Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\n
This achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\n
We are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\n
Thank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5709",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Optoelectronics - Advanced Device Structures",title:"Optoelectronics",subtitle:"Advanced Device Structures",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Optoelectronics - Advanced Device Structures (Book IV) is following the Optoelectronics (Books I, II, and III) published in 2011, 2013, and 2015, as part of the InTech collection of international works on optoelectronics. Accordingly, as with the first three books of the collection, this book covers recent achievements by specialists around the world. The growing number of countries participating in this endeavor as well as joint participation of the US and Moldova scientists in edition of this book testifies to the unifying effect of science. An interested reader will find in the book the description of properties and applications employing organic and inorganic materials, as well as the methods of fabrication and analysis of operation and regions of application of modern optoelectronic devices.",isbn:"978-953-51-3370-4",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3369-8",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4744-2",doi:"10.5772/65136",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"optoelectronics-advanced-device-structures",numberOfPages:372,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"8b81ee1079b92050f9664d3ee61dfa39",bookSignature:"Sergei L. Pyshkin and John Ballato",publishedDate:"July 12th 2017",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5709.jpg",numberOfDownloads:23955,numberOfWosCitations:14,numberOfCrossrefCitations:14,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:2,numberOfDimensionsCitations:24,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:2,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:52,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"August 31st 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"September 21st 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"December 18th 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"March 18th 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"May 17th 2017",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"43016",title:"Prof.",name:"Sergei",middleName:"L.",surname:"Pyshkin",slug:"sergei-pyshkin",fullName:"Sergei Pyshkin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/43016/images/system/43016.jpeg",biography:"Dr.Sc. Prof. Sergei L. Pyshkin is Scientific Advisor of the Institute of Applied Physics, Academy of Sciences of Moldova, Adjunct Professor and Senior Fellow of Clemson University, SC, USA, member of The US Minerals, Metals & Materials Society (TMS), awarded the State Prize of Republic of Moldova for investigations in solid-state physics and microelectronics.\r\n\r\nThe works deal with non-linear optics (multi -quantum absorption), electron and phonon transport phenomena, photoconductivity and light scattering, luminescence, crystal and thin film growth, molecular beam and laser assisted epitaxies, nanotechnology, lasers for medicine, scientific instrument making (boxcar-integrators and solid-state IR matrix photoreceivers). \r\n\r\nBiography of Prof. Pyshkin is included into the Marquis 'Who’s Who in America” (2008-2013) and 'Who’s Who in the World” (2009-Present).",institutionString:"Institute of Applied Physics, Academy of Sciences of Moldova",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"5",institution:{name:"Academy of Sciences of Moldova",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Moldova"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"48955",title:"Prof.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Ballato",slug:"john-ballato",fullName:"John Ballato",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/48955/images/5411_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. John Ballato is a professor of materials science and engineering \n(MSE) at Clemson University where he also directs the Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies (COMSET). He earned a B.S. in Ceramic Science and Engineering (1993) and the Ph.D. in Ceramic and Materials Engineering (1997) from Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey. \nDr. Ballato has published more than 250 archival scientific papers, holds 25 U.S. and foreign patents, has given in excess of 140 invited lectures/colloquia, and has co-organized 25 