These books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\\n\\n
This collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\\n\\n
To celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched formed a partnership to support researchers working in engineering sciences by enabling an easier approach to publishing Open Access content. Using the Knowledge Unlatched crowdfunding model to raise the publishing costs through libraries around the world, Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) was not required from the authors.
\n\n
Initially, the partnership supported engineering research, but it soon grew to include physical and life sciences, attracting more researchers to the advantages of Open Access publishing.
\n\n\n\n
These books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\n\n
This collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\n\n
To celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"481",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Biomedical Engineering, Trends in Materials Science",title:"Biomedical Engineering",subtitle:"Trends in Materials Science",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Rapid technological developments in the last century have brought the field of biomedical engineering into a totally new realm. Breakthroughs in materials science, imaging, electronics and, more recently, the information age have improved our understanding of the human body. As a result, the field of biomedical engineering is thriving, with innovations that aim to improve the quality and reduce the cost of medical care. This book is the second in a series of three that will present recent trends in biomedical engineering, with a particular focus on materials science in biomedical engineering, including developments in alloys, nanomaterials and polymer technologies.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-513-6",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4533-2",doi:"10.5772/992",price:159,priceEur:175,priceUsd:205,slug:"biomedical-engineering-trends-in-materials-science",numberOfPages:576,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!0,hash:null,bookSignature:"Anthony N. Laskovski",publishedDate:"January 8th 2011",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/481.jpg",numberOfDownloads:121665,numberOfWosCitations:227,numberOfCrossrefCitations:75,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:3,numberOfDimensionsCitations:231,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:8,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:533,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 7th 2010",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 5th 2010",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 9th 2010",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 9th 2010",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 8th 2010",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"2205",title:"Dr.",name:"Anthony",middleName:"Nikola",surname:"Laskovski",slug:"anthony-laskovski",fullName:"Anthony Laskovski",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/2205/images/1554_n.jpg",biography:"Anthony N. Laskovski completed his Bachelor of Engineering (Electrical) Degree at the University of Newcastle, Australia in 2006 on a UNISS industrial scholarship with the power distributer Energy Australia.\nHis research interests include RF electronics and implantable electronic devices for biomedical applications, with a particular focus on wireless power transmitters, inductive coils and implantable telemetry architecture. His publications include various conference and journal papers and book chapters.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of Newcastle Australia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"692",title:"Biotechnology",slug:"engineering-biomedical-engineering-biotechnology"}],chapters:[{id:"12794",title:"Novel Chitin and Chitosan Materials in Wound Dressing",doi:"10.5772/13509",slug:"novel-chitin-and-chitosan-materials-in-wound-dressing",totalDownloads:12788,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:32,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"R. Jayakumar, M. Prabaharan, P. T. Sudheesh Kumar, S. V. Nair, T. Furuike and H. Tamura",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12794",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12794",authors:[{id:"14952",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroshi",surname:"Tamura",slug:"hiroshi-tamura",fullName:"Hiroshi Tamura"},{id:"14956",title:"Dr.",name:"Rangasamy",surname:"Jayakumar",slug:"rangasamy-jayakumar",fullName:"Rangasamy Jayakumar"},{id:"14957",title:"Dr.",name:"M.",surname:"Prabaharan",slug:"m.-prabaharan",fullName:"M. Prabaharan"},{id:"14958",title:"Dr.",name:"Tetsuya",surname:"Furuike",slug:"tetsuya-furuike",fullName:"Tetsuya Furuike"},{id:"15440",title:"Dr.",name:"Shantikumar V.",surname:"Nair",slug:"shantikumar-v.-nair",fullName:"Shantikumar V. Nair"}],corrections:null},{id:"12795",title:"Influence of the Chemical Structure and Physicochemical Properties of Chitin- and Chitosan-Based Materials on Their Biomedical Activity",doi:"10.5772/13481",slug:"influence-of-the-chemical-structure-and-physicochemical-properties-of-chitin-and-chitosan-based-mate",totalDownloads:9065,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:27,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Jolanta Kumirska, Mirko X. Weinhold, Małgorzata Czerwicka, Zbigniew Kaczyński, Anna Bychowska, Krzysztof Brzozowski,Jorg Thöming, and Piotr Stepnowski",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12795",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12795",authors:[{id:"14861",title:"Dr.",name:"Jolanta",surname:"Kumirska",slug:"jolanta-kumirska",fullName:"Jolanta Kumirska"},{id:"14866",title:"Prof.",name:"Mirko X.",surname:"Weinhold",slug:"mirko-x.-weinhold",fullName:"Mirko X. Weinhold"},{id:"14867",title:"Dr.",name:"Małgorzata",surname:"Czerwicka",slug:"malgorzata-czerwicka",fullName:"Małgorzata Czerwicka"},{id:"14868",title:"Dr.",name:"Zbigniew",surname:"Kaczyński",slug:"zbigniew-kaczynski",fullName:"Zbigniew Kaczyński"},{id:"14869",title:"Prof.",name:"Anna",surname:"Bychowska",slug:"anna-bychowska",fullName:"Anna Bychowska"},{id:"14870",title:"Prof.",name:"Krzysztof",surname:"Brzozowski",slug:"krzysztof-brzozowski",fullName:"Krzysztof Brzozowski"},{id:"14871",title:"Prof.",name:"Jorg",surname:"Thöming",slug:"jorg-thoming",fullName:"Jorg Thöming"},{id:"14872",title:"Prof.",name:"Piotr",surname:"Stepnowski",slug:"piotr-stepnowski",fullName:"Piotr Stepnowski"}],corrections:null},{id:"12796",title:"Digital Fabrication of Multi-Material Objects for Biomedical Applications",doi:"10.5772/13045",slug:"digital-fabrication-of-multi-material-objects-for-biomedical-applications",totalDownloads:2532,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"SH Choi and HH Cheung",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12796",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12796",authors:[{id:"13664",title:"Dr.",name:"S.H.",surname:"Choi",slug:"s.h.-choi",fullName:"S.H. Choi"},{id:"13744",title:"Dr.",name:"H.H.",surname:"Cheung",slug:"h.h.-cheung",fullName:"H.H. Cheung"}],corrections:null},{id:"12797",title:"Development of a Ceramic-Controlled Piezoelectric of Single Disc for Biomedical Applications",doi:"10.5772/13072",slug:"development-of-a-ceramic-controlled-piezoelectric-of-single-disc-for-biomedical-applications",totalDownloads:2286,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"E. Suaste Gómez, J. J. A. Flores Cuautle and C. O. González Morán",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12797",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12797",authors:[{id:"12814",title:"Dr.",name:"Ernesto",surname:"Suaste-Gomez",slug:"ernesto-suaste-gomez",fullName:"Ernesto Suaste-Gomez"},{id:"12815",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",surname:"González Morán",slug:"carlos-gonzalez-moran",fullName:"Carlos González Morán"},{id:"12816",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose De Jesus Agustin",surname:"Flores-Cuautle",slug:"jose-de-jesus-agustin-flores-cuautle",fullName:"Jose De Jesus Agustin Flores-Cuautle"}],corrections:null},{id:"12798",title:"Cold Plasma Techniques for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/13366",slug:"cold-plasma-techniques-for-pharmaceutical-and-biomedical-engineering",totalDownloads:3912,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Yasushi Sasai, Shin-ichi Kondo, Yukinori Yamauchi and Masayuki Kuzuya",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12798",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12798",authors:[{id:"14534",title:"Prof.",name:"Masayuki",surname:"Kuzuya",slug:"masayuki-kuzuya",fullName:"Masayuki Kuzuya"},{id:"14775",title:"Prof.",name:"Yasushi",surname:"Sasai",slug:"yasushi-sasai",fullName:"Yasushi Sasai"},{id:"14776",title:"Prof.",name:"Yukinori",surname:"Yamauchi",slug:"yukinori-yamauchi",fullName:"Yukinori Yamauchi"},{id:"14777",title:"Prof.",name:"Shin-ichi",surname:"Kondo",slug:"shin-ichi-kondo",fullName:"Shin-ichi Kondo"}],corrections:null},{id:"12799",title:"Basics and Biomedical Applications of Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD)",doi:"10.5772/13192",slug:"basics-and-biomedical-applications-of-dielectric-barrier-discharge-dbd-",totalDownloads:3641,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:14,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Nikita Bibinov, Priyadarshini Rajasekaran, Philipp Mertmann Dirk Wandke, Wolfgang Viöl and Peter Awakowicz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12799",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12799",authors:[{id:"14068",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikita",surname:"Bibinov",slug:"nikita-bibinov",fullName:"Nikita Bibinov"}],corrections:null},{id:"12800",title:"An Overview of Metallic Biomaterials for Bone Support and Replacement",doi:"10.5772/13488",slug:"an-overview-of-metallic-biomaterials-for-bone-support-and-replacement",totalDownloads:3473,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:21,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Anupam Srivastav",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12800",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12800",authors:[{id:"14882",title:"Prof.",name:"Anupam",surname:"Srivastav",slug:"anupam-srivastav",fullName:"Anupam Srivastav"}],corrections:null},{id:"12801",title:"Characterization and Evaluation of Surface Modified Titanium Alloy by Pulse Nd:YAG Laser for Orthopaedic Applications: an Invivo Study",doi:"10.5772/12939",slug:"characterization-and-evaluation-of-surface-modified-titanium-alloy-by-pulse-nd-yag-laser-for-orthopa",totalDownloads:3058,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"M. E. Khosroshahi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12801",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12801",authors:[{id:"13415",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",surname:"E. Khosroshahi",slug:"mohammad-e.-khosroshahi",fullName:"Mohammad E. Khosroshahi"}],corrections:null},{id:"12802",title:"Novel Titanium Manganese Alloys and Their Macroporous Foams for Biomedical Applications Prepared by Field Assisted Sintering",doi:"10.5772/12874",slug:"novel-titanium-manganese-alloys-and-their-macroporous-foams-for-biomedical-applications-prepared-by-",totalDownloads:3580,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:9,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Faming Zhang and Eberhard Burkel",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12802",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12802",authors:[{id:"13364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eberhard",surname:"Burkel",slug:"eberhard-burkel",fullName:"Eberhard Burkel"},{id:"15001",title:"Dr.",name:"Faming",surname:"Zhang",slug:"faming-zhang",fullName:"Faming Zhang"}],corrections:null},{id:"12803",title:"Development and Application of Low-Modulus Biomedical Titanium Alloy Ti2448",doi:"10.5772/13269",slug:"development-and-application-of-low-modulus-biomedical-titanium-alloy-ti2448",totalDownloads:3818,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:17,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Rui Yang, Yulin Hao and Shujun Li",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12803",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12803",authors:[{id:"14244",title:"Dr.",name:"Rui",surname:"Yang",slug:"rui-yang",fullName:"Rui Yang"},{id:"15340",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulin",surname:"Hao",slug:"yulin-hao",fullName:"Yulin Hao"},{id:"15341",title:"Dr.",name:"Shujun",surname:"Li",slug:"shujun-li",fullName:"Shujun Li"}],corrections:null},{id:"12804",title:"Ti-Based Bulk Metallic Glasses for Biomedical Applications",doi:"10.5772/13437",slug:"ti-based-bulk-metallic-glasses-for-biomedical-applications",totalDownloads:5258,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:9,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Fengxiang Qin, Zhenhua Dan, Xinmin Wang, Guoqiang Xie and Akihisa Inoue",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12804",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12804",authors:[{id:"13675",title:"Dr.",name:"Fengxiang",surname:"Qin",slug:"fengxiang-qin",fullName:"Fengxiang Qin"},{id:"14716",title:"Dr.",name:"Akihisa",surname:"Inoue",slug:"akihisa-inoue",fullName:"Akihisa Inoue"},{id:"24055",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhenhua",surname:"Dan",slug:"zhenhua-dan",fullName:"Zhenhua Dan"},{id:"24056",title:"Dr.",name:"Xinmin",surname:"Wang",slug:"xinmin-wang",fullName:"Xinmin Wang"},{id:"24057",title:"Dr.",name:"Guoqiang",surname:"Xie",slug:"guoqiang-xie",fullName:"Guoqiang Xie"}],corrections:null},{id:"12805",title:"Surface Treatments of Nearly Equiatomic NiTi Alloy (Nitinol) for Surgical Implants",doi:"10.5772/13212",slug:"surface-treatments-of-nearly-equiatomic-niti-alloy-nitinol-for-surgical-implants",totalDownloads:6139,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Dixon T. K. Kwok, Martin Schulz, Tao Hu, Chenglin Chu and Paul Chu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12805",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12805",authors:[{id:"4759",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",surname:"Chu",slug:"paul-chu",fullName:"Paul Chu"},{id:"14075",title:"Dr.",name:"Dixon T. K.",surname:"Kwok",slug:"dixon-t.-k.-kwok",fullName:"Dixon T. K. Kwok"},{id:"14124",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",surname:"Schulz",slug:"martin-schulz",fullName:"Martin Schulz"},{id:"14816",title:"Mr.",name:"Tao",surname:"Hu",slug:"tao-hu",fullName:"Tao Hu"},{id:"14817",title:"Prof.",name:"Chenglin",surname:"Chu",slug:"chenglin-chu",fullName:"Chenglin Chu"}],corrections:null},{id:"12806",title:"Electrochemical Aspects in Biomedical Alloy Characterization: Electrochemical Impedance Spectrosopy",doi:"10.5772/13039",slug:"electrochemical-aspects-in-biomedical-alloy-characterization-electrochemical-impedance-spectrosopy",totalDownloads:3203,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:13,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Carlos Valero Vidal and Anna Igual Muñoz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12806",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12806",authors:[{id:"13721",title:"Prof.",name:"Anna",surname:"Igual Muñoz",slug:"anna-igual-munoz",fullName:"Anna Igual Muñoz"},{id:"16058",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",surname:"Valero Vidal",slug:"carlos-valero-vidal",fullName:"Carlos Valero Vidal"}],corrections:null},{id:"12807",title:"Recent Advances in the Modeling of PEG Hydrogel Membranes for Biomedical Applications",doi:"10.5772/12893",slug:"recent-advances-in-the-modeling-of-peg-hydrogel-membranes-for-biomedical-applications",totalDownloads:5451,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"T. Ipek Ergenc and Seda Kizilel",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12807",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12807",authors:[{id:"13417",title:"Dr.",name:"Seda",surname:"Kizilel",slug:"seda-kizilel",fullName:"Seda Kizilel"},{id:"23857",title:"Prof.",name:"T. Ipek",surname:"Ergenc",slug:"t.-ipek-ergenc",fullName:"T. Ipek Ergenc"}],corrections:null},{id:"12808",title:"Synthesis, Characterization, Toxicity of Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications",doi:"10.5772/13243",slug:"synthesis-characterization-toxicity-of-nanomaterials-for-biomedical-applications",totalDownloads:4045,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"A. K. Pradhan, K. Zhang, M. Bahoura, J. Pradhan, P. Ravichandran, R. Gopikrishnan and G. T. Ramesh",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12808",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12808",authors:[{id:"14180",title:"Dr.",name:"Aswini",surname:"Pradhan",slug:"aswini-pradhan",fullName:"Aswini Pradhan"},{id:"14905",title:"Prof.",name:"K.",surname:"Zhang",slug:"k.-zhang",fullName:"K. Zhang"},{id:"14906",title:"Dr.",name:"J.",surname:"Pradhan",slug:"j.-pradhan",fullName:"J. Pradhan"},{id:"14907",title:"Dr.",name:"M.",surname:"Bahoura",slug:"m.-bahoura",fullName:"M. Bahoura"},{id:"14908",title:"Prof.",name:"G. T.",surname:"Ramesh",slug:"g.-t.-ramesh",fullName:"G. T. Ramesh"},{id:"24179",title:"Prof.",name:"P.",surname:"Ravichandran",slug:"p.-ravichandran",fullName:"P. Ravichandran"},{id:"24180",title:"Prof.",name:"R.",surname:"Gopikrishnan",slug:"r.-gopikrishnan",fullName:"R. Gopikrishnan"}],corrections:null},{id:"12809",title:"Nanopatterned Surfaces for Biomedical Applications",doi:"10.5772/13453",slug:"nanopatterned-surfaces-for-biomedical-applications",totalDownloads:4012,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:9,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Rebecca McMurray, Matthew J Dalby and Nikolaj Gadegaard",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12809",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12809",authors:[{id:"14765",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikolaj",surname:"Gadegaard",slug:"nikolaj-gadegaard",fullName:"Nikolaj Gadegaard"},{id:"15224",title:"Dr.",name:"Matthew",surname:"Dalby",slug:"matthew-dalby",fullName:"Matthew Dalby"},{id:"26639",title:"Prof.",name:"Rebecca",surname:"McMurray",slug:"rebecca-mcmurray",fullName:"Rebecca McMurray"}],corrections:null},{id:"12810",title:"Magnetic and Multifunctional Magnetic Nanoparticles in Nanomedicine: Challenges and Trends in Synthesis and Surface Engineering for Diagnostic and Therapy Applications",doi:"10.5772/13059",slug:"magnetic-and-multifunctional-magnetic-nanoparticles-in-nanomedicine-challenges-and-trends-in-synthes",totalDownloads:4349,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:16,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Laudemir Carlos Varanda, Miguel Jafelicci Júnior and Watson Beck Júnior",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12810",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12810",authors:[{id:"13743",title:"Dr.",name:"Laudemir Carlos",surname:"Varanda",slug:"laudemir-carlos-varanda",fullName:"Laudemir Carlos Varanda"},{id:"14900",title:"Prof.",name:"Miguel",surname:"Jafelicci Jr.",slug:"miguel-jafelicci-jr.",fullName:"Miguel Jafelicci Jr."},{id:"14901",title:"Prof.",name:"Watson",surname:"Beck Jr.",slug:"watson-beck-jr.",fullName:"Watson Beck Jr."}],corrections:null},{id:"12811",title:"Ferromagnets-Based Multifunctional Nanoplatform for Targeted Cancer Therapy",doi:"10.5772/12928",slug:"ferromagnets-based-multifunctional-nanoplatform-for-targeted-cancer-therapy",totalDownloads:3023,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Valentyn Novosad and Elena A. Rozhkova",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12811",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12811",authors:[{id:"13493",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentyn",surname:"Novosad",slug:"valentyn-novosad",fullName:"Valentyn Novosad"},{id:"14888",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",surname:"Rozhkova",slug:"elena-rozhkova",fullName:"Elena Rozhkova"}],corrections:null},{id:"12812",title:"Life Assessment of a Balloon-Expandable Stent for Atherosclerotic Renal Artery Stenosis",doi:"10.5772/13478",slug:"life-assessment-of-a-balloon-expandable-stent-for-atherosclerotic-renal-artery-stenosis",totalDownloads:2870,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Hao-Ming Hsiao, Michael D. Dake, Santosh Prabhu, Mahmood K. Razavi, Ying-Chih Liao and Alexander Nikanorov",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12812",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12812",authors:[{id:"13740",title:"Prof.",name:"Hao-Ming",surname:"Hsiao",slug:"hao-ming-hsiao",fullName:"Hao-Ming Hsiao"}],corrections:null},{id:"12813",title:"Synthesis and Characterisation of Styrene Butadiene Styrene Based Grafted Copolymers for Use in Potential Biomedical Applications",doi:"10.5772/13051",slug:"synthesis-and-characterisation-of-styrene-butadiene-styrene-based-grafted-copolymers-for-use-in-pote",totalDownloads:20034,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:12,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"James E. Kennedy and Clement L. Higginbotham",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12813",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12813",authors:[{id:"13737",title:"Dr.",name:"James E.",surname:"Kennedy",slug:"james-e.-kennedy",fullName:"James E. Kennedy"}],corrections:null},{id:"12814",title:"Synthetic Strategies for Biomedical Polyesters Specialties",doi:"10.5772/13164",slug:"synthetic-strategies-for-biomedical-polyesters-specialties",totalDownloads:4799,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Zinck Philippe",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12814",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12814",authors:[{id:"13940",title:"Dr.",name:"Philippe",surname:"Zinck",slug:"philippe-zinck",fullName:"Philippe Zinck"}],corrections:null},{id:"12815",title:"Prevention of Biofilm Associated Infections and Degradation of Polymeric Materials Used in Biomedical Applications",doi:"10.5772/12983",slug:"prevention-of-biofilm-associated-infections-and-degradation-of-polymeric-materials-used-in-biomedica",totalDownloads:5324,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:18,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Peter Kaali, Emma Strömberg and Sigbritt Karlsson",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12815",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12815",authors:[{id:"13621",title:"Prof.",name:"Sigbritt",surname:"Karlsson",slug:"sigbritt-karlsson",fullName:"Sigbritt Karlsson"},{id:"14825",title:"MSc.",name:"Peter",surname:"Kaali",slug:"peter-kaali",fullName:"Peter Kaali"},{id:"14826",title:"Dr.",name:"Emma",surname:"Strömberg",slug:"emma-stromberg",fullName:"Emma Strömberg"}],corrections:null},{id:"12816",title:"The Challenge of the Skin-Electrode Contact in Textile-enabled Electrical Bioimpedance, Measurements for Personalized Healthcare Monitoring Applications",doi:"10.5772/13500",slug:"the-challenge-of-the-skin-electrode-contact-in-textile-enabled-electrical-bioimpedance-measurements-",totalDownloads:3132,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Fernando Seoane, Juan Carlos Marquez, Javier Ferreira, Ruben Buendia and Kaj Lindecrantz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12816",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12816",authors:[{id:"14520",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",surname:"Seoane Martinez",slug:"fernando-seoane-martinez",fullName:"Fernando Seoane Martinez"},{id:"15029",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan Carlos",surname:"Marquez",slug:"juan-carlos-marquez",fullName:"Juan Carlos Marquez"},{id:"15030",title:"Prof.",name:"Javier",surname:"Ferreira",slug:"javier-ferreira",fullName:"Javier Ferreira"},{id:"15031",title:"Prof.",name:"Ruben",surname:"Buendia",slug:"ruben-buendia",fullName:"Ruben Buendia"},{id:"15032",title:"Prof.",name:"Kaj",surname:"Lindecrantz",slug:"kaj-lindecrantz",fullName:"Kaj Lindecrantz"}],corrections:null},{id:"12817",title:"Project Alexander the Great: An Analytical Comprehensive Study on the Global Spread of Bioengineering/Biomedical Engineering Education",doi:"10.5772/13501",slug:"project-alexander-the-great-an-analytical-comprehensive-study-on-the-global-spread-of-bioengineering",totalDownloads:1875,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Ziad O. Abu-faraj",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12817",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12817",authors:[{id:"14249",title:"PhD.",name:"Ziad",surname:"Abu-Faraj",slug:"ziad-abu-faraj",fullName:"Ziad Abu-Faraj"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:[{id:"65",label:"highly cited contributor"}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"16",title:"Biomedical Engineering, Trends in Electronics",subtitle:"Communications and Software",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d76a5792507e65ca56715b9661e8a66e",slug:"biomedical-engineering-trends-in-electronics-communications-and-software",bookSignature:"Anthony N. Laskovski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/16.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"2205",title:"Dr.",name:"Anthony",surname:"Laskovski",slug:"anthony-laskovski",fullName:"Anthony Laskovski"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"509",title:"Biomedical Science, Engineering and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eec1ae8717629372ed7f0c0499dee14c",slug:"biomedical-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Dhanjoo N. Ghista",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/509.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"35845",title:"Prof.",name:"Dhanjoo N.",surname:"Ghista",slug:"dhanjoo-n.-ghista",fullName:"Dhanjoo N. Ghista"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3652",title:"Advances in Haptics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"advances-in-haptics",bookSignature:"Mehrdad Hosseini Zadeh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3652.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6239",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehrdad Hosseini",surname:"Zadeh",slug:"mehrdad-hosseini-zadeh",fullName:"Mehrdad Hosseini Zadeh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2241",title:"Biomedical Engineering",subtitle:"From Theory to Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"933a7a2f008c47fd232180ef1b3f0a8c",slug:"biomedical-engineering-from-theory-to-applications",bookSignature:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2241.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"1995",title:"Dr.",name:"Reza",surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"508",title:"Biomedical Engineering",subtitle:"Frontiers and Challenges",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7f5bfc734fd607df80a0dc2fe965b313",slug:"biomedical-engineering-frontiers-and-challenges",bookSignature:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/508.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"1995",title:"Dr.",name:"Reza",surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"482",title:"Biomedical Engineering",subtitle:"Trends, Research and Technologies",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8ec55bcda429a187bb7ddb2920d2ddc0",slug:"biomedical-engineering-trends-research-and-technologies",bookSignature:"Malgorzata Anna Komorowska and Sylwia Olsztynska-Janus",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/482.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58190",title:"Dr.",name:"Sylwia",surname:"Olsztynska",slug:"sylwia-olsztynska",fullName:"Sylwia Olsztynska"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3187",title:"Intelligent and Biosensors",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f771fc891e588298df1acd59ba2a2185",slug:"intelligent-and-biosensors",bookSignature:"Vernon S. Somerset",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3187.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6648",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Vernon",surname:"Somerset",slug:"vernon-somerset",fullName:"Vernon Somerset"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"238",title:"Applied Biomedical Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b85b6fd9a3e8bedfbc1592745a0dfba3",slug:"applied-biomedical-engineering",bookSignature:"Gaetano D. Gargiulo and Alistair McEwan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/238.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"24082",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaetano",surname:"Gargiulo",slug:"gaetano-gargiulo",fullName:"Gaetano Gargiulo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3615",title:"Biomedical Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"biomedical-engineering",bookSignature:"Carlos Alexandre Barros de Mello",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3615.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"2011",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",surname:"Mello",slug:"carlos-mello",fullName:"Carlos Mello"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3185",title:"Biosensors",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"024d5c9c5c209691737a0729b92365ed",slug:"biosensors",bookSignature:"Pier Andrea Serra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3185.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6091",title:"Prof.",name:"Pier Andrea",surname:"Serra",slug:"pier-andrea-serra",fullName:"Pier Andrea Serra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"79356",slug:"corrigendum-to-pain-management-in-plastic-surgery",title:"Corrigendum to: Pain Management in Plastic Surgery",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/66062.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66062",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66062",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/66062",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/66062",chapter:{id:"62958",slug:"pain-management-in-plastic-surgery",signatures:"I Gusti Ngurah Mahaalit Aribawa, Made Wiryana, Tjokorda Gde\nAgung Senapathi and Pontisomaya Parami",dateSubmitted:"April 5th 2017",dateReviewed:"June 5th 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"April 3rd 2019",book:{id:"6221",title:"Anesthesia Topics for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Anesthesia Topics for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery",slug:"anesthesia-topics-for-plastic-and-reconstructive-surgery",publishedDate:"April 3rd 2019",bookSignature:"Víctor M. Whizar-Lugo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6221.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"169249",title:"Prof.",name:"Víctor M.",middleName:null,surname:"Whizar-Lugo",slug:"victor-m.-whizar-lugo",fullName:"Víctor M. Whizar-Lugo"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"208429",title:"M.D.",name:"I Gusti Ngurah",middleName:null,surname:"Mahaalit Aribawa",fullName:"I Gusti Ngurah Mahaalit Aribawa",slug:"i-gusti-ngurah-mahaalit-aribawa",email:"mahaalit@unud.ac.id",position:null,institution:{name:"Udayana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"209749",title:"Dr.",name:"Tjokorda Gde Agung",middleName:null,surname:"Senapathi",fullName:"Tjokorda Gde Agung Senapathi",slug:"tjokorda-gde-agung-senapathi",email:"tjoksenapathi@unud.ac.id",position:null,institution:{name:"Udayana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"209750",title:"Mrs.",name:"Pontisomaya",middleName:null,surname:"Parami",fullName:"Pontisomaya Parami",slug:"pontisomaya-parami",email:"ponti@unud.ac.id",position:null,institution:{name:"Udayana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"209752",title:"Prof.",name:"Made",middleName:null,surname:"Wiryana",fullName:"Made Wiryana",slug:"made-wiryana",email:"wiryana@unud.ac.id",position:null,institution:{name:"Udayana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"62958",slug:"pain-management-in-plastic-surgery",signatures:"I Gusti Ngurah Mahaalit Aribawa, Made Wiryana, Tjokorda Gde\nAgung Senapathi and Pontisomaya Parami",dateSubmitted:"April 5th 2017",dateReviewed:"June 5th 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"April 3rd 2019",book:{id:"6221",title:"Anesthesia Topics for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Anesthesia Topics for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery",slug:"anesthesia-topics-for-plastic-and-reconstructive-surgery",publishedDate:"April 3rd 2019",bookSignature:"Víctor M. Whizar-Lugo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6221.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"169249",title:"Prof.",name:"Víctor M.",middleName:null,surname:"Whizar-Lugo",slug:"victor-m.-whizar-lugo",fullName:"Víctor M. Whizar-Lugo"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"208429",title:"M.D.",name:"I Gusti Ngurah",middleName:null,surname:"Mahaalit Aribawa",fullName:"I Gusti Ngurah Mahaalit Aribawa",slug:"i-gusti-ngurah-mahaalit-aribawa",email:"mahaalit@unud.ac.id",position:null,institution:{name:"Udayana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"209749",title:"Dr.",name:"Tjokorda Gde Agung",middleName:null,surname:"Senapathi",fullName:"Tjokorda Gde Agung Senapathi",slug:"tjokorda-gde-agung-senapathi",email:"tjoksenapathi@unud.ac.id",position:null,institution:{name:"Udayana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"209750",title:"Mrs.",name:"Pontisomaya",middleName:null,surname:"Parami",fullName:"Pontisomaya Parami",slug:"pontisomaya-parami",email:"ponti@unud.ac.id",position:null,institution:{name:"Udayana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"209752",title:"Prof.",name:"Made",middleName:null,surname:"Wiryana",fullName:"Made Wiryana",slug:"made-wiryana",email:"wiryana@unud.ac.id",position:null,institution:{name:"Udayana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}}]},book:{id:"6221",title:"Anesthesia Topics for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Anesthesia Topics for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery",slug:"anesthesia-topics-for-plastic-and-reconstructive-surgery",publishedDate:"April 3rd 2019",bookSignature:"Víctor M. Whizar-Lugo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6221.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"169249",title:"Prof.",name:"Víctor M.",middleName:null,surname:"Whizar-Lugo",slug:"victor-m.-whizar-lugo",fullName:"Víctor M. Whizar-Lugo"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"1978",leadTitle:null,title:"Interactive Multimedia",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Interactive multimedia is clearly a field of fundamental research, social, educational and economical importance, as it combines multiple disciplines for the development of multimedia systems that are capable to sense the environment and dynamically process, edit, adjust or generate new content. For this purpose, ideas, theories, methodologies and inventions are combined in order to form novel applications and systems. This book presents novel scientific research, proven methodologies and interdisciplinary case studies that exhibit advances under Interfaces and Interaction, Interactive Multimedia Learning, Teaching and Competence Diagnosis Systems, Interactive TV, Film and Multimedia Production and Video Processing. The chapters selected for this volume offer new perspectives in terms of strategies, tested practices and solutions that, beyond describing the state-of-the-art, may be utilised as a solid basis for the development of new interactive systems and applications.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0224-3",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5648-2",doi:"10.5772/2394",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"interactive-multimedia",numberOfPages:326,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"81343be857dbea4b8446359028998656",bookSignature:"Ioannis Deliyannis",publishedDate:"March 7th 2012",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1978.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:61732,numberOfWosCitations:40,numberOfCrossrefCitations:37,numberOfDimensionsCitations:55,numberOfTotalCitations:132,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 10th 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 7th 2011",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"October 12th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 11th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"March 10th 2012",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"11 years",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"103622",title:"Dr.",name:"Ioannis",middleName:null,surname:"Deliyannis",slug:"ioannis-deliyannis",fullName:"Ioannis Deliyannis",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/103622/images/system/103622.