Correlation Dimensions for different sets of parameters.
\r\n\t- BMD measurement technology
\r\n\t- Osteoporosis and fracture risk
\r\n\t- Bone growth and remodeling
\r\n\t
\r\n\tThe submission is also open to any other original study related to these research topics.
Henri Poincaré, (1892–1908), [1], was first to acknowledge the possible existence of chaos in nonlinear systems while studying a 3-body problem comprising Sun, Moon and Earth. He noticed the dynamics of the system turned to be sensitive towards initial conditions, which was later termed as chaos. His results based on theoretical analysis and he could not demonstrate it because computers were not available at that time. Lorenz, a weather scientist, demonstrated existence of chaos by using a computer in 1963, [2], and in this way supported chaos theory of Poincaré. Thus,
Most biological systems exhibit enormous diversity and structurally multicomponent resulting in ecological imbalance and disorder/disharmony in environment. Inspired by articles of Lotka, Volterra, and Allee, numerous articles appeared with diversity in assumptions depending of species and their living environmental conditions in predator-prey models, [20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44].
\nReal systems are mostly nonlinear and many of them are with multicomponent structure. Their individual elements possess individual properties. Such systems are termed as the complex system.
\nDuring evolution, a complex system exhibits chaos in some parameter space but also some other phenomena called complexity. This complexity is due to the interaction among multiple agents within the system displayed in the form of coexistence of multiple attractors, bistability, intermittency, cascading effects, exhibit of hysteresis properties etc. Thus, complexity can viewed as its systematic nonlinear properties and it is due to the interaction among multiple agents within the system. Foundation work and elaborate descriptions on complexity can viewed from some pioneer articles on complexity in nonlinear dynamics presented in [45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51]. Study of complexity means to know the results that emerging from a collection of interacting parts.
\nA dynamical system be chaotic then it must be (i) sensitive to initial conditions, (ii) topologically mixing and (iii) its periodic orbits must be dense. In chaotic systems, there exists a strange attractor, a chaotic set, which has fractal structure. Complex systems are also sensitive to their initial conditions and two complex systems that are initially very close together in terms of their various elements and dimensions can end up in distinctly different places. Wide discussions on complex system may found in some pioneer literatures, [14, 18, 45, 46, 48, 50, 51].
\nChaos measured by Lyapunov exponents, (also called Lyapunov characteristic components or LCEs); LCE > 0 indicates existence of chaos and LCE < 0 indicates regularity, [52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62]. A complex system can better understood by measuring (i) chaos, (ii) Topological entropies and (iii) correlation dimension. Topological entropy, a non-negative number, provides a perfect way to measure complexity of a system. More topological entropy in any system signifies more complexity in it. Actually, it measures the evolution of distinguishable orbits over time, thereby providing an idea of how complex the orbit structure of a system is, [48, 49, 50, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69]. A system may be chaotic with zero topological entropy. In addition, a significant increase in topological entropy does not justify that it is chaotic. The book by Nagashima and Baba, [62], gives a very clear definition of topological entropy. The correlation dimension provides the dimensionality of the chaotic attractor. Correlation dimensions are non-integers and this is one reasons besides self-similarity that chaotic sets have fractal structure, [60, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73].
\nIt emerges from a good number of recent researches that chaos appearing in dynamical system be controlled and suggested number techniques to control chaos, [74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88]. These techniques have some limitations depending on the models and nature of nonlinearity.
\nObjective of this article is to investigate the emergence of chaos and complexity in nonlinear dynamical systems through examples of nonlinear models. Numerical simulations carried out for bifurcation analysis, plotting of LCEs and topological entropies for different systems. Numerical calculations extended to obtain correlation dimensions for certain chaotic attractors emerging in different systems. The study further extended to explain different types of chaos controlling technique. Studies confined to one, two and three-dimensional systems only.
\nA highly simplified type discrete nonlinear model for laser system, arising from Laser Physics, described in articles, [12, 50, 89, 90, 91]. The model describes evolution of certain Fabry-Perot cavity containing a saturable absorber and driven by an external laser represented by
\nHere Q is the normalized input field and A is a parameter depends on the specifics of the parameters and A > 0. The fixed points of the map are the real root of equation
\nThis equation has either three real roots or one real and a pair of complex conjugate roots depending on parameter space \n
\n
For \n
Keeping \n
Bifurcation diagrams of map
Bifurcation diagrams of map
Both time series plots shown in \nFigure 3\n are for chaotic evolution of system (1) and correspond to parameters (a) \n
Chaotic time series plots with initial value x0 = 0.5: (a) A = 5.3, Q = 2.76 and (b) A = 5.4, Q = 2.9.