national and international conferences and symposia. Among other honors, he is a Fellow of the Optical Society of America (OSA), the International Society of Optical Engineering (SPIE), and the American Ceramic Society (ACerS).",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Clemson University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"739",title:"Electronic Circuits",slug:"electrical-and-electronic-engineering-electronic-circuits"}],chapters:[{id:"54585",title:"Properties of GaP Studied over 50 Years",doi:"10.5772/67852",slug:"properties-of-gap-studied-over-50-years",totalDownloads:1312,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"A unique set of GaP semiconductor samples studied for over 50 years has exhibited significant improvement in their properties through the formation of the perfect host crystal lattice and the N‐impurity crystal superlattice. This chapter reviews this evolution of properties and discusses their novel utility in advanced optoelectronic devices. More specifically, nitrogen‐doped gallium phosphide (GaP:N) crystals that were originally prepared in the 1960s were theorized to form an excitonic crystal (1970s), and the best methods of their bulk, film, and nanoparticle crystal growth have subsequently been developed. The excitonic crystals yield novel and useful properties including enhanced stimulated emission and very bright and broadband luminescence at room temperature, which have been observed. These results provide a new approach to the selection and preparation of “perfect” materials for optoelectronics and offer a unique opportunity to realize a new form of solid‐state host—the excitonic crystal—as a high‐intensity light source with low thresholds for nonlinear optical effects.",signatures:"Sergei L. Pyshkin and John Ballato",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54585",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54585",authors:[{id:"43016",title:"Prof.",name:"Sergei",surname:"Pyshkin",slug:"sergei-pyshkin",fullName:"Sergei Pyshkin"}],corrections:null},{id:"54163",title:"Microcavities for Silica-Fiber-Based Quantum Information Processing",doi:"10.5772/67499",slug:"microcavities-for-silica-fiber-based-quantum-information-processing",totalDownloads:1465,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"High-quality optical microcavities are prospective in many optoelectronics fields like optical communication, nonlinear optics, and quantum information technology. For quantum telecommunication over 1.55 μm silica-fiber-based networks, micropillar cavities containing quantum dots (QDs) are strongly required to construct quantum devices such as single-photon sources (SPSs). The straight way could be using micropillars composed of traditional InGaAsP/InP distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs), which can in principle serve as efficient 1.55 μm SPSs. To reduce the difficulty in fabricating such ~30 μm high pillars, structure hybridizing semiconductor with dielectric materials is designed. Consisting of Si/SiO2 DBRs and an InP active layer, such a micropillar readily enhances the rate of single-photon emitting from an InAs/InP QD to be over GHz and serves as a photon-indistinguishable SPS. To strongly couple a 1.55 μm QD with an optical mode, the Si/SiO2-InP hybrid micropillar cavity can be reformed by introducing tapered DBR structures. This new hybrid pillar cavity can be diminished to have a sub-micrometer diameter, giving small mode volume and ensuring single QD emission. With quality (Q) factor as high as 105–106, this cavity can behave as a coherently controllable quantum device. More effective might be the InGaAsP/InP-air-aperture micropillar cavity, which can be fabricated by a monolithic process without hybridizing.",signatures:"Hai-Zhi Song",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54163",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54163",authors:[{id:"196114",title:"Prof.",name:"Hai-Zhi",surname:"Song",slug:"hai-zhi-song",fullName:"Hai-Zhi Song"}],corrections:null},{id:"55943",title:"LED and Phototransistor Simulation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69629",slug:"led-and-phototransistor-simulation",totalDownloads:1306,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Optoelectronics (e.g., light-emitting diodes, photodetectors) is one of the most widely used fields nowadays. But it is still necessary to improve their characteristics for using in general lighting. In this chapter, the heterostructure conductivity type, impurity and indium atoms influence on the LEDs and phototransistor characteristics are investigated by computer simulation. It was found that current-voltage characteristic and quantum efficiency depend on impurity and indium atoms change a lot. By varying impurity and indium atom concentration, controlling their distribution in InGaN and AlGaP heterostructure LEDs and photodetector characteristics can be improved.",signatures:"Sergey Yurchuk, Oleg Rabinovich and Sergey Didenko",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55943",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55943",authors:[{id:"196185",title:"Prof.