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Ioannis Deliyannis is an Associate Professor at Ionian University in Corfu. He is a member of the Faculty of the Department of Audio and Visual Arts and a founding member of the inArts research laboratory. He has created various interactive multimedia systems ranging from experimental television stations featuring multiple modes of delivery to educational and multi-sensory games. He is the author of a series of journal and conference publications in the above field and a series of books targeting the experimental and creative aspects of the technologies involved. He is involved in the design of user-centred software products and services, focusing on the use of mobile sensory systems to create intelligent interactive systems, entertainment education systems, games, gamified systems, educational applications for people with disabilities, multimedia adapters, holograms, interactive navigation narrative applications, augmented and virtual reality systems.",institutionString:"Ionian University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"Ionian University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"586",title:"Computer Graphics",slug:"computer-and-information-science-multimedia-computer-graphics"}],chapters:[{id:"31045",title:"From Interactive to Experimental Multimedia",slug:"from-interactive-multimedia-to-experimental-multimedia",totalDownloads:3599,totalCrossrefCites:5,authors:[{id:"103622",title:"Dr.",name:"Ioannis",surname:"Deliyannis",slug:"ioannis-deliyannis",fullName:"Ioannis Deliyannis"}]},{id:"31046",title:"Educational Digital Recycling: Design of Videogame Based on “Inca Abacus”",slug:"educational-digital-recycling-design-of-videogame-based-on-inca-abacus-",totalDownloads:2940,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"109634",title:"Prof.",name:"Jorge",surname:"Montalvo",slug:"jorge-montalvo",fullName:"Jorge Montalvo"}]},{id:"31047",title:"Interactive Multimedia Module with Pedagogical Agent in Electrochemistry",slug:"interactive-multimedia-module-with-pedagogical-agent-in-electrochemistry",totalDownloads:4614,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"108619",title:"Prof.",name:"Kamisah",surname:"Osman",slug:"kamisah-osman",fullName:"Kamisah Osman"},{id:"109101",title:"Dr.",name:"Tien Tien",surname:"Lee",slug:"tien-tien-lee",fullName:"Tien Tien Lee"}]},{id:"31048",title:"Fostering the Diagnostic Competence of Teachers with Multimedia Training – A Promising Approach?",slug:"-fostering-diagnostic-competence-of-teachers-with-a-multimedia-training-a-promising-approach-",totalDownloads:2638,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"112151",title:"Prof.",name:"Michael",surname:"Henninger",slug:"michael-henninger",fullName:"Michael Henninger"},{id:"137176",title:"Dr.",name:"Christina",surname:"Barth",slug:"christina-barth",fullName:"Christina Barth"}]},{id:"31049",title:"HigherEd 2.0: Web 2.0 in Higher Education",slug:"highered-2-0-web-2-0-in-higher-education",totalDownloads:2926,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"113022",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward",surname:"Berger",slug:"edward-berger",fullName:"Edward Berger"},{id:"113380",title:"Prof.",name:"Charles",surname:"Krousgrill",slug:"charles-krousgrill",fullName:"Charles Krousgrill"}]},{id:"31050",title:"Multimedia Approach in Teaching Mathematics – Examples of Interactive Lessons from Mathematical Analysis and Geometry",slug:"multimedia-approach-in-teaching-mathematics-examples-of-interactive-lessons-from-mathematical-analys",totalDownloads:7012,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"110747",title:"Dr.",name:"Marina",surname:"Milovanović",slug:"marina-milovanovic",fullName:"Marina Milovanović"},{id:"113750",title:"Prof.",name:"Djurdjica",surname:"Takaci",slug:"djurdjica-takaci",fullName:"Djurdjica Takaci"},{id:"113751",title:"MSc.",name:"Aleksandar",surname:"Milajic",slug:"aleksandar-milajic",fullName:"Aleksandar Milajic"}]},{id:"31051",title:"Multimedia Teaching Contents: Creating and Integrating Activities in New Learning Environments",slug:"multimedia-teaching-contents-creating-and-integrating-activities-in-new-learning-environments",totalDownloads:3247,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"106617",title:"PhD.",name:"Manuela Damiana",surname:"Guedes",slug:"manuela-damiana-guedes",fullName:"Manuela Damiana Guedes"},{id:"113565",title:"Prof.",name:"Pedro",surname:"Almeida",slug:"pedro-almeida",fullName:"Pedro Almeida"}]},{id:"31052",title:"Developing Attention-Aware and Context-Aware User Interfaces on Handheld Devices",slug:"developing-attention-aware-and-context-aware-user-interfaces-on-handheld-devices",totalDownloads:2866,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"109778",title:"Prof.",name:"Massimo",surname:"Ancona",slug:"massimo-ancona",fullName:"Massimo Ancona"},{id:"114126",title:"MSc.",name:"Davide",surname:"Conte",slug:"davide-conte",fullName:"Davide Conte"},{id:"114130",title:"Dr.",name:"Gianluca",surname:"Quercini",slug:"gianluca-quercini",fullName:"Gianluca Quercini"},{id:"137055",title:"MSc.",name:"Betty",surname:"Bronzini",slug:"betty-bronzini",fullName:"Betty Bronzini"}]},{id:"31053",title:"Multimedia Design Decisions, Visualisations and the User’s Experience",slug:"multimedia-design-decisions-visualisations-and-the-user-s-experience",totalDownloads:2399,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"105484",title:"Dr.",name:"Sue",surname:"Fenley",slug:"sue-fenley",fullName:"Sue Fenley"}]},{id:"31054",title:"Digital Scope on 2D Communication Sheet for Location-Specific Multimedia Service",slug:"digital-scope-on-2d-communication-sheet-for-location-specific-multimedia-services",totalDownloads:2359,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"113405",title:"Dr.",name:"Bing",surname:"Zhang",slug:"bing-zhang",fullName:"Bing Zhang"}]},{id:"31055",title:"Building Adaptive Rich Interfaces for Interactive Ubiquitous Applications",slug:"building-adaptive-rich-interfaces-for-interactive-ubiquitous-applications",totalDownloads:2970,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"22586",title:"Prof.",name:"Wanderley",surname:"Lopes de Souza",slug:"wanderley-lopes-de-souza",fullName:"Wanderley Lopes de Souza"},{id:"25557",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio Francisco",surname:"Do Prado",slug:"antonio-francisco-do-prado",fullName:"Antonio Francisco Do Prado"},{id:"103987",title:"MSc.",name:"Carlos Eduardo",surname:"Cirilo",slug:"carlos-eduardo-cirilo",fullName:"Carlos Eduardo Cirilo"},{id:"113827",title:"Prof.",name:"Luciana Aparecida Martinez",surname:"Zaina",slug:"luciana-aparecida-martinez-zaina",fullName:"Luciana Aparecida Martinez Zaina"}]},{id:"31056",title:"Using RFID/NFC and QR-Code in Mobile Phones to Link the Physical and the Digital World",slug:"using-rfid-nfc-and-qr-code-in-mobile-phones-to-link-the-physical-and-the-digital-world",totalDownloads:16449,totalCrossrefCites:25,authors:[{id:"21010",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan De Dios",surname:"Sanchez Lopez",slug:"juan-de-dios-sanchez-lopez",fullName:"Juan De Dios Sanchez Lopez"},{id:"23203",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Iván",surname:"Nieto Hipólito",slug:"juan-ivan-nieto-hipolito",fullName:"Juan Iván Nieto Hipólito"},{id:"112804",title:"PhD.",name:"Mabel",surname:"Vazquez Briseno",slug:"mabel-vazquez-briseno",fullName:"Mabel Vazquez Briseno"},{id:"136665",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Iwao",surname:"Hirata",slug:"francisco-iwao-hirata",fullName:"Francisco Iwao Hirata"},{id:"137172",title:"MSc.",name:"Christian",surname:"Navarro Cota",slug:"christian-navarro-cota",fullName:"Christian Navarro Cota"},{id:"137173",title:"MSc.",name:"Elitania",surname:"Jimenez Garcia",slug:"elitania-jimenez-garcia",fullName:"Elitania Jimenez Garcia"}]},{id:"31057",title:"Bringing All Users to the Television: A Platform Based on Java for Building Interactive Television Applications",slug:"bringing-all-users-to-the-television-a-platform-based-on-java-and-xml-for-building-interactive-telev",totalDownloads:2909,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"106575",title:"Dr.",name:"Joao Benedito",surname:"Dos Santos Junior",slug:"joao-benedito-dos-santos-junior",fullName:"Joao Benedito Dos Santos Junior"}]},{id:"31058",title:"Molecular Model for Multimedia Screenwriting",slug:"molecular-model-for-multimedia-screenwriting",totalDownloads:2340,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"109279",title:"Dr.",name:"Alain",surname:"Durand",slug:"alain-durand",fullName:"Alain Durand"}]},{id:"31059",title:"Real-Time Multimedia Stream Data Processing in a Supercomputer Environment",slug:"real-time-multimedia-stream-data-processing-in-a-supercomputer-environment",totalDownloads:2466,totalCrossrefCites:6,authors:[{id:"109320",title:"Prof.",name:"Henryk",surname:"Krawczyk",slug:"henryk-krawczyk",fullName:"Henryk Krawczyk"},{id:"114035",title:"MSc.",name:"Jerzy",surname:"Proficz",slug:"jerzy-proficz",fullName:"Jerzy Proficz"}]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"97745",firstName:"Daria",lastName:"Nahtigal",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/97745/images/2231_n.png",email:"nahtigal@intechopen.com",biography:"Editor Relations Consultant at InTech\n- organize workflow within the assigned projects and editors\n- pursue an active and efficient editor acquisitions policy through correspondence, meetings, trips, telephone, consultations with advisors\n- sign new products per annual signing goals\n- handle editors and their projects through close communication, manage editorial schedules and monitor production stages\n- handle members of scientific and editorial boards and assign them to related projects \n- negotiate contract terms and conditions of editor initiated book projects\n- manage expanded editor projects (conference attendance, conference supporting material, promotion of editor’s projects, etc.)\n- build and maintain industry knowledge and relationships by means of editor/industry contacts, conference attendance to propose new ways of cooperation and professional training\n- communicate product/editor benefits to marketing\n- participate in planning, execution and attendance of conferences\n- liaison with marketing and publishing personnel to optimise programme results\n- research and identify book topics or editor projects with strong sales potential and recruit experienced and competent editors, recognize potential new editors and cultivate working relationships with them, obtain proposals from potential editors, determine the quality of the proposals, find and liaise with reviewers/editors\n- related duties as required"}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7417",title:"The Future of Television",subtitle:"Convergence of Content and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e9ae7433daa77973fd72130df6622c68",slug:"the-future-of-television-convergence-of-content-and-technology",bookSignature:"Ioannis Deliyannis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7417.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"103622",title:"Dr.",name:"Ioannis",surname:"Deliyannis",slug:"ioannis-deliyannis",fullName:"Ioannis Deliyannis"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7601",title:"Game Design and Intelligent Interaction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"aef7c5d14fb716604538b9f7e1a3f2ef",slug:"game-design-and-intelligent-interaction",bookSignature:"Ioannis Deliyannis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7601.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"103622",title:"Dr.",name:"Ioannis",surname:"Deliyannis",slug:"ioannis-deliyannis",fullName:"Ioannis Deliyannis"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3828",title:"Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"51a27e7adbfafcfedb6e9683f209cba4",slug:"application-of-nanotechnology-in-drug-delivery",bookSignature:"Ali Demir Sezer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3828.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"71592",title:"Vermicomposting: An Effective Option for Recycling Organic Wastes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91892",slug:"vermicomposting-an-effective-option-for-recycling-organic-wastes",body:'\n
\n
1. Introduction
\n
Increasing world population has resulted in higher consumption of goods and services that has driven a substantial increase of organic wastes originating from households, industry, and agriculture [1]. Much of the organic wastes are highly infectious as they contain a variety of pathogenic microorganisms. Dumping of organic wastes in open areas generates serious environmental issues such as the accumulation of heavy metals in soil, pollution of ground and surface waters due to leaching and run-off of nutrients. These organic wastes when applied directly to agricultural fields cause soil environment-related problems including phytotoxicity [2]. These wastes represent a valuable organic resource, which could be recycled and transformed into nutrient rich fertilizer and/or soil conditioner [3, 4, 5]. Moreover growing awareness about adverse effects of agricultural chemicals on human health has increased interest in organic agriculture [6]. Organic agriculture also promotes ecological conservation due to judicious use of natural resources [7, 8, 9]. In demand for safe and sustainable strategies to treat organic wastes includes best known practices of composting and vermicomposting for biological stabilization of solid organic wastes by transforming them into a safer and more stabilized material that can be used as a source of nutrients and soil conditioner in agricultural applications [10, 11, 12]. Vermicomposting is one of the most efficient means to mitigate and manage environmental pollution problems [13]. Recently, many studies are being done to establish vermicompost as one of the preferred organic substitutes to chemical fertilizers [14, 15]. Vermicompost is more rich in NPK, micronutrients and beneficial soil microbes (nitrogen fixing and phosphate solubilizing bacteria and actinomycetes), an excellent growth promoter and protector for crop plants [16, 17] than compost [18, 19].
\n
\n
1.1 Vermicomposting- a preferred approach in organic farming
\n
Vermicomposting (vermis from the Latin for worm) is a mesophilic process [20] which involves a joint action of earthworms (active at 10–32°C) and mesophilic microbes [21] for the conversion of organic wastes into a valuable end product known as vermicompost. Whereas, composting involves the degradation of organic waste by microorganisms under controlled conditions, in which the organic material undergoes a characteristic thermophilic stage that allows sanitization of the waste by elimination of pathogenic microorganisms [22]. Composting is also used to treat manures, green wastes or municipal solid wastes [23]. However, vermicomposting gives a higher-quality end product than composting due to joint action of enzymatic and microbial activities that occur during the process [24]. This process is faster than traditional composting as the material passes through the earthworm gut, whereby the resulting earthworm castings are rich in microbial activity and plant growth regulators, and fortified with pest repellence attributes as well [25, 26]. Compared to traditional composting method, vermicomposting also results in mass reduction, shorter processing time, and high levels of humus with reduced phytotoxicity [27]. Thus, vermicompost is considered an ideal manure for organic agriculture as it is nutrient rich and contains high quality humus, plant growth hormones, enzymes, and substances that are able to protect crops against pests and diseases [28, 29]. Moreover, vermicompost has high porosity, aeration, drainage, and water-holding capacity [20]. In addition to increased N availability, C, P, K, Ca and Mg plant nutrient availability in the earthworm casts are also found [30]. Plant growth hormones namely cytokinins and auxins are found in organic wastes processed by earthworms [31]. They also release certain metabolites, such as vitamin B, vitamin D and similar substances into the compost [32]. Thus, earthworms accelerate the mineralization rate and convert the manures into casts with higher nutritional value and degree of humification than traditional method of composting [33]. The composition of commonly available nutrients in vermicompost is as follows: Organic carbon 9.5–17.98%, Nitrogen 0.5–1.50%, Phosphorous 0.1–0.30%, Potassium 0.15–0.56%, Sodium 0.06–0.30%, Calcium and Magnesium 22.67–47.60 meq/100 g, Copper 2–9.50 mg/kg, Iron 2–9.30 mg/kg, Zinc 5.70–11.50 mg/kg, Sulfur 128–548 mg/kg [34]. Hence, vermicomposting enables biological transformation of wastes into a valuable organic fertilizer [35, 36]. Vermicompost is popularly called as black gold and has become one of the major components of organic farming system [26].
\n
\n
\n
\n
2. Role of earthworm in vermicomposting
\n
\n
2.1 Biology of earthworm
\n
Earthworms are invertebrates belonging to the phylum Annelida, class Oligochaeta and family Lumbricidae. The earthworms are long, elongated, cylindrical, soft bodied animals with uniform ring like structures consisting of segments along the length of their body outwardly highlighted by circular grooves called annuli. On the ventral surface of sides of the body each segment bears four pairs of short, stubby bristles, or setae used for its movement. Earthworms have an opening at the anterior end is mouth and the one at the posterior is anus. Earthworms possess both male and female gonads, so are called as hermaphrodites. They deposit their eggs in a cocoon without any larval stage. At the time of egg laying, the sexually mature worms contain a distinctive epidermal ring just beneath the anterior segments called, clitellum, which has gland cells to form a viscid, girdle like structure known as cocoon. The number of fertilized ova in each cocoon has 1–20 lumbricid worms.
\n
\n
\n
2.2 Classification of earthworm
\n
There are about 3320 species of earthworms all over the world [37], but hardly 8–10 species are suitable for vermicompost preparation. Earthworms have been extensively utilized for the recycling of a variety of organic wastes like municipal solid wastes [38] wheat straw [39], sewage sludge [40], forestry waste [41], vegetable waste [42], farmyard manure [43], sorghum stalk, wheat straw, paddy straw [44], coir pith [45]. Renowned scientists, Charles Darwin called earthworms as the ‘unheralded soldiers of mankind’, and Aristotle described them as the ‘intestine of earth’, as they could digest a wide range of organic materials [46, 47]. On the basis of morpho-ecological characteristics, earthworms have been classified into three categories [48]; Anecic (Greek word “out of the earth”) – these are burrowing worms that only come to the surface at night to drag food down into their permanent burrows deep within the mineral layers of the soil. Endogeic (Greek word “within the earth”) – these are also burrowing worms but their burrows are typically more shallow and they feed on the organic matter inside the soil, so they come to the surface only rarely. Epigeic (Greek word “upon the earth”) – these worms live on the surface litter and feed on decaying organic matter. They do not have any permanent burrows. These “decomposers” are the type of worm used in vermicomposting. Two tropical species, African night crawler, Eudrilus eugeniae (Kinberg) and Oriental earthworm, Perionyx excavates (Perrier) and two temperate ones, red earthworm, Eisenia andrei (Bouche) and tiger earthworm, Eisenia fetida (Savigny) are extensively used in vermicomposting [49, 50, 51]. Most vermicomposting facilities and studies are using the worms E. andrei and E. fetida due to their high rate of consumption, digestion, and assimilation of organic matter, tolerance to a wide range of environmental factors, short life cycles, high reproductive rates and endurance and resistance during handling [52]. A few other species Drawida nepalensis, Lampito mauritrr. Dichogaster spp., Polypheretima elongate, Amynthas spp. Dendrobaena octaedra, Eisenia hortensis [53] have also been used for composting under specific conditions.
\n
\n
\n
2.3 How does earthworm facilitate vermicomposting?
\n
Earthworms promote the growth of “beneficial decomposer aerobic bacteria” in organic waste material and also act as a grinder, crusher, chemical degrader and a biological stimulator of waste material [54, 55]. Earthworm hosts millions of decomposer (biodegrader) microbes [56], hydrolytic enzymes and hormones that helps in rapid decomposition of complex organic matter into vermicompost in a relatively smaller duration of 1–2 months [57] as compared to traditional composting method which takes nearly 5 months [58]. The mechanism of formation of vermicompost by earthworms occurs in following steps; organic material consumed by earthworm is softened by the saliva in the mouth of the earthworms. Food in esophagus is further softening and neutralization by calcium and physical breakdown in muscular gizzard results in particles of size <2 μ, thereby giving an enhanced surface area for microbial processing. This finally ground material is exposed to various enzymes such as protease, amylase, lipase, cellulase and chitinase secreted in lumen by stomach and small intestine [12]. Moreover, microbes associated with intestine facilitate breaking down of complex biomolecules into simple compounds. Only 5–10% of the ingested material is absorbed into the tissues of worms for its growth and the rest is excreted as vermicast. The vermicast is a good organic fertilizer and soil conditioner. High-quality vermicast can be produced by worms such as the red wrigglers (E. fetida) as it contains humus with high levels of nutrients that has good potential for the production of organic fertilizer. Vermiwash is a liquid fertilizer and used as a foliar spray produced by passing water through columns of vermiculture beds [59].
\n
\n
\n
2.4 Suitable environmental conditions for earthworms
\n
Optimum conditions of temperature 15–20°C (limits 4–30°C), Moisture content 80–90% (limits 60–90%), Oxygen – Aerobicity, Ammonia content of the waste Low: <1 mg·g–1 (0.016 oz.1b–1), Salt content Low < 0.5% and pH of 5–9 are preferred for stable life cycle of earthworm.
\n
\n
\n
2.5 Starter food for multiplication of earthworms
\n
To attain the desired earthworm population their starter food includes 1:1 mixture of cow dung and decaying leaves in a cement tank/wooden box/plastic bucket with proper drainage facilities and on attaining sufficient number of earthworms, subsequently other sources of organic wastes can be provided. Compost worms being voracious feeders, consume in excess of their body weight each day but they prefer some foods to others. Manures are the most commonly used worm feedstock, with dairy and beef manures generally considered the best natural food for E. fetida [60]. The unit should be kept in shade. Sufficient moisture level should be maintained by occasional sprinkling of water. Within 1–2 months, the worms multiply 300 times, which can be used for large scale vermicomposting.
\n
\n
\n
\n
3. Methods of vermicomposting
\n
Earthworms are used to convert organic waste material into dark brown nutrient rich humus that is a good source of manure for plants. Worms can also degrade specific pollutants and might allow community formation of useful microorganisms. Three commonly used methods for vermicomposting are discussed below:
Bin composting: The most common method for small scale composting is bin composting method. The bin can be constructed of several materials such as wooden/plastic/recycled containers like bathtubs and barrels. A vermicompost bin may be in different sizes and shapes, but its average dimensions are 45 × 30 × 45 cm. Around 10 holes with 1–1.5 cm in diameter holes in bottom, sides and cap of bin is useful for aeration and drainage.
Pit composting: For large scale composting, pits of sizes 2.5 m × 1 m × 0.3 m under thatched sheds with sides left open are advisable. The bottom and sides of the pit should be made hard with a wooden mallet.
Pile composting: Pile method is mostly used for vermicomposting in larger scale. The piles can be made in porch place like greenhouse or in a floor with some facilities for drainage in warm climate. The pile size may vary in length and width, however, its height is average height of bin used for bin composting.
\n\n
\n
\n
4. Conventional steps involved in vermicomposting
\n
Prior to the vermicomposting process, it is preferred to assign pre-composting of organic waste (thermophilic composting), which comprises a short period of high temperature for facilitating mass reduction, waste stabilization, and pathogen reduction [61, 62]. Thermophilic composting results in sanitization of organic wastes and elimination of toxic compounds [63]. Although pathogen removal occurs during transit in the worm gut [64] but thermophilic composting prior to vermicomposting is advisable to avoid the earthworm mortality. Then, after some days of high temperature, pre-mature compost is cooled by spreading it as thin layers on vermicomposting beds. Vermicomposting can be done either in containers, pits or piles.
Materials required for vermicomposting: Carbon and nitrogen-rich organic materials, spade, ground space, stakes, hollow blocks, plastic sheets or used sacks, water (according to the season) and water sprinklers, shading materials, nylon net or any substitute to cover the beds, and composting earthworms.
Site Selection: Vermicompost production can be done at any place which is having shades, cool and has high humidity. For instance, abandoned cattle shed, or poultry shed or unused buildings or artificial shading could also be provided.
Shredding of organic waste material: The collected organic waste material should be processed for shredding along with mechanical separation of the metal, glass and ceramics that should be kept aside.
Pre-digestion of organic waste material: Pre-digestion of organic waste should be done for at least 20–25 days prior by mixing the waste material along with raw material (e.g., cattle dung slurry). Regular watering is required for partially digesting it and making it fit for earthworm consumption. Raw material to be used includes for composting – cow dung, crop residues, farm wastes, vegetable market wastes and fruit wastes. Cow dung should be at least 20–25 days old to avoid excess heat generation during the composting process. Moreover addition of higher quantities of acid-rich substances such as citrus wastes should be avoided. It is important to mix carbonaceous with nitrogenous organic materials at the right proportions to obtain a C: N ratio of about 30:1, as it results in product of highest stability, the best fertilizer-value and with lowest potential for environmental pollution. For example, rice straw and fresh manure are mixed at about 25:75 ratio by weight. When the material with higher carbon content is used with C:N ratio exceeding 40:1, it is advisable to add nitrogen supplements to ensure its effective decomposition.
Earthworm bed preparation: An hospitable living environment for worms called bedding is prepared. Bedding is a material that provides the worms with a relatively stable habitat with following characteristics:
High absorbency: As earthworms breathes through their skins and therefore bedding must be able to absorb and retain water fairly well. Worms dies if its skin dries out.
Good bulking potential: Worms respire aerobically and different bedding materials affect the overall porosity of the bedding, including the range of particle size and shape, the texture, and the strength and rigidity of its structure. If bedding material is too dense or packs too tightly, then the flow of air is reduced or eliminated. This overall effect is referred as the material’s bulking potential.
Low protein and/or nitrogen content/high Carbon: Earthworms consume their bedding as it breaks down and it is very important for this process to be slow. High protein/nitrogen levels can result in rapid degradation of bedding and its associated heating, creating inhospitable or fatal conditions. High carbon content is required as earthworms and microbes in the feed mixtures activate microbial respiration and degradation of organic wastes, thereby increasing the loss of organic carbon during the vermicomposting process [65, 66]. Various bedding material according to absorbency, bulking potential and C:N are enlisted in Table 1.
Vermiculture bed: Vermiculture bed can be prepared by placing a first layer of saw dust, newspaper, straw, coir waste, sugarcane trash etc. at the bottom of tub/container. Newspaper is one of bedding material that high in absorbency whereas for the sawdust the level of absorbency is poor to medium. A second layer of moistened fine sand of 3 cm thick should be spread over the culture bed followed by a layer of garden soil (3 cm). The floor of the unit should be compacted to prevent earthworm’s migration into the soil.
Loading of organic waste mixture in bed: Third layer of the pre-digested organic waste prepared is added. Thereafter a thin layer of cow dung mixture is placed on the surface of waste material as starter food for compost worms. Then compost worms are to be added without spreading them out. Earthworms consume various organic wastes and reduce the volume by 40–60%. Earthworm eats waste equivalent to its body weight, and produce cast about 50% of the wastes, it consumes in a day.
Composting process: After addition of compost worms wait for at least 15 days for the thermophillic process to end. During this process there is a rapid increase in temperature followed by a gradual decrease. During this period turning to the material 2–3 times at 4–5 days interval is required. Its temperature should be maintained at 30°C, when temperature approaches ambient temperature (<35°C) covering is to be removed and for temperature maintenance, upturning and regular sprinkling of water is advisable. Prominent precautionary measures include; Composting pit should be covered with nylon net or any substitute material to serve as barrier against predators like ants, birds, lizards as it may disturb the activity of earthworm, Blockage of side air vents should be avoided as it can quickly lead to putrefaction and extreme weather conditions such as frost, heavy rainfall, drought and overheating should be avoided. No smell comes out of composting site if the right products or bedding and feed are used. The vermicompost once formed completely will give the smell of moist soil. Maturity could be judged visually also by observing the formation of granular structure of the compost at the surface of the tank. Next step is to make a heap in sunlight on a plastic sheet and keep it for 1-2 hours. The worms will gather at the bottom of heap. After removing vermicompost on top, the worms settled down at the bottom can be carefully collected for use in the next batch of vermicomposting.
\n\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n\n
\n
Bedding Material
\n
Absorbency
\n
Bulking Pot.
\n
C:N Ratio
\n
\n\n\n
\n
Horse manure
\n
Medium-good
\n
Good
\n
22–56
\n
\n
\n
Peat moss
\n
Good
\n
Medium
\n
58
\n
\n
\n
Corn silage
\n
Medium-Good
\n
Medium
\n
38–43
\n
\n
\n
Hay–general
\n
Poor
\n
Medium
\n
15–32
\n
\n
\n
Straw–general
\n
Poor
\n
Medium-Good
\n
48–150
\n
\n
\n
Straw–oat
\n
Poor
\n
Medium
\n
48–98
\n
\n
\n
Straw–wheat
\n
Poor
\n
Medium-Good
\n
100–150
\n
\n
\n
Paper from municipal waste stream
\n
Medium-Good
\n
Medium
\n
127–178
\n
\n
\n
Newspaper
\n
Good
\n
Medium
\n
170
\n
\n
\n
Bark–hardwoods
\n
Poor
\n
Good
\n
116–436
\n
\n
\n
Bark–softwoods
\n
Poor
\n
Good
\n
131–1285
\n
\n
\n
Corrugated cardboard
\n
Good
\n
Medium
\n
563
\n
\n
\n
Lumber mill waste–chipped
\n
Poor
\n
Good
\n
170
\n
\n
\n
Paper fibre sludge
\n
Medium-Good
\n
Medium
\n
250
\n
\n
\n
Paper mill sludge
\n
Good
\n
Medium
\n
54
\n
\n
\n
Sawdust
\n
Poor-Medium
\n
Poor-Medium
\n
142–750
\n
\n
\n
Shrub trimmings
\n
Poor
\n
Good
\n
53
\n
\n
\n
Hardwood chips, shavings
\n
Poor
\n
Good
\n
451–819
\n
\n
\n
Softwood chips, shavings
\n
Poor
\n
Good
\n
212–1313
\n
\n
\n
Leaves (dry, loose)
\n
Poor-Medium
\n
Poor-Medium
\n
40–80
\n
\n
\n
Corn stalks
\n
Poor
\n
Good
\n
60–73
\n
\n
\n
Corn cobs
\n
Poor-Medium
\n
Good
\n
56–123
\n
\n
\n
Paper mill sludge
\n
Good
\n
Medium
\n
54
\n
\n
\n
Sawdust
\n
Poor-Medium
\n
Poor-Medium
\n
142–750
\n
\n
\n
Shrub trimmings
\n
Poor
\n
Good
\n
53
\n
\n
\n
Hardwood chips, shavings
\n
Poor
\n
Good
\n
451–819
\n
\n
\n
Softwood chips, shavings
\n
Poor
\n
Good
\n
212–1313
\n
\n
\n
Leaves (dry, loose)
\n
Poor-Medium
\n
Poor-Medium
\n
40–80
\n
\n
\n
Corn stalks
\n
Poor
\n
Good
\n
60–73
\n
\n
\n
Corn cobs
\n
Poor-Medium
\n
Good
\n
56–123
\n
\n\n
Table 1.
List of some of the commonly used earthworm bedding material.
\n
\n
\n
5. Effect of abiotic factors on vermicomposting
\n
The most important abiotic factors which affect vermicomposting process include moisture, pH, temperature, aeration, pH value, ammonia and salt content.
Moisture: A strong relationship exists between the moisture content of organic wastes and the growth rate of earthworms. In a comparative study on vermicomposting process and earthworm’s growth at different temperature and moisture ranges showed that 65–75% is most suitable range of moisture at all ranges of vermicomposting temperature [67]. The bedding used for vermicomposting must be able to hold sufficient moisture as earthworms respire through their skins and moisture content in the bedding of less than of 45% can be fatal to the worms. Although epigenic species, E. fetida and E. andrei can survive moisture ranges between 50% and 90%, but they grow more rapidly between 80% and 90% [20, 68]. The bacteria also plays vital role in vermicomposting. Its activity decreases in moisture content lower than 40% and it almost stops in lower than 10% [69].
Temperature: Earthworm’s activity, metabolism, growth, respiration and reproduction are greatly influenced by temperature [70]. The temperature for the stable development of earthworm population should not exceed 25°C [71]. Although E. fetida cocoons survive extended periods of deep freezing and remain viable [72] but they do not reproduce and do not consume sufficient food at single digit temperatures. It is generally considered necessary to keep the temperatures preferably 15°C for vermicomposting efficiency and 20°C for effective reproductive vermiculture operations. Temperatures above 35°C will cause the worms to leave the area or if they cannot leave, they will quickly die. Bacterial activity is also greatly depended on temperature as it multiplies by two per each 10°C increase in temperature and is quite active around 15–30°C.
Aeration: Earthworms are oxygen breathers and cannot survive in anaerobic conditions. They operate best when compost material is porous and well aerated. Earthworms also help themselves by aerating their bedding by their movement through it. E. fetida have been reported to migrate in high numbers from oxygen depleted water saturated substrate, or in which carbon dioxide or hydrogen sulfide has accumulated.
pH value: The pH value is also one of the important factors affecting the vermicomposting process [73]. Epigenic worms can survive in a pH range of 5–9 [74]. The pH of worm beds tends to drop over time. If the food source/bedding is alkaline, than pH of bed drop to neutral or slightly alkaline and if the food source is acidic than the pH of the beds can drop well below 7. The pH can be adjusted upwards by adding calcium carbonate or peat moss for adjusting pH downward can be introduced into the mix. Although microorganisms which are active in vermicomposting which can maintain their activity even in lower pH of around 4 but recommended pH range for compost is around 6.5–7.5.
Ammonia and salt content: Earthworms cannot survive in organic wastes containing high levels of ammonia. Worms are also very sensitive to salts and they prefer salt contents less than 0.5% [75]. However, many types of manures have high salt contents and if they are to be used as bedding, they should be leached first to reduce the salt content, it is done by simply running water through the material for a period of time [60].
\n\n
\n
\n
6. Common methods of vermicompost harvesting
\n
The vermicompost is ready within 60–90 days and ultimately the material becomes black, granular, lightweight, moderately loose, crumbly and humus-rich. Watering must be avoided two to three days before emptying the beds to facilitate the separation of worms from the compost. Common procedures for harvesting the vermicompost are briefly described below. Any method may be adopted exclusively by preference. Moreover, two or more methods may be applied on the same pile. Except for the first method, the rest are intended for bulk harvesting.
\n
\n
6.1 Manual harvesting of Vermicompost
\n
This method is practiced if one wants to collect small amounts of vermicast just a few days after the compost pile is stocked with composting worms. In this case only top layer is covered with a thin layer of vermicast and rest of pile has not fully decomposed. The vermicast on top of the pile are simply gathered by hand/trowel and transferred directly into a container. This method is recommended if there is need of organic soil amendment in preparing a fertile potting mix. With time, as vermicompost is collected at the bottom of the pile it is further collected by hand.
\n
\n
\n
6.2 Vermicompost harvesting by pyramidal heap
\n
The vermicompost is first gathered to form a pyramid like heap within the composting enclosure provided that the heap is exposed to light or it is transferred on to a flat surface elsewhere in open sun on a plastic sheet or a sack. This method of harvesting vermicompost takes the advantage of the earthworm’s sensitivity towards light as they will tend to move deep into the pyramid. Vermicompost from the bottom, sides, and top surface of the heap is then collected by hand or with a trowel. After the first cycle of vermicompost collection, a few minutes are passed to provide sufficient time for the earthworms to move deeper and another cycle is commenced. For faster rate of harvesting vermicompost, the original heap is divided into several smaller heaps.
\n
\n
\n
6.3 Screening or sieving of vermicompost
\n
This method of vermicompost harvesting is done manually with tool consists of mesh wire nailed on wood called sieve. A small portion from vermicompost pile spread on flat floor is transferred into a sieve and it is shaken so that fine vermicompost falls on the ground. Any undecomposed subtrates and earthworms are retained in the screener and the worms are separated manually.
\n
\n
\n
6.4 Vermicompost harvesting by inducing the migration of earthworms
\n
This method of harvesting vermicompost is based on earthworms’ ability to detect sources of food. Earthworms have the habit of abandoning the pile exhausted of food and moving towards fresher palatable source. Despite many modifications in this technique, but the basic principle is the same to provide fresh or more palatable food to cause the migration of earthworms from the exhausted pile to the new food source.
\n
\n
\n
\n
7. Storing and packing of vermicompost
\n
The harvested vermicompost should be stored in dark and cool place as sunlight will lead to loss of moisture and nutrient content. Moreover, harvested vermicompost material should be stored in open rather than packed in sacs. Packing should be done at the time of selling and laminated sac is always advisable. During compost storage in open place, periodical sprinkling of water should be done to maintain moisture level and beneficial microbial population. Vermicompost can be stored for longer periods of one year without loss of its quality, if its moisture is maintained at 40% level.
