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IntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\\n\\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\\n\\nLaunching 2021
\\n\\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\\n\\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\\n\\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\\n\\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\\n\\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\\n\\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\\n\\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/132"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'With the desire to make book publishing more relevant for the digital age and offer innovative Open Access publishing options, we are thrilled to announce the launch of our new publishing format: IntechOpen Book Series.
\n\nDesigned to cover fast-moving research fields in rapidly expanding areas, our Book Series feature a Topic structure allowing us to present the most relevant sub-disciplines. Book Series are headed by Series Editors, and a team of Topic Editors supported by international Editorial Board members. Topics are always open for submissions, with an Annual Volume published each calendar year.
\n\nAfter a robust peer-review process, accepted works are published quickly, thanks to Online First, ensuring research is made available to the scientific community without delay.
\n\nOur innovative Book Series format brings you:
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\n\nLaunching 2021
\n\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\n\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\n\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\n\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\n\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\n\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\n\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\n\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\n\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"675",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Relevant topics in Eating Disorders",title:"Relevant topics in Eating Disorders",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Eating disorders are common, frequently severe, and often devastating pathologies. Biological, psychological, and social factors are usually involved in these disorders in both the aetiopathogeny and the course of disease. The interaction among these factors might better explain the problem of the development of each particular eating disorder, its specific expression, and the course and outcome. This book includes different studies about the core concepts of eating disorders, from general topics to some different modalities of treatment. Epidemiology, the key variables in the development of eating disorders, the role of some psychosocial factors, as well as the role of some biological influences, some clinical and therapeutic issues from both psychosocial and biological points of view, and the nutritional evaluation and nutritional treatment, are clearly presented by the authors of the corresponding chapters. Professionals such as psychologists, nurses, doctors, and nutritionists, among others, may be interested in this book.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0001-0",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6790-7",doi:"10.5772/1183",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"relevant-topics-in-eating-disorders",numberOfPages:404,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"55c8c18e0c81c53cfd79272ab7916099",bookSignature:"Ignacio Jauregui-Lobera",publishedDate:"February 22nd 2012",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/675.jpg",numberOfDownloads:56343,numberOfWosCitations:30,numberOfCrossrefCitations:8,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:40,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:78,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 24th 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 21st 2011",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 26th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 25th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 23rd 2012",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"323887",title:"Prof.",name:"Ignacio",middleName:null,surname:"Jáuregui-Lobera",slug:"ignacio-jauregui-lobera",fullName:"Ignacio Jáuregui-Lobera",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/323887/images/system/323887.png",biography:null,institutionString:"Pablo de Olavide University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"7",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"4",institution:{name:"Pablo de Olavide University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1058",title:"Neuropsychology",slug:"mental-and-behavioural-disorders-and-diseases-of-the-nervous-system-neuropsychology"}],chapters:[{id:"29047",title:"The Epidemic of Anorexia Nervosa: Myth or Reality?",doi:"10.5772/32134",slug:"the-epidemic-of-anorexia-nervosa-myth-or-reality-",totalDownloads:2914,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Sandra Torres, Marina Guerra, Filipa Vieira, Kylee Miller, António Roma-Torres and Isabel Brandão",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/29047",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/29047",authors:[{id:"90286",title:"PhD.",name:"Sandra",surname:"Torres",slug:"sandra-torres",fullName:"Sandra Torres"},{id:"94165",title:"Prof.",name:"Marina",surname:"Prista Guerra",slug:"marina-prista-guerra",fullName:"Marina Prista Guerra"},{id:"94166",title:"MSc.",name:"Filipa",surname:"Vieira",slug:"filipa-vieira",fullName:"Filipa Vieira"},{id:"94167",title:"Dr.",name:"Isabel",surname:"Brandão",slug:"isabel-brandao",fullName:"Isabel Brandão"},{id:"94168",title:"MSc.",name:"António",surname:"Roma-Torres",slug:"antonio-roma-torres",fullName:"António Roma-Torres"},{id:"125723",title:"BSc.",name:"Kylee",surname:"Miller",slug:"kylee-miller",fullName:"Kylee Miller"}],corrections:null},{id:"29048",title:"Key Variables in the Development of Eating Disorders During the Adolescence: Implications for Sex Differences",doi:"10.5772/31582",slug:"key-variables-in-the-development-of-eating-disorders-during-the-adolescence-implications-for-sex-dif",totalDownloads:2148,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Pilar Ramos, Francisco Rivera and Carmen Moreno",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/29048",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/29048",authors:[{id:"87812",title:"Dr.",name:"Pilar",surname:"Ramos Valverde",slug:"pilar-ramos-valverde",fullName:"Pilar Ramos Valverde"},{id:"109916",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",surname:"Rivera",slug:"francisco-rivera",fullName:"Francisco Rivera"},{id:"109918",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmen",surname:"Moreno",slug:"carmen-moreno",fullName:"Carmen Moreno"}],corrections:null},{id:"29049",title:"Westernization: The Role of Mass Media on Body Image and Eating Disorders",doi:"10.5772/31307",slug:"westernization-the-role-of-mass-media-on-body-image-and-eating-disorders",totalDownloads:4372,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:9,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Ana R. 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He has been employed by the Pidstryhach Institute for Applied Problems of Mechanics and Mathematics (IAPMM), Ukraine for more than 40 years. Currently, he is the Head of Department of the Numerical Methods in Mathematical Physics at the IAPMM. His professional performance includes more than 160 papers in the scientific journals and international conference proceedings, which concern to the diffraction and antenna synthesis theory, optimization methods and nonlinear integral and matrix equations. He is author of two monographs in antenna theory. 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The use of innovative light-weight materials such as fiber-reinforced plastics (FRP) has then significantly increased in recent aircraft components [1].
\nThe assembly of FRP components for the aeronautical industry is generally performed by means of mechanical joining processes like riveting, which offer higher performance and less challenges compared to welding and adhesive joining techniques. As a consequence, hole making is a central process since a large number of holes is required to allow for riveting of aircraft components. Mechanical drilling using conventional or innovative drill bits is the most commonly employed hole making process for FRP components, although alternative nontraditional machining processes, such as laser and water-jet machining, have been developed in the last years [2, 3].