\n
Lyapunov exponents, LCEs, for map (1), calculated for four cases, \nFigure 4\n, positive LCEs appearing above zero line clearly indicate chaotic motion and those below this line indicate regular motion.
\nPlots of LCEs: (a) for the upper row Q = 2.76, 4.0 ≤ A ≤ 5.5 and 5.0 ≤ A ≤ 7.0; (b) for the lower row A = 5.4, 0.5 ≤ Q ≤ 3.5 and 1.4 ≤ Q ≤ 1.8.
\n
Numerical calculations further proceeded to calculate topological entropies for system (1) and shown in \nFigure 5\n; where figures of upper row obtained by varying parameter A while keeping parameter Q = 2.76 and those of lower row obtained by varying parameter Q while keeping parameter A = 5.4.
\nTopological entropy plots: (a) for upper row Q = 2.76 and 4.0 ≤ A ≤ 5.5 & 4.7 ≤ A ≤ 5.3; (b) for lower row A = 5.4 and 0.4 ≤ Q ≤ 2.5 & 1.4 ≤ Q ≤ 1.9.
\n
Extending further the numerical study, correlation dimensions of system (1) calculated for a chaotic attractor by using Mathematica codes, [73].
\nConsider an orbit \n
Where,
\nis the unit-step function, (Heaviside function). The summation indicates number of pairs of vectors closer to \n
The correlation dimension \n
To obtain \n
For first attractor, Q = 2.76, A = 5.3, a plot of the correlation integral curve is shown in \nFigure 6\n. Then, the linear fit of the correlation data used in this figure obtained as
The y-intercept of this straight line is \n
In a similar way, correlation dimension for second attractor of \nFigure 3\n, A = 5.4 and Q = 2.9, as \n
Plot of correlation integral curve for A = 5.3, Q = 2.76 and x0 = 0.5.
Plots of correlation dimensions: (a) with Q = 2.76 and varying A, (b) with A = 5.4 and varying Q.
The population of red blood cells in a healthy human being oscillates within a certain tolerance interval in normal circumstances. But, sometimes, in presence of a disease such as anemia, this behavior fluctuate dramatically. A discrete model of blood cell populations, Martelli, ([73], p: 35), presented here.
\nLet \n
Then, assuming that
\nwhere \n
The case a \n
For \n
Chaotic time series plot of map
Interesting bifurcations observed for this map: For \n
Bifurcation plots of Blood Cell model for
Bifurcation of Blood Cell model when
Regular and chaotic motion experienced through bifurcation diagrams, \nFigures 9\n and \n10\n, again confirmed by plots of Lyapunov exponents, \nFigure 11\n. This system, bears enough complexity and, as its measure, plot of topological entropies, \nFigure 12\n, obtained for values \n
LCE Plots for
Topological entropy plot for
The correlation dimension of its chaotic attractor for values \n
Chaos and complexity study of a discrete two-dimensional map for two-gene system, proposed by Andrecut and Kaufmann, investigated recently, [35, 71, 92]. The map used to investigate the dynamics of two-gene system for chemical reactions corresponding to gene expression and regulation. The discrete dynamic variables xn and yn describe the evolutions of the concentration levels of transcription factor proteins. The map represented by following pair of difference equations:
\nWith parameter values \n
For \n
We intend to investigate certain dynamic behavior of system (8) for cases when \n
\n
Drawing bifurcation diagrams and calculating Lyapunov exponents, topological entropy and correlation dimensions of the system for different cases have investigated performing numerical simulations. For values of the control parameters following ranges proposed:\n
Case 1: Taking \n
Three cases of bifurcation scenarios of map
Figures (a), (b), (c) correspond to time series, phase plane attractors and Lyapunov exponents; upper row is for regular case and the lower row is for chaotic case of map
\n
For chaotic evolution, when \n
Plots of Lyapunov exponents for chaotic evolution of map
Plots of topological entropy for map
Case II: When c and d are different, bifurcation diagrams, \nFigure 17\n, shows clear picture of complex nature of the system.
\nBifurcation plots when
In \nFigure 18\n, plots of Lyapunov exponents, (LCE’s), for chaotic evolution for different cases discussed above are shown in the upper row and plots of topological entropies are shown in the lower row for these cases. For all the plots, parameters \n
Upper row plots are for LCE’s and lower row plots are for topological entropies. Plots with (a), (b), (c) are respectively corresponds to the cases
When parameters c and d both were allowed to vary, one gets 3D plots for topological entropies as shown here in \nFigure 19\n.