\n
\n
\n
8. Role of vermicompost on soil fertility
\n
The key role of vermicompost is change in physical, chemical and biological properties of soil by earthworm activities and they thus called as soil managers [59]. It substantially improves soil structure, texture, aeration and prevents soil erosion. It increases the macropore space ranging from 50 to 500 μm, resulting in improved air-water relationship in the soil thereby favorably affecting plant growth [76]. It also favorably affects soil pH, its microbial population and soil enzyme activities [77]. Moreover, vermicompost is rich source of nutrients such as nitrates, phosphates and exchangeable calcium and soluble potassium [30]. Apart from adding mineralogical nutrients, vermicompost is also rich in beneficial micro flora such as N-fixers, P-solubilizers, cellulose decomposing micro-flora, etc. It also reduces the proportion of water soluble chemical, which causes possible environmental contamination [78]. Mucus excreted by earthworm’s digestive canal produces some antibiotics and hormone-like biochemicals thereby boosting plant growth [70] and enhancing the decomposition of organic matter in soil [79]. Vermicompost has been reported to have favorable influence on the growth and yield parameters of several crops like paddy, sugarcane, brinjal, tomato, and okra [59]. Thus, vermicompost acts a soil conditioner [80] and a slow-release fertilizer [81] that ultimately improves soil structure, soil fertility, plant growth and suppresses diseases caused by soil-borne plant pathogens, increases crop yield [82, 83, 84].
\n
\n
\n
9. Conclusion
\n
Chemical fertilizers are produced from “vanishing resources” of earth and crops grown on chemical fertilizers have low and contaminated nutrient value in comparison to grown naturally or organic way. To preserve the agro-ecosystem and protect human health from the harmful chemical fertilizers ‘Ecological Agriculture and Organic Farming’ has to be promoted as the new emerging concept of “Organic Farming” focuses mainly on production of chemical free foods. Organic farming with use of organic fertilizers like “vermicompost” could substitute the chemical fertilizers and can reduce the economic cost and may also lead to organic products which fetches higher price in the market.
\n
\n
Conflict of interest
No conflict of interest is indulged.
\n',keywords:"organic waste, earthworms, vermicompost, nutrients, sustainable organic agriculture",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/71592.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/71592.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71592",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71592",totalDownloads:1486,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:9,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,introChapter:null,impactScore:3,impactScorePercentile:86,impactScoreQuartile:4,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"December 21st 2019",dateReviewed:"February 25th 2020",datePrePublished:"March 30th 2020",datePublished:"December 2nd 2020",dateFinished:"March 29th 2020",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Urbanization and industrialization resulted in rapid increase in volume of solid waste; its management has become one of the biggest problems today. Solid wastes can be disposed off by methods like land filling, incineration, conversion into biogas, recycling, and composting, but its overproduction has led to inappropriate disposal practices such as their indiscriminate and inappropriately timed application to agricultural fields that ultimately leads to water and soil pollution. However, if handled properly, these organic wastes can be used for vermicomposting; it is an effective recycling technology that improves the quality of the products which is disinfected, detoxified, and highly nutritive. It is a low cost, eco-biotechnological process of waste management in which earthworms are used to cooperate with microorganisms in order to convert biodegradable wastes into organic fertilizer. Earthworms excreta (vermicast) is a nutritive organic fertilizer rich in humus, NPK, micronutrients, beneficial soil microbes; nitrogen-fixing, phosphate solubilizing bacteria, actinomycets, and growth hormones auxins, gibberlins and cytokinins, is a suitable alternative to chemical fertilizers, being an excellent growth promoter and protector for crop plants. Thus, vermiculture not only results in management of soild waste but also produces excellent nutrient enriched vermicompost. Vermicompost is beneficial for sustainable organic agriculture and maintaining balanced ecosystem.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/71592",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/71592",book:{id:"10134",slug:"organic-agriculture"},signatures:"Tamanreet Kaur",authors:[{id:"317164",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamanreet",middleName:null,surname:"Kaur",fullName:"Tamanreet Kaur",slug:"tamanreet-kaur",email:"tamanreetkaur@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Kanya Maha Vidyalaya",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_1_2",title:"1.1 Vermicomposting- a preferred approach in organic farming",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3",title:"2. Role of earthworm in vermicomposting",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.1 Biology of earthworm",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"2.2 Classification of earthworm",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"2.3 How does earthworm facilitate vermicomposting?",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"2.4 Suitable environmental conditions for earthworms",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"2.5 Starter food for multiplication of earthworms",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9",title:"3. Methods of vermicomposting",level:"1"},{id:"sec_10",title:"4. Conventional steps involved in vermicomposting",level:"1"},{id:"sec_11",title:"5. Effect of abiotic factors on vermicomposting",level:"1"},{id:"sec_12",title:"6. Common methods of vermicompost harvesting",level:"1"},{id:"sec_12_2",title:"6.1 Manual harvesting of Vermicompost",level:"2"},{id:"sec_13_2",title:"6.2 Vermicompost harvesting by pyramidal heap",level:"2"},{id:"sec_14_2",title:"6.3 Screening or sieving of vermicompost",level:"2"},{id:"sec_15_2",title:"6.4 Vermicompost harvesting by inducing the migration of earthworms",level:"2"},{id:"sec_17",title:"7. Storing and packing of vermicompost",level:"1"},{id:"sec_18",title:"8. Role of vermicompost on soil fertility",level:"1"},{id:"sec_19",title:"9. Conclusion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_23",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'\nHoornweg D, Bhada-Tata P, Kennedy C. Waste production must peak this century. Nature. 2013;502:615-617. DOI: 10.1038/502615a\n'},{id:"B2",body:'\nHsu JH, Lo SL. Chemical and spectroscopic analysis of organic matter transformations during composting of pig manure. Environmental Pollution. 1999;104:189-196. DOI: 10.1016/S0269-7491(98)00193-6\n'},{id:"B3",body:'\nMarshall RE, Farahbakhsh K. Systems approaches to integrated solid waste management in developing countries. Waste Management. 2013;33:988-1003. DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2012.12.023\n'},{id:"B4",body:'\nBernstad A, Schott S, Wenzel H, la Cour JJ. Identification of decisive factors for greenhouse gas emissions in comparative life cycle assessments of food waste management—An analytical review. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2016;119:13-24. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.01.079\n'},{id:"B5",body:'\nCalabi-Floody M, Medina J, Rumpel C, Condron LM, Hernandez M, Dumont M, et al. Smart fertilizers as a strategy for sustainable agriculture. Advances in Agronomy. 2018;147:119-157. DOI: 10.1016/bs.agron.2017.10.003\n'},{id:"B6",body:'\nSinha RK, Chan A. Study of emission of greenhouse gases by Brisbane households practicing different methods of composting of food & garden wastes: aerobic, anaerobic and vermicomposting [project report]. South East Queensland: Griffith University; 2009\n'},{id:"B7",body:'\nReganold JP, Palmer AS, Lockhart JC, Macgregor AN. Soil quality and financial performance on biodynamic and conventional farms in New Zealand. Science. 1993;260:344-349. DOI: 10.1126/science.260.5106.344\n'},{id:"B8",body:'\nLetourneau DK, Goldstein B. Pest damage and arthropod community structure in organic vs. conventional tomato production in California. Journal of Applied Ecology. 2001;38:557-570. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2664.2001.00611.x\n'},{id:"B9",body:'\nMader P, Fliessbach A, Dubois D, Gunst L, Fried P, Niggli U. Soil fertility and biodiversity in organic farming. Science. 2002;296:1694-1697. DOI: 10.1126/science.1071148\n'},{id:"B10",body:'\nLazcano C, Gomez-Brandon M, Dominguez J. Comparison of the effectiveness of composting and vermicomposting for the biological stabilization of cattle manure. Chemosphere. 2008;72:1013-1019. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.04.016\n'},{id:"B11",body:'\nBernal MP, Alburquerque JA, Moral R. Composting of animal manures and chemical criteria for compost maturity assessment: A review. Bioresource Technology. 2009;100:5444-5453. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.11.027\n'},{id:"B12",body:'\nDominguez J, Edwards CA. Relationships between composting and vermicomposting: Relative values of the products. In: Edwards CA, Arancon NQ , Sherman RL, editors. Vermiculture Technology: Earthworms, Organic Waste and Environmental Management. Boca Raton, Florida; 2010. pp. 1-14\n'},{id:"B13",body:'\nWaleed SA. Cow manure composting by microbial treatment for using as potting material: An overview. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences. 2016;19:1-10. DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2016.1.10\n'},{id:"B14",body:'\nSinha RK, Herat S, Valani D, Chauhan K. Vermiculture and Sustainable Agriculture. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences. 2009;5(special issue):01-55\n'},{id:"B15",body:'\nAdhikary S. Vermicompost, the story of organic gold: A review. Agricultural Sciences. 2012;3:905-917. DOI: 10.4236/as.2012.37110\n'},{id:"B16",body:'\nSinha K, Valani D, Soni B, Chandran V. Earthworm Vermicompost: A Sustainable Alternative to Chemical Fertilizers for Organic Farming. Agriculture Issues and Policies. New York: Nova Science Publishers Inc; 2011. p. 71\n'},{id:"B17",body:'\nChauhan HK, Singh K. Potancy of Vermiwash with Neem plant parts on the Infestation of Earias vittella (Fabricius) and Productivity of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) (L.) Moench. Asian Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2015;5:36-40. DOI: 10.5958/2231-5659.2015.00006.5\n'},{id:"B18",body:'\nMaulini-Duran C, Artola A, Font X, Sánchez A. Gaseous emissions in municipal wastes composting: Effect of the bulking agent. Bioresource Technology. 2014;172:260-268. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.09.041\n'},{id:"B19",body:'\nCerda A, Artola A, Font X, Barrena R, Gea T. Sanchez. A composting of food wastes: Status and challenges. Bioresource Technology. 2018;248A:57-67. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.06.133\n'},{id:"B20",body:'\nEdwards CA, Burrows I. The potential of earthworm composts as plant growth media. In: Edwards CA, Neuhauser E, editors. Earthworms in Waste and Environmental Management. Netherlands: SPB Academic Press; 1988. pp. 21-32\n'},{id:"B21",body:'\nBenitez E, Nogales R, Elvira C, Masciandaro G, Ceccanti B. Enzymes activities as indicators of the stabilization of sewage sludges composting by Eisenia foetida. Bioresource Technology. 1999;67:297-303. DOI: 10.1016/S0960-8524(98)00117-5\n'},{id:"B22",body:'\nLung AJ, Lin CM, Kim JM, Marshall MR, Nordstedt R, Thompson NP, et al. Destruction of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enteritidis in cow manure composting. Journal of Food Protection. 2001;64:1309-1314. DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-64.9.1309\n'},{id:"B23",body:'\nGoyal S, Dhull SK, Kapoor KK. Chemical and biological changes during composting of different organic wastes and assessment of compost maturity. Bioresource Technology. 2005;96:1584-1591. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2004.12.012\n'},{id:"B24",body:'\nBajsa O, Nair J, Mathew K, Ho GE. Vermiculture as a tool for domestic wastewater management. Water Science and Technology. 2003;48:125-132. DOI: 10.2166/wst.2004.0821\n'},{id:"B25",body:'\nVermi Co. Vermicomposting technology for waste management and agriculture: An executive summary [Internet]. 2001. Avaliable from: http://www.vermico.com/summary.htm [Accessed: 12 February 2020]\n'},{id:"B26",body:'\nCrescent T. Vermicomposting. Development alternatives (DA) sustainable livelihoods [Internet]. 2003. Available from: http://www.dainet.org/livelihoods/default.htm [Accessed: 12 February 2020]\n'},{id:"B27",body:'\nAtiyeh RM, Edwards CA, Subler S, Metzger JD. Pig manure vermicompost as a component of a horticultural bedding plant medium: Effects on physicochemical properties and plant growth. Bioresource Technology. 2001;78:11-20. DOI: 10.1016/s0960-8524(00)00172-3\n'},{id:"B28",body:'\nSinha RK, Agarwal S, Chauhan K, Valani D. The wonders of earthworms and its vermicompost in farm production: Charles Darwin’s friends of farmers, with potential to replace destructive chemical fertilizers from agriculture. The Journal of Agricultural Science. 2010;1:76-94. DOI: 10.4236/as.2010.12011\n'},{id:"B29",body:'\nSinha RK, Herat S, Bharambe G. Brahambhatt a Vermistabilization of sewage sludge (biosolids) by earthworms: Converting a potential biohazard destined for landfill disposal into a pathogen-free, nutritive and safe biofertilizer for farms. Waste Management & Research. 2010;28:872-881. DOI: 10.1177/0734242X09342147\n'},{id:"B30",body:'\nOrozco FH, Cegarra J, Trujillo LM, Roig A. Vermicomposting of coffee pulp using the earthworm Eisenia foetida: Effects on C and N contents and the availability of nutrients. Biology and Fertility of Soils. 1996;22:162-166. DOI: 10.1007/BF00384449\n'},{id:"B31",body:'\nKrishnamoorthy RV, Vajrabhiah SN. Biological activity of earthworm casts: An assessment of plant growth promoter levels in casts. Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Sciences. 1986;95:341-351\n'},{id:"B32",body:'\nNielson RL. Presence of plant growth substances in earthworms demonstrated by paper chromatography and the went pea test. Nature. 1965;208:1113-1114. DOI: 10.1038/2081113a0\n'},{id:"B33",body:'\nJeyabal A, Kuppuswamy G. Recycling of organic wastes for the production of vermicompost and its response in rice–legume cropping system and soil fertility. European Journal of Agronomy. 2001;15:153-170. DOI: 10.1016/S1161-0301(00)00100-3\n'},{id:"B34",body:'\nKale RD. Vermicomposting has a bright scope. Indian Silk. 1995;34:6-9\n'},{id:"B35",body:'\nBozym M. Biologiczne przetwarzanie biodegradowalnej frakcji odpadow komunalnych i osadów ściekowych w wermikulturze. Prace Instytutu Ceramiki i Materialow Budowlanych. 2012;5:335-369\n'},{id:"B36",body:'\nKostecka J. Badania nad wermikompostowaniem odpadów organicznych. Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Rolniczej w Krakowie. Rozprawy. 2000;68:1-88\n'},{id:"B37",body:'\nBhatnagar RK, Palta R. Earthworm Vermiculture and Vermicomposting. Ludhiana: Kalyani Publishers; 1996\n'},{id:"B38",body:'\nCiavatta C, Govi M, Pasotti L, Sequi P. Changes in organic matter during stabilization of compost from municipal solid waste. Bioresource Technology. 1993;43:141-145. DOI: 10.1016/0960-8524(93)90173-9\n'},{id:"B39",body:'\nBannik CG, Joergensen RG. Change in N fractions during composting of wheat straw. Biology and Fertility of Soils. 1993;16:269-274. DOI: 10.1007/BF00369303\n'},{id:"B40",body:'\nGovi M, Ciavatta C, Gessa C. Evolution of organic matter in sewage sludge a study based on the use of humification parameters and analytical elecuofocasing. Bioresource Technology. 1993;44:175-180. DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2010.04.030\n'},{id:"B41",body:'\nMarttinez-Inigo MJ, Almedros G. Kinetic study of the composting of evergreen cak forestry waste. Waste Management and Research. 1994;12:305-314. DOI: 10.1177/0734242X9401200403\n'},{id:"B42",body:'\nVallini G, Pera A. Green compost production from vegetable waste separately collected in metropolitan garden produce markets. Biological Wastes. 1989;29:33-41. DOI: 10.1016/0269-7483(89)90101-8\n'},{id:"B43",body:'\nJakobsen ST, Gade N, Moller I, Franzen E. Experiments on decomposition of farmyard manure at Egtved field station. Egtved Avlsstationer for Kod Produkter. 1988-1989;1990:1-48\n'},{id:"B44",body:'\nGaur AC, Singh G. Recycling of rural and urban wastes through conventional composting and vermicomposting. In: Tandon HLS, editor. Recycling of Crop, Animal, Human and Industrial Wastes in Agriculture. New Delhi: Fertilizer development and consultation organization; 1995. pp. 1-49\n'},{id:"B45",body:'\nJothimani S. Organic farming in coconut. Indian Coconut Journal. 1994:48-49\n'},{id:"B46",body:'\nDarwin F, Seward AC. More letters of Charles Darwin. In: John M, editor. A record of his work in series of hitherto unpublished letters. London; 1903. p. 508. DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.1477\n'},{id:"B47",body:'\nMartin JP. Darwin on Earthworms: The Formation of Vegetable Moulds. Ontario: Bookworm Publishing; 1976\n'},{id:"B48",body:'\nBouche MB. Strategies lombriciennes. In: Lohm V, Persson T, editors. Soil Organisms as Components of Ecosystems. Proccedings on Sixth International Soil Zoology Colloquium Ecological Bulletin. Vol. 25. Stockholm; 1977. pp. 122-132\n'},{id:"B49",body:'\nGraff O. Preliminary experiment of vermicomposting of different waste materials using Eudrilus eugeniae Kingberg. In: Appelhof M, editor. Proccedings of the Workshop on ‘Role of Earthworms in the Stabilization of Organic Residues’. Michigan, USA: Malanazoo Publication; 1981. pp. 179-191\n'},{id:"B50",body:'\nBeetz A. Worms for composting (vermicomposting). ATTRA-National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service [Livestock Technical Note]. June 1999\n'},{id:"B51",body:'\nSinha RK, Heart AS, Asadi R, Carretero E. Vermiculture technology for environmental management: Study of action of earthworms Eisenia foetida, Eudrilus euginae and Parionyx excavatus on biodegradation of some community wastes in India and Australia. The Environmentalist. 2002;22:261-268. DOI: 10.1023/A:1016583929723\n'},{id:"B52",body:'\nLavelle P, Brussaard L, Hendrix P, editors. Earthworm Management in Tropical Agroecosystems. Wallingford: CAB International; 1999\n'},{id:"B53",body:'\nDash MC. Role of earthworms in the decomposer system. In: Singh JS, Gopal B, editors. Glimpses of ecology. New Delhi: India International Scientific Publication; 1978. pp. 399-406\n'},{id:"B54",body:'\nBinet F, Fayolle L, Pussard M. Significance of earthworms in stimulating soil microbial activity. Biology and Fertility of Soils. 1998;27:79-84. DOI: 10.1007/s003740050403\n'},{id:"B55",body:'\nSingleton DR, Hendrixb PF, Colemanb DC, Whitmana WB. Identification of uncultured bacteria tightly associated with the intestine of the earthworm Lumbricus rubellus (Lumbricidae; Oligochaeta). Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 2003;35:1547-1555. DOI: 10.1016/S0038-0717(03)00244-X\n'},{id:"B56",body:'\nNagavallemma KP, Wani SP, Stephane L, Padmaja VV, Vineela C, Babu Rao M, et al. Vermicomposting: Recycling wastes into valuable organic fertilizer. Global Theme on Agrecosystems [Report]. Patancheru,Andhra Pradesh: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics; 2004\n'},{id:"B57",body:'\nSanchez-Monedero MA, Roig A, Paredes C, Bernal MP. Nitrogen transformation during organic waste composting by the Rutgers system and its effects on pH, EC and maturity of the composting mixtures. Bioresource Technology. 2001;78:301-308. DOI: 10.1016/s0960-8524(01)00031-1\n'},{id:"B58",body:'\nMunnoli PM. Teixeira da Silva JA, Bhosle, S. dynamics of the soil - earthworm – Plant relationship: A review. Dynamic soil. Dynamic Plant. 2010;4:1-21\n'},{id:"B59",body:'\nIsmail SA. Vermicology: The Biology of Earthworms. Orient Longman Limited: Chennai; 1997\n'},{id:"B60",body:'\nGaddie RE, Donald ED. Earthworms for Ecology and Profit. 1st Vol. Scientific Earthworm Farming. California: Bookworm Publishing Company; 1975. p. 180\n'},{id:"B61",body:'\nNair J, Sekiozoic V, Anda M. Effect of pre-composting on vermicomposting of kitchen waste. Bioresource Technology. 2006;97:2091-2095. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2005.09.020\n'},{id:"B62",body:'\nFrederickson J, Howell G, Hobson AM. Effect of precomposting and vermicomposting on compost characteristics. European Journal of Soil Biology. 2007;43:S320-S326. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejsobi.2007.08.032\n'},{id:"B63",body:'\nMupondi L. Improving Sanitization and Fertiliser Value of Dairy Manure and Waste Paper Mixtures Enriched with Rock Phosphate through Combined Thermophilic Composting and Vermicomposting [Thesis]. South Africa: University of Fort Hare; 2010\n'},{id:"B64",body:'\nSoobhany N, Mohee R, Garg VK. Inactivation of bacterial pathogenic load in compost against vermicompost of organic solid waste aiming to achieve sanitation goals: A review. Waste Management. 2017;64:51-62. DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.03.003\n'},{id:"B65",body:'\nRostami R, Najafi SH, Nabaee A, Eslami A. Survey of E. foetida population on pH, C/N ratio process rate in vermicompost. Journal of Environmental Studies. 2010;35:93-98\n'},{id:"B66",body:'\nGarg VK, Kaushik P. Vermistabilization of textile mill sludge spiked with poultry droppings by epigeic earthworm Eisenia fetida. Bioresource Technology. 2005;96:1063-1071. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2004.09.003\n'},{id:"B67",body:'\nSuthar S. Potential utilization of guargum industrial waste in vermicompost production. Bioresource Technology. 2006;97:2474-2477. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2005.10.018\n'},{id:"B68",body:'\nDominguez J, Edwards CA. Effects of stocking rate and moisture content on the growth and maturation of Eisenia andrei (Oligochaeta) in pig manure. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 1997;29:743-746. DOI: 10.1016/S0038-0717(96)00276-3\n'},{id:"B69",body:'\nTchobanoglous G, Theisen H, Vigil S. Integrated Solid Waste Management. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1993. p. 4\n'},{id:"B70",body:'\nEdwards CA, Bohlen PJ. Biology and Ecology of Earthworm. 3rd ed. London: Chapman and Hall; 1996. p. 426\n'},{id:"B71",body:'\nSinha RK, Nair J, Bharambe B, Patil S, Bapat P. Vermiculture revolution: A low-cost and sustainable technology for management of municipal and industrial organic wastes (solid and liquid) by earthworms with significantly low greenhouse gas emissions. In: Daven JI, Klein RN, editors. Progress in Waste Management Research. New York: Nova Science Publishers; 2008. pp. 158-229\n'},{id:"B72",body:'\nGeorg. Feasibility of Developing the Organic and Transitional Farm Market for Processing Municipal and Farm Organic Wastes Using Large-Scale Vermicomposting. Good Earth Organic Resources Group, Halifax, Nova Scotia [Internet]. 2004. Available from: http://www.alternativeor-ganic.com [Accessed: 15 February 2020]\n'},{id:"B73",body:'\nGajalakshmi S, Abbasi SA. Earthworms and vermicomposting. Indian Journal of Biotechnology. 2004;3:486-494\n'},{id:"B74",body:'\nEdwards CA, editor. Earthworm Ecology. 2nd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1998. p. 389\n'},{id:"B75",body:'\nGunadi B, Blount C, Edwards CA. The growth and fecundity of Eisenia fetida (Savigny) in cattle solids pre-composted for different periods. Pedobiologia. 2002;46:15-23. DOI: 10.1078/0031-4056-00109\n'},{id:"B76",body:'\nMarinari S, Masciandaro G, Ceccanti B, Grego S. Influence of organic and mineral fertilisers on soil biological and physical properties. Bioresource Technology. 2000;72:9-17. DOI: 10.1016/S0960-8524(99)00094-2\n'},{id:"B77",body:'\nMaheswarappa HP, Nanjappa HV, Hegde MR. Influence of organic manures on yield of arrowroot, soil physico-chemical and biological properties when grown as intercrop in coconut garden. Annals of Agricultural Research. 1999;20:318-323\n'},{id:"B78",body:'\nMitchell A. Production of Eisenia fetida and vermicompost from feed-lot cattle manure. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 1997;29:763-766. DOI: 10.1016/S0038-0717(96)00022-3\n'},{id:"B79",body:'\nEdwards CA, Arancon NQ . Vermicomposts suppress plant pest and disease attacks. Biocycle. 2004;45:51-53\n'},{id:"B80",body:'\nAlbanell E, Plaixats J, Cabrero T. Chemical changes during vermicomposting (Eisenia fetida) of sheep manure mixed with cotton industrial wastes. Biology and Fertility of Soils. 1988;6:266-269. DOI: 10.1007/bf00260823\n'},{id:"B81",body:'\nAtiyeh RM, Arancon NQ , Edwards CA, Metzger JD. The influence of earthworm-processed pig manure on the growth and productivity of marigolds. Bioresource Technology. 2001;81:103-108. DOI: 10.1016/s0960-8524(02)00017-2\n'},{id:"B82",body:'\nChaoui H, Edwards CA, Brickner M, Lee S, Arancon N. Suppression of the plant diseases, Pythium (damping off), Rhizoctonia (root rot) and Verticillum (wilt) by vermicomposts. Proceedings of Brighton Crop Protection Conference – Pests and Diseases II. 2002;(8B-3):711-716\n'},{id:"B83",body:'\nScheuerell SJ, Sullivan DM, Mahaffee WF. Suppression of seedling damping-off caused by Pythium ultimum, and Rhizoctonia solani in container media amended with a diverse range of Pacific northwest compost sources. Phytopathology. 2005;95:306-315. DOI: 10.1094/PHYTO-95-0306\n'},{id:"B84",body:'\nSingh R, Sharma RR, Kumar S, Gupta RK, Patil RT. Vermicompost substitution influences growth, physiological disorders, fruit yield and quality of strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.). Bioresource Technology. 2008;99:8507-8511. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.03.034\n'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Tamanreet Kaur",address:"tamanreetkaur@gmail.com",affiliation:'
Department of Zoology, Kanya Maha Vidyalaya, Jalandhar, India
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"10134",type:"book",title:"Organic Agriculture",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Organic Agriculture",slug:"organic-agriculture",publishedDate:"December 2nd 2020",bookSignature:"Shaon Kumar Das",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10134.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-78984-669-0",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-668-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-78984-720-8",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:4,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"182210",title:"Dr.",name:"Shaon Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Das",slug:"shaon-kumar-das",fullName:"Shaon Kumar Das"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"307"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"72994",type:"chapter",title:"Role of Organic Farming in Agriculture",slug:"role-of-organic-farming-in-agriculture",totalDownloads:732,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Muthuraman Yuvaraj, Peyandi Paraman Mahendran and Eman Tawfik Hussien",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"280193",title:"Dr.",name:"Muthuraman",middleName:null,surname:"Yuvaraj",fullName:"Muthuraman Yuvaraj",slug:"muthuraman-yuvaraj"}]},{id:"72269",type:"chapter",title:"Nanotechnological Approaches in Sustainable Agriculture and Plant Disease Management",slug:"nanotechnological-approaches-in-sustainable-agriculture-and-plant-disease-management",totalDownloads:766,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Siddhartha Das and Sudeepta Pattanayak",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"320136",title:"Dr.",name:"Siddhartha",middleName:null,surname:"Das",fullName:"Siddhartha Das",slug:"siddhartha-das"},{id:"320228",title:"Ms.",name:"Sudeepta",middleName:null,surname:"Pattanayak",fullName:"Sudeepta Pattanayak",slug:"sudeepta-pattanayak"}]},{id:"71681",type:"chapter",title:"Packages of Organic Nutrient Management as Soil Policy for Upgrading Cropping System to Restore Soil Productivity",slug:"packages-of-organic-nutrient-management-as-soil-policy-for-upgrading-cropping-system-to-restore-soil",totalDownloads:616,totalCrossrefCites:8,signatures:"Shaon Kumar Das and Ravikant Avasthe",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"182210",title:"Dr.",name:"Shaon Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Das",fullName:"Shaon Kumar Das",slug:"shaon-kumar-das"}]},{id:"71592",type:"chapter",title:"Vermicomposting: An Effective Option for Recycling Organic Wastes",slug:"vermicomposting-an-effective-option-for-recycling-organic-wastes",totalDownloads:1486,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Tamanreet Kaur",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"317164",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamanreet",middleName:null,surname:"Kaur",fullName:"Tamanreet Kaur",slug:"tamanreet-kaur"}]},{id:"72075",type:"chapter",title:"Application and Mechanisms of Plant Growth Promoting Fungi (PGPF) for Phytostimulation",slug:"application-and-mechanisms-of-plant-growth-promoting-fungi-pgpf-for-phytostimulation",totalDownloads:1368,totalCrossrefCites:6,signatures:"Md. Motaher Hossain and Farjana Sultana",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"318381",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Motaher",middleName:null,surname:"Hossain",fullName:"Md. Motaher Hossain",slug:"md.-motaher-hossain"},{id:"318383",title:"Dr.",name:"Farjana",middleName:null,surname:"Sultana",fullName:"Farjana Sultana",slug:"farjana-sultana"}]},{id:"71029",type:"chapter",title:"Biological Efficacy of Trichoderma spp. and Bacillus spp. in the Management of Plant Diseases",slug:"biological-efficacy-of-em-trichoderma-em-spp-and-em-bacillus-em-spp-in-the-management-of-plant-disea",totalDownloads:753,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Francisco Daniel Hernández-Castillo, Francisco Castillo-Reyes, Marco Antonio Tucuch-Pérez and Roberto Arredondo-Valdes",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"76348",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Hernandez Castillo",fullName:"Francisco Daniel Hernandez Castillo",slug:"francisco-daniel-hernandez-castillo"},{id:"187441",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Castillo",fullName:"Francisco Castillo",slug:"francisco-castillo"},{id:"314111",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Tucuch Pérez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Tucuch Pérez",slug:"marco-antonio-tucuch-perez"},{id:"317252",title:"Dr.",name:"Roberto",middleName:null,surname:"Arredondo Valdes",fullName:"Roberto Arredondo Valdes",slug:"roberto-arredondo-valdes"}]},{id:"71318",type:"chapter",title:"Nonchemical Weed Control in Winter Oilseed Rape Crop in the Organic Farming System",slug:"nonchemical-weed-control-in-winter-oilseed-rape-crop-in-the-organic-farming-system",totalDownloads:455,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Aušra Marcinkevičienė, Marina Keidan, Rita Pupalienė, Rimantas Velička, Zita Kriaučiūnienė, Lina Marija Butkevičienė and Robertas Kosteckas",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"313789",title:"Dr.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Pupalienė",fullName:"Rita Pupalienė",slug:"rita-pupaliene"}]},{id:"72832",type:"chapter",title:"Socio-Economic Dimensions of Adoption of Conservation Practices: What Is Needed to Be Done?",slug:"socio-economic-dimensions-of-adoption-of-conservation-practices-what-is-needed-to-be-done-",totalDownloads:411,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Nisa Sansel Tandogan and Haluk Gedikoglu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"318014",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Haluk",middleName:null,surname:"Gedikoglu",fullName:"Haluk Gedikoglu",slug:"haluk-gedikoglu"},{id:"323357",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Nisa Sansel",middleName:null,surname:"Tandogan",fullName:"Nisa Sansel Tandogan",slug:"nisa-sansel-tandogan"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9345",title:"Sustainable Crop Production",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5135c48a58f18229b288f2c690257bcb",slug:"sustainable-crop-production",bookSignature:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman, Marcelo Carvalho Minhoto Teixeira Filho, Masayuki Fujita and Thiago Assis Rodrigues Nogueira",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9345.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"76477",title:"Prof.",name:"Mirza",surname:"Hasanuzzaman",slug:"mirza-hasanuzzaman",fullName:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"68945",title:"Effect of Abiotic Stress on Crops",slug:"effect-of-abiotic-stress-on-crops",signatures:"Summy Yadav, Payal Modi, Akanksha Dave, Akdasbanu Vijapura, Disha Patel and Mohini Patel",authors:[{id:"186963",title:"Dr.",name:"Summy",middleName:null,surname:"Yadav",fullName:"Summy Yadav",slug:"summy-yadav"},{id:"308004",title:"Ms.",name:"Payal",middleName:null,surname:"Modi",fullName:"Payal Modi",slug:"payal-modi"},{id:"308005",title:"Ms.",name:"Akanksha",middleName:null,surname:"Dave",fullName:"Akanksha Dave",slug:"akanksha-dave"},{id:"308006",title:"Ms.",name:"Akdasbanu",middleName:null,surname:"Vijapara",fullName:"Akdasbanu Vijapara",slug:"akdasbanu-vijapara"},{id:"308007",title:"Ms.",name:"Disha",middleName:null,surname:"Patel",fullName:"Disha Patel",slug:"disha-patel"},{id:"308008",title:"Ms.",name:"Mohini",middleName:null,surname:"Patel",fullName:"Mohini Patel",slug:"mohini-patel"}]},{id:"69541",title:"Possibility of No-Input Farming in Lowland Rice Fields in Japan from the Viewpoint of Sustaining Soil Fertility",slug:"possibility-of-no-input-farming-in-lowland-rice-fields-in-japan-from-the-viewpoint-of-sustaining-soi",signatures:"Naoki Moritsuka",authors:[{id:"179714",title:"Dr.",name:"Naoki",middleName:null,surname:"Moritsuka",fullName:"Naoki Moritsuka",slug:"naoki-moritsuka"}]},{id:"68083",title:"Crops Diversification and the Role of Orphan Legumes to Improve the Sub-Saharan Africa Farming Systems",slug:"crops-diversification-and-the-role-of-orphan-legumes-to-improve-the-sub-saharan-africa-farming-syste",signatures:"Patricia Vidigal, Maria Manuel Romeiras and Filipa Monteiro",authors:[{id:"299370",title:"Dr.",name:"Filipa",middleName:null,surname:"Monteiro",fullName:"Filipa Monteiro",slug:"filipa-monteiro"},{id:"300014",title:"Dr.",name:"Patrícia",middleName:null,surname:"Vidigal",fullName:"Patrícia Vidigal",slug:"patricia-vidigal"},{id:"300016",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria",middleName:"M.",surname:"Romeiras",fullName:"Maria Romeiras",slug:"maria-romeiras"}]},{id:"70575",title:"Review on the Role of Salicylic Acid in Plants",slug:"review-on-the-role-of-salicylic-acid-in-plants",signatures:"Ali S. Hassoon and Inas Abdulsattar Abduljabbar",authors:[{id:"306567",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Saleh",surname:"Hassoon",fullName:"Ali Hassoon",slug:"ali-hassoon"},{id:"322296",title:"Dr.",name:"Inas Abdulsattar",middleName:null,surname:"Abduljabbar",fullName:"Inas Abdulsattar Abduljabbar",slug:"inas-abdulsattar-abduljabbar"}]},{id:"68426",title:"Development of Androgenesis Studies on Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) in Turkey from Past to Present",slug:"development-of-androgenesis-studies-on-eggplant-em-solanum-melongena-em-l-in-turkey-from-past-to-pre",signatures:"Gülsün Elif Vural, Esin Ari, Sinan Zengin and Sekure Sebnem Ellialtioglu",authors:[{id:"142251",title:"Prof.",name:"Sebnem",middleName:"Seküre",surname:"Ellialtioglu",fullName:"Sebnem Ellialtioglu",slug:"sebnem-ellialtioglu"},{id:"299235",title:"Ms.",name:"Gülsün Elif",middleName:null,surname:"Vural",fullName:"Gülsün Elif Vural",slug:"gulsun-elif-vural"},{id:"299236",title:"Dr.",name:"Sinan",middleName:null,surname:"Zengin",fullName:"Sinan Zengin",slug:"sinan-zengin"},{id:"299238",title:"Dr.",name:"Esin",middleName:null,surname:"Ari",fullName:"Esin Ari",slug:"esin-ari"}]},{id:"69998",title:"SSR Markers in the Genus Pistacia",slug:"ssr-markers-in-the-genus-em-pistacia-em-",signatures:"Salih Kafkas",authors:[{id:"249967",title:"Prof.",name:"Salih",middleName:null,surname:"Kafkas",fullName:"Salih Kafkas",slug:"salih-kafkas"}]},{id:"68683",title:"Soil Management in Sustainable Agriculture",slug:"soil-management-in-sustainable-agriculture",signatures:"Koç Mehmet Tuğrul",authors:[{id:"295458",title:"Dr.",name:"K. Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Tuğrul",fullName:"K. Mehmet Tuğrul",slug:"k.-mehmet-tugrul"}]},{id:"69544",title:"Removal: Soils under Plastic and Grass Cover: Effects on Soil Aggregation and Nutrient Cycling in Brazilian Coffee Growing",slug:"soils-under-plastic-and-grass-cover-effects-on-soil-aggregation-and-nutrient-cycling-in-brazilian-co",signatures:"Érika Andressa da Silva, Pedro Antônio Namorato Benevenute, Geraldo César de Oliveira, Yuri Lopes Zinn, Bruno Montoani Silva, Laura Beatriz Batista de Melo, Thiago Henrique Pereira Reis, César Henrique Caputo de Oliveira and Paulo Tácito Gontijo Guimarães",authors:[{id:"304508",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika",middleName:null,surname:"Silva",fullName:"Erika Silva",slug:"erika-silva"},{id:"305890",title:"Mr.",name:"Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Benevenute",fullName:"Pedro Benevenute",slug:"pedro-benevenute"},{id:"306550",title:"Dr.",name:"Geraldo",middleName:null,surname:"Oliveira",fullName:"Geraldo Oliveira",slug:"geraldo-oliveira"},{id:"306552",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuri",middleName:null,surname:"Zinn",fullName:"Yuri Zinn",slug:"yuri-zinn"},{id:"306553",title:"Dr.",name:"Paulo",middleName:null,surname:"Guimarães",fullName:"Paulo Guimarães",slug:"paulo-guimaraes"},{id:"306554",title:"Dr.",name:"Bruno",middleName:null,surname:"Silva",fullName:"Bruno Silva",slug:"bruno-silva"},{id:"306556",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:null,surname:"Reis",fullName:"Thiago Reis",slug:"thiago-reis"},{id:"309457",title:"Mrs.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Melo",fullName:"Laura Melo",slug:"laura-melo"},{id:"310324",title:"Mr.",name:"César",middleName:null,surname:"Oliveira",fullName:"César Oliveira",slug:"cesar-oliveira"}]},{id:"70420",title:"Managing Soil Nitrogen under Rain-Fed Lowland Rice Production Systems in the Forest Agroecological Zones in Ghana",slug:"managing-soil-nitrogen-under-rain-fed-lowland-rice-production-systems-in-the-forest-agroecological-z",signatures:"Mohammed Moro Buri and Roland Nuhu Issaka",authors:[{id:"71628",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammed Moro",middleName:null,surname:"Buri",fullName:"Mohammed Moro Buri",slug:"mohammed-moro-buri"},{id:"306861",title:"Dr.",name:"Nuhu",middleName:null,surname:"Issaka",fullName:"Nuhu Issaka",slug:"nuhu-issaka"}]},{id:"69405",title:"Plant Nutrition and Sustainable Crop Production in Nigeria",slug:"plant-nutrition-and-sustainable-crop-production-in-nigeria",signatures:"Romanus Osabohien and Toun Ogunbiyi",authors:[{id:"290879",title:"Mr.",name:"Romanus",middleName:null,surname:"Osabohien",fullName:"Romanus Osabohien",slug:"romanus-osabohien"},{id:"310108",title:"Ms.",name:"Toun",middleName:null,surname:"Ogunbiyi",fullName:"Toun Ogunbiyi",slug:"toun-ogunbiyi"}]},{id:"71840",title:"Enhancing Soil Properties and Maize Yield through Organic and Inorganic Nitrogen and Diazotrophic Bacteria",slug:"enhancing-soil-properties-and-maize-yield-through-organic-and-inorganic-nitrogen-and-diazotrophic-ba",signatures:"Arshad Jalal, Kamran Azeem, Marcelo Carvalho Minhoto Teixeira Filho and Aeysha Khan",authors:[{id:"190597",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo Carvalho Minhoto",middleName:null,surname:"Teixeira Filho",fullName:"Marcelo Carvalho Minhoto Teixeira Filho",slug:"marcelo-carvalho-minhoto-teixeira-filho"},{id:"322298",title:"Dr.",name:"Aeysha",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",fullName:"Aeysha Khan",slug:"aeysha-khan"},{id:"322299",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamran",middleName:null,surname:"Azeem",fullName:"Kamran Azeem",slug:"kamran-azeem"},{id:"322301",title:"Dr.",name:"Arshad",middleName:null,surname:"Jalal",fullName:"Arshad Jalal",slug:"arshad-jalal"}]},{id:"69587",title:"Microwave Soil Treatment and Plant Growth",slug:"microwave-soil-treatment-and-plant-growth",signatures:"Graham Brodie, Muhammad Jamal Khan and Dorin Gupta",authors:[{id:"14683",title:"Dr.",name:"Graham",middleName:null,surname:"Brodie",fullName:"Graham Brodie",slug:"graham-brodie"},{id:"306458",title:"Mr.",name:"Muhammad Jamal",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",fullName:"Muhammad Jamal Khan",slug:"muhammad-jamal-khan"},{id:"306459",title:"Dr.",name:"Dorin",middleName:null,surname:"Gupta",fullName:"Dorin Gupta",slug:"dorin-gupta"}]},{id:"69016",title:"Fertilizer Use Issues for Smallholder Agriculture in Tropical Africa",slug:"fertilizer-use-issues-for-smallholder-agriculture-in-tropical-africa",signatures:"Charles S. Wortmann, Anthony O. Esilaba, Kayuki C. Kaizzi, Catherine Kibunja, Keziah W. Ndungu-Magiroi and Nouri Maman",authors:[{id:"27147",title:"Dr.",name:"Charles",middleName:null,surname:"Wortmann",fullName:"Charles Wortmann",slug:"charles-wortmann"},{id:"221578",title:"Dr.",name:"Anthony",middleName:null,surname:"Esilaba",fullName:"Anthony Esilaba",slug:"anthony-esilaba"},{id:"267345",title:"Prof.",name:"Kayuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kaizzi",fullName:"Kayuki Kaizzi",slug:"kayuki-kaizzi"},{id:"267351",title:"Dr.",name:"Keziah",middleName:null,surname:"Ndungu-Magiroi",fullName:"Keziah Ndungu-Magiroi",slug:"keziah-ndungu-magiroi"},{id:"309502",title:"Dr.",name:"Catherine",middleName:null,surname:"Kibunja",fullName:"Catherine Kibunja",slug:"catherine-kibunja"},{id:"309504",title:"Dr.",name:"Nouri",middleName:null,surname:"Maman",fullName:"Nouri Maman",slug:"nouri-maman"}]},{id:"71997",title:"Fungal Endophyte-Host Plant Interactions: Role in Sustainable Agriculture",slug:"fungal-endophyte-host-plant-interactions-role-in-sustainable-agriculture",signatures:"Tamanreet Kaur",authors:[{id:"317164",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamanreet",middleName:null,surname:"Kaur",fullName:"Tamanreet Kaur",slug:"tamanreet-kaur"}]},{id:"71430",title:"Endophytes Potential Use in Crop Production",slug:"endophytes-potential-use-in-crop-production",signatures:"Fabiana Tonial, Francine Falcão de Macedo Nava, Ana Luisa Gayger and Talita Bernardon Mar",authors:[{id:"314027",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabiana",middleName:null,surname:"Tonial",fullName:"Fabiana Tonial",slug:"fabiana-tonial"},{id:"314247",title:"Mrs.",name:"Francine",middleName:null,surname:"Falcão De Macedo Nava",fullName:"Francine Falcão De Macedo Nava",slug:"francine-falcao-de-macedo-nava"},{id:"314248",title:"Mrs.",name:"Ana Luisa",middleName:null,surname:"Gayger",fullName:"Ana Luisa Gayger",slug:"ana-luisa-gayger"},{id:"314249",title:"Dr.",name:"Talita",middleName:null,surname:"Bernardon Mar",fullName:"Talita Bernardon Mar",slug:"talita-bernardon-mar"}]},{id:"67546",title:"Application Potentials of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria and Fungi as an Alternative to Conventional Weed Control Methods",slug:"application-potentials-of-plant-growth-promoting-rhizobacteria-and-fungi-as-an-alternative-to-conven",signatures:"Adnan Mustafa, Muhammad Naveed, Qudsia Saeed, Muhammad Nadeem Ashraf, Azhar Hussain, Tanveer Abbas, Muhammad Kamran, Nan-Sun and Xu Minggang",authors:[{id:"276041",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",fullName:"Azhar Hussain",slug:"azhar-hussain"},{id:"299110",title:"Dr.",name:"Adnan",middleName:null,surname:"Mustafa",fullName:"Adnan Mustafa",slug:"adnan-mustafa"},{id:"300582",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Naveed",fullName:"Muhammad Naveed",slug:"muhammad-naveed"},{id:"300583",title:"Ms.",name:"Qudsia",middleName:null,surname:"Saeed",fullName:"Qudsia Saeed",slug:"qudsia-saeed"},{id:"300584",title:"Dr.",name:"Tanveer",middleName:null,surname:"Abbas",fullName:"Tanveer Abbas",slug:"tanveer-abbas"},{id:"300585",title:"Mr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Nadeem Ashraf",fullName:"Muhammad Nadeem Ashraf",slug:"muhammad-nadeem-ashraf"},{id:"300586",title:"Prof.",name:"Xu",middleName:null,surname:"Minggang",fullName:"Xu Minggang",slug:"xu-minggang"},{id:"301223",title:"Mr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Kamran",fullName:"Muhammad Kamran",slug:"muhammad-kamran"}]},{id:"69802",title:"Sustainable Development of Horticulture and Forestry through Bio-Inoculants",slug:"sustainable-development-of-horticulture-and-forestry-through-bio-inoculants",signatures:"Easan Mohan and Kuppu Rajendran",authors:[{id:"217124",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajendran",middleName:null,surname:"Kuppu",fullName:"Rajendran Kuppu",slug:"rajendran-kuppu"},{id:"294912",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohan",middleName:null,surname:"Easan",fullName:"Mohan Easan",slug:"mohan-easan"}]},{id:"68927",title:"Nano-Fertilizers for Sustainable Crop Production under Changing Climate: A Global Perspective",slug:"nano-fertilizers-for-sustainable-crop-production-under-changing-climate-a-global-perspective",signatures:"Muhammad Aamir Iqbal",authors:[{id:"249866",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Aamir",middleName:null,surname:"Iqbal",fullName:"Muhammad Aamir Iqbal",slug:"muhammad-aamir-iqbal"}]},{id:"70988",title:"Urban Horticulture and Its Modernization by Using LED Lightning in Indoors Vegetable Production",slug:"urban-horticulture-and-its-modernization-by-using-led-lightning-in-indoors-vegetable-production",signatures:"Žarko M. Ilin and Dubravka M. Savić",authors:[{id:"84955",title:"Prof.",name:"Zarko",middleName:null,surname:"Ilin",fullName:"Zarko Ilin",slug:"zarko-ilin"},{id:"308577",title:"Prof.",name:"Dubravka",middleName:null,surname:"Savic",fullName:"Dubravka Savic",slug:"dubravka-savic"}]},{id:"69299",title:"Remote Sensing: Useful Approach for Crop Nitrogen Management and Sustainable Agriculture",slug:"remote-sensing-useful-approach-for-crop-nitrogen-management-and-sustainable-agriculture",signatures:"Salima Yousfi, José Fernando Marin Peira, Gregorio Rincón De La Horra and Pedro V. Mauri Ablanque",authors:[{id:"305383",title:"Dr.",name:"Pedro Vicente",middleName:null,surname:"Mauri Ablanque",fullName:"Pedro Vicente Mauri Ablanque",slug:"pedro-vicente-mauri-ablanque"},{id:"310171",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Salima",middleName:null,surname:"Yousfi",fullName:"Salima Yousfi",slug:"salima-yousfi"},{id:"310172",title:"Dr.",name:"José Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Marin Peira",fullName:"José Fernando Marin Peira",slug:"jose-fernando-marin-peira"},{id:"310173",title:"Mr.",name:"Gregorio",middleName:null,surname:"Rincón De La Horra",fullName:"Gregorio Rincón De La Horra",slug:"gregorio-rincon-de-la-horra"}]},{id:"68285",title:"Risk Assessment of Sunflower Production Using In-Field Rainwater Harvesting on Semi-Arid Ecotope in South Africa",slug:"risk-assessment-of-sunflower-production-using-in-field-rainwater-harvesting-on-semi-arid-ecotope-in-",signatures:"Jestinos Mzezewa and Leon Daniel van Rensburg",authors:[{id:"73879",title:"Dr.",name:"Jestinos",middleName:null,surname:"Mzezewa",fullName:"Jestinos Mzezewa",slug:"jestinos-mzezewa"},{id:"152178",title:"Prof.",name:"Leon",middleName:null,surname:"Van Rensburg",fullName:"Leon Van Rensburg",slug:"leon-van-rensburg"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6301",title:"Vegetation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c1b7f22f2f926f8d59ea56f2fe84c6f",slug:"vegetation",bookSignature:"Allan Sebata",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6301.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"143409",title:"Dr.",name:"Allan",surname:"Sebata",slug:"allan-sebata",fullName:"Allan Sebata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6485",title:"Sustainability of Agroecosystems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4ed7b8c6bce44bfaddb83c0365793742",slug:"sustainability-of-agroecosystems",bookSignature:"Alexandre Bosco de Oliveira",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6485.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"77880",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandre",surname:"De Oliveira",slug:"alexandre-de-oliveira",fullName:"Alexandre De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6560",title:"Plant Competition in Cropping Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"664e0a97f4494932f6c0461f9a6e7bd6",slug:"plant-competition-in-cropping-systems",bookSignature:"Daniel Dunea",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6560.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"180202",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Dunea",slug:"daniel-dunea",fullName:"Daniel Dunea"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6952",title:"Irrigation in Agroecosystems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1afe3f365612ea9b4f35942c69792f63",slug:"irrigation-in-agroecosystems",bookSignature:"Gabrijel Ondrašek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6952.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"46939",title:"Prof.",name:"Gabrijel",surname:"Ondrasek",slug:"gabrijel-ondrasek",fullName:"Gabrijel Ondrasek"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9345",title:"Sustainable Crop Production",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5135c48a58f18229b288f2c690257bcb",slug:"sustainable-crop-production",bookSignature:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman, Marcelo Carvalho Minhoto Teixeira Filho, Masayuki Fujita and Thiago Assis Rodrigues Nogueira",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9345.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"76477",title:"Prof.",name:"Mirza",surname:"Hasanuzzaman",slug:"mirza-hasanuzzaman",fullName:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"9345",title:"Sustainable Crop Production",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5135c48a58f18229b288f2c690257bcb",slug:"sustainable-crop-production",bookSignature:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman, Marcelo Carvalho Minhoto Teixeira Filho, Masayuki Fujita and Thiago Assis Rodrigues Nogueira",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9345.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"76477",title:"Prof.",name:"Mirza",surname:"Hasanuzzaman",slug:"mirza-hasanuzzaman",fullName:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9711",title:"Pests, Weeds and Diseases in Agricultural Crop and Animal Husbandry Production",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"12cf675f1e433135dd5bf5df7cec124f",slug:"pests-weeds-and-diseases-in-agricultural-crop-and-animal-husbandry-production",bookSignature:"Dimitrios Kontogiannatos, Anna Kourti and Kassio Ferreira Mendes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9711.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196691",title:"Dr.",name:"Dimitrios",surname:"Kontogiannatos",slug:"dimitrios-kontogiannatos",fullName:"Dimitrios Kontogiannatos"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"76220",title:"Impact of Climate Change on International Health Security: An Intersection of Complexity, Interdependence, and Urgency",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96713",slug:"impact-of-climate-change-on-international-health-security-an-intersection-of-complexity-interdepende",body:'\n
\n
1. Introduction
\n
Planet Earth is a highly complex and truly unique celestial body, fine-tuned to sustain life within a very narrow range of tolerances [1, 2]. Within this narrow band of environmental parameters, our civilization emerged over the past several thousand years. As we discovered ways in which to harness the energy stored within our planet, from burning wood, to coal, to petroleum products, we began to increasingly change the environment we live in [3, 4]. The resultant slow but persistent climate change (CC) is beginning to manifest itself across multiple domains of human existence, from rising sea levels, to wind disasters and forest fires, to the emergence of new invasive species [5, 6, 7, 8]. This chapter will discuss the impact of CC on various domains of human health and well-being, with specific focus on their relationship to international health security (IHS). Given the vastness of this important topic area, our goal will be to provide an overview of the most pressing issues and most relevant subdomains (Figure 1). However, it is simply not feasible to cover this entire subject within a single book chapter, thus limiting the current manuscript to a bullet-point synopsis.
\n
Figure 1.
Word cloud demonstrating the most common and dominant themes within this chapter. The highly complex nature of the issue of climate change and its relationship to human health is clearly evident.
\n
\n
\n
2. Methodology
\n
The current study constitutes a systematic review of the literature regarding the impact of climate change on human health and well-being. Relevant sources were identified using an exhaustive search strategy utilizing Google™ Scholar, PubMed, EBSCO, Bioline International, as well as any relevant cross-referenced articles and websites. Specific search terms included “climate change,” “global warming,” “invasive species,” “emerging infectious diseases,” “public health,” “food security,” “sea level change,” “quality of life,” and “vector-borne diseases.” A total of 17,194,311 search results were subsequently narrowed down to 1,247 interdisciplinary full-text, English language articles directly relevant to our discussion. Further screening demonstrated 479 articles that directly address questions related to the interaction between climate change and human health and wellness. Of those, a final list of 266 definitive sources was derived.
\n
\n
\n
3. Environmental pollution: air and water
\n
The effects of air pollution on public health have become increasingly acute, heterogeneous, complex, and unpredictable [9, 10, 11, 12]. In recent years, natural disasters such as wildfires and non-natural disasters such as human-made pollution have caused fundamental changes in air quality, leading to special measures and precautions deemed necessary to protect populations from air pollutants [13, 14]. Various effects of air pollution, both in the indoor and outdoor setting, on health include but are not limited to: asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cardiovascular diseases, and an array of pulmonary malignancies [15, 16, 17, 18]. Although naturally evolving changes in climate and temperature have some effect on air quality, direct human contribution to air pollution may play and even greater role [19, 20]. For example, humans are thought to be responsible for approximately 95% of all wildfires in California and in Mediterranean Europe [21, 22]. Wildfires diminish air quality by scorching thousands of acres of land – creating arid, dry, desert like soil, and a deterring vegetative and agricultural growth. Wildfires are only one example of many human activities that contribute to poor air quality [7, 23].
\n
The continued growth of industrial activity, both in the United States and globally, has contributed to a sharp increase in air pollution, especially among the urban areas [24, 25]. This was accompanied by the general decline in measured air quality around the globe [26, 27]. Nowadays, air quality indexes are common in daily weather reporting, in addition to weather alerts for air quality standards [28, 29]. Despite the successful deployment of these largely descriptive and informative measures, much remains to be accomplished. For example, asthma amongst newborns and young children has increased sharply in the recent past [30].
\n
Neville Island, PA is an inland island near Pittsburgh, PA where three major rivers meet, with at the apex of the city’s heaviest population density [31]. The island houses more than 50 corporate industrial sites, coal processing facilities, and oil company foundries. The pollutants from these companies are ingested and breathed by the nearby population of the Allegheny County. During awareness campaigns in 2003, Neville Island was said to pollute river water with as many as 13 toxic chemicals hazardous to human health, reportedly released each night after the closing of the factories. Notably, the island is located just upstream to the County’s major water treatment plant. Consequently, a broad range of pollutants (both airborne and non-airborne) find their way directly into the city water systems. Statistically, the County is among the highest in the nation for still births, childhood asthma, COPD, and pulmonary malignancy [31, 32, 33].
\n
Historically, governmental regulations pertaining to air pollution tended to represent a more reactive (versus proactive) approach [34, 35, 36]. This is not universal, however. For example, the State of California has instituted aggressive standards for vehicle emission regulations. As a result, over a 20-year period there was a 65% decrease in reactive organic gases, and a 54% decrease in oxides of nitrogen [37]. Of importance, these positive changes occurred despite a 22% growth in population and a 38% increase in overall motor vehicle usage throughout the state [23]. There was an associated sharp and well-defined decrease in air pollution related breathing disorders among children. This included favorable changes in terms of asthma and bronchitis, with significant (21%-39%) reductions. With strict and appropriately enforced regulatory standards, a significant decline in adverse consequences of air pollution can clearly be achieved [23].
\n
Still, environmental regulations are still poorly defined and/or neglected in many areas globally. Under such circumstances, countries like China experience a significant number of adverse health effects of air pollution, to the point of the issue becoming one of the most serious national public health threats [38]. Coal-burning power generation is among the leading culprits of air pollution in China [39]. The magnitude of coal-related pollution in China can be appreciated from recent data showing that in 2010, there were more than 10 million tons of fine particles (e.g., diameter under 2.5 μm) released in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region alone [40]. The impact of such massive air pollution on human health and health security (locally, regionally, nationally, and internationally) is truly difficult to grasp. Even more importantly, it has been estimated that the pollution from the approximately 200 coal-fired power plants in the capital region of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei may be associated with nearly 10,000 premature deaths and approximately 70,000 outpatient visits or hospitalizations during a single calendar year [40, 41, 42]. Despite the need for urgent reform at the global level, governments have been slow to act, including the recent unilateral (and hopefully temporary) withdrawal of the United States from the Paris Climate Pact [43].
\n
\n
\n
4. Climate change: increase in allergens
\n
One effect of global warming is an increase in allergens. Allergens can be associated with various respiratory diseases such as Asthma or allergic reactions such as hay fever. An increase in hay fever can be attributable to global temperature increases due to synergistic effects of atmospheric warming on the pollination season of plants [44]. The observed rise in the number of airborne allergens is directly proportional to the increase in pollen content of the air [45]. From human health perspective, it can be expected that allergic reactions, as well as their severity, may worsen over time. This may be further exacerbated by the declining air quality, both indoors and outdoors [46, 47].
\n
The decrease in air quality is compounded by other factors such as smoking, diesel fuel utilization, and the generation of nitrogen dioxide [48, 49, 50]. Temperature fluctuations also lead to mold formation and propagation [51]. This can further decrease air quality and can cause intense allergic response in some people [52, 53]. Some other common allergies include ragweed allergy causing hay fever and poison ivy causing contact dermatitis. Table 1 lists a set of common allergens. When an allergen enters the body, its presence leads to an immune response featuring the sensitization of mast cells [54, 55]. When the allergen enters the body repeatedly, it attaches to the specific antibodies on mast cells resulting in mast cell degranulation, which leads to the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators [56, 57]. Associated symptoms may include commonly encountered reactions such as watery eyes, itching, sneezing, and nasal/sinus congestion. Pertinent to CC and global warming, it has been noted that patterns and distribution of common allergens typically present in different parts of the globe are changing [58]. The awareness and the ability to identify these patterns, coupled with modern mobile technology advances and point-of-care testing, will allow health-care providers to adequately prepare for the evolution and changing incidence of allergic reactions, especially in the context of preventive health measures and effective clinical management approaches [59, 60, 61].
\n
\n
\n
\n\n
\n
Type of Allergen
\n
Common Reaction to Allergen
\n
\n\n\n
\n
Pollen
\n
Seasonal allergies
\n
\n
\n
Spores
\n
Seasonal allergies, fungal infections
\n
\n
\n
Dust mites
\n
Asthma
\n
\n
\n
Animal dander
\n
Allergies
\n
\n
\n
Drugs and insect venoms
\n
Anaphylactic reaction
\n
\n\n
Table 1.
List of allergens and common reactions to those allergens.
\n
\n
\n
5. Vector borne diseases and climate change
\n
Another important aspect of the ongoing CC, and a source of indirect evidence for global warming, is the gradual evolution in disease vector distribution [8, 62]. An ‘infectious vector’ can be defined as any agent which carries and transmits an infectious pathogen into another living organism [63]. Many vector-borne diseases are characterized by a significant component of seasonality, and changing geographic distributions of vectors may significantly alter such seasonality [64, 65]. For example, higher rates of tick-borne diseases are seen during the spring to fall seasons in eastern North America [66, 67]. With gradual temperature changes throughout the globe, we are more likely to see a change in the patterns of incidence of tick-borne illnesses [66, 67]. Moreover, novel tick-borne diseases have been on the rise, such as those carried by the Asian long-horned tick which has been found in the western hemisphere only in the past decade [66, 68]. Increased globalization and changes in environment due to global warming have been thought to increase the amount of tick-borne infections.
\n
Some of the most common disease vectors are ticks and mosquitos. A summary of areas of prevalence and seasonality of tick- and mosquito-borne diseases are listed in Tables 2 and 3. When they reach sufficient magnitude, changes in environmental conditions are likely to disrupt the life cycle of various disease vectors and potentially alter the transmission of the diseases in question, including their geographic and seasonal distribution [66, 113].
North America, central Asia, Russia, the Nordic countries, the Balkans, and Japan USA: All states except HI, 50% of cases from AR, OK, and MO
\n
April-October
\n
\n\n
Table 2.
Tick-Borne illnesses categorized by geographic distribution and yearly time range, focusing on the correlates of the highest prevalence of disease. United States and Canada jurisdictions are denoted using accepted two letter postal abbreviations.
USA: AL (1), AR (1), CT (1), FL (13), GA (6), LA (2), ME (2), MD (1), MA (10), MI (7), MO (1), MT (1), NH (3), NJ (1), NY (8), NC (7), PA (1), RI (1), VT (2), VA (1), and WI (2)
China, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Australia, India, Pakistan, Russia, Singapore, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Myanmar, India, Nepal, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam.
Upper Midwestern, mid-Atlantic, and Southeastern states
\n
April-October
\n
\n\n
Table 3.
Mosquito-Borne illnesses organized by geographic area and seasonal time range characterized by the highest prevalence of disease. United States and Canada jurisdictions are denoted using accepted two letter postal abbreviations.
\n
Countries around the globe are actively working on prevention measures intended to curb incidence levels of various vector borne diseases [114, 115]. Examples of preventative methods include application of insecticide spray, installing insecticide screens, improving sanitation methods, genetic modification of vectors, as well as vector control through prophylactic treatment for travelers. Many countries are also intensifying awareness and education campaigns focusing on vector borne illness to help maintain prevention methods [114, 115, 116, 117].
\n
\n
\n
6. Food and water borne diseases
\n
Global CC exerts impact on rainfall, humidity, length of growing season, and other environmental factors that are vital to the development of certain crops [118, 119]. Shifting environmental factors, along with the emergence of biofuels, are pushing food producers to implement various techniques that increase the yield of the crops [120]. One such method involves treating crops with antibiotics. However, unintended consequences of longer growing seasons and higher crop yields have resulted in greater frequency and intensity of food- and water-borne illness (Table 4) [121, 122]. Another way of coping with CC in terms of international food security is the introduction of insect-based, microbial/fungal-based, and laboratory-based food substitutes [123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129].
\n
\n
\n
\n\n
\n
Infection
\n
Source of contaminant
\n
\n\n\n
\n
Escherichia coli 0157:H7
\n
Undercooked beef
\n
\n
\n
Giardiasis
\n
Contaminated water
\n
\n
\n
Cryptosporidiosis
\n
Contaminated water
\n
\n
\n
Campylobacteriosis
\n
Undercooked poultry
\n
\n
\n
Cyclosporiasis
\n
Contaminated water or food
\n
\n
\n
Listeriosis
\n
Unpasteurized dairy products and deli meat
\n
\n
\n
Salmonellosis
\n
Undercooked poultry
\n
\n
\n
Shigellosis
\n
Contaminated water
\n
\n
\n
Campylobacter
\n
Undercooked poultry & other meats, contaminated water.
\n
\n
\n
toxoplasmosis
\n
Undercooked pork, lamb, shellfish, and venison.
\n
\n
\n
Vibrio cholerae
\n
Brackish and marine waters, or undercooked shellfish.
\n
\n\n
Table 4.
Common food and water borne illnesses and their source of contamination.
\n
Of note, salmonella and campylobacter infections tend to be more common when the climate is warmer [130]. Relevant to human consumption, these bacteria have been shown to have higher growth rates at warmer temperatures during food preparation and storage [131], which in turn corroborates one possible relationship between CC and emerging human disease patterns.
\n
The effect of CC on water borne diseases is equally important, yet it appears to be disproportionately neglected [132]. It is well known that precipitation can influence the transport and dissemination of infections, especially as it relates to existing water and sanitation systems [133]. More direct impact of the above can be seen during the increasingly more frequent coastal flooding as it relates to sea-level rise. Due to various factors, including human activity, water contamination exposes local populations to a variety of potential fecal-oral pathogens [134]. Indirect factors affecting the overall risk of water-borne infection propagation include changes in temperature and humidity, leading to alterations in pathogen lifecycle and survival, up to and including the creation of environments where new patterns of geographic disease spread emerge [135]. The effects of CC on water borne diseases, both indirect and direct, can be profound and unpredictable, mandating that dedicated scientific research efforts in this critically important area are increased.
\n
\n
\n
7. Food security
\n
Because agriculture relies heavily on the presence of favorable environmental parameters, any uncertainty related to agricultural conditions places food security into a state of flux and thus creates a potential threat to food sustainability and security for humans [136, 137]. Threats to food security are vast, diverse, and have increased sharply during the past three decades. Issues affecting food security involve agricultural, industrial, and climate-related components (e.g., from natural disasters to heavy pollution) [138, 139]. Protein-based food products from animal derived sources may contain significant antibiotic residue because antibiotics are increasingly utilized to maintain product viability and longevity during transport and distribution [140, 141]. Downstream effects of using antimicrobials in animal feed include various patterns of antibiotic resistance seen in both animals and humans who ingest animal-based food products [121, 142, 143]. Consequently, we are increasingly seeing emerging antibiotic resistance patterns that render many of our available therapeutics ineffective, leading to excess mortality [144, 145, 146]. Moreover, antibiotics have also leaked into water and food chains, creating complex and challenging matrices for the detection of their source of origin, which is vital to effective disease control [147, 148]. The importance of this complex phenomenon, in addition to introducing excess risk into the food chain and endangering the overall food security, is the potential for synergistic interactions between CC, emerging novel pathogens, and often unpredictable patterns of antimicrobial resistance [149, 150, 151]. As such, the confluence of the above factors is projected to result in significant food shortages, on per capita basis, by the year 2050. The attributable mortality may exceed 500,000 deaths around the globe [152]. Increased focus on ensuring food availability will be a crucial component of IHS in the future, and will be inextricably tied with the ongoing CC [7, 14]. Among promising sustainable growth strategies in this important area is the introduction and increasing implementation of the vertical farm concept [153]. Last, but not least, the gradual acidification of the oceans is beginning to affect the overall aquaculture and food chain sustainability, especially across the densely populated coastal areas that heavily rely on fish and other forms of seafood for ongoing food security [154, 155, 156]. Associated phenomena include harmful algal blooms which further damage aquatic ecosystems [157].
\n
\n
\n
8. Flooding and flood-related events
\n
Over the past several decades, floods have become a growing problem throughout the world [158, 159]. This has been especially problematic among low-lying areas of the planet, including large river deltas [160, 161, 162, 163, 164], and thought to be associated with rising sea levels [165, 166, 167]. It has been estimated that roughly 40-50% of environmental disasters are due to floods, and there is also a significant correlation between flooding and wind disasters [165, 166, 167, 168]. From IHS perspective, floods may lead to drinking water contamination and associated increases in water borne and diarrheal diseases [169, 170]. It is therefore vital that we understand how to address and prevent deleterious public health consequences associated with flooding, inclusive of additional focus on a plethora of downstream effects of flooding on human populations [171, 172, 173, 174].