\nDespite the large application of FRP mechanical drilling processes, still efforts are required to optimize them since tool wear typically develops very fast, and severe damages can be easily generated on the workpiece, affecting material integrity and surface quality [4, 5, 6, 7].
\nNumerous critical defects such as geometric/dimensional errors, entry/exit delamination, interlaminar delamination, fiber pullout, uncut fibers, spalling, and cracking and thermal damage can be generated by drilling of FRP laminates [8, 9, 10, 11]. Drilled holes of low quality result in out-of-tolerance assembly and long-term weakening of structural properties, which are not acceptable in the aeronautical sector. Tight geometrical/dimensional tolerances and surface integrity need to be met as they are a key requirement to guarantee the functionality of the assembled components.
\nIn the last years, several research studies have investigated the role of drilling process parameters, including cutting speed, feed rate, drill bit geometry, and composition, on the output product quality, with particular reference to carbon fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) laminates, which are the most commonly utilized in aerospace applications [1, 12].
\nDifferent types of tools, distinguished by diverse geometry and material, have been investigated for FRP composite drilling. A complete analysis of delamination produced by drills of different geometry, including traditional twist drills and innovative drills as candle stick drill, saw drill, core drill, and step drill was reported in [13]. To reduce the high wear rate of the sintered carbide drills, TiN and DLC coatings were employed in [14] for drilling of CFRP laminates, studying material damage, thrust force, and torque generated during processing. The experimental results showed that tool wear or damage was not significantly improved by using coatings. In [15], the performance of uncoated and diamond-coated carbide tools was investigated: the diamond coating provided significantly better results achieving a tool life 10–12 times higher than uncoated carbide drills and much higher cutting speeds (170 m/min against 56 m/min).
\nDrilling of CFRP laminates was also investigated in [16] to identify the most suitable drilling parameters satisfying the hole quality requirements, including surface integrity and roughness, hole roundness and diameter error, showing that the thrust force and the delamination damage were in agreement with the tool wear zones.
\nThe studies in [17] on high speed drilling of CFRP laminates using K20 carbide drill bits under different drilling parameters (spindle speed and feed rate) showed that feed rate has a major influence on thrust force, push-out delamination, and hole diameter, whereas spindle speed is one of the key factors of the drilled hole roundness.
\nA thorough study on the cutting mechanism and the influence of cutting parameters on delamination in CFRP drilling was presented in [18], showing that thrust force is highly dependent on feed rate because higher feed rates cause greater undeformed chip thickness, while delamination is dependent on both spindle speed and feed, and the effect of feed is amplified at higher spindle speed.
\nEfforts have also been spent to model the thrust force engaged in drilling, recognized as a major factor affecting the quality of drilled holes [15, 19, 20]. However, modeling was most often limited to drilling of unidirectional laminates with simple geometry drill bits, and complex mathematical relationships were required to fully describe the complex mechanisms occurring during drilling of fiber-reinforced plastic laminates.
\nIn this framework, the aim of this chapter is to investigate more complex industrially relevant FRP drilling processes such as drilling of multidirectional CFRP/CFRP stacks for assembly of aircraft fuselage panels, discussing the employment of innovative procedures based on the multiple sensor process monitoring for cognitive tool wear prediction and hole quality assessment.
\nIn the aeronautical industry, in order to assemble two CFRP components, the latter are typically superimposed and then drilled together in a “one-shot” process so as to allow for easier subsequent riveting avoiding misalignment issues. Accordingly, to reproduce the real operating conditions of the aeronautical industry, wide experimental campaigns have been focused on drilling of CFRP/CFRP stacks made by two overlaid CFRP laminates [21, 22, 23].
\nIn the following subsections, drilling of CFRP/CFRP stacks for aeronautical assembly is discussed with reference to experimental studies on the influence of drilling parameters, tool type and geometry on tool wear development, hole quality and surface integrity, and the opportunity to implement advanced sensor monitoring procedures for tool condition monitoring based on the acquisition and processing of thrust force and torque signals.
\nIn the aeronautical industry, the practice for CFRP/CFRP stack drilling is typically based on manual drilling processes, where tools are replaced largely in advance to avoid any risks of material damage due to early tool failure, since severe geometrical and dimensional tolerances need to be met, and surface integrity is crucial. To fully exploit the entire tool life and increase the productivity of the aeronautical industry through a higher automation of drilling processes able to preserve the integrity of the workpiece, a reliable on-line tool condition monitoring procedure is required [21].
\nWith the aim to perform tool condition monitoring in drilling of CFRP/CFRP stacks, different methodologies have been developed [21, 22, 24]. Such methodologies are based on the employment of multiple sensor monitoring systems for the acquisition of thrust force and torque sensor signals to be used for tool wear estimation. The different procedures of advanced sensor signal processing and feature extraction implemented in the time and frequency domain are described in the following sections. On the basis of the features extracted from the force and torque sensor signals, it is possible to develop an artificial neural network (ANN)-based cognitive paradigm for pattern recognition with the aim to find correlations between the extracted sensor signal features and tool condition [21, 22, 24].
\nAdvanced methodologies for tool condition monitoring were developed with reference to an extensive experimental campaign of drilling of CFRP/CFRP stacks for aeronautical industry assembly [21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26]. The CFRP/CFRP stacks employed in the tests were made of two superimposed symmetrical and balanced laminates of 5 mm each. The laminates consisted of 26 unidirectional prepreg plies made of Toray T300 carbon fibers and CYCOM 977-2 epoxy matrix, with stacking sequence [±452/0/904/0/90/02]s and a 0°/90° fiberglass fabric (80 g/m2) on the top and bottom. Following vacuum bag molding and autoclave curing, the laminates displayed an uneven surface finish on the bag side. To test the hardest condition, as requested by the industry, CFRP/CFRP stack drilling was performed by facing the laminates with their uneven sides [21].
\nThe drilling tests were performed on a CNC drilling center with a 2-flute 6.35 mm diameter with 125° point angle twist drill made of tungsten carbide (WC).
\nTo assess the impact of the cutting parameters on the machinability of the CFRP stack laminates as concern tool wear and hole quality, different cutting conditions were adopted for the experimental drilling tests: feed = 0.11, 0.15, and 0.20 mm/rev; spindle speed = 2700, 6000, and 9000 rpm. For each cutting condition, 60 holes were realized with the same drill bit in order to evaluate the tool wear development.