\n3D plots for topological entropy variations. Parameters values are taken as
\n
Being one of the characteristic invariants of nonlinear system dynamics, the correlation dimension provides measure of dimensionality for the underlying attractor of the system. A statistical method used to determine correlation dimension. It is an efficient and practical method in comparison to others, like box counting etc. The procedure to obtain correlation dimension follows from steps of calculations in [73]:
\nFor case \n
Plot of correlation integral curve for t = 3 and a = 25, b = 0.1, c = 0.28, d = 0.12.
The y-intercept of this straight line is 0.580866. Therefore the correlation dimension of the attractor in this case is, approximately, \n
Computation of correlation dimension carried out for more cases for different set of values of parameters as shown in \nTable 1\n.
\nCases (t)/Parameters | \na | \nb | \nc | \nd | \nApproximate Dc\n | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|
t = 3 | \n25 | \n0.1 | \n0.28 | \n0.12 | \n0.581 | \n
t = 4 | \n25 | \n0.1 | \n0.18 | \n0.18 | \n0.645 | \n
t = 5 | \n25 | \n0.1 | \n0.18 | \n0.18 | \n0.703 | \n
t = 4 | \n25 | \n0.1 | \n0.28 | \n0.12 | \n0.676 | \n
t = 5 | \n25 | \n0.1 | \n0.28 | \n0.12 | \n0.772 | \n
t = 3 | \n35 | \n0.1 | \n0.2 | \n0.2 | \n0.877 | \n
t = 4 | \n35 | \n0.1 | \n0.2 | \n0.2 | \n0.618 | \n
t = 5 | \n35 | \n0.1 | \n0.2 | \n0.2 | \n1.264 | \n
Correlation Dimensions for different sets of parameters.
Investigation on microeconomic chaotic disturbances and certain measure to control chaos appeared in some recent articles, [72, 93, 94, 95], extended here for complexity analysis. The problem proposed as an micro economic model of two firms X and Y competing on the same market of goods having asymmetric strategies. The sales \n
where \n
\n
Bifurcation diagrams for system (9) obtained for \n
Bifurcation diagrams of system
Bifurcation of map
Attractors:
\nTime series plots and a plot of chaotic attractor obtained for values \n
Time series plots and chaotic attractor of the system
Plots of Lyapunov exponents for chaotic evolution of the system
\n
Plots of topological entropies: (a) left 2D plot is obtained for 12 ≤
\n
Following steps used for map (8), correlation dimension of chaotic the attractor for values α = 0.46, β = 0.7, \n
A continuous 2-dimensional Lotka – Volterra type predator− prey model of constant period chaotic amplitude, (UPCA model), proposed by Petzoldt, [96] based on works, [97, 98], written as
\nBifurcation diagram for predator z while varying prey parameter b shown there, Petzoldt [86], is interesting. Periodic bifurcations and chaotic attractor of this model for different parameter space are presented in the figure, \nFigure 26\n.
\nPeriodic bifurcations and chaotic attractor formations of Volterra – Petzoldt model for different values of c fixed parameters
Plots of time series for x(t), for cases of chaos, are given in \nFigure 27\n and that of Lyapunov exponents, (LCEs), of chaotic attractors shown in last two plots in \nFigure 28\n.
\nPlots of time series curves for x(t) for chaotic evolutions for values of c. Other parameters are same as in
Plots of LCEs of chaotic attractors of model
In conclusion, one observes that the system (10) evolve into chaos after period doubling phenomena.
\nAs nonlinear systems are hardly comparable in the sense that behavior of one nonlinear system hardly match with another nonlinear system so the chaotic evolutions. So controlling chaos to bring any chaotic system to regularity may differ from one nonlinear system to another nonlinear system. Different types of controlling chaos technique discussed in recent literatures, [75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88].
\nFollowing two chaos controlling technique discussed here:
\nAsymptotic stability analysis to stabilize unstable fixed point and to control chaotic motion appeared in some recent researches, [83, 84, 85]. Though this method has some limitations, it is perfect way to control chaos in models where it can be applicable.
\n\n
Dynamics of the actual map
Also, the neighborhood dynamics of
Matrices
Here,
\nLet \n
The control input parameter matrix p*can be given by
\nThen, using (11)-(13), one obtains the following error equation:
\nAnd
Note that in equation (13) and (14) the coefficient matrices
The necessary and sufficient condition for
From these, one can obtain matrices
A necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of matrices
Considered a prey-predator model where both species evolve with logistic rule and also influencing each other, [30], written as
\nFor \n
Time series graphs, attractor and LCE plots of the unstable system.