\n
In addition to immediate loss of life and property, there is a noticeable increase in diarrheal diseases, and studies suggest that there may also be an increased risk of all-cause mortality during the year following a flooding event [175, 176]. This troubling trend can be further exacerbated when flooding occurs in the presence of human overcrowding [176]. Of importance in this particular context, when planning and preparing for natural disasters it is important to understand the ecosystem of communicable diseases within the region and understand the vectors that may come into play. Effective management of flooding and subsequent post-event recovery requires proper sanitation, clean water supply at shelters/temporary housing for displaced individuals, as well as adequate control of disease vectors (e.g., rodents, mosquitoes) [177, 178]. Consequently, preventing contamination of standing water with mosquitoes should be priority during a flooding event [179, 180]. Governments planning for natural calamities, including floods and wind disasters, should ensure that appropriate supplies of clean water and food are readily available to large number of individuals. At the same time, it is also important to educate individuals on the importance of proper food and water preparation, through boiling, during any natural disaster that may potentially affect water supply [181, 182, 183, 184].
\n
\n
\n
9. Wildfires
\n
Rising global temperature affects public health in urban and rural communities across the world [185]. In recent years urban heat waves have become more severe, which has corresponded with an increase in heat-attributable deaths during times of extreme summer temperatures [186]. In rural communities, phenomena such as dust storms and crop failures, along with invasive insect infestations and invasions, have increasingly appeared [187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193]. To make things worse, CC also creates an environment more prone to wildfires, which are affecting rural communities with increased frequency, and are progressively more common near more densely populated areas [7, 14, 194]. Human consequences of all of the above factors, especially when acting synergistically, will be both profound and difficult to calculate [7, 14]. As average global temperatures continue to rise it is imperative to quantify the burden that the health systems will face due to more severe heatwaves and wildfires [195].
\n
Heatwaves are often defined as 2 or more consecutive days with temperatures above the 95th percentile for the summer [196, 197]. Relative risk of mortality increases during heatwaves in urban centers, particularly among elderly patients and patients with pre-existing cardiorespiratory conditions [198, 199]. This was demonstrated during an August 2003 heatwave in Europe, when heatwave-attributable mortality reached 14,800, the risk of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests increased by 14%, and hospitalizations significantly increased among asthma patients [200, 201]. Patients with pre-existing cardiorespiratory conditions were most at-risk for heat-related mortality [200, 201]. It is important to consider cardiovascular and respiratory conditions because they are among the most common pre-existing conditions within a progressively aging general population [202, 203, 204, 205]. The specific physiologic processes causing increased mortality in patients with existing cardiovascular conditions during heatwaves are still poorly understood. However, it can be postulated that longer and more severe heatwaves place more strain on the cardiovascular system to maintain physiologic body temperatures via thermoregulation. Additionally, high temperatures are associated with elevated heart rate, increased blood viscosity from dehydration, and higher blood cholesterol levels. These factors together with sub-optimal electrolyte balance and reduced cerebral perfusion place higher demands on the cardiovascular system, which could exacerbate symptoms in vulnerable patients [206, 207].
\n
Respiratory conditions on the other hand could be worsened because of lengthening frost-free periods and increasing levels of dusts and other pollutants in the urban atmosphere [208, 209]. This can be further exacerbated by the simultaneous presence of wildfires (e.g., California or Colorado, Summer 2020) [7, 14, 210, 211]. Evidence suggests that as carbon dioxide levels increase, ragweed (which is ubiquitous in urban communities) flowers earlier and produces 30-90% more pollen [212, 213]. By association, allergic sensitivity may lead to exacerbations of respiratory illness like asthma, but the phenomenon may have other synergistic components that are also directly or indirectly tied to CC [214].
\n
Traditionally, rural communities have offered a relative escape from the smog and heat trapping environment of the city [215]. However, rising global temperatures are diminishing the air quality of rural communities by creating a dry landscape that is prone to wildfires and dust storms [216, 217, 218]. More specifically, particulate matter smaller than 2.5 um (PM2.5), carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, ozone precursors, and other harmful substances are released from wildfires, with various other components present within the cloud of a typical dust storm [154, 219, 220]. Of note, PM2.5 exposure during wildfires has been associated with increases in emergency department and hospital visits related to respiratory illnesses [221], with asthma exacerbations and wheezing in patients 65 and older having the greatest morbidity impact [222]. Evidence of cardiovascular and non-cardiopulmonary morbidity from particulate matter exposure is less consistent, with clear need for further research to better characterize any potential underlying associations [7].
\n
\n
\n
10. Wind disasters
\n
The number and severity of wind disasters appears to be increasing over the past two decades [168, 223, 224]. This connection between CC and increasing number and intensity of major hurricanes and other similar weather events is not fully understood [225], but more recent evidence does support a more causative effect [226, 227]. The current 2020 hurricane season in the United States is among the worst on historical record [228]. Its logistical impact is further compounded by the co-presence of the Novel Coronavirus pandemic [228]. Similar to flood disasters (which may also occur simultaneously), wind disasters and their aftermath may also have significant impact on life within the affected regions [229]. The impact of wind disasters on humans goes far beyond direct physical damage and bodily injuries [230]. Forced human migrations and post-traumatic stress add a massive component of complexity to the overall post-disaster recovery process [231, 232, 233]. Moreover, there seems to be an association between post-traumatic stress following wind disasters and the emergence of cardiovascular and other comorbid disease manifestations (or exacerbations) [231, 234]. Such longer-term manifestation appear to be more pronounced among members of underrepresented minorities, further highlighting issues of social and health-care inequity [231, 235, 236].
\n
\n
\n
11. Climate change: effects on mental health and societal crises
\n
Public health is influenced by a diverse collection of factors, many discussed in earlier sections of this chapter. One of the most under-appreciated factors is the effect of CC on mental health, both directly and indirectly, at both personal and societal levels [237, 238]. One of many subtle manifestations of societal distress is the proposed link between global warming, crop failures, and armed conflict [239, 240]. As a result, we begin to see greater incidence of mass migrations and refugee crises [241, 242]. An associated surge in mental disorders and stress related diseases is inextricably tied to such occurrences [243, 244]. Given the intersectionality of stress related disorders and their effect on the mental health of populations, it is not surprising that many are being pushed to their coping limits when faced with food insecurity, environmental pollution, increasing frequency of natural disasters, crops failures, and economic and political instability [245]. Moreover, long-term effects of such new global status quo are equally difficult to predict [246].
\n
Large scale human migrations due to natural disasters, conflict, famine, or political and economic instability, have been associated with mental health and stress related illnesses across the globe [247, 248, 249]. All population segments are affected, from rich to poor, from urban to rural, from young to old, without exception [250, 251, 252]. Exposures to potentially traumatic events, regardless of the exact nature of the event, are known to cause an increased risk for mental disorders including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) [253, 254, 255]. Associated downstream consequences may include increased incidence of depression and increased suicide rates [256].
\n
Significant proportion of the world’s population does not have sufficient access to mental health support, including both high income regions (HIRs) and low-and-middle-income regions (LMIRs) [257, 258, 259, 260]. Individuals from regions affected by CC (and secondary phenomena related to CC) may find themselves experiencing a myriad of stressors affecting mental health and resulting in various stress related diseases (including substance abuse) [245]. At the personal level, a number of different approaches can be used to effectively manage behavioral health symptoms, including cognitive behavioral therapies, medical-based treatments, as well as short- and long-term coping management therapies, with generally positive outcomes [261, 262]. At the societal level, public health education regarding mental health and wellness is of great importance [263, 264, 265]. Of course, governments and societies must continue to curb and address situations that contribute to ongoing stress and mental health related disorders. This focus in particular is critical to stabilizing populations affected most by CC and related crises [266].
\n
\n
\n
12. Conclusion
\n
Global climate change creates a multifactorial, highly complex matrix of direct and indirect effects that have the potential to threaten international health security. The many domains that synergistically affect human health in the context of CC include environmental pollution, the emergence of invasive species and novel pathogens, food security, wildfires, and a broad range of destructive weather events. Of course, the complete list is much more extensive, and beyond the scope of the current chapter. In summary, the global community must come together to more effectively and more systematically address issues associated with the ongoing CC and its many direct and indirect effects. To pretend that CC “does not exist” will be, simply said, too costly.
\n
\n\n',keywords:"climate change, emerging infectious diseases, global warming, hunger, human migrations, invasive species",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/76220.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/76220.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76220",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76220",totalDownloads:261,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"October 8th 2020",dateReviewed:"February 18th 2021",datePrePublished:"April 10th 2021",datePublished:null,dateFinished:"April 10th 2021",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Climate change (CC) can be defined as a long-term shift in global, continental, and/or local climate patterns. Although many equate CC to the rise in global temperatures, the issue is much more complicated and involves a large number of interconnected factors. Among some of the less discussed considerations of CC are its effects on a broad range of public health issues, including the emergence of novel infectious diseases, the encroachment of infectious disease vectors into previously unaffected geographic distributions, and crop failures resulting in threats of malnutrition and mass migration. This chapter will be devoted to key issues related to CC in the context of international health security (IHS).",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/76220",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/76220",signatures:"Vikas Yellapu, Samuel Malan, Brandon Merkert, Hetal Kharecha, Ambreen Alam and Stanislaw P. Stawicki",book:{id:"11113",type:"book",title:"Contemporary Developments and Perspectives in International Health Security - Volume 3",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Contemporary Developments and Perspectives in International Health Security - Volume 3",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Stanislaw P. Stawicki and Prof. Ricardo Izurieta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11113.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-83969-837-8",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-836-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-838-5",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Methodology",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Environmental pollution: air and water",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. Climate change: increase in allergens",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5",title:"5. Vector borne diseases and climate change",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6",title:"6. Food and water borne diseases",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7",title:"7. Food security",level:"1"},{id:"sec_8",title:"8. Flooding and flood-related events",level:"1"},{id:"sec_9",title:"9. Wildfires",level:"1"},{id:"sec_10",title:"10. Wind disasters",level:"1"},{id:"sec_11",title:"11. Climate change: effects on mental health and societal crises",level:"1"},{id:"sec_12",title:"12. Conclusion",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'\nVandenBerghe, L., The Significance of Humans in the Universe: The Purpose and Meaning of Life. 2019: AuthorHouse.\n'},{id:"B2",body:'\nEldredge, N., The miner\'s canary: Unraveling the mysteries of extinction. Vol. 13. 1994: Princeton University Press.\n'},{id:"B3",body:'\nMalm, A., Fossil capital: The rise of steam power and the roots of global warming. 2016: Verso Books.\n'},{id:"B4",body:'\nHerzog, H., E. Drake, and E. Adams, CO2 capture, reuse, and storage technologies for mitigating global climate change. A white paper, 1997: p. 1-70.\n'},{id:"B5",body:'\nGiorgi, F. and P. Lionello, Climate change projections for the Mediterranean region. Global and planetary change, 2008. 63(2-3): p. 90-104.\n'},{id:"B6",body:'\nHarvey, B.J., Human-caused climate change is now a key driver of forest fire activity in the western United States. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2016. 113(42): p. 11649-11650.\n'},{id:"B7",body:'\nLe, N.K., et al., International Health Security: A Summative Assessment by ACAIM Consensus Group, in Contemporary Developments and Perspectives in International Health Security-Volume 1. 2020, IntechOpen.\n'},{id:"B8",body:'\nSikka, V., et al., The emergence of Zika virus as a global health security threat: a review and a consensus statement of the INDUSEM Joint Working Group (JWG). Journal of global infectious diseases, 2016. 8(1): p. 3.\n'},{id:"B9",body:'\nGao, J., et al., Haze, public health and mitigation measures in China: A review of the current evidence for further policy response. Science of the Total Environment, 2017. 578: p. 148-157.\n'},{id:"B10",body:'\nde Prado Bert, P., et al., The effects of air pollution on the brain: a review of studies interfacing environmental epidemiology and neuroimaging. Current environmental health reports, 2018. 5(3): p. 351-364.\n'},{id:"B11",body:'\nDuan, R.-R., K. Hao, and T. Yang, Air pollution and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chronic Diseases and Translational Medicine, 2020.\n'},{id:"B12",body:'\nKlepac, P., et al., Ambient air pollution and pregnancy outcomes: A comprehensive review and identification of environmental public health challenges. Environmental research, 2018. 167: p. 144-159.\n'},{id:"B13",body:'\nAkhtar, R. and C. Palagiano, Climate Change and Air Pollution: An Introduction, in Climate Change and Air Pollution. 2018, Springer. p. 3-8.\n'},{id:"B14",body:'\nLe, N.K., et al., What\'s new in Academic International Medicine? International health security agenda–Expanded and re-defined. International Journal of Academic Medicine, 2020. 6(3): p. 163.\n'},{id:"B15",body:'\nDickey, J.H., Selected topics related to occupational exposures Part VII. Air pollution: Overview of sources and health effects. Disease-a-month, 2000. 46(9): p. 566-589.\n'},{id:"B16",body:'\nAssociation, A.L., Urban air pollution and health inequities: a workshop report. Environmental Health Perspectives, 2001. 109(suppl 3): p. 357-374.\n'},{id:"B17",body:'\nTham, K.W., Indoor air quality and its effects on humans—A review of challenges and developments in the last 30 years. Energy and Buildings, 2016. 130: p. 637-650.\n'},{id:"B18",body:'\nJones, A.P., Indoor air quality and health. Atmospheric environment, 1999. 33(28): p. 4535-4564.\n'},{id:"B19",body:'\nKim, K.-H., E. Kabir, and S. Ara Jahan, A review of the consequences of global climate change on human health. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C, 2014. 32(3): p. 299-318.\n'},{id:"B20",body:'\nLeggett, J.A., Evolving Assessments of Human and Natural Contributions to Climate Change. 2018: Congressional Research Service.\n'},{id:"B21",body:'\nVilar, L., et al., Modeling temporal changes in human-caused wildfires in Mediterranean Europe based on land use-land cover interfaces. Forest Ecology and Management, 2016. 378: p. 68-78.\n'},{id:"B22",body:'\nCourse, A.C., Cannabis in California—.\n\n'},{id:"B23",body:'\nGilliland, F., et al., The effects of policy-driven air quality improvements on children’s respiratory health. Research Reports: Health Effects Institute, 2017. 2017.\n'},{id:"B24",body:'\nHogrefe, C., et al., Simulating changes in regional air pollution over the eastern United States due to changes in global and regional climate and emissions. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2004. 109(D22).\n'},{id:"B25",body:'\nFaiz, A., Automotive air pollution: Issues and options for developing countries. Vol. 492. 1990: World Bank Publications.\n'},{id:"B26",body:'\nMolina, M.J. and L.T. Molina, Megacities and atmospheric pollution. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2004. 54(6): p. 644-680.\n'},{id:"B27",body:'\nFenger, J., Urban air quality. Atmospheric environment, 1999. 33(29): p. 4877-4900.\n'},{id:"B28",body:'\nDabberdt, W.F., et al., Meteorological research needs for improved air quality forecasting: Report of the 11th Prospectus Development Team of the US Weather Research Program. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 2004. 85(4): p. 563-586.\n'},{id:"B29",body:'\nElsom, D., Smog alert: managing urban air quality. 2014: Routledge.\n'},{id:"B30",body:'\nKim, J.J., Ambient air pollution: health hazards to children. Pediatrics, 2004. 114(6): p. 1699-1707.\n'},{id:"B31",body:'\nTatone, G. and D. Holland, Neville Island. Images of America. 2008, Charleston, SC: Arcadia Pub. 127 p.\n'},{id:"B32",body:'\nGilliland, F., et al., The Effects of Policy-Driven Air Quality Improvements on Children\'s Respiratory Health. Res Rep Health Eff Inst, 2017(190): p. 1-75.\n'},{id:"B33",body:'\nGoodell, M.Z., The Island : Neville island in the 1960s: an eden on the Ohio. 2014, Bloomington, IN: ArchwayPub. pages cm.\n'},{id:"B34",body:'\nCramer, J.C., Population growth and local air pollution: methods, models, and results. Population and Development Review, 2002. 28: p. 22-52.\n'},{id:"B35",body:'\nChen, T.-M., et al., Outdoor air pollution: overview and historical perspective. The American journal of the medical sciences, 2007. 333(4): p. 230-234.\n'},{id:"B36",body:'\nHandl, G., International efforts to protect the global atmosphere: A case of too little, too late. Eur. J. Int\'l L., 1990. 1: p. 250.\n'},{id:"B37",body:'\nLurmann, F., E. Avol, and F. Gilliland, Emissions reduction policies and recent trends in Southern California’s ambient air quality. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2015. 65(3): p. 324-335.\n'},{id:"B38",body:'\nMcMichael, A.J., The urban environment and health in a world of increasing globalization: issues for developing countries. Bulletin of the world Health Organization, 2000. 78: p. 1117-1126.\n'},{id:"B39",body:'\nWei, Y., et al., Uncovering the culprits of air pollution: Evidence from China\'s economic sectors and regional heterogeneities. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2018. 171: p. 1481-1493.\n'},{id:"B40",body:'\nHuang, C., et al., Air Pollution Prevention and Control Policy in China. Adv Exp Med Biol, 2017. 1017: p. 243-261.\n'},{id:"B41",body:'\nAhlers, C.D., Wood Burning, Air Pollution, and Climate Change. Envtl. L., 2016. 46: p. 49.\n'},{id:"B42",body:'\nGuo, X., et al., Air quality improvement and health benefit of PM 2.5 reduction from the coal cap policy in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region, China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2018. 25(32): p. 32709-32720.\n'},{id:"B43",body:'\nRhodes, C.J., US withdrawal from the COP21 Paris climate change agreement, and its possible implications. Science Progress, 2017. 100(4): p. 411-419.\n'},{id:"B44",body:'\nSchmidt, C.W., Pollen overload: seasonal allergies in a changing climate. 2016, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.\n'},{id:"B45",body:'\nHyde, H., Atmospheric pollen and spores in relation to allergy. I. Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 1972. 2(2): p. 153-179.\n'},{id:"B46",body:'\nKim, K.-H., S.A. Jahan, and E. Kabir, A review on human health perspective of air pollution with respect to allergies and asthma. Environment international, 2013. 59: p. 41-52.\n'},{id:"B47",body:'\nNazaroff, W.W., Exploring the consequences of climate change for indoor air quality. Environmental Research Letters, 2013. 8(1): p. 015022.\n'},{id:"B48",body:'\nLiaquat, A., et al., Potential emissions reduction in road transport sector using biofuel in developing countries. Atmospheric Environment, 2010. 44(32): p. 3869-3877.\n'},{id:"B49",body:'\nYang, W., G. Yuan, and J. Han, Is China\'s air pollution control policy effective? Evidence from Yangtze River Delta cities. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2019. 220: p. 110-133.\n'},{id:"B50",body:'\nAllen, D.T., Emissions from oil and gas operations in the United States and their air quality implications. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2016. 66(6): p. 549-575.\n'},{id:"B51",body:'\nNortholt, M.D. and L.B. Bullerman, Prevention of mold growth and toxin production through control of environmental conditions. Journal of Food Protection, 1982. 45(6): p. 519-526.\n'},{id:"B52",body:'\nBernard, S.M., et al., The potential impacts of climate variability and change on air pollution-related health effects in the United States. Environmental health perspectives, 2001. 109(suppl 2): p. 199-209.\n'},{id:"B53",body:'\nSingh, J., Toxic moulds and indoor air quality. Indoor and Built Environment, 2005. 14(3-4): p. 229-234.\n'},{id:"B54",body:'\nMa, H. and P.T. Kovanen, IgE-dependent generation of foam cells: an immune mechanism involving degranulation of sensitized mast cells with resultant uptake of LDL by macrophages. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology, 1995. 15(6): p. 811-819.\n'},{id:"B55",body:'\nLichtenstein, L.M., Allergy and the immune system. Scientific American, 1993. 269(3): p. 116-124.\n'},{id:"B56",body:'\nHellman, L.T., et al., Tracing the origins of IgE, mast cells, and allergies by studies of wild animals. Frontiers in immunology, 2017. 8: p. 1749.\n'},{id:"B57",body:'\nMandhane, S.N., J.H. Shah, and R. Thennati, Allergic rhinitis: an update on disease, present treatments and future prospects. International immunopharmacology, 2011. 11(11): p. 1646-1662.\n'},{id:"B58",body:'\nDavies, J., Grass pollen allergens globally: the contribution of subtropical grasses to burden of allergic respiratory diseases. Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2014. 44(6): p. 790-801.\n'},{id:"B59",body:'\nShea, K.M., et al., Climate change and allergic disease. Journal of allergy and clinical immunology, 2008. 122(3): p. 443-453.\n'},{id:"B60",body:'\nMatricardi, P.M., et al., The role of mobile health technologies in allergy care: An EAACI position paper. Allergy, 2020. 75(2): p. 259-272.\n'},{id:"B61",body:'\nStawicki, S.P., et al., Academic college of emergency experts in India\'s INDO-US Joint Working Group and OPUS12 foundation consensus statement on creating a coordinated, multi-disciplinary, patient-centered, global point-of-care biomarker discovery network. International journal of critical illness and injury science, 2014. 4(3): p. 200.\n'},{id:"B62",body:'\nKhasnis, A.A. and M.D. Nettleman, Global warming and infectious disease. Archives of medical research, 2005. 36(6): p. 689-696.\n'},{id:"B63",body:'\nSarwar, M., Insect vectors involving in mechanical transmission of human pathogens for serious diseases. Int J Bioinform Biomed Eng, 2015. 1(3): p. 300-306.\n'},{id:"B64",body:'\nChurakov, M., et al., Spatio-temporal dynamics of dengue in Brazil: Seasonal travelling waves and determinants of regional synchrony. PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2019. 13(4): p. e0007012.\n'},{id:"B65",body:'\nCampbell-Lendrum, D., et al., Climate change and vector-borne diseases: what are the implications for public health research and policy? Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2015. 370(1665): p. 20130552.\n'},{id:"B66",body:'\nGray, J., et al., Effects of climate change on ticks and tick-borne diseases in Europe. Interdisciplinary perspectives on infectious diseases, 2009. 2009.\n'},{id:"B67",body:'\nDantas-Torres, F., Climate change, biodiversity, ticks and tick-borne diseases: the butterfly effect. International Journal for Parasitology: parasites and wildlife, 2015. 4(3): p. 452-461.\n'},{id:"B68",body:'\nErgünay, K., Revisiting new tick-associated viruses: what comes next? Future Virology, 2020. 15(1): p. 19-33.\n'},{id:"B69",body:'\nDEMMA, L.J., et al., EPIDEMIOLOGY OF HUMAN EHRLICHIOSIS AND ANAPLASMOSIS IN THE UNITED STATES, 2001-2002. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2005. 73(2): p. 400-409.\n'},{id:"B70",body:'\n\nBabesiosis surveillance - 18 States, 2011. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 2012. 61(27): p. 505-9.\n'},{id:"B71",body:'\nYendell, S.J., M. Fischer, and J.E. Staples, Colorado tick fever in the United States, 2002-2012. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, 2015. 15(5): p. 311-316.\n'},{id:"B72",body:'\nAppannanavar, S.B. and B. Mishra, An update on Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever. Journal of global infectious diseases, 2011. 3(3): p. 285.\n'},{id:"B73",body:'\nBente, D.A., et al., Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: history, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical syndrome and genetic diversity. Antiviral research, 2013. 100(1): p. 159-189.\n'},{id:"B74",body:'\nBrault, A.C., et al., Heartland virus epidemiology, vector association, and disease potential. Viruses, 2018. 10(9): p. 498.\n'},{id:"B75",body:'\nPastula, D.M., et al., Notes from the field: Heartland virus disease-United States, 2012-2013. MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report, 2014. 63(12): p. 270-271.\n'},{id:"B76",body:'\nGritsun, T., P. Nuttall, and E.A. Gould, Tick-borne flaviviruses, in Advances in virus research. 2003, Elsevier. p. 317-371.\n'},{id:"B77",body:'\nKemenesi, G. and K. Bányai, Tick-borne flaviviruses, with a focus on powassan virus. Clinical microbiology reviews, 2018. 32(1).\n'},{id:"B78",body:'\nPattnaik, P., Kyasanur forest disease: an epidemiological view in India. Reviews in medical virology, 2006. 16(3): p. 151-165.\n'},{id:"B79",body:'\nNORD. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever. 2020 October 8, 2020]; Available from: https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/rocky-mountain-spotted-fever/.\n'},{id:"B80",body:'\nPhillips, J., Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Workplace Health & Safety, 2017. 65(1): p. 48-48.\n'},{id:"B81",body:'\nJensenius, M., et al., African tick bite fever. The Lancet infectious diseases, 2003. 3(9): p. 557-564.\n'},{id:"B82",body:'\nRovery, C. and D. Raoult, Mediterranean spotted fever. Infectious disease clinics of North America, 2008. 22(3): p. 515-530.\n'},{id:"B83",body:'\nParola, P., et al., Update on tick-borne rickettsioses around the world: a geographic approach. Clinical microbiology reviews, 2013. 26(4): p. 657-702.\n'},{id:"B84",body:'\nStewart, A., et al., Rickettsia australis and Queensland tick typhus: a rickettsial spotted fever group infection in Australia. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 2017. 97(1): p. 24-29.\n'},{id:"B85",body:'\nHarik, N.S., Tularemia: epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Pediatric Annals, 2013. 42(7): p. 288-292.\n'},{id:"B86",body:'\nGürcan, Ş., Epidemiology of tularemia. Balkan medical journal, 2014. 31(1): p. 3.\n'},{id:"B87",body:'\nMueller, I., P.A. Zimmerman, and J.C. Reeder, Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale–the ‘bashful’malaria parasites. Trends in parasitology, 2007. 23(6): p. 278-283.\n'},{id:"B88",body:'\nCollins, W.E. and G.M. Jeffery, Plasmodium malariae: parasite and disease. Clinical microbiology reviews, 2007. 20(4): p. 579-592.\n'},{id:"B89",body:'\nHopp, M.J. and J.A. Foley, Global-scale relationships between climate and the dengue fever vector, Aedes aegypti. Climatic change, 2001. 48(2-3): p. 441-463.\n'},{id:"B90",body:'\nHopp, M.J. and J.A. Foley, Worldwide fluctuations in dengue fever cases related to climate variability. Climate Research, 2003. 25(1): p. 85-94.\n'},{id:"B91",body:'\nChristophers, S.R., Aedes aegypti: the yellow fever mosquito. 1960: CUP Archive.\n'},{id:"B92",body:'\nBrunette, G.W., CDC Yellow Book 2018: health information for international travel. 2017: Oxford University Press.\n'},{id:"B93",body:'\nRossi, S.L., T.M. Ross, and J.D. Evans, West nile virus. Clinics in laboratory medicine, 2010. 30(1): p. 47-65.\n'},{id:"B94",body:'\nHayes, E.B., et al., Epidemiology and transmission dynamics of West Nile virus disease. Emerging infectious diseases, 2005. 11(8): p. 1167.\n'},{id:"B95",body:'\nCampbell, G.L., et al., West nile virus. The Lancet infectious diseases, 2002. 2(9): p. 519-529.\n'},{id:"B96",body:'\nHills, S.L., M. Fischer, and L.R. Petersen, Epidemiology of Zika virus infection. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2017. 216(suppl_10): p. S868-S874.\n'},{id:"B97",body:'\nDuffy, M.R., et al., Zika virus outbreak on Yap Island, federated states of Micronesia. New England Journal of Medicine, 2009. 360(24): p. 2536-2543.\n'},{id:"B98",body:'\nZulfiqar, H., A. Waheed, and A. Malik, Bancroftian Filariasis, in StatPearls [Internet]. 2019, StatPearls Publishing.\n'},{id:"B99",body:'\nGrimstad, P.R., et al., Jamestown Canyon virus (California serogroup) is the etiologic agent of widespread infection in Michigan humans. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 1986. 35(2): p. 376-386.\n'},{id:"B100",body:'\nPastula, D.M., et al., Jamestown Canyon virus disease in the United States—2000-2013. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 2015. 93(2): p. 384-389.\n'},{id:"B101",body:'\nLinthicum, K.J., et al., Climate and satellite indicators to forecast Rift Valley fever epidemics in Kenya. Science, 1999. 285(5426): p. 397-400.\n'},{id:"B102",body:'\nAnyamba, A., et al., Prediction of a Rift Valley fever outbreak. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2009. 106(3): p. 955-959.\n'},{id:"B103",body:'\nJupp, P. and B. McIntosh, Chikungunya virus disease. The arboviruses: epidemiology and ecology, 1988. 2: p. 137-157.\n'},{id:"B104",body:'\nSchwartz, O. and M.L. Albert, Biology and pathogenesis of chikungunya virus. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 2010. 8(7): p. 491-500.\n'},{id:"B105",body:'\nArmstrong, P.M. and T.G. Andreadis, Eastern equine encephalitis virus—old enemy, new threat. N Engl J Med, 2013. 368(18): p. 1670-3.\n'},{id:"B106",body:'\nArmstrong, P.M. and T.G. Andreadis, Eastern equine encephalitis virus in mosquitoes and their role as bridge vectors. Emerging infectious diseases, 2010. 16(12): p. 1869.\n'},{id:"B107",body:'\nEndy, T. and A. Nisalak, Japanese encephalitis virus: ecology and epidemiology, in Japanese encephalitis and West Nile viruses. 2002, Springer. p. 11-48.\n'},{id:"B108",body:'\nSolomon, T., et al., Origin and evolution of Japanese encephalitis virus in southeast Asia. Journal of virology, 2003. 77(5): p. 3091-3098.\n'},{id:"B109",body:'\nSolomon, T., et al., Poliomyelitis-like illness due to Japanese encephalitis virus. The Lancet, 1998. 351(9109): p. 1094-1097.\n'},{id:"B110",body:'\nBurkot, T. and G. Defollart, Bloodmeal sources of Aedes triseriatus and Aedes vexans in a southern Wisconsin forest endemic for La Crosse encephalitis virus. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 1982. 31(2): p. 376-381.\n'},{id:"B111",body:'\nNasci, R.S., et al., La Crosse encephalitis virus habitat associations in Nicholas County, West Virginia. Journal of medical entomology, 2000. 37(4): p. 559-570.\n'},{id:"B112",body:'\nLee, J.-H., et al., Simultaneous detection of three mosquito-borne encephalitis viruses (eastern equine, La Crosse, and St. Louis) with a single-tube multiplex reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association-Mosquito News, 2002. 18(1): p. 26-31.\n'},{id:"B113",body:'\nWu, X., et al., Impact of climate change on human infectious diseases: Empirical evidence and human adaptation. Environment international, 2016. 86: p. 14-23.\n'},{id:"B114",body:'\nAlphey, L., et al., Sterile-insect methods for control of mosquito-borne diseases: an analysis. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, 2010. 10(3): p. 295-311.\n'},{id:"B115",body:'\nGubler, D.J., et al., Climate variability and change in the United States: potential impacts on vector-and rodent-borne diseases. Environmental health perspectives, 2001. 109(suppl 2): p. 223-233.\n'},{id:"B116",body:'\nYasuoka, J., et al., Impact of education on knowledge, agricultural practices, and community actions for mosquito control and mosquito-borne disease prevention in rice ecosystems in Sri Lanka. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 2006. 74(6): p. 1034-1042.\n'},{id:"B117",body:'\nTolle, M.A., Mosquito-borne diseases. Current problems in pediatric and adolescent health care, 2009. 39(4): p. 97-140.\n'},{id:"B118",body:'\nAli, S., et al., Climate Change and Its Impact on the Yield of Major Food Crops: Evidence from Pakistan. Foods (Basel, Switzerland), 2017. 6(6): p. 39.\n'},{id:"B119",body:'\nOlesen, J.E. and M. Bindi, Consequences of climate change for European agricultural productivity, land use and policy. European journal of agronomy, 2002. 16(4): p. 239-262.\n'},{id:"B120",body:'\nRathmann, R., A. Szklo, and R. Schaeffer, Land use competition for production of food and liquid biofuels: An analysis of the arguments in the current debate. Renewable Energy, 2010. 35(1): p. 14-22.\n'},{id:"B121",body:'\nYellapu, V., et al., Key factors in antibiotic resistance. Journal of Global Infectious Diseases, 2019. 11(4): p. 163.\n'},{id:"B122",body:'\nMarshall, B.M. and S.B. Levy, Food animals and antimicrobials: impacts on human health. Clinical microbiology reviews, 2011. 24(4): p. 718-733.\n'},{id:"B123",body:'\nDossey, A., J. Tatum, and W. McGill, Modern insect-based food industry: current status, insect processing technology, and recommendations moving forward, in Insects as sustainable food ingredients. 2016, Elsevier. p. 113-152.\n'},{id:"B124",body:'\nGuo, Y., et al., Nano-bacterial cellulose/soy protein isolate complex gel as fat substitutes in ice cream model. Carbohydrate polymers, 2018. 198: p. 620-630.\n'},{id:"B125",body:'\nHashempour-Baltork, F., et al., Mycoproteins as safe meat substitutes. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2020. 253: p. 119958.\n'},{id:"B126",body:'\nNewmark, P., Meat substitutes: Fungal food. Nature, 1980. 287(5777): p. 6-6.