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Yurchuk",slug:"sergey-yurchuk",fullName:"Sergey Yurchuk"},{id:"196186",title:"Prof.",name:"Oleg",surname:"Rabinovich",slug:"oleg-rabinovich",fullName:"Oleg Rabinovich"},{id:"196187",title:"Prof.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Didenko",slug:"sergey-didenko",fullName:"Sergey Didenko"},{id:"196188",title:"Prof.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Legotin",slug:"sergey-legotin",fullName:"Sergey Legotin"}],corrections:null},{id:"54385",title:"Hybrid Optoelectronic Router for Future Optical Packet‐ Switched Networks",doi:"10.5772/67623",slug:"hybrid-optoelectronic-router-for-future-optical-packet-switched-networks",totalDownloads:1435,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"With the growing demand for bandwidth and the need to support new services, several challenges are awaiting future photonic networks. In particular, the performance of current network nodes dominated by electrical routers/switches is seen as a bottleneck that is accentuated by the pressing demand for reducing the network power consumption. With the concept of performing more node functions with optics/optoelectronics, optical packet switching (OPS) provides a promising solution. We have developed a hybrid optoelectronic router (HOPR) prototype that exhibits low power consumption and low latency together with high functionality. The router is enabled by key optical/optoelectronic devices and subsystem technologies that are combined with CMOS electronics in a novel architecture to leverage the strengths of both optics/optoelectronics and electronics. In this chapter, we review our recent HOPR prototype developed for realizing a new photonic intra data center (DC) network. After briefly explaining about the HOPR‐based DC network, we highlight the underlying technologies of the new prototype that enables label processing, switching, and buffering of asynchronous arbitrary‐length 100‐Gbps (25‐Gbps × 4λs) burst‐mode optical packets with enhanced power efficiency and reduced latency.",signatures:"Salah Ibrahim and Ryo Takahashi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54385",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54385",authors:[{id:"196116",title:"Dr.",name:"Salah",surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"salah-ibrahim",fullName:"Salah Ibrahim"}],corrections:null},{id:"54836",title:"Research on the Characteristics of Silicon MOS‐Like Light‐ Emitting Structure by Utilizing the Technology of Field‐Induced Optical Radiation Mechanisms",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68273",slug:"research-on-the-characteristics-of-silicon-mos-like-light-emitting-structure-by-utilizing-the-techno",totalDownloads:1344,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"As a well‐known core material, silicon is becoming one of the most promising materials of photonic integration field. The chapter provides the research of integrated silicon MOS‐like light‐emitting structure utilizing the technology of field‐induced optical radiation mechanisms. The silicon light‐emitting device (Si‐LED) plays an important role in realizing the on‐chip optical interconnects, but Si‐LED integrating on bulk silicon is facing many challenges due to the hybrid integration. In addition to be fully compatible with the standard complementary‐metal‐oxide‐semiconductor (CMOS) process technology, the Si‐LED also avoids the challenges that are mentioned above through integrating with bulk silicon substrate monolithically.",signatures:"Kaikai Xu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54836",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54836",authors:[{id:"171558",title:"Prof.",name:"Kaikai",surname:"Xu",slug:"kaikai-xu",fullName:"Kaikai Xu"}],corrections:null},{id:"54105",title:"Phosphor-LED-Based Wireless Visible Light Communication (VLC) and Its Applications",doi:"10.5772/67426",slug:"phosphor-led-based-wireless-visible-light-communication-vlc-and-its-applications",totalDownloads:1772,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, we review