Then, applying asymptotic stability discussed above for the map (18). For fixed value c = 0.2, unstable fixed point obtained as (0.25712, 0.49961). Nearby this point take initial point (0.3, 0.5) and \n
For the case when \n
Phase plot and LCE plot of controlled system when
\n
For values \n
Time series and attractors of unstable system.
In the process of stabilizing the desired point (0.5, 0.3, 0.2), calculations performed to replace parameters \n
At these new parameter values of \n
Phase plot and LCE plot of map
where \n
Here (−0.9, 0.948683) is an unstable fixed point of the original Burger\'s map. It has been observed that above chaotic motion is controlled and display regular behavior after re-writing equations (1) as follows:
\nRepeating stability analysis for system (2) with the fixed point (−0.9, 0.948683), one finds this point be stable if ε < 0.45. So, taking ε = 0.435, phase plot obtained as shown in \nFigure 34\n, indicates chaotic motion, \nFigure 33\n, is now controlled.
\nChaos in Burgerger’s map for a = 1, b = 0.9.
Evolution of Volterra-Petzoldt map already discussed in Section 2, Eq. (10). For parameters \n
Applying the method of pulsive feedback, and re-writing eq. (10) as
\nThen, using stability analysis, for stabilize the above unstable point P*, one obtains the parameter ε =
Regular and chaotic evolutions observed in some 1-3 dimensional discrete and continuous nonlinear models, which have applications in different areas of science. Presence of complexity in these systems viewed by indications of significant increase in topological entropies in certain parameter spaces. More increase in topological entropy in a system signified the system is more complex. Bifurcation phenomena for different systems show interesting properties like bistability, folding, intermittency, chaos adding etc. which are not common to all nonlinear systems. Proper numerical simulations performed for each system to obtain regular and chaotic attractors, Lyapunov exponents (LCEs) as a measure of chaos, (evolution is regular if LCE < 0 and chaotic if LCE > 0), topological entropies and correlation dimensions for chaotic attractors. It appears from the plots of topological entropies that obtained for discrete models that complexity exists even in absence of chaos. Correlation dimensions obtained for chaotic attractors are non-integers because these attractors bear fractal properties. A chaotic attractor is composed of complex pattern and so, in a variety of nonlinear evolving systems measurement of topological entropy is equally important, [63, 64, 65, 66, 67].
\nTo control chaotic motion, techniques of asymptotic stability analysis and that of pulsive feedback control applied here. Pulsive control technique applied to Volterra-Petzoldt map (10) and to Burger’s map (20), show chaos successfully controlled and systems returned to regularity, \nFigures 34\n and \n35\n. Application of Pulsive control method perfectly controlled chaotic motions in systems (10), (20) shown here. Chaos is also controlled by this method for system (10), [72]. Asymptotic stability analysis method applied to a prey-predator system and to a food chain model, respectively, to maps (18) and (19), and chaos effectively controlled shown, respectively, through figures, \nFigures 30\n and \n32\n. Asymptotic stability analysis technique has some limitations explained in the articles where this method proposed, [83, 84]. Though there are many ways to control chaos in dynamical systems, [74], both the techniques applied here are perfect and very effective in controlling chaos, especially in real systems.
\nPlot of regular attractor for
Plots of chaotic attractor changing into regular attractor by application of pulsive feedback technique.
The author wishes to present his sincere gratitude to Professor M.K. Das of Institute of Informatics & Communication, University of Delhi South Campus, for his all support and help in preparation of this article.
\nThe world is becoming a small society which is totally blended with technology, therefore, prompt services technology need to be implementing in the society to meet its demands. These services are becoming y complex in volume and type to meet society’s increasing expectations out of these services. Due to the advancements in ICT and digital transformation as well as the growing rate of internet and mobile technologies users has led to the emergence of new business models causing huge and rapid changes in service production as well as users expectations and behaviors. The impact was even dramatic in the public sector and e-government as its substantial growth was evident in last two decades to describe how ICT is utilized to boost the efficiency and quality of public administration in a government setting.
e-government is regarded as second revolution in public management/administration due its substantial critical role in transforming the way public services as well as the relationship between government (service providers) and citizens (service users) [1]. As e-governments thrive to offer their best services with highest level of quality, they rely on the quality and the usage by service users [2]. To achieve highest level of trust between user/citizens and governments, quality is regarded as a key factor in this formula. As the main objective of e-government to make their services accessible and access the information smoothly and easily. The governments needs to continuously invest in their information technology, operations and infrastructure to assure reliable communication which ultimately satisfy the high quality service expectation of users/citizens [3].