\n'},{id:"B127",body:'\nMayhall, T.A., The Meat of the Matter: Regulating a Laboratory-Grown Alternative. Food & Drug LJ, 2019. 74: p. 151.\n'},{id:"B128",body:'\nMouat, M.J., R. Prince, and M.M. Roche, Making value out of ethics: The emerging economic geography of lab-grown meat and other animal-free food products. Economic Geography, 2019. 95(2): p. 136-158.\n'},{id:"B129",body:'\nJoffre, T. Starving Yemenis find food source in massive locust outbreak. 2019 Oct 28, 2020]; Available from: https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/starving-yemenis-find-food-source-in-massive-locust-outbreak-591426.\n'},{id:"B130",body:'\nBryan, F.L. and M.P. Doyle, Health Risks and Consequences of Salmonella and Campylobacter jejuni in Raw Poultry. Journal of Food Protection, 1995. 58(3): p. 326-344.\n'},{id:"B131",body:'\nWhite, P., A. Baker, and W. James, Strategies to control Salmonella and Campylobacter in raw poultry products. Revue scientifique et technique-Office international des épizooties, 1997. 16: p. 525-541.\n'},{id:"B132",body:'\nCissé, G., Food-borne and water-borne diseases under climate change in low-and middle-income countries: Further efforts needed for reducing environmental health exposure risks. Acta tropica, 2019. 194: p. 181-188.\n'},{id:"B133",body:'\nCissé, G., et al., Vulnerabilities of water and sanitation at households and community levels in face of climate variability and change: trends from historical climate time series in a West African medium-sized town. International Journal of Global Environmental Issues, 2016. 15(1-2): p. 81-99.\n'},{id:"B134",body:'\nWalker, J., The influence of climate change on waterborne disease and Legionella: a review. Perspectives in public health, 2018. 138(5): p. 282-286.\n'},{id:"B135",body:'\nWu, X., et al., Impact of global change on transmission of human infectious diseases. Science China Earth Sciences, 2014. 57(2): p. 189-203.\n'},{id:"B136",body:'\nZiervogel, G., et al., Climate variability and change: Implications for household food security. Assessment of Impacts and Adaptations to Climate Change (AIACC): Washington, DC, USA, 2006.\n'},{id:"B137",body:'\nReddy, P.P., Climate resilient agriculture for ensuring food security. Vol. 373. 2015: Springer.\n'},{id:"B138",body:'\nLioubimtseva, E. and G.M. Henebry, Climate and environmental change in arid Central Asia: Impacts, vulnerability, and adaptations. Journal of Arid Environments, 2009. 73(11): p. 963-977.\n'},{id:"B139",body:'\nEdame, G.E., et al., Climate change, food security and agricultural productivity in Africa: Issues and policy directions. International journal of humanities and social science, 2011. 1(21): p. 205-223.\n'},{id:"B140",body:'\nWegener, H.C., Antibiotics in animal feed and their role in resistance development. Current opinion in microbiology, 2003. 6(5): p. 439-445.\n'},{id:"B141",body:'\nBarton, M.D., Antibiotic use in animal feed and its impact on human health. Nutrition research reviews, 2000. 13(2): p. 279-299.\n'},{id:"B142",body:'\nFranklin, A.M., et al., Antibiotics in agroecosystems: introduction to the special section. Journal of environmental quality, 2016. 45(2): p. 377-393.\n'},{id:"B143",body:'\nIwu, C.D., L. Korsten, and A.I. Okoh, The incidence of antibiotic resistance within and beyond the agricultural ecosystem: A concern for public health. MicrobiologyOpen, 2020: p. e1035.\n'},{id:"B144",body:'\nManyi-Loh, C., et al., Antibiotic Use in Agriculture and Its Consequential Resistance in Environmental Sources: Potential Public Health Implications. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 2018. 23(4): p. 795.\n'},{id:"B145",body:'\nLaxminarayan, R., et al., Antibiotic resistance—the need for global solutions. The Lancet infectious diseases, 2013. 13(12): p. 1057-1098.\n'},{id:"B146",body:'\nFinch, R. and P. Hunter, Antibiotic resistance—action to promote new technologies: report of an EU Intergovernmental Conference held in Birmingham, UK, 12-13 December 2005. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 2006. 58(suppl_1): p. i3-i22.\n'},{id:"B147",body:'\nSzekeres, E., et al., Investigating antibiotics, antibiotic resistance genes, and microbial contaminants in groundwater in relation to the proximity of urban areas. Environmental Pollution, 2018. 236: p. 734-744.\n'},{id:"B148",body:'\nSegura, P.A., et al., Review of the occurrence of anti-infectives in contaminated wastewaters and natural and drinking waters. Environmental health perspectives, 2009. 117(5): p. 675-684.\n'},{id:"B149",body:'\nMacFadden, D.R., et al., Antibiotic resistance increases with local temperature.Nature Climate Change, 2018. 8(6): p. 510-514.\n'},{id:"B150",body:'\nBlair, J.M., A climate for antibiotic resistance. Nature Climate Change, 2018. 8(6): p. 460-461.\n'},{id:"B151",body:'\nAkhtar, A.Z., et al., Health professionals\' roles in animal agriculture, climate change, and human health. American journal of preventive medicine, 2009. 36(2): p. 182-187.\n'},{id:"B152",body:'\nSpringmann, M., et al., Global and regional health effects of future food production under climate change: a modelling study. Lancet, 2016. 387(10031): p. 1937-46.\n'},{id:"B153",body:'\nDespommier, D., The vertical farm: feeding the world in the 21st century. 2010: Macmillan.\n'},{id:"B154",body:'\nHill, M.K., Understanding environmental pollution. 2020: Cambridge University Press.\n'},{id:"B155",body:'\nAhmed, N., S. Thompson, and M. Glaser, Global aquaculture productivity, environmental sustainability, and climate change adaptability. Environmental management, 2019. 63(2): p. 159-172.\n'},{id:"B156",body:'\nClements, J.C. and T. Chopin, Ocean acidification and marine aquaculture in North America: potential impacts and mitigation strategies. Reviews in Aquaculture, 2017. 9(4): p. 326-341.\n'},{id:"B157",body:'\nPhlips, E.J., et al., Hurricanes, El Niño and harmful algal blooms in two sub-tropical Florida estuaries: Direct and indirect impacts. Scientific reports, 2020. 10(1): p. 1-12.\n'},{id:"B158",body:'\nKundzewicz, Z.W., et al., Flood risk and climate change: global and regional perspectives. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 2014. 59(1): p. 1-28.\n'},{id:"B159",body:'\nVan Aalst, M.K., The impacts of climate change on the risk of natural disasters. Disasters, 2006. 30(1): p. 5-18.\n'},{id:"B160",body:'\nAgrawala, S., et al., Development and climate change in Bangladesh: focus on coastal flooding and the Sundarbans. 2003: Citeseer.\n'},{id:"B161",body:'\nBrammer, H., Bangladesh’s dynamic coastal regions and sea-level rise. Climate Risk Management, 2014. 1: p. 51-62.\n'},{id:"B162",body:'\nThanvisitthpon, N., S. Shrestha, and I. Pal, Urban flooding and climate change: a case study of Bangkok, Thailand. Environment and Urbanization ASIA, 2018. 9(1): p. 86-100.\n'},{id:"B163",body:'\nCarbognin, L., et al., Global change and relative sea level rise at Venice: what impact in term of flooding. Climate Dynamics, 2010. 35(6): p. 1039-1047.\n'},{id:"B164",body:'\nWdowinski, S., et al., Increasing flooding hazard in coastal communities due to rising sea level: Case study of Miami Beach, Florida. Ocean & Coastal Management, 2016. 126: p. 1-8.\n'},{id:"B165",body:'\nZaalberg, R., et al., Prevention, adaptation, and threat denial: Flooding experiences in the Netherlands. Risk Analysis: An International Journal, 2009. 29(12): p. 1759-1778.\n'},{id:"B166",body:'\nMcCann, D.G., A. Moore, and M.-E. Walker, The water/health nexus in disaster medicine: I. Drought versus flood. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 2011. 3(6): p. 480-485.\n'},{id:"B167",body:'\nSivakumar, M.V., Impacts of natural disasters in agriculture: An overview. World Meteorological Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland, 2014.\n'},{id:"B168",body:'\nMarchigiani, R., et al., Wind disasters: A comprehensive review of current management strategies. International journal of critical illness and injury science, 2013. 3(2): p. 130.\n'},{id:"B169",body:'\nHunter, P.R., Climate change and waterborne and vector-borne disease. Journal of applied microbiology, 2003. 94: p. 37-46.\n'},{id:"B170",body:'\nDavies, G.I., et al., Water-borne diseases and extreme weather events in Cambodia: Review of impacts and implications of climate change. International journal of environmental research and public health, 2015. 12(1): p. 191-213.\n'},{id:"B171",body:'\nWhite, I., Water and the city: Risk, resilience and planning for a sustainable future. 2013: Routledge.\n'},{id:"B172",body:'\nPrice-Smith, A.T., The health of nations: infectious disease, environmental change, and their effects on national security and development. 2001: Mit Press.\n'},{id:"B173",body:'\nRahman, S.U., Impacts of flood on the lives and livelyhoods of people in Bangladesh: A case study of a village in Manikganj district. 2014, BRAC University.\n'},{id:"B174",body:'\nRamachandra, T. and P.P. Mujumdar, Urban floods: Case study of Bangalore. Disaster Dev, 2009. 3(2): p. 1-98.\n'},{id:"B175",body:'\nLevy, K., et al., Untangling the impacts of climate change on waterborne diseases: a systematic review of relationships between diarrheal diseases and temperature, rainfall, flooding, and drought. Environmental science & technology, 2016. 50(10): p. 4905-4922.\n'},{id:"B176",body:'\nTen Veldhuis, J., et al., Microbial risks associated with exposure to pathogens in contaminated urban flood water. Water research, 2010. 44(9): p. 2910-2918.\n'},{id:"B177",body:'\nNasci, R.S. and C.G. Moore, Vector-borne disease surveillance and natural disasters. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 1998. 4(2): p. 333.\n'},{id:"B178",body:'\nAnyamba, A., et al., Prediction, assessment of the Rift Valley fever activity in East and Southern Africa 2006-2008 and possible vector control strategies. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 2010. 83(2_Suppl): p. 43-51.\n'},{id:"B179",body:'\nKouadio, I.K., et al., Infectious diseases following natural disasters: prevention and control measures. Expert review of anti-infective therapy, 2012. 10(1): p. 95-104.\n'},{id:"B180",body:'\nAdeloye, A.J. and R. Rustum, Lagos (Nigeria) flooding and influence of urban planning. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Urban Design and Planning, 2011. 164(3): p. 175-187.\n'},{id:"B181",body:'\nLandesman, L.Y., Public health management of disasters: the practice guide. 2005: American public health association.\n'},{id:"B182",body:'\nCash, R.A., et al., Reducing the health effect of natural hazards in Bangladesh. The Lancet, 2013. 382(9910): p. 2094-2103.\n'},{id:"B183",body:'\nChan, N.W., Impacts of disasters and disaster risk management in Malaysia: The case of floods, in Resilience and recovery in Asian disasters. 2015, Springer. p. 239-265.\n'},{id:"B184",body:'\nPelling, M., et al., Reducing disaster risk: a challenge for development. 2004.\n'},{id:"B185",body:'\nLe, N.K., et al., International Health Security: A Summative Assessment by ACAIM Consensus Group, in Contemporary Developments and Perspectives in International Health Security - Volume 1. 2020, IntechOpen: London, UK. p. 1-34.\n'},{id:"B186",body:'\nO’Neill, M.S. and K.L. Ebi, Temperature extremes and health: impacts of climate variability and change in the United States. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 2009. 51(1): p. 13-25.\n'},{id:"B187",body:'\nMarsa, L., Fevered: Why a Hotter Planet Will Hurt Our Health-and How We Can Save Ourselves. 2013: Rodale.\n'},{id:"B188",body:'\nReddy, P.P., Impacts of climate change on agriculture, in Climate resilient agriculture for ensuring food security. 2015, Springer. p. 43-90.\n'},{id:"B189",body:'\nLippsett, L. and G. Warming, Storms, Floods, and Droughts. Oceanus, 2012. 49(3): p. 20.\n'},{id:"B190",body:'\nGoudie, A.S., Dust storms: Recent developments. Journal of environmental management, 2009. 90(1): p. 89-94.\n'},{id:"B191",body:'\nPeng, W., et al., A review of historical and recent locust outbreaks: Links to global warming, food security and mitigation strategies. Environmental Research, 2020. 191: p. 110046.\n'},{id:"B192",body:'\nNadal-Sala, D., et al., Global warming likely to enhance black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) growth in a Mediterranean riparian forest. Forest Ecology and Management, 2019. 449: p. 117448.\n'},{id:"B193",body:'\nSalih, A.A., et al., Climate change and locust outbreak in East Africa. Nature Climate Change, 2020. 10(7): p. 584-585.\n'},{id:"B194",body:'\nSun, Q., et al., Global heat stress on health, wildfires, and agricultural crops under different levels of climate warming. Environment international, 2019. 128: p. 125-136.\n'},{id:"B195",body:'\nRappold, A.G., et al., Forecast-based interventions can reduce the health and economic burden of wildfires. Environmental science & technology, 2014. 48(18): p. 10571-10579.\n'},{id:"B196",body:'\nDella-Marta, P.M., et al., Doubled length of western European summer heat waves since 1880. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2007. 112(D15).\n'},{id:"B197",body:'\nKent, S.T., et al., Heat waves and health outcomes in Alabama (USA): the importance of heat wave definition. Environmental health perspectives, 2014. 122(2): p. 151-158.\n'},{id:"B198",body:'\nSmith, T.T., B.F. Zaitchik, and J.M. Gohlke, Heat waves in the United States: definitions, patterns and trends. Climatic change, 2013. 118(3-4): p. 811-825.\n'},{id:"B199",body:'\nAnderson, G.B. and M.L. Bell, Heat waves in the United States: mortality risk during heat waves and effect modification by heat wave characteristics in 43 US communities. Environmental health perspectives, 2011. 119(2): p. 210-218.\n'},{id:"B200",body:'\nFouillet, A., et al., Excess mortality related to the August 2003 heat wave in France. International archives of occupational and environmental health, 2006. 80(1): p. 16-24.\n'},{id:"B201",body:'\nJohnson, H., et al., The impact of the 2003 heat wave on daily mortality in England and Wales and the use of rapid weekly mortality estimates. Euro surveillance: bulletin européen sur les maladies transmissibles= European communicable disease bulletin, 2005. 10(7): p. 168-171.\n'},{id:"B202",body:'\nStawicki, S.P., et al., Comorbidity polypharmacy score and its clinical utility: A pragmatic practitioner\'s perspective. Journal of emergencies, trauma, and shock, 2015. 8(4): p. 224.\n'},{id:"B203",body:'\nMubang, R.N., et al., Comorbidity–Polypharmacy Score as predictor of outcomes in older trauma patients: a retrospective validation study. World journal of surgery, 2015. 39(8): p. 2068-2075.\n'},{id:"B204",body:'\nTolentino, J.C., et al., Comorbidity-polypharmacy score predicts readmissions and in-hospital mortality: A six-hospital health network experience. Journal of Basic and Clinical Pharmacy, 2017. 8(3).\n'},{id:"B205",body:'\nCohen, M.S., et al., Patient frailty: Key considerations, definitions, and practical implications. Challenges in Elder Care, 2016: p. 9.\n'},{id:"B206",body:'\nKeatinge, W.R., et al., Increased platelet and red cell counts, blood viscosity, and plasma cholesterol levels during heat stress, and mortality from coronary and cerebral thrombosis. The American journal of medicine, 1986. 81(5): p. 795-800.\n'},{id:"B207",body:'\nKenny, G.P., et al., Heat stress in older individuals and patients with common chronic diseases. Cmaj, 2010. 182(10): p. 1053-1060.\n'},{id:"B208",body:'\nSzema, A.M., Asthma, hay fever, pollen, and climate change, in Global Climate Change and Public Health. 2014, Springer. p. 155-165.\n'},{id:"B209",body:'\nSmith, J.B. and D.A. Tirpak, The potential effects of global climate change on the United States: Report to Congress. Vol. 1. 1989: US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Policy, Planning, and ….\n'},{id:"B210",body:'\nKunzli, N., et al., Health effects of the 2003 Southern California wildfires on children. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 2006. 174(11): p. 1221-1228.\n'},{id:"B211",body:'\nFriedli, H., et al., Volatile organic trace gases emitted from North American wildfires. Global biogeochemical cycles, 2001. 15(2): p. 435-452.\n'},{id:"B212",body:'\nEasterling, D.R., Recent changes in frost days and the frost-free season in the United States. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 2002. 83(9): p. 1327-1332.\n'},{id:"B213",body:'\nMatyasovszky, I., et al., Biogeographical drivers of ragweed pollen concentrations in Europe. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 2018. 133(1-2): p. 277-295.\n'},{id:"B214",body:'\nDougherty, R. and J.V. Fahy, Acute exacerbations of asthma: epidemiology, biology and the exacerbation-prone phenotype. Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2009. 39(2): p. 193-202.\n'},{id:"B215",body:'\nForman, R.T., Urban ecology: science of cities. 2014: Cambridge University Press.\n'},{id:"B216",body:'\nDoerr, S.H. and C. Santín, Global trends in wildfire and its impacts: perceptions versus realities in a changing world. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences, 2016. 371(1696): p. 20150345.\n'},{id:"B217",body:'\nKelly, F.J. and J.C. Fussell, Global nature of airborne particle toxicity and health effects: a focus on megacities, wildfires, dust storms and residential biomass burning. Toxicology Research, 2020. 9(4): p. 331-345.\n'},{id:"B218",body:'\nGhasemizadeh, R. and H. Taheri, Monitoring dust storms in drylands using GIS (Case study: Dust storm in Iran, July 2009). 2009.\n'},{id:"B219",body:'\nBari, M.A. and W.B. Kindzierski, Fine particulate matter (PM2. 5) in Edmonton, Canada: Source apportionment and potential risk for human health. Environmental Pollution, 2016. 218: p. 219-229.\n'},{id:"B220",body:'\nTeather, K., et al., Examining the links between air quality, climate change and respiratory health in Qatar. Avicenna, 2013. 2013(1): p. 9.\n'},{id:"B221",body:'\nWettstein, Z.S., et al., Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular emergency department visits associated with wildfire smoke exposure in California in 2015. Journal of the American heart association, 2018. 7(8): p. e007492.\n'},{id:"B222",body:'\nLiu, J.C. and R.D. Peng, The impact of wildfire smoke on compositions of fine particulate matter by ecoregion in the Western US. Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology, 2019. 29(6): p. 765-776.\n'},{id:"B223",body:'\nNordhaus, W.D., The economics of hurricanes and implications of global warming. Climate Change Economics, 2010. 1(01): p. 1-20.\n'},{id:"B224",body:'\nTamura, Y. and S. Cao, International group for wind-related disaster risk reduction (IG-WRDRR). Journal of wind engineering and industrial aerodynamics, 2012. 104: p. 3-11.\n'},{id:"B225",body:'\nPielke Jr, R.A., et al., Hurricanes and global warming. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 2005. 86(11): p. 1571-1576.\n'},{id:"B226",body:'\nGonzález-Alemán, J.J., et al., Potential increase in hazard from Mediterranean hurricane activity with global warming. Geophysical Research Letters, 2019. 46(3): p. 1754-1764.\n'},{id:"B227",body:'\nChen, X. Relationship Between Global Warming and Hurricanes Wind Speed Based on Analyzing MODIS Remote Sensing Data. in Proceedings of the Sixth International Forum on Decision Sciences. 2020. Springer.\n'},{id:"B228",body:'\nSiegel, V., W.E. Rich, and M. Mahany, 2020 hurricane season during COVID-19. 2020.\n'},{id:"B229",body:'\nFilipe, J.F., et al., Floods, Hurricanes, and Other Catastrophes: A Challenge for the Immune System of Livestock and Other Animals. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 2020. 7: p. 16.\n'},{id:"B230",body:'\nWelch-Devine, M. and B. Orland, Is It Time to Move Away? How Hurricanes Affect Future Plans. International Journal of Mass Emergencies & Disasters, 2020. 38(1).\n'},{id:"B231",body:'\nLenane, Z., et al., Association of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms following Hurricane Katrina with incident cardiovascular disease events among older adults with hypertension. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 2019. 27(3): p. 310-321.\n'},{id:"B232",body:'\nEspinel, Z., et al., Climate-driven Atlantic hurricanes pose rising threats for psychopathology. The Lancet Psychiatry, 2019. 6(9): p. 721-723.\n'},{id:"B233",body:'\nHonoré, R.L., Speaking Truth to Power on How Hurricane Katrina Beat Us. 2020, American Public Health Association.\n'},{id:"B234",body:'\nBecquart, N.A., et al., Cardiovascular disease hospitalizations in Louisiana parishes’ elderly before, during and after hurricane Katrina. International journal of environmental research and public health, 2019. 16(1): p. 74.\n'},{id:"B235",body:'\nRaker, E.J., et al., Twelve years later: The long-term mental health consequences of Hurricane Katrina. Social Science & Medicine, 2019. 242: p. 112610.\n'},{id:"B236",body:'\nCohen, G.H., et al., Improved social services and the burden of post-traumatic stress disorder among economically vulnerable people after a natural disaster: a modelling study. The Lancet Planetary Health, 2019. 3(2): p. e93-e101.\n'},{id:"B237",body:'\nSwim, J., et al., Psychology and global climate change: Addressing a multi-faceted phenomenon and set of challenges. A report by the American Psychological Association’s task force on the interface between psychology and global climate change. American Psychological Association, Washington, 2009.\n'},{id:"B238",body:'\nBeyerl, K., H.A. Mieg, and E. Weber, Comparing perceived effects of climate-related environmental change and adaptation strategies for the Pacific small island states of Tuvalu, Samoa, and Tonga. Island Studies Journal, 2018. 13(1): p. 25-44.\n'},{id:"B239",body:'\nRaleigh, C. and H. Urdal, Climate change, environmental degradation and armed conflict. Political geography, 2007. 26(6): p. 674-694.\n'},{id:"B240",body:'\nScheffran, J. and A. Battaglini, Climate and conflicts: the security risks of global warming. Regional Environmental Change, 2011. 11(1): p. 27-39.\n'},{id:"B241",body:'\nAbel, G.J., et al., Climate, conflict and forced migration. Global Environmental Change, 2019. 54: p. 239-249.\n'},{id:"B242",body:'\nGallant, K., The Nexus of Climate, Crops, and Conflict in the Horn of Africa. 2020.\n'},{id:"B243",body:'\nShultz, J.M., et al., Public health and mental health implications of environmentally induced forced migration. Disaster medicine and public health preparedness, 2019. 13(2): p. 116-122.\n'},{id:"B244",body:'\nTrombley, J., S. Chalupka, and L. Anderko, Climate change and mental health. AJN The American Journal of Nursing, 2017. 117(4): p. 44-52.\n'},{id:"B245",body:'\nGrace, D., Food Safety in Low and Middle Income Countries. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2015. 12(9): p. 10490-507.\n'},{id:"B246",body:'\nPurgato, M., et al., Psychological therapies for the treatment of mental disorders in low- and middle-income countries affected by humanitarian crises. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2018. 7: p. CD011849.\n'},{id:"B247",body:'\nOliver-Smith, A., Climate change and population displacement: disasters and diasporas in the twenty-first century. Anthropology and climate change. From encounters to actions, 2009: p. 116-136.\n'},{id:"B248",body:'\nWeir, T. and Z. Virani, Three linked risks for development in the Pacific Islands: climate change, disasters and conflict. Climate and Development, 2011. 3(3): p. 193-208.\n'},{id:"B249",body:'\nMcMichael, C., J. Barnett, and A.J. McMichael, An ill wind? Climate change, migration, and health. Environmental health perspectives, 2012. 120(5): p. 646-654.\n'},{id:"B250",body:'\nHoegh-Guldberg, O., et al., Impacts of 1.5 C global warming on natural and human systems. Global warming of 1.5° C. An IPCC Special Report, 2018.\n'},{id:"B251",body:'\nMcCarthy, M.P., M.J. Best, and R.A. Betts, Climate change in cities due to global warming and urban effects. Geophysical research letters, 2010. 37(9).\n'},{id:"B252",body:'\nAthanasiou, T., Divided planet: The ecology of rich and poor. 1998: University of Georgia Press.\n'},{id:"B253",body:'\nTsavoussis, A., et al., Child-witnessed domestic violence and its adverse effects on brain development: a call for societal self-examination and awareness. Frontiers in public health, 2014. 2: p. 178.\n'},{id:"B254",body:'\nTsavoussis, A., S.P. Stawicki, and T.J. Papadimos, Child-witnessed domestic violence: An epidemic in the shadows. International journal of critical illness and injury science, 2015. 5(1): p. 64.\n'},{id:"B255",body:'\nPaladino, L., et al., Reflections on the Ebola public health emergency of international concern, part 2: the unseen epidemic of posttraumatic stress among health-care personnel and survivors of the 2014-2016 Ebola outbreak. Journal of Global Infectious Diseases, 2017. 9(2): p. 45.\n'},{id:"B256",body:'\nO\'Neill, S., et al., Patterns of suicidal ideation and behavior in Northern Ireland and associations with conflict related trauma. PLoS One, 2014. 9(3): p. e91532.\n'},{id:"B257",body:'\nButryn, T., et al., The shortage of psychiatrists and other mental health providers: causes, current state, and potential solutions. International Journal of Academic Medicine, 2017. 3(1): p. 5.\n'},{id:"B258",body:'\nBruckner, T.A., et al., The mental health workforce gap in low-and middle-income countries: a needs-based approach. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 2011. 89: p. 184-194.\n'},{id:"B259",body:'\nBurns, J.K., Mental health services funding and development in KwaZulu-Natal: a tale of inequity and neglect. South African Medical Journal, 2010. 100(10): p. 662-666.\n'},{id:"B260",body:'\nMorris, J., et al., Global mental health resources and services: a WHO survey of 184 countries. Public Health Reviews, 2012. 34(2): p. 1-19.\n'},{id:"B261",body:'\nPadhy, S.K., et al., Mental health effects of climate change. Indian journal of occupational and environmental medicine, 2015. 19(1): p. 3.\n'},{id:"B262",body:'\nFritze, J.G., et al., Hope, despair and transformation: climate change and the promotion of mental health and wellbeing. International journal of mental health systems, 2008. 2(1): p. 1-10.\n'},{id:"B263",body:'\nGlanz, K., B.K. Rimer, and K. Viswanath, Health behavior and health education: theory, research, and practice. 2008: John Wiley & Sons.\n'},{id:"B264",body:'\nHahn, R.A. and B.I. Truman, Education improves public health and promotes health equity. International journal of health services, 2015. 45(4): p. 657-678.\n'},{id:"B265",body:'\nFazel, M., et al., Mental health interventions in schools in high-income countries. The Lancet Psychiatry, 2014. 1(5): p. 377-387.\n'},{id:"B266",body:'\nParker, C.L., Slowing global warming: benefits for patients and the planet. American family physician, 2011. 84(3): p. 271-278.\n'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Vikas Yellapu",address:null,affiliation:'
Department of Internal Medicine, Richard A. Anderson Campus, St. Luke’s University Health Network, USA
Department of Research and Innovation, University Campus, St. Luke’s University Health Network, USA
'},{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki",address:"stawicki.ace@gmail.com",affiliation:'
Department of Research and Innovation, University Campus, St. Luke’s University Health Network, USA
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"11113",type:"book",title:"Contemporary Developments and Perspectives in International Health Security - Volume 3",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Contemporary Developments and Perspectives in International Health Security - Volume 3",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Stanislaw P. Stawicki and Prof. Ricardo Izurieta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11113.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-83969-837-8",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-836-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-838-5",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"156501",title:"Prof.",name:"Jen-Hwan",middleName:null,surname:"Tsai",email:"gh5176@yahoo.com.tw",fullName:"Jen-Hwan Tsai",slug:"jen-hwan-tsai",position:null,biography:null,institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalEditedBooks:"0",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:null},booksEdited:[],chaptersAuthored:[{id:"40446",title:"The Influence of Vanadium Doping on the Physical and Electrical Properties of Non-Volatile Random Access Memory Using the BTV, BLTV, and BNTV Oxide Thin Films",slug:"the-influence-of-vanadium-doping-on-the-physical-and-electrical-properties-of-non-volatile-random-ac",abstract:null,signatures:"Kai-Huang Chen, Chien-Min Cheng, Sean Wu, Chin-Hsiung Liao and Jen-Hwan Tsai",authors:[{id:"24971",title:"Prof.",name:"Kai-Huang",surname:"Chen",fullName:"Kai-Huang Chen",slug:"kai-huang-chen",email:"d9131802@gmail.com"},{id:"46115",title:"Prof.",name:"Chien-Min",surname:"Cheng",fullName:"Chien-Min Cheng",slug:"chien-min-cheng",email:"ccmin@mail.stut.edu.tw"},{id:"156499",title:"Dr.",name:"Sean",surname:"Wu",fullName:"Sean Wu",slug:"sean-wu",email:"wusean.tw@gmail.com"},{id:"156501",title:"Prof.",name:"Jen-Hwan",surname:"Tsai",fullName:"Jen-Hwan Tsai",slug:"jen-hwan-tsai",email:"gh5176@yahoo.com.tw"},{id:"364400",title:"Dr.",name:"Chin-Hsiung",surname:"Liao",fullName:"Chin-Hsiung Liao",slug:"chin-hsiung-liao",email:"dummy+364400@intechopen.com"}],book:{id:"3210",title:"Advances in Ferroelectrics",slug:"advances-in-ferroelectrics",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"12887",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmen",surname:"Galassi",slug:"carmen-galassi",fullName:"Carmen Galassi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"24971",title:"Prof.",name:"Kai-Huang",surname:"Chen",slug:"kai-huang-chen",fullName:"Kai-Huang Chen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"25044",title:"Dr.",name:"Ashim",surname:"Bain",slug:"ashim-bain",fullName:"Ashim Bain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/25044/images/2879_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ashim Kumar Bain received his M.Sc. (Physics) degree in 1989 from Rajshahi University, Bangladesh, and his Ph.D. (Materials Science) degree from Dniepropetrovsk State University, Ukraine in 1994. He was a postdoctoral research fellow (1995-1998) at the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India. He worked as a lecturer (1998-2000) at the IUBAT-International University of Business Agriculture and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh, and as a senior scientific officer (2000-2002) at the BCSIR, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Ashim Bain also worked as a visiting research fellow at the University of Birmingham (UK), from June 2002-December 2002 under the Royal Society (UK) fellowship scheme. Since July 2003, he has been working as a freelance Physicist in Birmingham (UK). Dr. Ashim Bain has published 15 articles, two book chapters and one book.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Birmingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"32241",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",surname:"Dinescu",slug:"maria-dinescu",fullName:"Maria Dinescu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute for Laser Plasma and Radiation Physics",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"37702",title:"Mr.",name:"Martun",surname:"Hovhannisyan",slug:"martun-hovhannisyan",fullName:"Martun Hovhannisyan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"155291",title:"Dr.",name:"Prem",surname:"Chand",slug:"prem-chand",fullName:"Prem Chand",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"156497",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicu",surname:"Scarisoreanu",slug:"nicu-scarisoreanu",fullName:"Nicu Scarisoreanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Horia Hulubei National Institute for R and D in Physics and Nuclear Engineering",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"156560",title:"Prof.",name:"Ruxandra",surname:"Birjega",slug:"ruxandra-birjega",fullName:"Ruxandra Birjega",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute for Laser Plasma and Radiation Physics",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"156567",title:"MSc.",name:"Andreea",surname:"Andrei",slug:"andreea-andrei",fullName:"Andreea Andrei",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Bucharest",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"165542",title:"Dr.",name:"Floriana",surname:"Craciun",slug:"floriana-craciun",fullName:"Floriana Craciun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Institute for Complex Systems",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}]},generic:{page:{slug:"statement64605",title:"Statement Title Placeholder",intro:"
Intro