our recent works on the phosphor white‐light light‐emitting diode (LED)-based wireless visible light communication (VLC) and its applications. This chapter is divided into two sections for introduction. In the first section, in order to enhance the transmission rate in phosphor-LED VLC system, we propose and demonstrate a novel multiband orthogonal-frequency-division-multiplexed (OFDM) modulation format for capacity enhancement. Based on the proposed scheme, various bands of OFDM signals are employed to different LED chips of the LED luminary; it can prevent the power fading and nonlinearity effects of transmission signal. Therefore, the maximum enhanced percentage of VLC data rate is 41.1%. In the second section, we also demonstrate a 71.3–148.4 Mbps phosphor-LED wireless VLC system at the free space transmission distance between 1.4 and 2.1 m. Finally, to understand and demonstrate the real-time LED VLC transmission, a commercial OFDM-based digital signal processor (DSP) is used in the LED transmitting side and client side, respectively. Therefore, the proposed real-time half-duplex VLC system can complete around 70 Mbps downstream and upstream traffic throughputs, in a free space transmission distance of 2 m long for practical in-home illumination and smart city applications.",signatures:"Chien‐Hung Yeh and Chi‐Wai Chow",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54105",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54105",authors:[{id:"106255",title:"Prof.",name:"Chien-Hung",surname:"Yeh",slug:"chien-hung-yeh",fullName:"Chien-Hung Yeh"},{id:"169907",title:"Dr.",name:"Chi-Wai",surname:"Chow",slug:"chi-wai-chow",fullName:"Chi-Wai Chow"}],corrections:null},{id:"54560",title:"Microscopic Particle Manipulation via Optoelectronic Devices",doi:"10.5772/67928",slug:"microscopic-particle-manipulation-via-optoelectronic-devices",totalDownloads:1281,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The optoelectronic tweezers (or optically induced dielectrophoresis (DEP)) have showed the ability to parallelly position a large number of colloidal microparticles without any template. The microparticles can be trapped and driven by the dielectrophoretic forces induced by the optical micropatterns in OET devices. In this chapter, the design and fabrication of flat optoelectronic devices (FOD) and hybrid optoelectronic device (HOD) are described. In the typical FOD, the manipulation modes including filtering, transporting, concentrating and focusing controlling regimes are experimentally demonstrated and analyzed. The controllable rotation of self-assembled microparticle chains in FOD has also been investigated, and a method incorporating the optically induced electrorotation (OER) and AC electroosmotic (ACEO) effects is numerically and experimentally implemented for manipulating microparticle chains. Based on the above research of FOD, a hybrid DEP microdevice HOD is conceptually and experimentally proposed. The HOD integrates with metallic microelectrode layer and the underneath photoconductive layer with projected optical virtual electrodes. FOD and HOD hybrid device enables the active driving, large-scale patterning and local position adjustment of microparticles. These techniques make up the shortcoming of low flexibility of traditional metallic microelectrodes and integrate the merits of both the metal electrode-induced and microimage-induced DEP techniques.",signatures:"Xiaolu Zhu and Yifei Yang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54560",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54560",authors:[{id:"196214",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaolu",surname:"Zhu",slug:"xiaolu-zhu",fullName:"Xiaolu Zhu"},{id:"205206",title:"Mr.",name:"Yifei",surname:"Yang",slug:"yifei-yang",fullName:"Yifei Yang"}],corrections:null},{id:"54441",title:"Hybrid Silicon-Organic Heterojunction Structures for Photovoltaic Applications",doi:"10.5772/67565",slug:"hybrid-silicon-organic-heterojunction-structures-for-photovoltaic-applications",totalDownloads:1486,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The concept for inorganic-organic device is an attractive technology to develop devices with better characteristics and functionality due to the complementary advantages of inorganic and organic materials. This chapter provides an overview of the principal requirements for organic and inorganic semiconductor properties and their fabrication processes and focus on the compatibility between low temperature plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) and polymer organic materials deposition. The concept for