\nDuring the experimental stack drilling tests, a multiple sensor monitoring system was utilized, consisting of a Kistler-9257A piezoelectric dynamometer to acquire the thrust force along the z-direction, Fz, and a Kistler-9277A25 piezoelectric dynamometer to acquire the cutting torque about the z axis, and T. A National Instruments NI USB-6361 DAQ board was employed to digitalize the analogue signals acquired by the force and torque sensors at 10 kS/s.
\nFigure 1 shows an example of thrust force signal acquired during the CFRP/CFRP drilling tests. Both the force and torque sensor signals displayed high frequency oscillations as those highlighted in Figure 2. This characteristic, not observed when drilling homogeneous and isotropic materials, is associated to the anisotropic nature of the CFRP laminates, which exhibit superior mechanical properties along the fiber directions.
\nThrust force sensor signal in CFRP/CFRP stack drilling (6000 rpm–0.15 mm/rev).
Enlarged thrust force signal: high frequency oscillations (6000 rpm–0.15 mm/rev).
As shown in earlier studies on cutting of FRP composites, the fiber orientation with regard to the cutting direction regulates the mechanism of chip formation and the quality of the cut surface [5]. Based on the angle formed between the cutting edge and the carbon fibers, also known as fiber cutting angle, different cutting modes can be identified [27].
\nIn CFRP drilling, the fiber cutting angle changes during a half revolution of the drill, and the interaction mechanism between the tool and the laminate varies accordingly, causing diverse conditions of mechanical loading and resulting surface quality [27]. As a matter of fact, loading is influenced by cutting edge geometry and cutting mode and therefore varies during a drill revolution, as observed in the sensor signals acquired in CFRP drilling, which display high amplitude oscillations.
\nExperimental studies have been performed with the aim to model the relationship between fiber cutting angle and cutting force in drilling of unidirectional CFRP laminates, obtaining the calculation of force coefficients as a sine wave function of 2θ, where θ is the fiber cutting angle [28]. In [27], in order to investigate the effect of local feed force on delamination in drilling of unidirectional CFRP laminates, a model was proposed by resolving cutting forces into steady and transient components, the first associated to the progressive engagement of the cutting edge, and the second associated to the cutting modes. Drilling of multidirectional CFRP laminates is far more complex: different cutting modes take place at the same time along the cutting edge, due to the diverse fiber orientations of the multiple plies simultaneously cut by the drill cutting edge.
\nBecause of the overlap of different cutting modes in both space and time, the high amplitude oscillations that can be observed in the thrust force and torque signals acquired during drilling of the multidirectional CFRP laminates are the sum of multiple waves having a phase difference dependent on the different fiber orientations (e.g., 0, 45, 90, −45°) and having an amplitude related to the number of plies with same fiber orientations concurrently cut by the drill cutting edge.
\nWith the purpose to explore the complex frequency content of the thrust force and torque sensor signals acquired in the multidirectional CFRP/CFRP stack drilling experimental tests, advanced signal feature extraction in the frequency domain was carried out in [21] with the final objective to find correlations between the extracted frequency domain sensor signal features and the tool wear state. The fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm was applied to translate the signals into the frequency domain. Following this transformation, a number of significant peaks were detected at frequencies equal to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 times the revolution frequency of the tool. For instance, on the FFT of the thrust force signals acquired in the CFRP/CFRP stack drilling tests carried out at 6000 rpm and 0.15 mm/rev, in which the revolution frequency is 6000 rpm/60 = 100 Hz, the tallest frequency peaks were found at 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, and 600 Hz, that is, 1x-6x the revolution frequency, as visible in Figure 3.
\nSingle-sided amplitude spectrum of thrust force signal (6000 rpm–0.15 mm/rev) [
As regards the torque signals, the tallest frequency peaks were found at 1x-4x the revolution frequency (100, 200, 300, and 400 Hz).
\nThis seemed to confirm the tight connection between the peaks of the signal frequency transform and the effect of the cutting angle variation during the drilling process due to the several fiber orientations in the multidirectional laminates.
\nThe amplitudes of the identified force and torque frequency peaks with increasing number of holes were investigated, showing a notable growth of some of the peaks, as shown in Figure 4 with reference to the thrust force signals of the experimental drilling tests carried out at 6000 rpm and 0.15 mm/rev, suggesting a potential correlation of the frequency peak amplitude with tool wear progression.
\nAmplitude of the peaks detected in the frequency transform of the thrust force signal vs. hole number (6000 rpm–0.15 mm/rev) [
A statistical feature selection procedure based on the Pearson’s correlation coefficient was applied to evaluate the statistical correlation between the extracted features and the output tool flank wear, VB.
\nSubstantial correlations with tool wear state were identified for the following set of features: Fpeak2x, Fpeak4x, Fpeak6x, Tpeak2x, and Tpeak4x. The subset composed the first three features extracted from the thrust force signal displayed the highest correlation with tool wear. The selected features were used to build two different feature pattern vectors, FPV1 and FPV2, to feed cognitive paradigms for the estimation of tool wear. FPV1 was made of three features extracted from the thrust force signal, and FPV2 was a sensor fusion feature pattern vector containing the five features extracted from the thrust force and the torque signals.
\nThe FPVs were fed to three-layer cascade-forward backpropagation artificial neural networks (ANN) to find correlations between the extracted and selected frequency domain sensor signal features and tool wear state through pattern recognition [29]. ANN training was performed using the Levenberg-Marquardt optimization algorithm. Each FPV was associated to its corresponding flank wear (VB) to create input-output vectors for ANN learning. For each drilling condition, 60 input-output vectors (i.e., one for each drilled hole) were built to create the related ANN learning set. Training and testing were performed with different ANN configurations by varying the number of hidden layer nodes. In particular, the number of hidden layer nodes was varied between 3, 6, and 9 for FPV1 and 5-10-15 for FPV2, that is, equal to the 1, 2, and 3 times the number of input features.