An extensive amount of research was conducted from various domains (services, marketing, information systems, e-government) to measure service quality and various scales and models, frameworks were also proposed by different scholars as summarized by [4, 5] covering the domain of service quality, e-service quality and e-government quality.
In this course of study, a systematic literature review (SLRs) research methodology was carried to explore all relevant quality models, methods, factors, indicators, measures used in the process of maintaining the quality of service which satisfies the users/citizen satisfaction and loyalty level. The main purpose of this chapter is therefore to draw a roadmap as per existing studies of key elements for e-service quality dimensions which in return plays a significant role in enhancing overall service offering and usage by service providers and service users. As a result, this research will pave the way to put into the context in preparation for more studies to validate the presented quality factors in various service domains.
Service quality is becoming considerable area of research from various domains (operations, marketing, hospitality and information technology). SERVQUAL is a pioneer model which represent ten service quality dimensions for measurement of quality which are: responsiveness, competence, access, courtesy, communicating, creditability, security, understanding/knowing the customer, and tangibles [6]. The same model was revised by Parasuraman and et al. [7] it was simplified into five key dimensions: reliability, assurance, tangibles, empathy, and responsiveness. Although this model is one of the most classical models in measuring service quality it was adopted by many researchers in various domains [8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15].
It is very critical to main quality of e-services as more services online in response to the massive growth and demand by service users in light of the current situation. Various scholars offered means to measure quality in various context of applications. SITEQUAL [16] was initially developed to measure internet shopping sites perceived quality. On the other hand, Madu and Madu [17] argued that the quality can be measured by more extensive dimensions, thus proposed 15 dimensions of e-services quality; performance, features, structure, esthetics, reliability, storage capacity, Service ability, security and system integrity, trust, responsiveness, productive services, Web store policy, reputation, assurance and empathy. Quality was also studied in the domain of e-tailers and Cai and Jun [18] identified four effective dimensions which are: website design/content, trustworthiness, prompt/reliable service, communication. Additional five dimensions were proposed by Long and C. McMellon [19] which are: tangible, assurance, reliability, purchasing process, responsiveness. A
Quality was also measured in e-banking service in UK [22] identified seven quality seven dimensions: convenience/accuracy, accessibility/reliability, god queue management, personalization, friendly/responsiveness, customer service, targeted customer service. Another study by Hussain [23] in e-banking domain as well identified six e- service quality dimension to have positive influence in measuring quality which are; reliability, responsiveness, ease of use, personalization, security, and website design. While a recent review study [24] found that reliability, efficiency, responsiveness, ease of use, security, website esthetic, credibility and personalization are key dimensions effecting e-banking domain.
Bauer et al. [25] developed a scale named as eTransQual to measure e-service quality with dimensions: functionality/design, enjoyment, process, reliability, responsiveness. Another hierarchical approach proposed by Fassnacht et al. [26] who identify three quality dimensions with sub dimension which are: Delivery quality (attractiveness of selection, information quality, ease of use, technical quality), environment quality (graphic quality, clarity of layout), out-come quality (reliability, functional benefit, emotional benefit).
Another hierarchical approach was proposed by Heinonen [27] with four quality dimensions and sub dimension which are: technical (outcome of service interaction), functional (interaction between the customer and all kind of interfaces of company for both personal and technical prospective), temporal (perception of the time of service), and spatial (customer perception on the physical place). While PesQ model [9] identifies four quality dimensions which are: web design, customer service, assurance and order management. Another six dimensions of e-service quality which are: trust, customized communication, ease of use, website content and functionality, reliability, and speed of delivery were proposed by [28]. Ha et al. [29] explores four dimensions which have a good impact on customer adoption of online shopping the dimensions are: website design, customer service, privacy/security, atmospheric/experiential. Akinci et al. [30] revised E-S-QUAL and E-RecS-QUAL of [20] in the context of e-banking in Turkey. While Lin et al. [31] develop a scale SSTQUAL for self-service technology which identifies seven dimensions which are: functionality, enjoyment, security/privacy, assurance, design, convenience, and customization.
