"Dr.",name:"Albert",middleName:null,surname:"Rizvanov",slug:"albert-rizvanov",fullName:"Albert Rizvanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/309529/images/9189_n.jpg",biography:'Albert A. Rizvanov is a Professor and Director of the Center for Precision and Regenerative Medicine at the Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University (KFU), Russia. He is the Head of the Center of Excellence “Regenerative Medicine” and Vice-Director of Strategic Academic Unit \\"Translational 7P Medicine\\". Albert completed his Ph.D. at the University of Nevada, Reno, USA and Dr.Sci. at KFU. He is a corresponding member of the Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation. Albert is an author of more than 300 peer-reviewed journal articles and 22 patents. He has supervised 11 Ph.D. and 2 Dr.Sci. dissertations. Albert is the Head of the Dissertation Committee on Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Genetics at KFU.\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9427-5739\nWebsite https://kpfu.ru/Albert.Rizvanov?p_lang=2',institutionString:"Kazan Federal University",institution:{name:"Kazan Federal University",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"210551",title:"Dr.",name:"Arbab",middleName:null,surname:"Sikandar",slug:"arbab-sikandar",fullName:"Arbab Sikandar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210551/images/system/210551.jpg",biography:"Dr. Arbab Sikandar, PhD, M. Phil, DVM was born on April 05, 1981. He is currently working at the College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences as an Assistant Professor. He previously worked as a lecturer at the same University. \nHe is a Member/Secretory of Ethics committee (No. CVAS-9377 dated 18-04-18), Member of the QEC committee CVAS, Jhang (Regr/Gen/69/873, dated 26-10-2017), Member, Board of studies of Department of Basic Sciences (No. CVAS. 2851 Dated. 12-04-13, and No. CVAS, 9024 dated 20/11/17), Member of Academic Committee, CVAS, Jhang (No. CVAS/2004, Dated, 25-08-12), Member of the technical committee (No. CVAS/ 4085, dated 20,03, 2010 till 2016).\n\nDr. Arbab Sikandar contributed in five days hands-on-training on Histopathology at the Department of Pathology, UVAS from 12-16 June 2017. He received a Certificate of appreciation for contributions for Popularization of Science and Technology in the Society on 17-11-15. He was the resource person in the lecture series- ‘scientific writing’ at the Department of Anatomy and Histology, UVAS, Lahore on 29th October 2015. He won a full fellowship as a principal candidate for the year 2015 in the field of Agriculture, EICA, Egypt with ref. to the Notification No. 12(11) ACS/Egypt/2014 from 10 July 2015 to 25th September 2015.; he received a grant of Rs. 55000/- as research incentives from Director, Advanced Studies and Research, UVAS, Lahore upon publications of research papers in IF Journals (DR/215, dated 19-5-2014.. He obtained his PhD by winning a HEC Pakistan indigenous Scholarship, ‘Ph.D. fellowship for 5000 scholars – Phase II’ (2av1-147), 17-6/HEC/HRD/IS-II/12, November 15, 2012. \n\nDr. Sikandar is a member of numerous societies: Registered Veterinary Medical Practitioner (life member) and Registered Veterinary Medical Faculty of Pakistan Veterinary Medical Council. The Registration code of PVMC is RVMP/4298 and RVMF/ 0102.; Life member of the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Alumni Association with S# 664, dated: 6-4-12. ; Member 'Vets Care Organization Pakistan” with Reference No. VCO-605-149, dated 05-04-06. :Member 'Vet Crescent” (Society of Animal Health and Production), UVAS, Lahore.",institutionString:"University of Veterinary & Animal Science",institution:{name:"University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"311663",title:"Dr.",name:"Prasanna",middleName:null,surname:"Pal",slug:"prasanna-pal",fullName:"Prasanna Pal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311663/images/13261_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Dairy Research Institute",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Dr. Rutland has also written popular science books for the public. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-4898. www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/people/catrin.rutland",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"283315",title:"Prof.",name:"Samir",middleName:null,surname:"El-Gendy",slug:"samir-el-gendy",fullName:"Samir El-Gendy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRduYQAS/Profile_Picture_1606215849748",biography:"Samir El-Gendy is a Professor of anatomy and embryology at the faculty of veterinary medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt. Samir obtained his PhD in veterinary science in 2007 from the faculty of veterinary medicine, Alexandria University and has been a professor since 2017. Samir is an author on 24 articles at Scopus and 12 articles within local journals and 2 books/book chapters. His research focuses on applied anatomy, imaging techniques and computed tomography. Samir worked as a member of different local projects on E-learning and he is a board member of the African Association of Veterinary Anatomists and of anatomy societies and as an associated author at local and international journals. Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6180-389X",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Alexandria University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"246149",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Kubale",slug:"valentina-kubale",fullName:"Valentina Kubale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246149/images/system/246149.jpg",biography:"Valentina Kubale is Associate Professor of Veterinary Medicine at the Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. Since graduating from the Veterinary faculty she obtained her PhD in 2007, performed collaboration with the Department of Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. She continued as a post-doctoral fellow at the University of Copenhagen with a Lundbeck foundation fellowship. She is the editor of three books and author/coauthor of 23 articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals, 16 book chapters, and 68 communications at scientific congresses. Since 2008 she has been the Editor Assistant for the Slovenian Veterinary Research journal. She is a member of Slovenian Biochemical Society, The Endocrine Society, European Association of Veterinary Anatomists and Society for Laboratory Animals, where she is board member.",institutionString:"University of Ljubljana",institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"258334",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Fonseca-Alves",slug:"carlos-eduardo-fonseca-alves",fullName:"Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/258334/images/system/258334.jpg",biography:"Dr. Fonseca-Alves earned his DVM from Federal University of Goias – UFG in 2008. He completed an internship in small animal internal medicine at UPIS university in 2011, earned his MSc in 2013 and PhD in 2015 both in Veterinary Medicine at Sao Paulo State University – UNESP. Dr. Fonseca-Alves currently serves as an Assistant Professor at Paulista University – UNIP teaching small animal internal medicine.