\nCross validation of the NN was carried out by means of the leave-k-out method with
The ANN performance was evaluated in terms of mean square error (MSE), that is, the variance of the differences between the VB values predicted by the ANN and the target VB values. The very low MSE values, between 9.82E-07 and 1.57E-05, confirmed the robust correlation between the sensor signal features extracted in the frequency domain and the tool wear, due to the interaction between the drill bit and the anisotropic CFRP material.
\nThrough pattern recognition based on the frequency domain signal features extracted from the multiple sensor monitoring signals, the ANN accurately reconstructed the tool wear curve. Figure 5 presents the reconstructed tool wear curve for the drilling test performed at 6000 rpm and 0.11 mm/rev, obtained by applying the leave-k-out method with
Reconstructed tool wear curve obtained by the ANN trained with the three features extracted from the thrust force signal (6000 rpm–0.11 mm/rev).
Reconstructed tool wear curve obtained by the ANN trained with the five features extracted from the thrust force and the torque signal (6000 rpm–0.11 mm/rev).
For all drilling conditions, the sensor fusion pattern vector FPV2, including frequency domain features coming from both thrust force and torque signals, provided better results than FPV1.
\nThe accurate tool wear curve reconstruction achieved by the ANN can be effectively utilized to determine the end of useful tool life through on-line diagnosis during CFRP/CFRP stack drilling, identifying the transition of the tool flank wear between the second and the third phase of the wear curve.
\nSensor signal feature extraction can also be carried out in the time domain with the aim to find correlations between the extracted sensor signal features and the tool wear state.
\nIn [22], sensor signal feature extraction in the time domain was applied to CFRP/CFRP stack drilling performed with a traditional twist drill bit, usually employed in the aircraft industry and an innovative geometry step drill bit. The traditional tool was a 2-flute 6.35-mm diameter twist drill with 125° point angle and 30° helix angle tungsten carbide (Figure 7a), while the innovative step drill bit was a 2-flute 6.35-mm diameter drill bit with 120° point angle and 20° helix angle made of tungsten carbide (WC) (Figure 7b). Different cutting parameters were used for the experimental drilling tests: three feed values (0.11, 0.15, and 0.20 mm/rev) and three spindle speeds (2700, 6000, and 7500 rpm).
\n(a) Traditional twist drill bit; (b) innovative step drill bit [
A statistical approach in the time domain was applied for feature extraction from the thrust force and torque sensor signals acquired during the drilling tests. The following five statistical signal features were extracted: arithmetic mean, variance, skewness, kurtosis, and signal energy. For each extracted feature, the Spearman correlation coefficient,
Every 10 holes, a magnified picture of the tool was acquired through an optical measuring machine (Tesa Visio V-200) to measure the flank wear [21]. A 3rd order polynomial interpolation of the VB values was applied to reconstruct the tool wear curves for each drill bit under the tested drilling conditions (Figures 8 and 9).
\nTool wear values and interpolated curves. Traditional drill bits.
Tool wear values and interpolated curves. Innovative step drill bits.
The graphical analysis of the selected sensor signal features, with particular reference to the thrust force average (Figures 10 and 11), which is the most correlated feature, shows that the behavior of the features and the behavior of tool wear (Figure 8 and 9) display the same increasing trend with increasing number of holes. The average thrust force is higher for the innovative drill bits.
\nThrust force average vs. hole number. Traditional drill bits.
Thrust force average vs. hole number. Innovative drill bits.
The selected statistical features were employed to construct, for each drilling condition, 60 sensor fusion feature pattern vectors (SFPVs), that is, one for each drilled hole. Each SFPV was built by combining the selected statistical signal features and the corresponding hole number,
To assess the performance of the ANN in properly forecasting the upcoming tool wear values based on a restricted number of initial training input-output vectors and define the smallest number of vectors required to get a reliable tool wear forecast, the number,
The pattern recognition performance was measured by the root mean squared error (RMSE), that is, the sample standard deviation of the differences between the ANN predicted tool wear values and the experimental tool wear values.
\nIn general, the prediction performance improved by increasing
The best and the worst ANN prediction performances were found for the innovative drill bits. In the worst case (2700 rpm and 0.11 mm/rev), a maximum RMSE of 0.0164 for
Worst case ANN forecast: experimental tests at 2700 rpm–0.11 mm/rev with innovative drill bit [
Best case ANN forecast: experimental tests at 6000 rpm–0.20 mm/rev with innovative drill bit [
Even though the ANN prediction can be considered as more demanding in the case of the innovative drill bits, which have a more complex geometry and tool wear development, the ANN performance was still suitable, showing very low prediction errors (minimum RMSE = 0.00023 and maximum RMSE = 0.0164).
\nThe decision making procedure for identifying the end of the tool life based on the ANN prediction can operate in a safe manner, allowing the multiple sensor monitoring procedure to be valuably utilized for on-line tool condition monitoring aimed at the implementation of a condition-based tool substitution strategy instead of a time-based strategy.
\nIn [24], the sensor signal feature extraction methodology in the time domain was applied to drilling of CFRP/CFRP stacks performed using a traditional twist drill bit with different drilling conditions (rotational speed: 2700, 6000, and 9000 rpm and feed: 0.11, 0.15, 0.20 mm/rev).
\nIn this case, thrust force, torque, and acoustic emission sensor signals were acquired during the experimental drilling tests. On these signals, statistical feature extraction and data fusion were implemented to construct sensor fusion pattern vectors in order to make predictions about the state of the tool via artificial neural network-based pattern recognition paradigms. Based on the calculation of the Pearson’s correlation coefficient, five best correlated features were identified (thrust force average, thrust force variance, thrust force skewness, torque average, and acoustic emission average), and they were utilized to form the input sensor fusion pattern vector for ANN pattern recognition. The ANN prediction of tool wear was highly accurate, with an RMSE <4e-3, showing reliable correlations between fused signal features and tool wear level. The reliable predictions of tool wear development can be used to support on-line decision making on drill bit replacement need.
\nMoreover, the prediction of tool wear can be functionally utilized to forecast the quality of the drilled holes. The latter was assessed considering dimensional accuracy and entry/exit delamination, which both have an effect on the performance of the CFRP assembly. Dimensional accuracy was measured with reference to hole diameter error, that is, the difference between actual and nominal hole diameter divided by nominal hole diameter [30]. The entry/exit delamination was assessed with reference to the delamination factor, Fd, that is, the ratio between the diameter of the circle encompassing the damaged area and the nominal diameter of the hole [25].