Santouridis et al. [32] examined the applicability of e-service quality scale E-S-Qual and identify four dimensions which are: efficiency, fulfillment, system availability and privacy. On the other hand, Janita [33] explored service quality dimensions in B2B e-marketplaces and identify four dimensions which are: reliability, privacy, utility or the information, valued-add service. On the other and in the area of online service satisfaction, While Li [34] identified the key dimension in the domain of e-commerce websites in china: identify system related dimension and service related dimensions which are: system related (efficiency, ease of navigation, reliability, personalization, ease of use, speed) and service related (responsiveness, assurance, delivery, and customer service). Achchuthan et al. [8] Developed an model with five e-service quality dimensions which are: tangibility, empathy, responsiveness, reliability, and assurance. This was in the context of electricity services.
The rapid growth in information communication technology has change the way of communicating between governments and their citizens because of this change a new form of government introduced known as electronic government [35]. It has become significantly important to understand the relationships between the quality of the government services and its impact on users/citizens satisfaction. Quality dimensions of e-service become an important ingredient for e-governments to measure the users/citizens satisfaction. Many scholars explored different approaches to find out the effective quality dimensions and measuring methods of online service quality which influences on the quality of e-services in context of e-government [2, 31, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51].
It is becoming an extreme challenge for e-government to maintain the service quality to ensure users/citizens satisfactions and loyalty. Therefore, and in order to meet this target, it is important to measure the quality of the service by quality factors/indicators known as dimensions. This will help in assuring that service provides are offering the services as per user’s expectations. Thus, selection of dimension is based on their importance, reflected in the review of the literature during the studies in the domains e-service quality e-government service quality and also on web site quality. The main quality dimensions from the literature are discussed below and summarized in Table 1 with their focus (service providers, service users). The focus of the studies was extracted as part of the methodologies used for data collection and analysis conducted by majority of the earlier studies in this area. It is significant to highlight that most of the studies presented regarded the achievements of high level of quality has resulted in achieving user satisfaction and loyalty.
Antony Model [52], Lee Model [53], Ibrahim Model [54], Suomi Model [55], Alanezi Model [56], Alanezi Model [57], Al farsi Model [58], eTAILQ [59] | Service users | |
SITEQUAL [60], WEBQUAL [61], WEBQUALTM [62], Santos Model [63], Fassnacht Model [64], WEBQUAL [65], Alanezi Model [56], Ladhari Model [66], Rehman Model [35], Sabote Model [67], Alanezi Model [57], Chen Model [68], Shareef Model [69], Hussain Model [70], Hein Model [71], Alfarsi Model [58]. | Service users | |
Madu Model [17], SERVQUAL [72], Rev. SERVQUAL [73], E-S-Qual [74], E-Retail [19], Lee Model [53], Santoos Model [63], EGOVAST [47], E-GovQual [75], Shebani model [76], Sabiote Model [67], Santouridis [77], E-GovQual [78], Sharma Model [79], Stiglingh Model [80] | Service users | |
SITEQUAL [60], WebQual [81], eTailQ [59], Lin Model [53], Jun Model [82], E-S-QUAL [74], Caruana Model [83], PeSQ Model [84] | Service users and service providers | |
SERVQUAL [72] SITEQUAL [60], Madu model [17], eTailQ [59], Antony Model [52], Santos Model [63], Caruana Model [83], Stoel Model [29], Suomi Model [55], Alanezi Model [56], Alanezi Model [57], e-SQ [66], SSTQUAL [31], Bhattacharya Model [42], Shareef Model [69], Sharma Model [79], Hussain Model [70], Stiglingh Model [80], Shanshan Model [85], Al farsi Model [58] | Service users and service providers | |
Bhattacharya Model [42], Alanezi Model [57], E-GovQual [78], E-GSPTA [86] | Service users | |
Madu Model [17], WEBQUAL [61], WEBQUALTM [62], Antony Model [52], Jun Model [82], WEBQUAL [65], Tadisina Model [87], E EGovQual [88], E GovQual [75], Osman Model [49], EGSPTA [86] | Service users | |
Caruana Model [83], Shareef Model [69] | Service users |
Quality dimensions and related studies.
Personalization refers to the level of customization available under the control of the users per their needs and requirements. Alanezi et al. [56] admired from SERVQUAL unique feature of providing individual care to customers, which can only be possible by increasing capacity of citizens to customize e-government portal according to their needs. While, Surjadjaja et al. [52] identified that customization feature plays an enormous role in enhancing satisfaction of customer by easing out them in performing their normal routines of payments and services. Where, Lee et al. [53] accentuated that service quality improved the satisfaction level of citizen and left a positive impact, that increase the customer trust on the services offered by the customized e-government portal. In addition to that, Lee et al. [53] observed that personalization satisfied specific needs of customers with different choices. While, Suomi et al. [55] endorsed the importance of customization, as it help to designed the services pattern according to citizens personal choice. Where, Gilly et al. [59] identified that personalization in an online environment enhanced the trust and satisfaction of citizen over the system and allow them to provide personal information freely on their systems. While, Shareef et al. [69] describes personalization as an extent where, an efficient government portal performed their functions efficiently and always available to help their citizens in their needs.