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Paulista",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"245306",title:"Dr.",name:"María Luz",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia Pardo",slug:"maria-luz-garcia-pardo",fullName:"María Luz Garcia Pardo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/245306/images/system/245306.png",biography:"María de la Luz García Pardo is an agricultural engineer from Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain. She has a Ph.D. in Animal Genetics. Currently, she is a lecturer at the Agrofood Technology Department of Miguel Hernández University, Spain. Her research is focused on genetics and reproduction in rabbits. The major goal of her research is the genetics of litter size through novel methods such as selection by the environmental sensibility of litter size, with forays into the field of animal welfare by analysing the impact on the susceptibility to diseases and stress of the does. Details of her publications can be found at https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9504-8290.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Miguel Hernandez University",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"350704",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Camila",middleName:"Silva Costa",surname:"Ferreira",slug:"camila-ferreira",fullName:"Camila Ferreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/350704/images/17280_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Veterinary Medicine at the Fluminense Federal University, specialist in Equine Reproduction at the Brazilian Veterinary Institute (IBVET) and Master in Clinical Veterinary Medicine and Animal Reproduction at the Fluminense Federal University. She has experience in analyzing zootechnical indices in dairy cattle and organizing events related to Veterinary Medicine through extension grants. I have experience in the field of diagnostic imaging and animal reproduction in veterinary medicine through monitoring and scientific initiation scholarships. I worked at the Equus Central Reproduction Equine located in Santo Antônio de Jesus – BA in the 2016/2017 breeding season. I am currently a doctoral student with a scholarship from CAPES of the Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Medicine (Pathology and Clinical Sciences) at the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ) with a research project with an emphasis on equine endometritis.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"41319",title:"Prof.",name:"Lung-Kwang",middleName:null,surname:"Pan",slug:"lung-kwang-pan",fullName:"Lung-Kwang Pan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41319/images/84_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"125292",title:"Dr.",name:"Katy",middleName:null,surname:"Satué Ambrojo",slug:"katy-satue-ambrojo",fullName:"Katy Satué Ambrojo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/125292/images/system/125292.jpeg",biography:"Katy Satué Ambrojo received her Veterinary Medicine degree, Master degree in Equine Technology and doctorate in Veterinary Medicine from the Faculty of Veterinary, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University in Valencia, Spain.Dr. Satué is accredited as a Private University Doctor Professor, Doctor Assistant, and Contracted Doctor by AVAP (Agència Valenciana d'Avaluació i Prospectiva) and currently, as a full professor by ANECA (since January 2022). To date, Katy has taught 22 years in the Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery at the CEU-Cardenal Herrera University in undergraduate courses in Veterinary Medicine (General Pathology, integrated into the Applied Basis of Veterinary Medicine module of the 2nd year, Clinical Equine I of 3rd year, and Equine Clinic II of 4th year). Dr. Satué research activity is in the field of Endocrinology, Hematology, Biochemistry, and Immunology in the Spanish Purebred mare. She has directed 5 Doctoral Theses and 5 Diplomas of Advanced Studies, and participated in 11 research projects as a collaborating researcher. She has written 2 books and 14 book chapters in international publishers related to the area, and 68 scientific publications in international journals. Dr. Satué has attended 63 congresses, participating with 132 communications in international congresses and 19 in national congresses related to the area. Dr. Satué is a scientific reviewer for various prestigious international journals such as Animals, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, Reproduction in Domestic Animals, Research Veterinary Science, Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, Livestock Production Science and Theriogenology, among others. Since 2014 she has been responsible for the Clinical Analysis Laboratory of the CEU-Cardenal Herrera University Veterinary Clinical Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"201721",title:"Dr.