\nThe drilled hole quality evaluations were utilized to set up a criterion for tool replacement need, which is required when the tool wear is responsible for a drilled hole, the quality of which is no longer acceptable. As the lower limit of the tolerance range corresponds to the nominal diameter of the hole, any negative hole diameter error is unacceptable. For each drilling condition, the occurrence of negative hole diameter errors was detected and associated with the corresponding flank wear value and the exit delamination factor.
\nUnder all drilling conditions, the hole diameter error became negative when the flank wear, VB, reached the typical value of 0.04 mm (see Figure 14). The latter can be used as a threshold to determine the need for tool change due to an undersized hole diameter. For all drilling conditions, the exit delamination factor grew with increasing number of holes and reached a value between 1.3 and 1.4 when the flank wear reached 0.04 mm. This suggests that the flank wear threshold could also be associated with the second hole quality parameter represented by the exit delamination factor.
\nExit diameter error, tool flank wear, and exit delamination (6000 rpm–0.20 mm/rev).
Hence, a correspondence between hole diameter error and exit delamination factor with tool wear level was observed. As a result, via on-line prediction of tool wear during drilling, taking into account the identified flank wear threshold, the cognitive sensor monitoring paradigm can provide diagnosis and prognosis services to support decision making on tool replacement need, which is essential for drilling automation.
\nThis chapter provided an overview of the main challenges related to drilling of fiber-reinforced plastic composite materials which are extensively employed in the aeronautical industry. Rapid tool wear is generated due to the abrasiveness of the reinforcing fibers, and different types of damages affecting material integrity and surface quality, with particular reference to delamination damage generation, are often produced by drilling.
\nWith reference to aeronautical industry applications, where the assembly of CFRP components requires “one-shot” drilling processes so as to allow for easier subsequent riveting avoiding misalignment issues, drilling of CFRP/CFRP stacks made of two superimposed laminates was investigated.
\nBased on a wide experimental drilling campaign, the case studies analyzed the influence of drilling parameters, tool type and geometry on tool wear development, hole quality and surface integrity, and the opportunity to implement advanced sensor monitoring procedures for tool condition monitoring based on the acquisition and processing of thrust force and torque signals.
\nDiverse multiple sensor process monitoring procedures were implemented in the drilling of CFRP/CFRP stacks for the assembly of aircraft components, with the aim to support on-line decision making on tool replacement time through cognitive tool wear estimation and hole quality assessment. The monitoring procedures were based on the acquisition and processing of thrust force, torque, and acoustic emission sensor signals during the experimental drilling tests.
\nWith the purpose to explore the complex frequency content of the thrust force and torque sensor signals acquired in the multidirectional CFRP/CFRP stack drilling experimental tests, advanced signal processing was also carried out in the frequency domain.
\nThe sensor signal processing techniques, comprising signal conditioning, feature extraction in the time and frequency domain and data fusion, were implemented to construct sensor fusion feature pattern vectors—made of sensor signal features coming from sensors of different nature—with the aim to find correlations with tool state via artificial neural network-based pattern recognition paradigms.
\nThe ANN performance results achieved in the case studies indicated that, for all CFRP/CFRP stack drilling conditions, by using sensor fusion pattern vectors made of selected features extracted from force and torque sensor signals, a very accurate ANN prediction of tool wear is achieved. As a matter of fact, these procedures demonstrated reliable correlations between sensor signal features and tool wear level both in the case of the features extracted from the time domain and in the case of the features extracted from the frequency domain.
\nThe prediction of tool wear can be functionally utilized to forecast the quality of the drilled holes. As a matter of fact, a correspondence between exit delamination factor and tool wear transition between the second and third phase of the wear curve was observed. In this transition, an exit delamination factor value, Df = 1.4, was identified and set as threshold beyond which unacceptable hole quality is generated.
\nAs a result, taking into account the identified threshold, cognitive tool wear prediction via artificial neural networks can be used for on-line decision making on tool replacement to avoid unacceptable hole quality.
\nThe Fraunhofer Joint Laboratory of Excellence on Advanced Production Technology (Fh-J_LEAPT UniNaples) at the Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, is gratefully acknowledged for its contribution and support to this research activity.
\nThe authors declare no conflict of interest.
The nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE) is the main equation which governs the propagation of pulses in various fields such as nonlinear optical systems, plasmas, fluid dynamics, Bose-Einstein condensation, and condensed matter physics. It has been shown to govern the evolution of a wave packets in weakly nonlinear and dispersive media and has thus arisen in such diverse fields. One other application of this equation is in pattern formation, where it has been used to model some nonequilibrium pattern forming systems. Most notable is the role it plays in understanding the propagation of electromagnetic waves in glass fibers and other optical waveguides [1].
In this paper we consider a NLS equation with inverse nonlinear terms. Inverse nonlinear term has been introduced for the first time by Malomed and al. [2] which has been later studied by [3, 4] in the case of the Ginzburg-Landau equation.
where
Modulational instability is one of the nonlinear wave equations associated to NLSE and appears in many physical systems. It indicates that due to the competition between nonlinearity and the dispersive effects, a small perturbation of the initial plane wave may induce an exponential growth of the wave amplitude, resulting in the carrier-wave breakup into a train of localized waves [6].
The NLSE is also one of the original nonlinear partial differential equations, the study of which has lead to fundamental advances in theoretical physics. The study of NLS was motivated by a large number of theoretical problems ranging from optical pulse propagation in nonlinear fibers to hydrodynamics, condensed matter physics and biophysics. It is now known that NLS is one of the few examples of completely integrable nonlinear partial differential equations [7, 8].
The main objective of this paper is to study MI in a generalized NLSE that includes rational nonlinear terms given by Eq. (1). By means of the linear stability analysis we explicitly investigate the stability condition of a launched plane wave. The results show that the MI gain is strongly dependent on the nonlinear parameters as well as the GVD. Our numerical simulations show that those parameters contribute to the formation and the propagation of the soliton like-breather in the systems. Those parameters can generate either stable or unstable solitons. We also investigate analytical soliton solutions. By employing auxiliary equation method we obtain kink and antikink solutions of Eq. (1).