To give some examples, personalization factor checks how well the service provider understand and respects the personal needs of the users while using these services with respect to language preferences and the way information presented in the portal to satisfy user needs. The portal is also relating to other websites that the users may be interested.
Usability measures effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction of a user as a result of utilizing the e-government portals. Where, ease of use explained as the availability of all necessary information which also be facilitated with advanced options for searching significant information. Several studies [57, 60, 61, 63, 64, 65, 89] observed that ease of use allows citizen’s to utilize offered services frequently and also influenced on soul satisfaction of citizen which also enhance customers trust on utilizing e-government services. Where, Shareef et al. [69] accepted ease of use a main formative dimension of service quality of e-government public administration. Accordingly, Mentzas et al. [90] affirms that the effectiveness of e-government portals enhanced with the availability of certain features such as, site map, FAQ’s and availability of information about the services offered by e-government portal. Thus, availability distinctive features on e-government portal help to ease out the necessities of citizen and provide high degree of satisfaction to them.
This factor checks elements such as, how the users assess the portal structure with respect to ease of use, clarity and confidence. It also checks the portal for user friendliness and efforts required by users to interact with the portal.
Performance measures the responsiveness and reliability experienced with e-government offered services. Alanezi et al. [56] observed that performance of the e-government portal depends on the response time of queries of the citizen. In addition to that, Alanezi et al. [57] also studied that immediate response on the queries help citizen to sort out their problems. Whereas, Shareef et al. [69] considered performance an extent that has to fulfill by the government portal according to the expectation of their citizens. While, Stinglingh et al. [80] accentuated that efficiency and responsiveness as an integral part of performance of that allows citizen to evaluate the quality of the offered services. Where, Mentzas et al. [75] relates performance with the efficiency and reliability of the services offered by the e-government portals.
Some of the items that effects the performance of the website can be response rate to queries and complains, facilitated communication and response from service providers, and providing information on timely manner.
The dimension can be referred as a tangible dimension, as it is an only interaction point between the citizen’s and the e-government portal. The dimension is related to the overall layout of the website that includes design and available content, also correlate with the different studies presented by various researchers. Where, Caruana et al. [53, 83] accentuated that the website design is related to the reputation of the organization and also influence customer confidence over the portals.
Web design factor is important to foster effective communication with service providers by providing relevant and accurate information. The portal design should be easy to use and understand as well as being visually appealing.
This dimension measures users’ perceptions of how safe and secure they are concerning their personal information over the web site. The sense of security that e-government is fully secured provides trust to citizen to use e-government portals for their chores. While, Shareef et al. [69] studied security as a magnitude of citizens trust where citizen feel safe to disclose their personal information while they are interacting with different offered services provided on e-government portals. In SITEQUAL, Donthu et al. [60] evaluated security as an important parameter that enhanced the citizen trust while utilizing services offered by e-government portals.
By adhering to proper security measures, users are assured by service providers that their information is stored securely, and their privacy is protected, and the data provided is not used for any other purposes.
The dimension user involvement refers to connection of e government portal to the citizen. Some researchers [75] studied dimension as citizen support, whereas bhattacharya et al. [42] studied it as citizen centricity, while Alanezi et al. [57] studied user involvement as a high level dimension and discussed it as the support and opportunities offered by the portal to e government services users. The vastness of dimension covers the availability of guidelines and availability of linked social forums. In addition to that the dimension also covers the interaction between citizens and portal through feedback on the provided services and the information about the failure of services through email and sms.
When service provides regard the users as key stakeholders of portal success via providing channels (social media, blogs, forums, etc.) where they can comment and give feedback about services provided.
Satisfaction is a reaction that a customer shows to the extent to which his or her needs and expectations are met by the service offerings. This dimension measure overall experience and positive feelings towards using e-government services. Zaidi et al. [91] termed satisfaction as emotional level of citizen which they get after attaining a successful transaction. Where, Parasurman [74] accentuated satisfaction as a degree of perceived quality services that citizen acquires in their routine purchase from e-retail store. Whereas, Madu et al. [17] considered satisfaction has a major role in loyalty of customer with e-stores. In addition to that, Haliru et al. [92] affirmed satisfaction of customer tends to decline, if they are not happy with the quality of service provided and they will not likely to repurchase from the same store, if they are not happy with the offered services and better value of provided services.