inorganic-organic device was validated with the fabrication of three hybrid thin film photovoltaic structures, based on hydrogenated silicon (Si:H), organic poly(3-hexythiophene): methano-fullerenephenyl-C61-butyric-acid-methyl-ester (P3HT:PCBM), and poly(3,4ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) films. Optoelectronic characteristics, performance characteristics, and interfaces of the different configurations aspects are discussed. Hybrid ITO/PEDOT:PSS/(i)Si:H/(n)Si:H structure results in a remarkably high short circuit current density as large as 17.74 mA/cm2, which is higher than the values in organic or inorganic reference samples. Although some hybrid structures demonstrated substantial improvement of performance, other hybrid structures showed poor performance, further R&D efforts seem to be promising, and should be focused on deeper study of organic materials and related interface properties.",signatures:"Andrey Kosarev, Ismael Cosme, Svetlana Mansurova, Antonio J.\nOlivares and Hiram E. Martinez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54441",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54441",authors:[{id:"101046",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrey",surname:"Kosarev",slug:"andrey-kosarev",fullName:"Andrey Kosarev"}],corrections:null},{id:"54847",title:"Modeling of Silicon Photonic Devices for Optical Interconnect Transceiver Circuit Design",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68272",slug:"modeling-of-silicon-photonic-devices-for-optical-interconnect-transceiver-circuit-design",totalDownloads:1957,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Optical interconnect system efficiency is dependent on the ability to optimize the transceiver circuitry for low-power and high-bandwidth operation, motivating co-simulation environments with compact optical device simulation models. This chapter presents compact Verilog-A silicon carrier-injection and carrier-depletion ring modulator models which accurately capture both nonlinear electrical and optical dynamics. Experimental verification of the carrier-injection ring modulator model is performed both at 8 Gb/s with symmetric drive signals to study the impact of pre-emphasis pulse duration, pulse depth, and dc bias, and at 9 Gb/s with a 65-nm CMOS driver capable of asymmetric pre-emphasis pulse duration. Experimental verification of the carrier-depletion ring modulator model is performed at 25 Gb/s with a 65-nm CMOS driver capable of asymmetric equalization.",signatures:"Binhao Wang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54847",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54847",authors:[{id:"200329",title:"Dr.",name:"Binhao",surname:"Wang",slug:"binhao-wang",fullName:"Binhao Wang"}],corrections:null},{id:"54757",title:"Candidate Materials as Gain Media in Organic, Triplet-Based, Room-Temperature masers Targeting the ISM Bands",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68232",slug:"candidate-materials-as-gain-media-in-organic-triplet-based-room-temperature-masers-targeting-the-ism",totalDownloads:1313,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"While lasers have enjoyed greater popularity, masers—which emit coherent radiation in the microwave spectrum—are also of critical importance to a variety of applications. Recently, an organic gain medium has been developed, which allows emission at room temperature without the traditional encumbrances of cryogenic cooling or an externally applied magnetic field, at vastly improved power efficiency. This discovery opens up new avenues for applications that were previously impractical. However, further investigation is still required for frequency tuning of the device, through the selection of alternate gain media beyond the original choice of pentacene-doped p-terphenyl and some linear acenes similar to the pentacene prototype. This chapter outlines some of the essential criteria necessary to achieve masing with an organic semiconductor gain medium, including zero-field splitting (ZFS), triplet sublevel division, and metastable population inversion. Three tables of possible candidate materials are presented based on this roster of criteria, particularly targeting emission in one of the industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) bands. A selection of preferred guest molecules is recommended for in-situ testing as room-temperature masers gain media candidates.",signatures:"Erinn van Wynsberghe and Ayse Turak",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54757",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54757",authors:[{id:"30831",title:"Dr.",name:"Ayse",surname:"Turak",slug:"ayse-turak",fullName:"Ayse