",metaTitle:"Statement Title Placeholder",metaDescription:"Intro",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/statement64605",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:13388},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:11658},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:4168},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:22334},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:2019},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:33638}],offset:12,limit:12,total:135272},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11369",title:"RNA Viruses Infection",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"52f8a3a1486912beae40b34ac557fed3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Yogendra Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11369.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"278914",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yogendra",surname:"Shah",slug:"yogendra-shah",fullName:"Yogendra Shah"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11027",title:"Basics of Hypoglycemia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"98ebc1e36d02be82c204b8fd5d24f97a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Alok Raghav",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11027.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"334465",title:"Dr.",name:"Alok",surname:"Raghav",slug:"alok-raghav",fullName:"Alok Raghav"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11124",title:"Next-Generation Textiles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"093f9e26bb829b8d414d13626aea1086",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Hassan Ibrahim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11124.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"90645",title:"Dr.",name:"Hassan",surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"hassan-ibrahim",fullName:"Hassan Ibrahim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11610",title:"New Insights in Herbicide Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"eb3830b8176caf3d1fd52c32313c5168",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Kassio Ferreira Mendes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11610.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11561",title:"Zeolite From Wastes - New Perspectives on Innovative Resources and Their Valorization Process",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3ed0dfd842de9cd1143212415903e6ad",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Claudia Belviso",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11561.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"61457",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",surname:"Belviso",slug:"claudia-belviso",fullName:"Claudia Belviso"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11709",title:"Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"cc0e61f864a2a8a9595f4975ce301f70",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Shilpa Mehta and Dr. Resmy Palliyil Gopi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11709.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"342545",title:"Dr.",name:"Shilpa",surname:"Mehta",slug:"shilpa-mehta",fullName:"Shilpa Mehta"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11889",title:"Sexual Disorders and Dysfunctions",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b988fda30a4e2364ee9d47e417bd0ba9",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Dhastagir Sultan Sheriff",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11889.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"167875",title:"Dr.",name:"Dhastagir Sultan",surname:"Sheriff",slug:"dhastagir-sultan-sheriff",fullName:"Dhastagir Sultan Sheriff"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11867",title:"Echocardiography",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d9159ce31733bf78cc2a79b18c225994",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Gabriel Cismaru",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11867.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"191888",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriel",surname:"Cismaru",slug:"gabriel-cismaru",fullName:"Gabriel Cismaru"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11443",title:"Empathy - Advanced Research and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"4c1042dfe15aa9cea6019524c4cbff38",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Sara Ventura",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11443.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"227763",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",surname:"Ventura",slug:"sara-ventura",fullName:"Sara Ventura"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11527",title:"Six Sigma and Quality Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"7c2744454ba90e8d6cf507e167cc3779",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Paulo Pereira and Dr. Sandra Xavier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11527.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"178637",title:"Dr.",name:"Paulo",surname:"Pereira",slug:"paulo-pereira",fullName:"Paulo Pereira"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11949",title:"LiDAR Technology - From Surveying to Digital Twins",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1a71ec59de076cdb37d854e4bb72fbd0",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Linh Truong - Hong and Dr. Anh Thu Anh Phan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11949.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"188308",title:"Dr.",name:"Linh",surname:"Truong - Hong",slug:"linh-truong-hong",fullName:"Linh Truong - Hong"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11798",title:"Listeria monocytogenes - Recent Developments and Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"678ca4185133438014939804bf8a05e6",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Cristina Saraiva, Dr. Sónia Saraiva and Prof. Alexandra Esteves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11798.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"226197",title:"Prof.",name:"Cristina",surname:"Saraiva",slug:"cristina-saraiva",fullName:"Cristina Saraiva"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:28},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:45},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:74},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:280},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11263",title:"Supply Chain",subtitle:"Recent Advances and New Perspectives in the Industry 4.0 Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"aab634c9c1f9a692c1e9881d18e9c9b7",slug:"supply-chain-recent-advances-and-new-perspectives-in-the-industry-4-0-era",bookSignature:"Tamás Bányai, Ágota Bányai and Ireneusz Kaczmar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11263.jpg",editors:[{id:"201248",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamás",middleName:null,surname:"Bányai",slug:"tamas-banyai",fullName:"Tamás Bányai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4805},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7107,editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1955,editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1452,editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2289,editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11263",title:"Supply Chain",subtitle:"Recent Advances and New Perspectives in the Industry 4.0 Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"aab634c9c1f9a692c1e9881d18e9c9b7",slug:"supply-chain-recent-advances-and-new-perspectives-in-the-industry-4-0-era",bookSignature:"Tamás Bányai, Ágota Bányai and Ireneusz Kaczmar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11263.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:888,editors:[{id:"201248",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamás",middleName:null,surname:"Bányai",slug:"tamas-banyai",fullName:"Tamás Bányai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1566,editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2054,editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:780,editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",publishedDate:"April 26th 2011",numberOfDownloads:318480,editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",publishedDate:"September 26th 2012",numberOfDownloads:271760,editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11328",title:"Botulinum Toxin",subtitle:"Recent Topics and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7dd05a316001cef143e209eda51387a7",slug:"botulinum-toxin-recent-topics-and-applications",bookSignature:"Suna Sabuncuoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11328.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"270856",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Suna",middleName:null,surname:"Sabuncuoglu",slug:"suna-sabuncuoglu",fullName:"Suna Sabuncuoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11085",title:"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome",subtitle:"Functional Investigation and Clinical Application",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3066dd3ff29e1fac072fd60b08d4d3e7",slug:"polycystic-ovary-syndrome-functional-investigation-and-clinical-application",bookSignature:"Zhengchao Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11085.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"204883",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhengchao",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"zhengchao-wang",fullName:"Zhengchao Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10833",title:"Tumor Angiogenesis and Modulators",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f29b575c46128b2da061ef7f9bd1070b",slug:"tumor-angiogenesis-and-modulators",bookSignature:"Ke Xu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10833.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"59529",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"ke-xu",fullName:"Ke Xu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11356",title:"Molecular Cloning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"671c629dd86e97f0fb467b9e70e92296",slug:"molecular-cloning",bookSignature:"Sadık Dincer, Hatice Aysun Mercimek Takcı and Melis Sumengen Ozdenef",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"188141",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadik",middleName:null,surname:"Dincer",slug:"sadik-dincer",fullName:"Sadik Dincer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10677",title:"Advanced Topics of Topology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bf964c52f9e653fac20a7fcab58070e5",slug:"advanced-topics-of-topology",bookSignature:"Francisco Bulnes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10677.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"92918",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Bulnes",slug:"francisco-bulnes",fullName:"Francisco Bulnes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11195",title:"Recent Advances in Biometrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2d32e33e0f499cb5241734bb75dd2a83",slug:"recent-advances-in-biometrics",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11195.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1164",title:"Sexology",slug:"urology-sexology",parent:{id:"204",title:"Urology",slug:"urology"},numberOfBooks:1,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:17,numberOfWosCitations:3,numberOfCrossrefCitations:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:4,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"1164",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"5529",title:"Sexual Dysfunction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0975454a14d04823d05d12d95cc9f619",slug:"sexual-dysfunction",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5529.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:1,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"55509",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69105",title:"Sexual Dysfunction, Depression and Antidepressants: A Translational Approach",slug:"sexual-dysfunction-depression-and-antidepressants-a-translational-approach",totalDownloads:2161,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Major depression is frequently associated with sexual dysfunctions. Most antidepressants, especially selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), induce additional sexual side effects and, although effective antidepressants, deteriorate sexual symptoms, which are the main reason that patients stop antidepressant treatment. Many strategies have been used to circumvent the additional sexual side effects, but results are rather disappointing. Recently, new antidepressants have been introduced, vilazodone and vortioxetine, which seem to lack sexual side effects in the early registration trials. Much research with large numbers of depressed patients and adequate methodological tools still has to confirm in daily use the absence of sexual side effects of new antidepressants. Animal models that in an early phase of drug development may predict putative sexual side effects of new antidepressants are extremely useful and could speed up development of new antidepressants. A rat model of sexual behavior is described that has a very high predictive validity for sexual side effects in man. Several characteristics of present antidepressants with regard to sexual dysfunctions are also present in the rat model and establish its validity. The animal model can also be used in the search for new psychotropics without sexual side effects or for drugs with sexual stimulating activity.",book:{id:"5529",slug:"sexual-dysfunction",title:"Sexual Dysfunction",fullTitle:"Sexual Dysfunction"},signatures:"Jocelien D.A. Olivier, Diana C. Esquivel Franco, Marcel D. Waldinger\nand Berend Olivier",authors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"},{id:"157663",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcel",middleName:null,surname:"Waldinger",slug:"marcel-waldinger",fullName:"Marcel Waldinger"},{id:"197644",title:"Dr.",name:"Jocelien D.A.",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"jocelien-d.a.-olivier",fullName:"Jocelien D.A. Olivier"},{id:"197646",title:"MSc.",name:"Diana C.",middleName:null,surname:"Esquivel Franco",slug:"diana-c.-esquivel-franco",fullName:"Diana C. Esquivel Franco"}]},{id:"55430",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69106",title:"A “Snip” in Time: Circumcision Revisited",slug:"a-snip-in-time-circumcision-revisited",totalDownloads:1466,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The publication of an Italian study on etiology and interactions of frenulum breve, frenulectomy, and premature ejaculation, and the results of a popular Austrian sex study initiated a survey on this topic, accompanied by collecting a small sample of data in an urban practice environment in Germany. Since frenulectomy, for practical reasons, often leads to a complete removal of the prepuce, circumcision has come to the fore anew. Moreover, under the heading, “Ending a myth: male circumcision is not associated with higher prevalence of erectile dysfunction,” a recent study relating circumcision to sexual dysfunction has been published. In this chapter, an overview of research results as well as of psychological and clinical aspects of circumcision and associated subjects is given. There seem to be advantages of circumcision as to sexual dysfunction and premature ejaculation. Depending on etiopathology, some treatment options may require psychosomatic reasoning.",book:{id:"5529",slug:"sexual-dysfunction",title:"Sexual Dysfunction",fullTitle:"Sexual Dysfunction"},signatures:"Götz Egloff",authors:[{id:"194175",title:"M.A.",name:"Götz",middleName:null,surname:"Egloff",slug:"gotz-egloff",fullName:"Götz Egloff"}]},{id:"55210",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69107",title:"Hypogonadism in Male Sexual Dysfunction",slug:"hypogonadism-in-male-sexual-dysfunction",totalDownloads:1359,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Normal testosterone level is influencing all the steps of the male psychosexual development: intrauterine neonatal and final psychosexual development.. At pubertal stage, the quality of testosterone secretion is conditioning the development of the mature male phenotype. In adult life, eugonadism sustains desire, arousal, determines spontaneous erections, facilitates stimulated erection, influencing the response rate to medication. Moreover, eugonadism sustain daydreaming and phantasies, both needed for a normal sexual life. The pathogenic mechanism of all these actions is presented. Talking about hypogonadism means not only the classical types of hypogonadism: due to classical testicular disease of central, hypothalamic and hypophysis disease, but also the partial testosterone deficiency induces by aging (late onset hypogonadism), weight increase (up to 30% of males with metabolic syndrome and 50% of males with diabetes) or secondary hypogonadism described in chronic use of steroids or after long exposure to stress, especially in young males. All these types of hypogonadism, that affect young, middle aged or old males will be presented separately. A therapeutic approach that is individualized for each type of hypogonadism, should consider positive and possible negative effects and all alternatives will be presented: life style changes, sustained weight loss, increase exercise, supplemental therapy, pro fertility treatment.",book:{id:"5529",slug:"sexual-dysfunction",title:"Sexual Dysfunction",fullTitle:"Sexual Dysfunction"},signatures:"Dana Stoian, Ioana Mozos, Marius Craina, Corina Paul, Iulian Velea,\nAdalbert Schiller and Mihaela Craciunescu",authors:[{id:"71595",title:"Dr.",name:"Ioana",middleName:null,surname:"Mozos",slug:"ioana-mozos",fullName:"Ioana Mozos"},{id:"182103",title:"Dr.",name:"Dana",middleName:"I",surname:"Stoian",slug:"dana-stoian",fullName:"Dana Stoian"},{id:"182104",title:"Prof.",name:"Marius",middleName:null,surname:"Craina",slug:"marius-craina",fullName:"Marius Craina"},{id:"182245",title:"Dr.",name:"Mihaela",middleName:null,surname:"Craciunescu",slug:"mihaela-craciunescu",fullName:"Mihaela Craciunescu"},{id:"183185",title:"Prof.",name:"Adalbert",middleName:null,surname:"Schiller",slug:"adalbert-schiller",fullName:"Adalbert Schiller"},{id:"194084",title:"Dr.",name:"Puiu",middleName:null,surname:"Velea",slug:"puiu-velea",fullName:"Puiu Velea"},{id:"194085",title:"Dr.",name:"Corina",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"corina-paul",fullName:"Corina Paul"}]},{id:"55391",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69092",title:"Introductory Chapter: Sexual Dysfunction - Introduction and Perspective",slug:"introductory-chapter-sexual-dysfunction-introduction-and-perspective",totalDownloads:1813,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"5529",slug:"sexual-dysfunction",title:"Sexual Dysfunction",fullTitle:"Sexual Dysfunction"},signatures:"Berend Olivier",authors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}]},{id:"55700",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69104",title:"Erectile Dysfunction Associated with Cardiovascular Risk Factors",slug:"erectile-dysfunction-associated-with-cardiovascular-risk-factors",totalDownloads:1444,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Objectives: (1) Determine erectile dysfunction (ED) prevalence in patients with cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF). (2) Assess ED incidence in relation to the extent of controlling CVRF. Methodology: Patients: Enrolled participants came to the health centres in the study area. In accordance with the incidence of diseases with cardiovascular risks (CVR) in the Basic Health Regions of the study area, sample size was calculated with a 95% confidence interval and an alpha error of 0.005, resulting in a sample of 210 people, of which 30 could not complete the study for various reasons (change of address, death, refused to complete questionnaire, etc.). A full awareness and diffusion campaign was organized with talks and leaflets. Letters: A standard letter was given to patients which explained the importance of sexual health, offering them an appointment with a DUE (Diploma in Nursing) survey taker. The questionnaire was devised by the research group and was given by a fully trained DUE survey taker. Previously, contact was made with all the health centres, physicians and nursing staff to give them information on ED and CVRF and to inform them about the work to be done in their health region. Those patients who did not come to the appointment were telephoned to insist on the importance of attending and completing the questionnaire. Variables analysis: We analysed age, level of education, civil status, height, weight and body mass index (BMI), SBP, DBP, smoking habit, number cigarettes/day, year smoking began, ex‐smoker, year smoking stopped, alcohol consumption, grams alcohol/week, as well as consumption of other drugs, frequency and type. Blood test: glucose, haemoglobin glycated haemoglobin, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, artherogenic index, creatinine, urea, GOT, GPT, gamma‐GT and PSA. Urine test: micro‐albuminuria, proteinuria and creatinine clearance. ECG: Diabetes diagnosed at least 1 year ago and prescribed drugs to treat it. High blood pressure diagnosed at least 1 year ago and prescribed drugs to treat it. Dyslipidaemia (hypercholesterolaemia) diagnosed at least 1 year ago and prescribed drugs to treat it. Concomitant diseases of at least 1 year and drugs (up to 3) SHIM questionnaire and ED according to SHIM. Statistical analysis: an observational, descriptive, analytical, cross‐sectional study. Qualitative variables are presented as exact values and a percentage; quantitative variables as the mean and standard deviation (SD). A means comparison was done with the Student’s t‐test for independent groups, or the Mann‐Whitney U test if normality conditions (using the Kolmogorov‐Smirnoff or Shapiro‐Wilks test) were not fulfilled. The chi‐squared test was used for qualitative variables. Results: Of the 210 selected people, 179 completed the questionnaire (85.2%). The mean age was 64.5 ± 11.6 years. When analysing all the study variables in relation to the main variable, presence or absence of ED, age played an important role in ED appearing as ED incidence rises with age. Blood pressure had no significant relationship with the studied variable, and the same hold for BMI and its subdivision into normal weight and obesity. As regards toxic habits, neither cigarette smoking nor alcohol consumption influenced the presence of ED. The same hold for the sociological‐type variables (civil states, level of education). Regarding the biochemical variables from blood tests, a significant relationship with the atherogenic index and its recoded variable at high and low atherogenic risk (p < 0.04) was noted. In the glycaemic profile, a glycaemia mean of 126 mg/dl was obtained in the ED presence group, which is the cut‐off point proposed by ADA117 (American Diabetes Association) to consider a subject diabetic. Likewise, glycated haemoglobin presented figures in the two groups can be considered an alternation of a practically diabetic glucose metabolism. In our study, the presence of diabetic disease, high blood pressure (HBP) and dyslipidaemia showed no significant relationship with ED presence for each disease. However, in the combination of these diseases, a statistically significant relationship was seen when CVR increases, according to the Framinghan tables. Neither did each disease’s duration show a significant relationship with ED presence nor significant differences for the drugs used to treat the three pathologies were found. The coronary risk calculated according to the Framinghan tables indicated a statistically significant result, as did excessive risk (the difference between the coronary risk and the average assigned per age) for ED presence. The LISAT 8 test suggested that ED affected health‐associated quality of life and was statistically significant in two items of sex life and economic situation and was borderline statistically significant in the general life and working life items. Conclusions: There is a high ED prevalence in patients with high CVR. When ED improves, the better CVRFs are controlled. These patients’ pluripathology implies aggressive polymedication which doctors must consider as it increases the risk of ED.",book:{id:"5529",slug:"sexual-dysfunction",title:"Sexual Dysfunction",fullTitle:"Sexual Dysfunction"},signatures:"Ángel Celada Rodríguez, Pedro Juan Tárraga López, José Antonio\nRodríguez Montes, Ma Loreto Tarraga Marcos and Carmen Celada\nRoldan",authors:[{id:"193842",title:"Prof.",name:"Pedro J",middleName:null,surname:"Tarraga Lopez",slug:"pedro-j-tarraga-lopez",fullName:"Pedro J Tarraga Lopez"},{id:"193850",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Celada",slug:"angel-celada",fullName:"Angel Celada"},{id:"203619",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez Montes",slug:"jose-antonio-rodriguez-montes",fullName:"Jose Antonio Rodriguez Montes"},{id:"203623",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Celada",slug:"carmen-celada",fullName:"Carmen Celada"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"55430",title:"A “Snip” in Time: Circumcision Revisited",slug:"a-snip-in-time-circumcision-revisited",totalDownloads:1466,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The publication of an Italian study on etiology and interactions of frenulum breve, frenulectomy, and premature ejaculation, and the results of a popular Austrian sex study initiated a survey on this topic, accompanied by collecting a small sample of data in an urban practice environment in Germany. Since frenulectomy, for practical reasons, often leads to a complete removal of the prepuce, circumcision has come to the fore anew. Moreover, under the heading, “Ending a myth: male circumcision is not associated with higher prevalence of erectile dysfunction,” a recent study relating circumcision to sexual dysfunction has been published. In this chapter, an overview of research results as well as of psychological and clinical aspects of circumcision and associated subjects is given. There seem to be advantages of circumcision as to sexual dysfunction and premature ejaculation. Depending on etiopathology, some treatment options may require psychosomatic reasoning.",book:{id:"5529",slug:"sexual-dysfunction",title:"Sexual Dysfunction",fullTitle:"Sexual Dysfunction"},signatures:"Götz Egloff",authors:[{id:"194175",title:"M.A.",name:"Götz",middleName:null,surname:"Egloff",slug:"gotz-egloff",fullName:"Götz Egloff"}]},{id:"55509",title:"Sexual Dysfunction, Depression and Antidepressants: A Translational Approach",slug:"sexual-dysfunction-depression-and-antidepressants-a-translational-approach",totalDownloads:2159,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Major depression is frequently associated with sexual dysfunctions. Most antidepressants, especially selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), induce additional sexual side effects and, although effective antidepressants, deteriorate sexual symptoms, which are the main reason that patients stop antidepressant treatment. Many strategies have been used to circumvent the additional sexual side effects, but results are rather disappointing. Recently, new antidepressants have been introduced, vilazodone and vortioxetine, which seem to lack sexual side effects in the early registration trials. Much research with large numbers of depressed patients and adequate methodological tools still has to confirm in daily use the absence of sexual side effects of new antidepressants. Animal models that in an early phase of drug development may predict putative sexual side effects of new antidepressants are extremely useful and could speed up development of new antidepressants. A rat model of sexual behavior is described that has a very high predictive validity for sexual side effects in man. Several characteristics of present antidepressants with regard to sexual dysfunctions are also present in the rat model and establish its validity. The animal model can also be used in the search for new psychotropics without sexual side effects or for drugs with sexual stimulating activity.",book:{id:"5529",slug:"sexual-dysfunction",title:"Sexual Dysfunction",fullTitle:"Sexual Dysfunction"},signatures:"Jocelien D.A. Olivier, Diana C. Esquivel Franco, Marcel D. Waldinger\nand Berend Olivier",authors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"},{id:"157663",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcel",middleName:null,surname:"Waldinger",slug:"marcel-waldinger",fullName:"Marcel Waldinger"},{id:"197644",title:"Dr.",name:"Jocelien D.A.",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"jocelien-d.a.-olivier",fullName:"Jocelien D.A. Olivier"},{id:"197646",title:"MSc.",name:"Diana C.",middleName:null,surname:"Esquivel Franco",slug:"diana-c.-esquivel-franco",fullName:"Diana C. Esquivel Franco"}]},{id:"55700",title:"Erectile Dysfunction Associated with Cardiovascular Risk Factors",slug:"erectile-dysfunction-associated-with-cardiovascular-risk-factors",totalDownloads:1443,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Objectives: (1) Determine erectile dysfunction (ED) prevalence in patients with cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF). (2) Assess ED incidence in relation to the extent of controlling CVRF. Methodology: Patients: Enrolled participants came to the health centres in the study area. In accordance with the incidence of diseases with cardiovascular risks (CVR) in the Basic Health Regions of the study area, sample size was calculated with a 95% confidence interval and an alpha error of 0.005, resulting in a sample of 210 people, of which 30 could not complete the study for various reasons (change of address, death, refused to complete questionnaire, etc.). A full awareness and diffusion campaign was organized with talks and leaflets. Letters: A standard letter was given to patients which explained the importance of sexual health, offering them an appointment with a DUE (Diploma in Nursing) survey taker. The questionnaire was devised by the research group and was given by a fully trained DUE survey taker. Previously, contact was made with all the health centres, physicians and nursing staff to give them information on ED and CVRF and to inform them about the work to be done in their health region. Those patients who did not come to the appointment were telephoned to insist on the importance of attending and completing the questionnaire. Variables analysis: We analysed age, level of education, civil status, height, weight and body mass index (BMI), SBP, DBP, smoking habit, number cigarettes/day, year smoking began, ex‐smoker, year smoking stopped, alcohol consumption, grams alcohol/week, as well as consumption of other drugs, frequency and type. Blood test: glucose, haemoglobin glycated haemoglobin, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, artherogenic index, creatinine, urea, GOT, GPT, gamma‐GT and PSA. Urine test: micro‐albuminuria, proteinuria and creatinine clearance. ECG: Diabetes diagnosed at least 1 year ago and prescribed drugs to treat it. High blood pressure diagnosed at least 1 year ago and prescribed drugs to treat it. Dyslipidaemia (hypercholesterolaemia) diagnosed at least 1 year ago and prescribed drugs to treat it. Concomitant diseases of at least 1 year and drugs (up to 3) SHIM questionnaire and ED according to SHIM. Statistical analysis: an observational, descriptive, analytical, cross‐sectional study. Qualitative variables are presented as exact values and a percentage; quantitative variables as the mean and standard deviation (SD). A means comparison was done with the Student’s t‐test for independent groups, or the Mann‐Whitney U test if normality conditions (using the Kolmogorov‐Smirnoff or Shapiro‐Wilks test) were not fulfilled. The chi‐squared test was used for qualitative variables. Results: Of the 210 selected people, 179 completed the questionnaire (85.2%). The mean age was 64.5 ± 11.6 years. When analysing all the study variables in relation to the main variable, presence or absence of ED, age played an important role in ED appearing as ED incidence rises with age. Blood pressure had no significant relationship with the studied variable, and the same hold for BMI and its subdivision into normal weight and obesity. As regards toxic habits, neither cigarette smoking nor alcohol consumption influenced the presence of ED. The same hold for the sociological‐type variables (civil states, level of education). Regarding the biochemical variables from blood tests, a significant relationship with the atherogenic index and its recoded variable at high and low atherogenic risk (p < 0.04) was noted. In the glycaemic profile, a glycaemia mean of 126 mg/dl was obtained in the ED presence group, which is the cut‐off point proposed by ADA117 (American Diabetes Association) to consider a subject diabetic. Likewise, glycated haemoglobin presented figures in the two groups can be considered an alternation of a practically diabetic glucose metabolism. In our study, the presence of diabetic disease, high blood pressure (HBP) and dyslipidaemia showed no significant relationship with ED presence for each disease. However, in the combination of these diseases, a statistically significant relationship was seen when CVR increases, according to the Framinghan tables. Neither did each disease’s duration show a significant relationship with ED presence nor significant differences for the drugs used to treat the three pathologies were found. The coronary risk calculated according to the Framinghan tables indicated a statistically significant result, as did excessive risk (the difference between the coronary risk and the average assigned per age) for ED presence. The LISAT 8 test suggested that ED affected health‐associated quality of life and was statistically significant in two items of sex life and economic situation and was borderline statistically significant in the general life and working life items. Conclusions: There is a high ED prevalence in patients with high CVR. When ED improves, the better CVRFs are controlled. These patients’ pluripathology implies aggressive polymedication which doctors must consider as it increases the risk of ED.",book:{id:"5529",slug:"sexual-dysfunction",title:"Sexual Dysfunction",fullTitle:"Sexual Dysfunction"},signatures:"Ángel Celada Rodríguez, Pedro Juan Tárraga López, José Antonio\nRodríguez Montes, Ma Loreto Tarraga Marcos and Carmen Celada\nRoldan",authors:[{id:"193842",title:"Prof.",name:"Pedro J",middleName:null,surname:"Tarraga Lopez",slug:"pedro-j-tarraga-lopez",fullName:"Pedro J Tarraga Lopez"},{id:"193850",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Celada",slug:"angel-celada",fullName:"Angel Celada"},{id:"203619",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez Montes",slug:"jose-antonio-rodriguez-montes",fullName:"Jose Antonio Rodriguez Montes"},{id:"203623",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Celada",slug:"carmen-celada",fullName:"Carmen Celada"}]},{id:"55210",title:"Hypogonadism in Male Sexual Dysfunction",slug:"hypogonadism-in-male-sexual-dysfunction",totalDownloads:1355,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Normal testosterone level is influencing all the steps of the male psychosexual development: intrauterine neonatal and final psychosexual development.. At pubertal stage, the quality of testosterone secretion is conditioning the development of the mature male phenotype. In adult life, eugonadism sustains desire, arousal, determines spontaneous erections, facilitates stimulated erection, influencing the response rate to medication. Moreover, eugonadism sustain daydreaming and phantasies, both needed for a normal sexual life. The pathogenic mechanism of all these actions is presented. Talking about hypogonadism means not only the classical types of hypogonadism: due to classical testicular disease of central, hypothalamic and hypophysis disease, but also the partial testosterone deficiency induces by aging (late onset hypogonadism), weight increase (up to 30% of males with metabolic syndrome and 50% of males with diabetes) or secondary hypogonadism described in chronic use of steroids or after long exposure to stress, especially in young males. All these types of hypogonadism, that affect young, middle aged or old males will be presented separately. A therapeutic approach that is individualized for each type of hypogonadism, should consider positive and possible negative effects and all alternatives will be presented: life style changes, sustained weight loss, increase exercise, supplemental therapy, pro fertility treatment.",book:{id:"5529",slug:"sexual-dysfunction",title:"Sexual Dysfunction",fullTitle:"Sexual Dysfunction"},signatures:"Dana Stoian, Ioana Mozos, Marius Craina, Corina Paul, Iulian Velea,\nAdalbert Schiller and Mihaela Craciunescu",authors:[{id:"71595",title:"Dr.",name:"Ioana",middleName:null,surname:"Mozos",slug:"ioana-mozos",fullName:"Ioana Mozos"},{id:"182103",title:"Dr.",name:"Dana",middleName:"I",surname:"Stoian",slug:"dana-stoian",fullName:"Dana Stoian"},{id:"182104",title:"Prof.",name:"Marius",middleName:null,surname:"Craina",slug:"marius-craina",fullName:"Marius Craina"},{id:"182245",title:"Dr.",name:"Mihaela",middleName:null,surname:"Craciunescu",slug:"mihaela-craciunescu",fullName:"Mihaela Craciunescu"},{id:"183185",title:"Prof.",name:"Adalbert",middleName:null,surname:"Schiller",slug:"adalbert-schiller",fullName:"Adalbert Schiller"},{id:"194084",title:"Dr.",name:"Puiu",middleName:null,surname:"Velea",slug:"puiu-velea",fullName:"Puiu Velea"},{id:"194085",title:"Dr.",name:"Corina",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"corina-paul",fullName:"Corina Paul"}]},{id:"55391",title:"Introductory Chapter: Sexual Dysfunction - Introduction and Perspective",slug:"introductory-chapter-sexual-dysfunction-introduction-and-perspective",totalDownloads:1811,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"5529",slug:"sexual-dysfunction",title:"Sexual Dysfunction",fullTitle:"Sexual Dysfunction"},signatures:"Berend Olivier",authors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1164",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:18,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:"2753-6580",scope:"
\r\n\tTransforming our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development endorsed by United Nations and 193 Member States, came into effect on Jan 1, 2016, to guide decision making and actions to the year 2030 and beyond. Central to this Agenda are 17 Goals, 169 associated targets and over 230 indicators that are reviewed annually. The vision envisaged in the implementation of the SDGs is centered on the five Ps: People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace and Partnership. This call for renewed focused efforts ensure we have a safe and healthy planet for current and future generations.
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\tThis Series focuses on covering research and applied research involving the five Ps through the following topics:
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t1. Sustainable Economy and Fair Society that relates to SDG 1 on No Poverty, SDG 2 on Zero Hunger, SDG 8 on Decent Work and Economic Growth, SDG 10 on Reduced Inequalities, SDG 12 on Responsible Consumption and Production, and SDG 17 Partnership for the Goals
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t2. Health and Wellbeing focusing on SDG 3 on Good Health and Wellbeing and SDG 6 on Clean Water and Sanitation
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t3. Inclusivity and Social Equality involving SDG 4 on Quality Education, SDG 5 on Gender Equality, and SDG 16 on Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t4. Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability comprising SDG 13 on Climate Action, SDG 14 on Life Below Water, and SDG 15 on Life on Land
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t5. Urban Planning and Environmental Management embracing SDG 7 on Affordable Clean Energy, SDG 9 on Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure, and SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities.