The dimension loyalty is directly related to the degree of satisfaction of service provided by e-government portals. The measure of loyalty can be observed through pattern of availing the e-service through government portal. Accordingly, Caruna et al. [83] identified that the reliability and fulfillment of their jobs they want to do. In addition to that, Caruna et al. [83] also affirms that the level of customer services and providence of satisfactory privacy and security asserts the citizens loyalty on e-government portals.
This study aimed to investigate the quality dimension that are most relevant to the measurement of e-government services from the perspective of services providers and service users. Through investigation of previous literature eight main dimensions were proposed (personalization, usability, performance, web design, security, user involvement, satisfaction and loyalty). Most of the identified dimensions are examined against users’ needs and point of view. On the other hand, security and design can be looked at from service provider perspective to prioritize their IT related investment to achieve higher level of security in offering these e-services and to design an intuitive website design to reach out more service users.
The proposed scale is valuable to countermeasure the factors which are influencing the quality of service in domain of e-government services. While there is breadth and depth of research in identifying and examining quality dimensions as per users perspectives, there are few studies [93] that are focused mainly on exploring service providers priorities and viewpoints when offering services.
This study can serve as a basis for future research and a roadmap on e-government services evaluation to assess them with respect to quality standards in order to improve citizens satisfaction and to increase usage, and trust of e-government services.
Like any other research in the area, there are some limitations to this study that needs to be considered. The quality factors studied in this research is as per an extensive literature review with specific focus to e-government quality domain. Therefore, and in order to generalize the effect of the identified factors, further studies are required in order to identify more general quality factors applicable to any domain of e-service. This will lead to the identification oof more critical quality factors as well as their overall effect on user satisfaction and loyalty.
In addition, an extensive examination is required to validate the proposed dimensions through qualitative and quantitative research methodologies. This will help with more detailed description of each factor as well as creation of specific items and metrics under each factor. It will also provide an opportunity to examine the factors in real context with different service provider domains as the reported results will very due to quality factors prioritization with respect to their unique nature and operations.
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\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'Copyright is the term used to describe the rights related to the publication and distribution of original Works. Most importantly from a publisher's perspective, copyright governs how Authors, publishers and the general public can use, publish, and distribute publications.
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\n\nHOW COPYRIGHT WORKS WITH OPEN ACCESS LICENSES?
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\n\nIntechOpen - Registered publisher with office at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, SW7 2QJ - UNITED KINGDOM
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The CC BY 3.0 and CC BY 4.0 license permits Works to be freely shared in any medium or format, as well as the reuse and adaptation of the original contents of Works (e.g. figures and tables created by the Authors), as long as the source Work is cited and its Authors are acknowledged in the following manner:
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On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. 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He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. 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She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. 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He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. 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He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"117248",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Macnab",slug:"andrew-macnab",fullName:"Andrew Macnab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"322007",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Elizbeth",middleName:null,surname:"Alvarez-Sánchez",slug:"maria-elizbeth-alvarez-sanchez",fullName:"Maria Elizbeth Alvarez-Sánchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"337443",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"A. 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The area covers many techniques that offer solutions to emerging problems in robotics and enterprise-level software systems. Collaborative intelligence is highly and effectively achieved with multi-agent systems. Areas of application include swarms of robots, flocks of UAVs, collaborative software management. Given the level of technological enhancements, the popularity of machine learning in use has opened a new chapter in multi-agent studies alongside the practical challenges and long-lasting collaboration issues in the field. It has increased the urgency and the need for further studies in this field. We welcome chapters presenting research on the many applications of multi-agent studies including, but not limited to, the following key areas: machine learning for multi-agent systems; modeling swarms robots and flocks of UAVs with multi-agent systems; decision science and multi-agent systems; software engineering for and with multi-agent systems; tools and technologies of multi-agent systems.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11423,editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",slug:"mehmet-aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mehmet Emin Aydin is a Senior Lecturer with the Department of Computer Science and Creative Technology, the University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. His research interests include swarm intelligence, parallel and distributed metaheuristics, machine learning, intelligent agents and multi-agent systems, resource planning, scheduling and optimization, combinatorial optimization. Dr. Aydin is currently a Fellow of Higher Education Academy, UK, a member of EPSRC College, a senior member of IEEE and a senior member of ACM. In addition to being a member of advisory committees of many international conferences, he is an Editorial Board Member of various peer-reviewed international journals. 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