Turak"},{id:"196273",title:"MSc.",name:"Erinn",surname:"Van Wynsberghe",slug:"erinn-van-wynsberghe",fullName:"Erinn Van Wynsberghe"}],corrections:null},{id:"54249",title:"Analysis of a Resonant AC‐AC LED Driver",doi:"10.5772/67472",slug:"analysis-of-a-resonant-ac-ac-led-driver",totalDownloads:1623,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The study analyses the performance of different LED circuit configurations feed from a low power resonant driver under pulse quasi‐triangular currents. The considered LED driver topology is based on a bridgeless single‐stage AC‐AC converter with bidirectional switches and a parallel LC resonant tank. The converter performances are simultaneously analyzed in correlation with the most important features, such as the electric efficiency, luminous efficacy, power factor correction capabilities, and flickering implications.",signatures:"Teodosescu Petre Dorel, Szekely Norbert Csaba, Sabau Madalina\nSabina and Bojan Mircea",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54249",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54249",authors:[{id:"195867",title:"Dr.",name:"Petre",surname:"Teodosescu",slug:"petre-teodosescu",fullName:"Petre Teodosescu"},{id:"204149",title:"Dr.",name:"Norbert Csaba",surname:"Szekely",slug:"norbert-csaba-szekely",fullName:"Norbert Csaba Szekely"},{id:"204150",title:"BSc.",name:"Madalina Sabina",surname:"Sabau",slug:"madalina-sabina-sabau",fullName:"Madalina Sabina Sabau"},{id:"204151",title:"Dr.",name:"Mircea",surname:"Bojan",slug:"mircea-bojan",fullName:"Mircea Bojan"}],corrections:null},{id:"54391",title:"Ultraviolet Sensors Based on Two-Dimensional Zinc Oxide Structures",doi:"10.5772/67311",slug:"ultraviolet-sensors-based-on-two-dimensional-zinc-oxide-structures",totalDownloads:1771,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, we review the application of zinc oxide (ZnO) in ultraviolet (UV) sensing and emphasise on the two-dimensional (2D) ZnO structures. The synthesis of 2D ZnO structures, the morphologies, and the photoluminescence emission will be reviewed and highlighted. The performance of the UV sensors based on 2D ZnO structures is explored. The lack in the study of the 2D ZnO UV sensors might be due to the difficulties of controlling the growth of the 2D ZnO compared to the one-dimensional (1D) ZnO structures.",signatures:"Naif H. Al-Hardan, Muhammad Azmi Abdul Hamid, Roslinda\nShamsudin and Norinsan Kamil Othman",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54391",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54391",authors:[{id:"189476",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Norinsan Kamil",surname:"Othman",slug:"norinsan-kamil-othman",fullName:"Norinsan Kamil Othman"},{id:"195267",title:"Dr.",name:"Naif",surname:"Al-Hardan",slug:"naif-al-hardan",fullName:"Naif Al-Hardan"},{id:"195293",title:"Dr.",name:"A.",surname:"Abdul Hamid",slug:"a.-abdul-hamid",fullName:"A. Abdul Hamid"},{id:"195428",title:"Dr.",name:"Roslinda",surname:"Shamsudin",slug:"roslinda-shamsudin",fullName:"Roslinda Shamsudin"}],corrections:null},{id:"54227",title:"The Optical Phenomena of Interplay between Nanobio Complexes: A Theoretical Insight into Their Biomedical Applications",doi:"10.5772/67527",slug:"the-optical-phenomena-of-interplay-between-nanobio-complexes-a-theoretical-insight-into-their-biomed",totalDownloads:1263,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The subnanometer‐sized coinage metal nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted more attention due to their unique electronic structures and subsequent physical, chemical and excellent photoluminescent properties. The DNA‐stabilized metal clusters had become a remarkably good choice for the selection of fluorescent color by the sequence of the stabilizing DNA oligomer. Similarly, the single‐wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) also have unique optical properties which make them useful in many applications. The interaction of DNA and SWCNT is also useful in molecular sensors and it is assumed that amplification of the DNA sensing element may be necessary in the presence of SWCNTs. As the application of NP‐CNT system represents a great interest in nanobiotechnology, it can be used for the design of the electronic mobile diagnostic facilities for blood analysis and the chemical or drug delivery inside the living cell. The SWCNTs are used as a drug delivery vehicles used to target the specific cancer cells. Separately, along with DNA‐NP, the DNA‐CNT system also represents a great interest, nowadays, in