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\tThe series also seeks to support the use of cross cutting SDGs, as many of the goals listed above, targets and indicators are all interconnected to impact our lives and the decisions we make on a daily basis, making them impossible to tie to a single topic.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/24.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 2nd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:1,editor:{id:"262440",title:"Prof.",name:"Usha",middleName:null,surname:"Iyer-Raniga",slug:"usha-iyer-raniga",fullName:"Usha Iyer-Raniga",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRYSXQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:55:36.jpeg",biography:"Usha Iyer-Raniga is a professor in the School of Property and Construction Management at RMIT University. Usha co-leads the One Planet Network’s Sustainable Buildings and Construction Programme (SBC), a United Nations 10 Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and Production (UN 10FYP SCP) aligned with Sustainable Development Goal 12. The work also directly impacts SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities. She completed her undergraduate degree as an architect before obtaining her Masters degree from Canada and her Doctorate in Australia. Usha has been a keynote speaker as well as an invited speaker at national and international conferences, seminars and workshops. Her teaching experience includes teaching in Asian countries. She has advised Austrade, APEC, national, state and local governments. She serves as a reviewer and a member of the scientific committee for national and international refereed journals and refereed conferences. She is on the editorial board for refereed journals and has worked on Special Issues. Usha has served and continues to serve on the Boards of several not-for-profit organisations and she has also served as panel judge for a number of awards including the Premiers Sustainability Award in Victoria and the International Green Gown Awards. Usha has published over 100 publications, including research and consulting reports. Her publications cover a wide range of scientific and technical research publications that include edited books, book chapters, refereed journals, refereed conference papers and reports for local, state and federal government clients. She has also produced podcasts for various organisations and participated in media interviews. She has received state, national and international funding worth over USD $25 million. Usha has been awarded the Quarterly Franklin Membership by London Journals Press (UK). Her biography has been included in the Marquis Who's Who in the World® 2018, 2016 (33rd Edition), along with approximately 55,000 of the most accomplished men and women from around the world, including luminaries as U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. In 2017, Usha was awarded the Marquis Who’s Who Lifetime Achiever Award.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"RMIT University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"89",title:"Education",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/89.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!1,annualVolume:null,editor:{id:"260066",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Michail",middleName:null,surname:"Kalogiannakis",slug:"michail-kalogiannakis",fullName:"Michail Kalogiannakis",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260066/images/system/260066.jpg",biography:"Michail Kalogiannakis is an Associate Professor of the Department of Preschool Education, University of Crete, and an Associate Tutor at School of Humanities at the Hellenic Open University. He graduated from the Physics Department of the University of Crete and continued his post-graduate studies at the University Paris 7-Denis Diderot (D.E.A. in Didactic of Physics), University Paris 5-René Descartes-Sorbonne (D.E.A. in Science Education) and received his Ph.D. degree at the University Paris 5-René Descartes-Sorbonne (PhD in Science Education). His research interests include science education in early childhood, science teaching and learning, e-learning, the use of ICT in science education, games simulations, and mobile learning. He has published over 120 articles in international conferences and journals and has served on the program committees of numerous international conferences.",institutionString:"University of Crete",institution:{name:"University of Crete",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:{id:"422488",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Ampartzaki",slug:"maria-ampartzaki",fullName:"Maria Ampartzaki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/422488/images/system/422488.jpg",biography:"Dr Maria Ampartzaki is an Assistant Professor in Early Childhood Education in the Department of Preschool Education at the University of Crete. Her research interests include ICT in education, science education in the early years, inquiry-based and art-based learning, teachers’ professional development, action research, and the Pedagogy of Multiliteracies, among others. She has run and participated in several funded and non-funded projects on the teaching of Science, Social Sciences, and ICT in education. She also has the experience of participating in five Erasmus+ projects.",institutionString:"University of Crete",institution:{name:"University of Crete",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"90",title:"Human Development",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/90.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11974,editor:{id:"191040",title:"Dr.",name:"Tal",middleName:null,surname:"Dotan Ben-Soussan",slug:"tal-dotan-ben-soussan",fullName:"Tal Dotan Ben-Soussan",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBf1QAG/Profile_Picture_2022-03-18T07:56:11.jpg",biography:"Tal Dotan Ben-Soussan, Ph.D., is the director of the Research Institute for Neuroscience, Education and Didactics (RINED) – Paoletti Foundation. Ben-Soussan leads international studies on training and neuroplasticity from neurophysiological and psychobiological perspectives. As a neuroscientist and bio-psychologist, she has published numerous articles on neuroplasticity, movement and meditation. She acts as an editor and reviewer in several renowned journals and coordinates international conferences integrating theoretical, methodological and practical approaches on various topics, such as silence, logics and neuro-education. She lives in Assisi, Italy.",institutionString:"Research Institute for Neuroscience, Education and Didactics, Patrizio Paoletti Foundation",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:20,paginationItems:[{id:"82526",title:"Deep Multiagent Reinforcement Learning Methods Addressing the Scalability Challenge",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105627",signatures:"Theocharis Kravaris and George A. Vouros",slug:"deep-multiagent-reinforcement-learning-methods-addressing-the-scalability-challenge",totalDownloads:19,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Multi-Agent Technologies and Machine Learning",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11445.jpg",subseries:{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems"}}},{id:"82196",title:"Multi-Features Assisted Age Invariant Face Recognition and Retrieval Using CNN with Scale Invariant Heat Kernel Signature",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104944",signatures:"Kamarajugadda Kishore Kumar and Movva Pavani",slug:"multi-features-assisted-age-invariant-face-recognition-and-retrieval-using-cnn-with-scale-invariant-",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"82063",title:"Evaluating Similarities and Differences between Machine Learning and Traditional Statistical Modeling in Healthcare Analytics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105116",signatures:"Michele Bennett, Ewa J. Kleczyk, Karin Hayes and Rajesh Mehta",slug:"evaluating-similarities-and-differences-between-machine-learning-and-traditional-statistical-modelin",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11422.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81791",title:"Self-Supervised Contrastive Representation Learning in Computer Vision",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104785",signatures:"Yalin Bastanlar and Semih Orhan",slug:"self-supervised-contrastive-representation-learning-in-computer-vision",totalDownloads:57,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7723",title:"Artificial Intelligence",subtitle:"Applications in Medicine and Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7723.jpg",slug:"artificial-intelligence-applications-in-medicine-and-biology",publishedDate:"July 31st 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"a3852659e727f95c98c740ed98146011",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Artificial Intelligence - Applications in Medicine and Biology",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7726",title:"Swarm Intelligence",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7726.jpg",slug:"swarm-intelligence-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Javier Del Ser, Esther Villar and Eneko Osaba",hash:"e7ea7e74ce7a7a8e5359629e07c68d31",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",editors:[{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7656",title:"Fuzzy Logic",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7656.jpg",slug:"fuzzy-logic",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Constantin Volosencu",hash:"54f092d4ffe0abf5e4172a80025019bc",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Fuzzy Logic",editors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"9963",title:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9963.jpg",slug:"advances-and-applications-in-deep-learning",publishedDate:"December 9th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"0d51ba46f22e55cb89140f60d86a071e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{id:"11478",title:"Recent Advances in the Study of Dyslexia",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11478.jpg",hash:"26764a18c6b776698823e0e1c3022d2f",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"June 30th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"294281",title:"Prof.",name:"Jonathan",surname:"Glazzard",slug:"jonathan-glazzard",fullName:"Jonathan Glazzard"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:47,paginationItems:[{id:"82938",title:"Trauma from Occlusion: Practical Management Guidelines",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105960",signatures:"Prashanth Shetty, Shweta Hegde, Shubham Chelkar, Rahul Chaturvedi, Shruti Pochhi, Aakanksha Shrivastava, Dudala Lakshmi, Shreya Mukherjee, Pankaj Bajaj and Shahzada Asif Raza",slug:"trauma-from-occlusion-practical-management-guidelines",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Trauma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11567.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"82654",title:"Atraumatic Restorative Treatment: More than a Minimally Invasive Approach?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105623",signatures:"Manal A. Ablal",slug:"atraumatic-restorative-treatment-more-than-a-minimally-invasive-approach",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Caries - The Selection of Restoration Methods and Restorative Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11565.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"82608",title:"Early Management of Dental Trauma in the Era of COVID-19",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105992",signatures:"Khairul Bariah Chi Adam, Haszelini Hassan, Pram Kumar Subramaniam, Izzati Nabilah Ismail, Nor Adilah Harun and Naziyah Shaban Mustafa",slug:"early-management-of-dental-trauma-in-the-era-of-covid-19",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Trauma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11567.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"82767",title:"Teeth Avulsion",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105846",signatures:"Manal Abdalla Eltahir, Randa Fath Elrahman Ibrahim and Hanan Alharbi",slug:"teeth-avulsion",totalDownloads:19,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Trauma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11567.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"82735",title:"The Influence of Salivary pH on the Prevalence of Dental Caries",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106154",signatures:"Laura-Cristina Rusu, Alexandra Roi, Ciprian-Ioan Roi, Codruta Victoria Tigmeanu and Lavinia Cosmina Ardelean",slug:"the-influence-of-salivary-ph-on-the-prevalence-of-dental-caries",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Caries - The Selection of Restoration Methods and Restorative Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11565.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"82288",title:"Dental Emergency and Conditions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105495",signatures:"Navneet Kaur",slug:"dental-emergency-and-conditions",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Trauma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11567.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"81961",title:"Antioxidants as an Adjuncts to Periodontal Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105016",signatures:"Sura Dakhil Jassim and Ali Abbas Abdulkareem",slug:"antioxidants-as-an-adjuncts-to-periodontal-therapy",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Trauma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11567.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"82357",title:"Caries Management Aided by Fluorescence-Based Devices",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105567",signatures:"Atena Galuscan, Daniela Jumanca and Aurora Doris Fratila",slug:"caries-management-aided-by-fluorescence-based-devices",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Caries - The Selection of Restoration Methods and Restorative Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11565.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"81894",title:"Diet and Nutrition and Their Relationship with Early Childhood Dental Caries",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105123",signatures:"Luanna Gonçalves Ferreira, Giuliana de Campos Chaves Lamarque and Francisco Wanderley Garcia Paula-Silva",slug:"diet-and-nutrition-and-their-relationship-with-early-childhood-dental-caries",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Caries - The Selection of Restoration Methods and Restorative Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11565.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"80963",title:"Pain Perception in Patients Treated with Ligating/Self-Ligating Brackets versus Patients Treated with Aligners",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102796",signatures:"Farid Bourzgui, Rania Fastani, Salwa Khairat, Samir Diouny, Mohamed El Had, Zineb Serhier and Mohamed Bennani Othmani",slug:"pain-perception-in-patients-treated-with-ligating-self-ligating-brackets-versus-patients-treated-wit",totalDownloads:31,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10780.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry",value:2,count:22,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Oral Health",value:1,count:25,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7102",title:"Pneumonia",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7102.jpg",slug:"pneumonia",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Nima Rezaei",hash:"9fd70142814192dcec58a176749f1b60",volumeInSeries:13,fullTitle:"Pneumonia",editors:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/116250/images/system/116250.jpg",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9615",title:"Chikungunya Virus",subtitle:"A Growing Global Public Health Threat",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9615.jpg",slug:"chikungunya-virus-a-growing-global-public-health-threat",publishedDate:"February 9th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",hash:"c960d94a63867dd12a8ab15176a3ff06",volumeInSeries:12,fullTitle:"Chikungunya Virus - A Growing Global Public Health Threat",editors:[{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9619",title:"Epstein-Barr Virus",subtitle:"New Trends",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9619.jpg",slug:"epstein-barr-virus-new-trends",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Emmanuel Drouet",hash:"a2128c53becb6064589570cbe8d976f8",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Epstein-Barr Virus - New Trends",editors:[{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9525",title:"Insights Into Drug Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9525.jpg",slug:"insights-into-drug-resistance-in-staphylococcus-aureus",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Amjad Aqib",hash:"98bb6c1ddb067da67185c272f81c0a27",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Insights Into Drug Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus",editors:[{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9614",title:"Advances in Candida albicans",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9614.jpg",slug:"advances-in-candida-albicans",publishedDate:"November 17th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xinhui Wang",hash:"31d6882518ca749b12715266eed0a018",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Advances in Candida albicans",editors:[{id:"296531",title:"Dr.",name:"Xinhui",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xinhui-wang",fullName:"Xinhui Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/296531/images/system/296531.jpg",institutionString:"Qinghai Normal University",institution:{name:"University of Luxembourg",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Luxembourg"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9528",title:"Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Malaria Elimination",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9528.jpg",slug:"current-topics-and-emerging-issues-in-malaria-elimination",publishedDate:"July 21st 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",hash:"7f178329cc42e691efe226b32f14e2ea",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Malaria Elimination",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9613",title:"Dengue Fever in a One Health Perspective",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9613.jpg",slug:"dengue-fever-in-a-one-health-perspective",publishedDate:"October 28th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Márcia Aparecida Sperança",hash:"77ecce8195c11092230b4156df6d83ff",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Dengue Fever in a One Health Perspective",editors:[{id:"176579",title:"Dr.",name:"Márcia Aparecida",middleName:null,surname:"Sperança",slug:"marcia-aparecida-speranca",fullName:"Márcia Aparecida Sperança",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/176579/images/system/176579.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal do ABC",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7981",title:"Overview on Echinococcosis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7981.jpg",slug:"overview-on-echinococcosis",publishedDate:"April 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Fethi Derbel and Meriem Braiki",hash:"24dee9209f3fd6b7cd28f042da0076f0",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Overview on Echinococcosis",editors:[{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7887",title:"Hepatitis B and C",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7887.jpg",slug:"hepatitis-b-and-c",publishedDate:"April 8th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",hash:"8dd6dab483cf505d83caddaeaf497f2c",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Hepatitis B and C",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73208/images/system/73208.jpg",institutionString:"University of Oviedo",institution:{name:"University of Oviedo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7839",title:"Malaria",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7839.jpg",slug:"malaria",publishedDate:"December 11th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Fyson H. Kasenga",hash:"91cde4582ead884cb0f355a19b67cd56",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Malaria",editors:[{id:"86725",title:"Dr.",name:"Fyson",middleName:"Hanania",surname:"Kasenga",slug:"fyson-kasenga",fullName:"Fyson Kasenga",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/86725/images/system/86725.jpg",institutionString:"Malawi Adventist University",institution:{name:"Malawi Adventist University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malawi"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7123",title:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7123.jpg",slug:"current-topics-in-neglected-tropical-diseases",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",hash:"61c627da05b2ace83056d11357bdf361",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7064",title:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7064.jpg",slug:"current-perspectives-in-human-papillomavirus",publishedDate:"May 2nd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"d92a4085627bab25ddc7942fbf44cf05",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",value:5,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:7}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:229,paginationItems:[{id:"318170",title:"Dr.",name:"Aneesa",middleName:null,surname:"Moolla",slug:"aneesa-moolla",fullName:"Aneesa Moolla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/318170/images/system/318170.png",biography:"Dr. Aneesa Moolla has extensive experience in the diverse fields of health care having previously worked in dental private practice, at the Red Cross Flying Doctors association, and in healthcare corporate settings. She is now a lecturer at the University of Witwatersrand, South Africa, and a principal researcher at the Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office (HE2RO), South Africa. Dr. Moolla holds a Ph.D. in Psychology with her research being focused on mental health and resilience. In her professional work capacity, her research has further expanded into the fields of early childhood development, mental health, the HIV and TB care cascades, as well as COVID. She is also a UNESCO-trained International Bioethics Facilitator.",institutionString:"University of the Witwatersrand",institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419588",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergio",middleName:"Alexandre",surname:"Gehrke",slug:"sergio-gehrke",fullName:"Sergio Gehrke",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038WgMKQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-06-02T11:44:20.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sergio Alexandre Gehrke is a doctorate holder in two fields. The first is a Ph.D. in Cellular and Molecular Biology from the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil, in 2010 and the other is an International Ph.D. in Bioengineering from the Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Elche/Alicante, Spain, obtained in 2020. In 2018, he completed a postdoctoral fellowship in Materials Engineering in the NUCLEMAT of the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil. He is currently the Director of the Postgraduate Program in Implantology of the Bioface/UCAM/PgO (Montevideo, Uruguay), Director of the Cathedra of Biotechnology of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain), an Extraordinary Full Professor of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain) as well as the Director of the private center of research Biotecnos – Technology and Science (Montevideo, Uruguay). Applied biomaterials, cellular and molecular biology, and dental implants are among his research interests. He has published several original papers in renowned journals. In addition, he is also a Collaborating Professor in several Postgraduate programs at different universities all over the world.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"342152",title:"Dr.",name:"Santo",middleName:null,surname:"Grace Umesh",slug:"santo-grace-umesh",fullName:"Santo Grace Umesh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/342152/images/16311_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"333647",title:"Dr.",name:"Shreya",middleName:null,surname:"Kishore",slug:"shreya-kishore",fullName:"Shreya Kishore",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333647/images/14701_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Shreya Kishore completed her Bachelor in Dental Surgery in Chettinad Dental College and Research Institute, Chennai, and her Master of Dental Surgery (Orthodontics) in Saveetha Dental College, Chennai. She is also Invisalign certified. She’s working as a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Orthodontics, SRM Dental College since November 2019. She is actively involved in teaching orthodontics to the undergraduates and the postgraduates. Her clinical research topics include new orthodontic brackets, fixed appliances and TADs. She’s published 4 articles in well renowned indexed journals and has a published patency of her own. Her private practice is currently limited to orthodontics and works as a consultant in various clinics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"323731",title:"Prof.",name:"Deepak M.",middleName:"Macchindra",surname:"Vikhe",slug:"deepak-m.-vikhe",fullName:"Deepak M. Vikhe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/323731/images/13613_n.jpg",biography:"Dr Deepak M.Vikhe .\n\n\t\n\tDr Deepak M.Vikhe , completed his Masters & PhD in Prosthodontics from Rural Dental College, Loni securing third rank in the Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University. He was awarded Dr.G.C.DAS Memorial Award for Research on Implants at 39th IPS conference Dubai (U A E).He has two patents under his name. He has received Dr.Saraswati medal award for best research for implant study in 2017.He has received Fully funded scholarship to Spain ,university of Santiago de Compostela. He has completed fellowship in Implantlogy from Noble Biocare. \nHe has attended various conferences and CDE programmes and has national publications to his credit. His field of interest is in Implant supported prosthesis. Presently he is working as a associate professor in the Dept of Prosthodontics, Rural Dental College, Loni and maintains a successful private practice specialising in Implantology at Rahata.\n\nEmail: drdeepak_mvikhe@yahoo.com..................",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204110",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed A.",middleName:null,surname:"Madfa",slug:"ahmed-a.-madfa",fullName:"Ahmed A. Madfa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204110/images/system/204110.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madfa is currently Associate Professor of Endodontics at Thamar University and a visiting lecturer at Sana'a University and University of Sciences and Technology. He has more than 6 years of experience in teaching. His research interests include root canal morphology, functionally graded concept, dental biomaterials, epidemiology and dental education, biomimetic restoration, finite element analysis and endodontic regeneration. Dr. Madfa has numerous international publications, full articles, two patents, a book and a book chapter. Furthermore, he won 14 international scientific awards. Furthermore, he is involved in many academic activities ranging from editorial board member, reviewer for many international journals and postgraduate students' supervisor. Besides, I deliver many courses and training workshops at various scientific events. Dr. Madfa also regularly attends international conferences and holds administrative positions (Deputy Dean of the Faculty for Students’ & Academic Affairs and Deputy Head of Research Unit).",institutionString:"Thamar University",institution:null},{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",biography:"Dr. Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif is working at the Faculty of dentistry, University for October university for modern sciences and arts (MSA). Her areas of expertise include: periodontology, dental laserology, oral implantology, periodontal plastic surgeries, oral mesotherapy, nutrition, dental pharmacology. She is an editor and reviewer in numerous international journals.",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null},{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"256417",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Sadry",slug:"sanaz-sadry",fullName:"Sanaz Sadry",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256417/images/8106_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null},{id:"202198",title:"Dr.",name:"Buket",middleName:null,surname:"Aybar",slug:"buket-aybar",fullName:"Buket Aybar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202198/images/6955_n.jpg",biography:"Buket Aybar, DDS, PhD, was born in 1971. She graduated from Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, in 1992 and completed her PhD degree on Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Istanbul University in 1997.\r\nDr. Aybar is currently a full-time professor in Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. She has teaching responsibilities in graduate and postgraduate programs. Her clinical practice includes mainly dentoalveolar surgery.\r\nHer topics of interest are biomaterials science and cell culture studies. She has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books; she also has participated in several scientific projects supported by Istanbul University Research fund.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178412",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Guhan",middleName:null,surname:"Dergin",slug:"guhan-dergin",fullName:"Guhan Dergin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178412/images/6954_n.jpg",biography:"Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gühan Dergin was born in 1973 in Izmit. He graduated from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1999. He completed his specialty of OMFS surgery in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry and obtained his PhD degree in 2006. In 2005, he was invited as a visiting doctor in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of the University of North Carolina, USA, where he went on a scholarship. Dr. Dergin still continues his academic career as an associate professor in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry. He has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178414",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Emes",slug:"yusuf-emes",fullName:"Yusuf Emes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178414/images/6953_n.jpg",biography:"Born in Istanbul in 1974, Dr. Emes graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry in 1997 and completed his PhD degree in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in 2005. He has papers published in international and national scientific journals, including research articles on implantology, oroantral fistulas, odontogenic cysts, and temporomandibular disorders. Dr. Emes is currently working as a full-time academic staff in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"192229",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ana Luiza",middleName:null,surname:"De Carvalho Felippini",slug:"ana-luiza-de-carvalho-felippini",fullName:"Ana Luiza De Carvalho Felippini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192229/images/system/192229.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"University of São Paulo",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"256851",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayşe",middleName:null,surname:"Gülşen",slug:"ayse-gulsen",fullName:"Ayşe Gülşen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256851/images/9696_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ayşe Gülşen graduated in 1990 from Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ankara and did a postgraduate program at University of Gazi. \nShe worked as an observer and research assistant in Craniofacial Surgery Departments in New York, Providence Hospital in Michigan and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan. \nShe works as Craniofacial Orthodontist in Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi, Ankara Turkey since 2004.",institutionString:"Orthodontist, Assoc Prof in the Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi",institution:null},{id:"255366",title:"Prof.",name:"Tosun",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"tosun-tosun",fullName:"Tosun Tosun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255366/images/7347_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul, Turkey in 1989;\nVisitor Assistant at the University of Padua, Italy and Branemark Osseointegration Center of Treviso, Italy between 1993-94;\nPhD thesis on oral implantology in University of Istanbul and was awarded the academic title “Dr.med.dent.”, 1997;\nHe was awarded the academic title “Doç.Dr.” (Associated Professor) in 2003;\nProficiency in Botulinum Toxin Applications, Reading-UK in 2009;\nMastership, RWTH Certificate in Laser Therapy in Dentistry, AALZ-Aachen University, Germany 2009-11;\nMaster of Science (MSc) in Laser Dentistry, University of Genoa, Italy 2013-14.\n\nDr.Tosun worked as Research Assistant in the Department of Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul between 1990-2002. \nHe worked part-time as Consultant surgeon in Harvard Medical International Hospitals and John Hopkins Medicine, Istanbul between years 2007-09.\u2028He was contract Professor in the Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DI.S.C.), Medical School, University of Genova, Italy between years 2011-16. \nSince 2015 he is visiting Professor at Medical School, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria. \nCurrently he is Associated Prof.Dr. at the Dental School, Oral Surgery Dept., Istanbul Aydin University and since 2003 he works in his own private clinic in Istanbul, Turkey.\u2028\nDr.Tosun is reviewer in journal ‘Laser in Medical Sciences’, reviewer in journal ‘Folia Medica\\', a Fellow of the International Team for Implantology, Clinical Lecturer of DGZI German Association of Oral Implantology, Expert Lecturer of Laser&Health Academy, Country Representative of World Federation for Laser Dentistry, member of European Federation of Periodontology, member of Academy of Laser Dentistry. Dr.Tosun presents papers in international and national congresses and has scientific publications in international and national journals. He speaks english, spanish, italian and french.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"260116",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Yaltirik",slug:"mehmet-yaltirik",fullName:"Mehmet Yaltirik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260116/images/7413_n.jpg",biography:"Birth Date 25.09.1965\r\nBirth Place Adana- Turkey\r\nSex Male\r\nMarrial Status Bachelor\r\nDriving License Acquired\r\nMother Tongue Turkish\r\n\r\nAddress:\r\nWork:University of Istanbul,Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine 34093 Capa,Istanbul- TURKIYE",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"272237",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinar",middleName:"Kiymet",surname:"Karataban",slug:"pinar-karataban",fullName:"Pinar Karataban",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272237/images/8911_n.png",biography:"Assist.Prof.Dr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban, DDS PhD \n\nDr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban was born in Istanbul in 1975. After her graduation from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1998 she started her PhD in Paediatric Dentistry focused on children with special needs; mainly children with Cerebral Palsy. She finished her pHD thesis entitled \\'Investigation of occlusion via cast analysis and evaluation of dental caries prevalance, periodontal status and muscle dysfunctions in children with cerebral palsy” in 2008. She got her Assist. Proffessor degree in Istanbul Aydın University Paediatric Dentistry Department in 2015-2018. ın 2019 she started her new career in Bahcesehir University, Istanbul as Head of Department of Pediatric Dentistry. In 2020 she was accepted to BAU International University, Batumi as Professor of Pediatric Dentistry. She’s a lecturer in the same university meanwhile working part-time in private practice in Ege Dental Studio (https://www.egedisklinigi.com/) a multidisciplinary dental clinic in Istanbul. Her main interests are paleodontology, ancient and contemporary dentistry, oral microbiology, cerebral palsy and special care dentistry. She has national and international publications, scientific reports and is a member of IAPO (International Association for Paleodontology), IADH (International Association of Disability and Oral Health) and EAPD (European Association of Pediatric Dentistry).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"172009",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatma Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Uzuner",slug:"fatma-deniz-uzuner",fullName:"Fatma Deniz Uzuner",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/172009/images/7122_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Deniz Uzuner was born in 1969 in Kocaeli-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1986, she attended the Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. \nIn 1993 she attended the Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics for her PhD education. After finishing the PhD education, she worked as orthodontist in Ankara Dental Hospital under the Turkish Government, Ministry of Health and in a special Orthodontic Clinic till 2011. Between 2011 and 2016, Dr. Deniz Uzuner worked as a specialist in the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University in Ankara/Turkey. In 2016, she was appointed associate professor. Dr. Deniz Uzuner has authored 23 Journal Papers, 3 Book Chapters and has had 39 oral/poster presentations. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"332914",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Saad",middleName:null,surname:"Shaikh",slug:"muhammad-saad-shaikh",fullName:"Muhammad Saad Shaikh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jinnah Sindh Medical University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"315775",title:"Dr.",name:"Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Luo",slug:"feng-luo",fullName:"Feng Luo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"344229",title:"Dr.",name:"Sankeshan",middleName:null,surname:"Padayachee",slug:"sankeshan-padayachee",fullName:"Sankeshan Padayachee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"315727",title:"Ms.",name:"Kelebogile A.",middleName:null,surname:"Mothupi",slug:"kelebogile-a.-mothupi",fullName:"Kelebogile A. Mothupi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"423519",title:"Dr.",name:"Sizakele",middleName:null,surname:"Ngwenya",slug:"sizakele-ngwenya",fullName:"Sizakele Ngwenya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"337613",title:"Mrs.",name:"Tshakane",middleName:null,surname:"R.M.D. Ralephenya",slug:"tshakane-r.m.d.-ralephenya",fullName:"Tshakane R.M.D. Ralephenya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419270",title:"Dr.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Chianchitlert",slug:"ann-chianchitlert",fullName:"Ann Chianchitlert",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419271",title:"Dr.",name:"Diane",middleName:null,surname:"Selvido",slug:"diane-selvido",fullName:"Diane Selvido",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419272",title:"Dr.",name:"Irin",middleName:null,surname:"Sirisoontorn",slug:"irin-sirisoontorn",fullName:"Irin Sirisoontorn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"40",type:"subseries",title:"Ecosystems and Biodiversity",keywords:"Ecosystems, Biodiversity, Fauna, Taxonomy, Invasive Species, Destruction of Habitats, Overexploitation of Natural Resources, Pollution, Global Warming, Conservation of Natural Spaces, Bioremediation",scope:"
\r\n\tIn general, the harsher the environmental conditions in an ecosystem, the lower the biodiversity. Changes in the environment caused by human activity accelerate the impoverishment of biodiversity.
\r\n
\r\n\tBiodiversity refers to “the variability of living organisms from any source, including terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; it includes diversity within each species, between species, and that of ecosystems”.
\r\n
\r\n\tBiodiversity provides food security and constitutes a gene pool for biotechnology, especially in the field of agriculture and medicine, and promotes the development of ecotourism.
\r\n
\r\n\tCurrently, biologists admit that we are witnessing the first phases of the seventh mass extinction caused by human intervention. It is estimated that the current rate of extinction is between a hundred and a thousand times faster than it was when man first appeared. The disappearance of species is caused not only by an accelerated rate of extinction, but also by a decrease in the rate of emergence of new species as human activities degrade the natural environment. The conservation of biological diversity is "a common concern of humanity" and an integral part of the development process. Its objectives are “the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components, and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits resulting from the use of genetic resources”.
\r\n
\r\n\tThe following are the main causes of biodiversity loss:
\r\n
\r\n\t• The destruction of natural habitats to expand urban and agricultural areas and to obtain timber, minerals and other natural resources.
\r\n
\r\n\t• The introduction of alien species into a habitat, whether intentionally or unintentionally which has an impact on the fauna and flora of the area, and as a result, they are reduced or become extinct.
\r\n
\r\n\t• Pollution from industrial and agricultural products, which devastate the fauna and flora, especially those in fresh water.
\r\n
\r\n\t• Global warming, which is seen as a threat to biological diversity, and will become increasingly important in the future.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/40.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11968,editor:{id:"209149",title:"Prof.",name:"Salustiano",middleName:null,surname:"Mato",slug:"salustiano-mato",fullName:"Salustiano Mato",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRLREQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-31T10:23:50.png",biography:"Salustiano Mato de la Iglesia (Santiago de Compostela, 1960) is a doctor in biology from the University of Santiago and a Professor of zoology at the Department of Ecology and Animal Biology at the University of Vigo. He has developed his research activity in the fields of fauna and soil ecology, and in the treatment of organic waste, having been the founder and principal investigator of the Environmental Biotechnology Group of the University of Vigo.\r\nHis research activity in the field of Environmental Biotechnology has been focused on the development of novel organic waste treatment systems through composting. The result of this line of work are three invention patents and various scientific and technical publications in prestigious international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Vigo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:{id:"60498",title:"Prof.",name:"Josefina",middleName:null,surname:"Garrido",slug:"josefina-garrido",fullName:"Josefina Garrido",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRj1VQAS/Profile_Picture_2022-03-31T10:06:51.jpg",biography:"Josefina Garrido González (Paradela de Abeleda, Ourense 1959), is a doctor in biology from the University of León and a Professor of Zoology at the Department of Ecology and Animal Biology at the University of Vigo. She has focused her research activity on the taxonomy, fauna and ecology of aquatic beetles, in addition to other lines of research such as the conservation of biodiversity in freshwater ecosystems; conservation of protected areas (Red Natura 2000) and assessment of the effectiveness of wetlands as priority areas for the conservation of aquatic invertebrates; studies of water quality in freshwater ecosystems through biological indicators and physicochemical parameters; surveillance and research of vector arthropods and invasive alien species.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Vigo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorThree:{id:"464288",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Ramil",slug:"francisco-ramil",fullName:"Francisco Ramil",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003RI7lHQAT/Profile_Picture_2022-03-31T10:15:35.png",biography:"Fran Ramil Blanco (Porto de Espasante, A Coruña, 1960), is a doctor in biology from the University of Santiago de Compostela and a Professor of Zoology at the Department of Ecology and Animal Biology at the University of Vigo. His research activity is linked to the taxonomy, fauna and ecology of marine benthic invertebrates and especially the Cnidarian group. Since 2004, he has been part of the EcoAfrik project, aimed at the study, protection and conservation of biodiversity and benthic habitats in West Africa. He also participated in the study of vulnerable marine ecosystems associated with seamounts in the South Atlantic and is involved in training young African researchers in the field of marine research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Vigo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},series:{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",issn:"2754-6713"},editorialBoard:[{id:"220987",title:"Dr.",name:"António",middleName:"Onofre",surname:"Soares",slug:"antonio-soares",fullName:"António Soares",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNtzQAG/Profile_Picture_1644499672340",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Azores",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"276688",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"mohammed-latif-khan",fullName:"Mohammed Latif Khan",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcCZQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-07-15T15:04:17.jpg",institutionString:"Dr. Harisngh Gour Central University, India",institution:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{id:"82754",title:"Impact of Revegetation on Ecological Restoration of a Constructed Soil in a Coal Mining in Southern Brazil",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105895",signatures:"Lizete Stumpf, Maria Bertaso De Garcia Fernandez, Pablo Miguel, Luiz Fernando Spinelli Pinto, Ryan Noremberg Schubert, Luís Carlos Iuñes de Oliveira Filho, Tania Hipolito Montiel, Lucas Da Silva Barbosa, Jeferson Diego Leidemer and Thábata Barbosa Duarte",slug:"impact-of-revegetation-on-ecological-restoration-of-a-constructed-soil-in-a-coal-mining-in-southern-",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Vegetation Dynamics, Changing Ecosystems and Human Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11663.jpg",subseries:{id:"40",title:"Ecosystems and Biodiversity"}}},{id:"82828",title:"Vegetation and Avifauna Distribution in the Serengeti National Park",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106165",signatures:"Ally K. Nkwabi and Pius Y. Kavana",slug:"vegetation-and-avifauna-distribution-in-the-serengeti-national-park",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Vegetation Dynamics, Changing Ecosystems and Human Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11663.jpg",subseries:{id:"40",title:"Ecosystems and Biodiversity"}}},{id:"82808",title:"Climate Change and Anthropogenic Impacts on the Ecosystem of the Transgressive Mud Coastal Region of Bight of Benin, Nigeria",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105760",signatures:"Patrick O. Ayeku",slug:"climate-change-and-anthropogenic-impacts-on-the-ecosystem-of-the-transgressive-mud-coastal-region-of",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Vegetation Dynamics, Changing Ecosystems and Human Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11663.jpg",subseries:{id:"40",title:"Ecosystems and Biodiversity"}}},{id:"82525",title:"Perspective Chapter: Daphnia magna as a Potential Indicator of Reservoir Water Quality - Current Status and Perspectives Focused in Ecotoxicological Classes Regarding the Risk Prediction",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105768",signatures:"Sara Rodrigues, Ivo Pinto, Sandra Nogueira and Sara C. Antunes",slug:"perspective-chapter-daphnia-magna-as-a-potential-indicator-of-reservoir-water-quality-current-status",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Limnology - The Importance of Monitoring and Correlations of Lentic and Lotic Waters",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11662.jpg",subseries:{id:"40",title:"Ecosystems and Biodiversity"}}},{id:"82697",title:"Analyzing the Evolution of Land-Use Changes Related to Vegetation, in the Galicia Region, Spain: From 1990 to 2018",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106015",signatures:"Sérgio Lousada and José Manuel Naranjo Gómez",slug:"analyzing-the-evolution-of-land-use-changes-related-to-vegetation-in-the-galicia-region-spain-from-1",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"José Manuel",surname:"Naranjo Gómez"},{name:"Sérgio",surname:"Lousada"}],book:{title:"Vegetation Dynamics, Changing Ecosystems and Human Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11663.jpg",subseries:{id:"40",title:"Ecosystems and Biodiversity"}}},{id:"82563",title:"Impacts of Human Activities on the High Mountain Landscape of the Tatras (Example of the Border Area of the High and Belianske Tatras, Slovakia)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105601",signatures:"Veronika Piscová, Juraj Hreško, Michal Ševčík and Terézia Slobodová",slug:"impacts-of-human-activities-on-the-high-mountain-landscape-of-the-tatras-example-of-the-border-area-",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Vegetation Dynamics, Changing Ecosystems and Human Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11663.jpg",subseries:{id:"40",title:"Ecosystems and Biodiversity"}}},{id:"82362",title:"Studies on the Short-Term Effects of the Cease of Pesticides Use on Vineyard Microbiome",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105706",signatures:"Simona Ghiță, Mihaela Hnatiuc, Aurora Ranca, Victoria Artem and Mădălina-Andreea Ciocan",slug:"studies-on-the-short-term-effects-of-the-cease-of-pesticides-use-on-vineyard-microbiome",totalDownloads:19,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Vegetation Dynamics, Changing Ecosystems and Human Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11663.jpg",subseries:{id:"40",title:"Ecosystems and Biodiversity"}}},{id:"82297",title:"The Climate Change-Agriculture Nexus in Drylands of Ethiopia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103905",signatures:"Zenebe Mekonnen",slug:"the-climate-change-agriculture-nexus-in-drylands-of-ethiopia",totalDownloads:30,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Vegetation Dynamics, Changing Ecosystems and Human Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11663.jpg",subseries:{id:"40",title:"Ecosystems and Biodiversity"}}},{id:"81999",title:"Climate Change, Rural Livelihoods, and Human Well-Being: Experiences from Kenya",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104965",signatures:"André J. Pelser and Rujeko Samanthia Chimukuche",slug:"climate-change-rural-livelihoods-and-human-well-being-experiences-from-kenya",totalDownloads:32,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Vegetation Dynamics, Changing Ecosystems and Human Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11663.jpg",subseries:{id:"40",title:"Ecosystems and Biodiversity"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10839",title:"Protein Detection",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10839.jpg",slug:"protein-detection",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Yusuf Tutar and Lütfi Tutar",hash:"2f1c0e4e0207fc45c936e7d22a5369c4",volumeInSeries:31,fullTitle:"Protein Detection",editors:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/158492/images/system/158492.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8977",title:"Protein Kinases",subtitle:"Promising Targets for Anticancer Drug Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8977.jpg",slug:"protein-kinases-promising-targets-for-anticancer-drug-research",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rajesh Kumar Singh",hash:"6d200cc031706a565b554fdb1c478901",volumeInSeries:24,fullTitle:"Protein Kinases - Promising Targets for Anticancer Drug Research",editors:[{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9742",title:"Ubiquitin",subtitle:"Proteasome Pathway",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9742.jpg",slug:"ubiquitin-proteasome-pathway",publishedDate:"December 9th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xianquan Zhan",hash:"af6880d3a5571da1377ac8f6373b9e82",volumeInSeries:18,fullTitle:"Ubiquitin - Proteasome Pathway",editors:[{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223233/images/system/223233.png",institutionString:"Shandong First Medical University",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:18,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:111,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 3rd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},subseries:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. Osma",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDv7QAG/Profile_Picture_1626602531691",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad de Los Andes",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Colombia"}}},{id:"69697",title:"Dr.",name:"Mani T.",middleName:null,surname:"Valarmathi",fullName:"Mani T. Valarmathi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/69697/images/system/69697.jpg",institutionString:"Religen Inc. | A Life Science Company, United States of America",institution:null},{id:"205081",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:"Vinícius",surname:"Chaud",fullName:"Marco Chaud",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDGeQAO/Profile_Picture_1622624307737",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Sorocaba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/156501",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"156501"},fullPath:"/profiles/156501",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()