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. The model is introduced in Section 2, which is followed by the analysis of the MI of the CW solutions in Section 3, direct simulations shown the formation of modulated wave as well as breather like-solitons and their stability in Section 4. Exact analytical kink and antikink soliton solutions are reported in Section 5, and the paper is concluded by Section 6.
The nonlinear Schrodinger Equation Eq. (1) has the simplest solution in the form of a continuous wave as
where
Substituting Eq. (2) into the NLS equation Eq. (1) and linearizing the resulting equations, we obtain a linear equation of
Looking for solutions to this function in the form of plane waves
where the wave number
with
The modulation instability gain is related to the imaginary part of
Figure 1 shows the instability gain as a function of the perturbation wave number
Gain spectrum
Maximum gain spectrum
Gain spectrum
Analytical analysis done by linear stability shown the possibility of the formation of modulated waves in the consider system. This prediction can be numerically confirmed. In this way let us launch as initial condition a modulated plane wave:
From Figure 4 one can see the formation of bright solitary wave. The left hand top panel shows the generation of a pulse train toward the boundary regions but the intensity is smallest at the center. On right hand panel we can see the bright solitary wave behaves like a breather soliton is forming. This may be a multisoliton quasiperiodic solutions. It can be seen that the breather solutions keep their oscillating shapes, while the wave packets move as periodic solitons along the
The evolution of the typical intensity profile done by numerical simulation of
Representation of the maximum amplitude versus
There is more breathers when
The influence of negative value of
Influence of
We now discuss about the analytical solution to the stationary NLS of Eq. (1). Suppose that
is the solution of Eq. (1) where
For solving this equation we set
This is a nonlinear ordinary differential equation which can be solve by the auxiliary equation method.
The auxiliary equation method has been defined by [9, 10] while it allows to find more and new multiple solutions for nonlinear partial differential equations. The main steps of using this method is summarized as follows.
For solving equation
we set
We seek for the solutions of Eq. (11) in the following generalized form
in which
where
The solution of Eq. (9), balancing
where
where
Having obtained exact solutions of the stationary NLSE Eq. (9), we will use them together to construct soliton solutions of the NLSE Eq. (1). In this case, the kink-soliton and anti-kink solutions of Eq. (1) can be written in the form
where
Kink and anti-kink representations of the analytical solutions done by
In the present study a generalized nonlinear Schrödinger equation with particular nonlinearities has been introduced. The model including rational nonlinearity that arise from Malomed model and describes the propagation of nonlinear surface waves on a plasma with a sharp boundary. We explicitly investigated MI gain by means of linear stability analysis. Results reveal that the nonlinear parameters are strongly influences the dynamics of the launched plane wave. We further tested the evolutionary modulate plan wave numerically, which indicates that those parameters allow the formation of breather-like soliton in the system as well as bright soliton. We have investigated analytical kink and anti-kink soliton too.
It would be particularly worthwhile to extend this study to the generalized NLS with time and space modulated nonlinearities and potentials. This could allow more stability and more formation of the breather-like soliton as well as the Akhmediev breather [11], Peregrine rogue wave [12], and Kuznetsov-Ma breather [13, 14] and even high-order rogue waves [15]. MI gain distributions could bring different nonlinear excitation pattern dynamics.
PACS numbers: 05.45,Yv, 04.20.Jb, 42.65.Tg
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Reference has been made to different ASTM, ACI standards, and other researches work in geopolymer area.",book:{id:"9916",slug:"zero-energy-buildings-new-approaches-and-technologies",title:"Zero-Energy Buildings",fullTitle:"Zero-Energy Buildings - New Approaches and Technologies"},signatures:"Aissa Bouaissi, Long Yuan Li, Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah, Romisuhani Ahmad, Rafiza Abdul Razak and Zarina Yahya",authors:null},{id:"73729",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93500",title:"Solar Energy and Its Purpose in Net-Zero Energy Building",slug:"solar-energy-and-its-purpose-in-net-zero-energy-building",totalDownloads:603,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"The Net Zero Energy Building is generally described as an extremely energy-efficient building in which the residual electricity demand is provided by renewable energy. Solar power is also regarded to be the most readily available and usable form of renewable electricity produced at the building site. In contrast, energy conservation is viewed as an influential national for achieving a building’s net zero energy status. This chapter aims to show the value of the synergy between energy conservation and solar energy transfer to NZEBs at the global and regional levels. To achieve these goals, both energy demand building and the potential supply of solar energy in buildings have been forecasted in various regions, climatic conditions, and types of buildings. Building energy consumption was evaluated based on a bottom-up energy model developed by 3CSEP and data inputs from the Bottom-Up Energy Analysis System (BUENAS) model under two scenarios of differing degrees of energy efficiency intention. The study results indicate that the acquisition of sustainable energy consumption is critical for solar-powered net zero energy buildings in various building styles and environments. The chapter calls for the value of government measures that incorporate energy conservation and renewable energy.",book:{id:"9916",slug:"zero-energy-buildings-new-approaches-and-technologies",title:"Zero-Energy Buildings",fullTitle:"Zero-Energy Buildings - New Approaches and Technologies"},signatures:"Mostafa Esmaeili Shayan",authors:[{id:"317852",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mostafa",middleName:null,surname:"Esmaeili Shayan",slug:"mostafa-esmaeili-shayan",fullName:"Mostafa Esmaeili Shayan"}]},{id:"67105",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86279",title:"Social Innovation and Environmental Sustainability in Social Housing Policies: Learning from Two Experimental Case Studies in Italy",slug:"social-innovation-and-environmental-sustainability-in-social-housing-policies-learning-from-two-expe",totalDownloads:1011,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"This chapter critically examines approaches and solutions developed by social housing to sustainably respond to the housing emergency plaguing contemporary cities and Italian cities in particular. In a broader perspective, we also investigate how housing has become ‘difficult’ in Europe and the poorest segments of the population run the risk of having their right to housing dramatically denied. Analysing housing in terms of its procedural dimension, we focus on two Italian case studies that evoke a new way of inhabiting the city, cases in which high standards characterised social housing and yet remain accessible to all. The Sharing hotel residence in Turin and Zoia social housing in Milan combine housing with other socially innovative measures in a framework of sustainability and avant-garde construction. These are significant examples that speak to issues such as temporariness, flexibility and the coordination of measures. These two cases both pursued objectives having to do with