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Funiciello",slug:"beatrice-funiciello",fullName:"Beatrice Funiciello",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201721/images/11089_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated from the University of Milan in 2011, my post-graduate education included CertAVP modules mainly on equines (dermatology and internal medicine) and a few on small animal (dermatology and anaesthesia) at the University of Liverpool. After a general CertAVP (2015) I gained the designated Certificate in Veterinary Dermatology (2017) after taking the synoptic examination and then applied for the RCVS ADvanced Practitioner status. After that, I completed the Postgraduate Diploma in Veterinary Professional Studies at the University of Liverpool (2018). My main area of work is cross-species veterinary dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"291226",title:"Dr.",name:"Monica",middleName:null,surname:"Cassel",slug:"monica-cassel",fullName:"Monica Cassel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/291226/images/8232_n.jpg",biography:'Degree in Biological Sciences at the Federal University of Mato Grosso with scholarship for Scientific Initiation by FAPEMAT (2008/1) and CNPq (2008/2-2009/2): Project \\"Histological evidence of reproductive activity in lizards of the Manso region, Chapada dos Guimarães, Mato Grosso, Brazil\\". Master\\\'s degree in Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation at Federal University of Mato Grosso with a scholarship by CAPES/REUNI program: Project \\"Reproductive biology of Melanorivulus punctatus\\". PhD\\\'s degree in Science (Cell and Tissue Biology Area) \n at University of Sao Paulo with scholarship granted by FAPESP; Project \\"Development of morphofunctional changes in ovary of Astyanax altiparanae Garutti & Britski, 2000 (Teleostei, Characidae)\\". She has experience in Reproduction of vertebrates and Morphology, with emphasis in Cellular Biology and Histology. She is currently a teacher in the medium / technical level courses at IFMT-Alta Floresta, as well as in the Bachelor\\\'s degree in Animal Science and in the Bachelor\\\'s degree in Business.',institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"442807",title:"Dr.",name:"Busani",middleName:null,surname:"Moyo",slug:"busani-moyo",fullName:"Busani Moyo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gwanda State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"439435",title:"Dr.",name:"Feda S.",middleName:null,surname:"Aljaser",slug:"feda-s.-aljaser",fullName:"Feda S. Aljaser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"423023",title:"Dr.",name:"Yosra",middleName:null,surname:"Soltan",slug:"yosra-soltan",fullName:"Yosra Soltan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Alexandria University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"349788",title:"Dr.",name:"Florencia Nery",middleName:null,surname:"Sompie",slug:"florencia-nery-sompie",fullName:"Florencia Nery Sompie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sam Ratulangi University",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"428600",title:"MSc.",name:"Adriana",middleName:null,surname:"García-Alarcón",slug:"adriana-garcia-alarcon",fullName:"Adriana García-Alarcón",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"428599",title:"MSc.",name:"Gabino",middleName:null,surname:"De La Rosa-Cruz",slug:"gabino-de-la-rosa-cruz",fullName:"Gabino De La Rosa-Cruz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"428601",title:"MSc.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Campuzano-Caballero",slug:"juan-carlos-campuzano-caballero",fullName:"Juan Carlos Campuzano-Caballero",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"4",type:"subseries",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Invasive Infections, Epidemiology, Cell Membrane, Fungal Virulence, Diagnosis, Treatment",scope:"Fungi are ubiquitous and there are almost no non-pathogenic fungi. Fungal infectious illness prevalence and prognosis are determined by the exposure between fungi and host, host immunological state, fungal virulence, and early and accurate diagnosis and treatment. \r\nPatients with both congenital and acquired immunodeficiency are more likely to be infected with opportunistic mycosis. Fungal infectious disease outbreaks are common during the post- disaster rebuilding era, which is characterised by high population density, migration, and poor health and medical conditions.\r\nSystemic or local fungal infection is mainly associated with the fungi directly inhaled or inoculated in the environment during the disaster. The most common fungal infection pathways are human to human (anthropophilic), animal to human (zoophilic), and environment to human (soilophile). Diseases are common as a result of widespread exposure to pathogenic fungus dispersed into the environment. \r\nFungi that are both common and emerging are intertwined. In Southeast Asia, for example, Talaromyces marneffei is an important pathogenic thermally dimorphic fungus that causes systemic mycosis. Widespread fungal infections with complicated and variable clinical manifestations, such as Candida auris infection resistant to several antifungal medicines, Covid-19 associated with Trichoderma, and terbinafine resistant dermatophytosis in India, are among the most serious disorders. \r\nInappropriate local or systemic use of glucocorticoids, as well as their immunosuppressive effects, may lead to changes in fungal infection spectrum and clinical characteristics. Hematogenous candidiasis is a worrisome issue that affects people all over the world, particularly ICU patients. CARD9 deficiency and fungal infection have been major issues in recent years. Invasive aspergillosis is associated with a significant death rate. Special attention should be given to endemic fungal infections, identification of important clinical fungal infections advanced in yeasts, filamentous fungal infections, skin mycobiome and fungal genomes, and immunity to fungal infections.\r\nIn addition, endemic fungal diseases or uncommon fungal infections caused by Mucor irregularis, dermatophytosis, Malassezia, cryptococcosis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidiosis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, and other fungi, should be monitored. \r\nThis topic includes the research progress on the etiology and pathogenesis of fungal infections, new methods of isolation and identification, rapid detection, drug sensitivity testing, new antifungal drugs, schemes and case series reports. 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We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:{title:"Biomedical Engineering",id:"7"},selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. 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Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},subseries:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. 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Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. 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