social, planning, architectural and environmental quality, albeit each in their own way. There are by now numerous examples of social housing in Europe and these have recently attracted growing interest in Italy as well; in this country, however, such projects represent valid instances of experimentation but are not at all widespread.",book:{id:"7650",slug:"different-strategies-of-housing-design",title:"Different Strategies of Housing Design",fullTitle:"Different Strategies of Housing Design"},signatures:"Rossana Galdini and Silvia Lucciarini",authors:[{id:"281246",title:"Dr.",name:"Silvia",middleName:null,surname:"Lucciarini",slug:"silvia-lucciarini",fullName:"Silvia Lucciarini"},{id:"282958",title:"Prof.",name:"Rossana",middleName:null,surname:"Galdini",slug:"rossana-galdini",fullName:"Rossana Galdini"}]},{id:"67084",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86278",title:"Comprehensive Strategy for Sustainable Housing Design",slug:"comprehensive-strategy-for-sustainable-housing-design",totalDownloads:1362,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Sustainable housing needs to be designed to maximize occupants’ well-being and minimize the environmental load. The pursuit of combining these two different aspects toward sustainability is a goal-oriented task. The science of control can be applied to all goal-oriented tasks. Therefore, applying control science, we have been progressing in research on sustainable housing design. Our previous study has produced the control system for promoting sustainable housing design in which sustainable design guidelines and sustainability checklist are incorporated. Based on these accomplished results, this study has comprehensively visualized the process of producing and revising the sustainable design guidelines and sustainability checklist. Following this visualized process, also this study has concretely shown the production and revision processes of the sustainable design guidelines. The study results suggest that the comprehensive visualization can make these processes more manageable and help system designers to produce and revise the guidelines more efficiently. Furthermore, these results have led to indicating how to adjust the guidelines to different countries or regions as well as changing situations over time.",book:{id:"7650",slug:"different-strategies-of-housing-design",title:"Different Strategies of Housing Design",fullTitle:"Different Strategies of Housing Design"},signatures:"Kazutoshi Fujihira",authors:[{id:"69662",title:"BSc.",name:"Kazutoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Fujihira",slug:"kazutoshi-fujihira",fullName:"Kazutoshi Fujihira"}]},{id:"57401",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71325",title:"Basic Schemes: Preparations for Applying Control Science to Sustainable Design",slug:"basic-schemes-preparations-for-applying-control-science-to-sustainable-design",totalDownloads:1223,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"It is the ultimate goal for humankind to deal with various problems and achieve sustainability. Control science can be applied to all goal-oriented tasks and has already produced remarkable results. Accordingly, applying control science to the task of achieving sustainability is a rational and reliable approach. In order to apply control science to sustainability issues, our first study has shown the “basic control system for sustainability” as well as the “model of sustainability.” After that, in order to identify system components of practical control systems for promoting sustainable design, we have devised “two-step preparatory work for sustainable design.” The two steps of this preparatory work are “determining the relationships between the standard human activities and sustainability” and “sustainability checkup on human activities as an object.”",book:{id:"5692",slug:"sustainable-home-design-by-applying-control-science",title:"Sustainable Home Design by Applying Control Science",fullTitle:"Sustainable Home Design by Applying Control Science"},signatures:"Kazutoshi Fujihira",authors:[{id:"69662",title:"BSc.",name:"Kazutoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Fujihira",slug:"kazutoshi-fujihira",fullName:"Kazutoshi Fujihira"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"71982",title:"Net-Zero Energy Buildings: Principles and Applications",slug:"net-zero-energy-buildings-principles-and-applications",totalDownloads:2226,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Global warming and climate change are rising issues during the last couple of decades. With residential and commercial buildings being the largest energy consumers, sources are being depleted at a much faster pace in the recent decades. Recent statistics shows that 14% of humans are active participant to protect the environment with an additional 48% sympathetic but not active. In this chapter, net-zero energy buildings design tools and applications are presented that can help designers in the commercial and residential sectors design their buildings to be net-zero energy buildings. Case studies with benefits and challenges will be presented to illustrate the different designs to achieve a net-zero energy building (NZEB).",book:{id:"9916",slug:"zero-energy-buildings-new-approaches-and-technologies",title:"Zero-Energy Buildings",fullTitle:"Zero-Energy Buildings - New Approaches and Technologies"},signatures:"Maher Shehadi",authors:null},{id:"57400",title:"Case Study: Detached House Designed by Following the Control System",slug:"case-study-detached-house-designed-by-following-the-control-system",totalDownloads:1548,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"The previous chapter has demonstrated the control system for promoting sustainable housing design in which the sustainable design guidelines and sustainability checklist are incorporated. Following this control system, we have actually designed and constructed a detached house. To be concrete, the homeowner and the architects of the housing manufacture have designed the home’s parts, or elements, so that as much as possible the elements’ variables meet their desired values. The sustainable design guidelines and sustainability checklist have been readily accepted because the material and spatial elements are equivalent to real parts of the home. After the home started to be used, we have obtained external evaluations of the home’s sustainability performance. For example, CASBEE for Detached Houses, a comprehensive assessment system, has readily ranked the house in the highest “S.” An energy-saving performance assessment has shown that this home has reduced energy consumption by over 70%, as compared with the average home. On the other hand, the reactions of the occupants and visitors have indicated the comfort, healthiness and safety of this house. Furthermore, this home has received a sustainable housing award, especially due to its extremely high sustainability and energy-saving performance.",book:{id:"5692",slug:"sustainable-home-design-by-applying-control-science",title:"Sustainable Home Design by Applying Control Science",fullTitle:"Sustainable Home Design by Applying Control Science"},signatures:"Kazutoshi Fujihira",authors:[{id:"69662",title:"BSc.",name:"Kazutoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Fujihira",slug:"kazutoshi-fujihira",fullName:"Kazutoshi Fujihira"}]},{id:"67084",title:"Comprehensive Strategy for Sustainable Housing Design",slug:"comprehensive-strategy-for-sustainable-housing-design",totalDownloads:1362,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Sustainable housing needs to be designed to maximize occupants’ well-being and minimize the environmental load. The pursuit of combining these two different aspects toward sustainability is a goal-oriented task. The science of control can be applied to all goal-oriented tasks. Therefore, applying control science, we have been progressing in research on sustainable housing design. Our previous study has produced the control system for promoting sustainable housing design in which sustainable design guidelines and sustainability checklist are incorporated. Based on these accomplished results, this study has comprehensively visualized the process of producing and revising the sustainable design guidelines and sustainability checklist. Following this visualized process, also this study has concretely shown the production and revision processes of the sustainable design guidelines. The study results suggest that the comprehensive visualization can make these processes more manageable and help system designers to produce and revise the guidelines more efficiently. Furthermore, these results have led to indicating how to adjust the guidelines to different countries or regions as well as changing situations over time.",book:{id:"7650",slug:"different-strategies-of-housing-design",title:"Different Strategies of Housing Design",fullTitle:"Different Strategies of Housing Design"},signatures:"Kazutoshi Fujihira",authors:[{id:"69662",title:"BSc.",name:"Kazutoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Fujihira",slug:"kazutoshi-fujihira",fullName:"Kazutoshi Fujihira"}]},{id:"65804",title:"Effects of Street Geometry on Airflow Regimes for Natural Ventilation in Three Different Street Configurations in Enugu City",slug:"effects-of-street-geometry-on-airflow-regimes-for-natural-ventilation-in-three-different-street-conf",totalDownloads:1401,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Efficient natural ventilation is dependent on the micro climate conditions of an urban environment. This is affected by ambient wind flow, radiation and air temperatures. The airflow within the urban street can be cultivated into two regions. The first is a recirculation region, which forms in the near wake of each building. The Second is a ventilated region downstream of the recirculation region, formed when the street is sufficiently wide. The development of the flow into these two regions depends on geometry. This chapter looks at the impacts of street geometry on these regions of airflow cultivation in three different street configurations in high density residential settlements in Enugu city. It utilized schematic analysis of airflow regimes to identify the behaviors of flow in these street configurations relative to the height and width ratios of the street canyon. This schematic analysis can be utilized in preliminary design studies by city and building designers for justifying street dimensions and configurations in tropical regions where natural ventilation is paramount.",book:{id:"7650",slug:"different-strategies-of-housing-design",title:"Different Strategies of Housing Design",fullTitle:"Different Strategies of Housing Design"},signatures:"Jideofor Anselm Akubue",authors:[{id:"139659",title:"Dr.",name:"Akubue",middleName:"Jideofor",surname:"Anselm",slug:"akubue-anselm",fullName:"Akubue Anselm"}]},{id:"66000",title:"Fundamentals of Natural Ventilation Design within Dwellings",slug:"fundamentals-of-natural-ventilation-design-within-dwellings",totalDownloads:962,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Along with acoustical and lighting comfort, indoor air quality (IAQ) and thermal comfort upon households are essential to maintain a proper indoor environment, therefore ensuring a welfare toward the occupants. Nevertheless, sometimes, these features are neglected by building designers and constructers, causing problems such as the so-called sick building syndrome (SBS) and thermal discomfort, among others. Although there are short-term solutions such as purifiers, extractors, fans, and air conditioning, eventually these methods become not sustainable activities that consume energy and emit polluting gases such as chlorofluorocarbons. One alternative to this is natural ventilation, understood as the airflow throughout a building caused by changes of pressures naturally produced. In this chapter, the role of the early-stage building design as well as the correct occupant behavior is presented as essential to develop a naturally ventilated dwelling, which is an excellent alternative to achieve proper levels of indoor environment in a sustainable manner.",book:{id:"7650",slug:"different-strategies-of-housing-design",title:"Different Strategies of Housing Design",fullTitle:"Different Strategies of Housing Design"},signatures:"Ivan Oropeza-Perez",authors:[{id:"282172",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Oropeza-Perez",slug:"ivan-oropeza-perez",fullName:"Ivan Oropeza-Perez"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"852",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/23.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 25th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:0,editor:{id:"280770",title:"Dr.",name:"Katherine K.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Stavropoulos",slug:"katherine-k.m.-stavropoulos",fullName:"Katherine K.M. Stavropoulos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRdFuQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-24T09:03:48.jpg",biography:"Katherine Stavropoulos received her BA in Psychology from Trinity College, in Connecticut, USA. Dr. Stavropoulos received her Ph.D. in Experimental Psychology from the University of California, San Diego. She completed her postdoctoral work at the Yale Child Study Center with Dr. James McPartland. Dr. Stavropoulos’ doctoral dissertation explored neural correlates of reward anticipation to social versus nonsocial stimuli in children with and without autism spectrum disorders (ASD). She has been a faculty member at the University of California, Riverside in the School of Education since 2016. Her research focuses on translational studies to explore the reward system in ASD, as well as how anxiety contributes to social challenges in ASD. She also investigates how behavioral interventions affect neural activity, behavior, and school performance in children with ASD. She is also involved in the diagnosis of children with ASD and is a licensed clinical psychologist in California. 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He graduated from the Physics Department of the University of Crete and continued his post-graduate studies at the University Paris 7-Denis Diderot (D.E.A. in Didactic of Physics), University Paris 5-René Descartes-Sorbonne (D.E.A. in Science Education) and received his Ph.D. degree at the University Paris 5-René Descartes-Sorbonne (PhD in Science Education). His research interests include science education in early childhood, science teaching and learning, e-learning, the use of ICT in science education, games simulations, and mobile learning. 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She has run and participated in several funded and non-funded projects on the teaching of Science, Social Sciences, and ICT in education. She also has the experience of participating in five Erasmus+ projects.",institutionString:"University of Crete",institution:{name:"University of Crete",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"90",title:"Human Development",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/90.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"191040",title:"Dr.",name:"Tal",middleName:null,surname:"Dotan Ben-Soussan",slug:"tal-dotan-ben-soussan",fullName:"Tal Dotan Ben-Soussan",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBf1QAG/Profile_Picture_2022-03-18T07:56:11.jpg",biography:"Tal Dotan Ben-Soussan, Ph.D., is the director of the Research Institute for Neuroscience, Education and Didactics (RINED) – Paoletti Foundation. 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He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. 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