biomedical applications due to diagnostics and treatment of oncology diseases. So combining the DNA‐NP‐SWCNT system can represent a potential target of modern research. The interplay of DNA, NP and SWCNTs has now become a current topic of research for further nanobiomedical applications.",signatures:"Ruby Srivastava",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54227",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54227",authors:[{id:"185788",title:"Dr.",name:"Ruby",surname:"Srivastava",slug:"ruby-srivastava",fullName:"Ruby Srivastava"}],corrections:null},{id:"54208",title:"Sputtered Indium Tin Oxide Films for Optoelectronic Applications",doi:"10.5772/67441",slug:"sputtered-indium-tin-oxide-films-for-optoelectronic-applications",totalDownloads:1816,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"High‐quality indium tin oxide (ITO) films have been fabricated using a DC sputtering technique in a pure argon atmosphere with a postannealing in an oxygen environment at atmosphere pressure. Structural, morphological, and electro‐optical parameters of the ITO films were studied at different annealing temperatures for the films fabricated on two types of glass substrates, soda lime and alkali‐free substrates. A comparative analysis shows that low‐cost soda lime substrates are suitable for the fabrication of high‐quality nanocrystalline ITO films after annealing them at 300°C. This result is of great importance for reducing the cost of thin film solar cells, in which ITO films serve as transparent conducting electrodes. We present a comparison of the properties of sputtered ITO films with those fabricated using a spray pyrolysis deposition technique, which is useful for some optoelectronic applications.",signatures:"Oleksandr Malik and Francisco Javier de la Hidalga‐Wade",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54208",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54208",authors:[{id:"6501",title:"Dr.",name:"Oleksandr",surname:"Malik",slug:"oleksandr-malik",fullName:"Oleksandr Malik"},{id:"160726",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",surname:"De La Hidalga-Wade",slug:"francisco-javier-de-la-hidalga-wade",fullName:"Francisco Javier De La Hidalga-Wade"}],corrections:null},{id:"54210",title:"Surface-Barrier Photodiodes with Transparent Electrodes for High-Performance Detection in the UV-NIR Spectrum",doi:"10.5772/67469",slug:"surface-barrier-photodiodes-with-transparent-electrodes-for-high-performance-detection-in-the-uv-nir",totalDownloads:1393,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The aim of this chapter is to present a short review in the field of design, fabrication technology, and testing of high-efficiency surface-barrier photodiodes with electrodes based on thin-film transparent conducting oxides (TCO) such as tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) and fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO). Most of this review is based on our own results obtained and reported during the last 30 years. Besides a brief description of the low-cost spray pyrolysis deposition technique, mainly used in our work for deposition of the TCO films on a semiconductor surface, structural, morphological, and optoelectronic properties of these TCO films are discussed. As an example, a successful application of these TCO films is shown and used in high-efficiency surface-barrier photodiodes for a wide spectral range, from near ultraviolet (UV) to near infrared (NIR), and fabricated on different semiconductor substrates such as traditional Si, wide energy band ZnS, and GaP compound semiconductor substrates. The possible use of the Si surface-barrier structures as radiation-resistant detectors and gamma radiation detectors is discussed. The properties of high-efficiency surface-barrier photodiodes based on a perspective ternary semiconductor compound, Hg3In2Te6 mercury indium telluride (MIT), for detection of 1.3 μm and 1.55 μm radiation for applications in fiber optics, are also reported.",signatures:"Oleksandr Malik and Francisco Javier De la Hidalga-Wade",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54210",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54210",authors:[{id:"6501",title:"Dr.",name:"Oleksandr",surname:"Malik",slug:"oleksandr-malik",fullName:"Oleksandr Malik"},{id:"160726",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",surname:"De La Hidalga-Wade",slug:"francisco-javier-de-la-hidalga-wade",fullName:"Francisco Javier De La Hidalga-Wade"}],corrections:null},{id:"54719",title:"Spectral Responses in Quantum Efficiency of Emerging Kesterite Thin-Film Solar Cells",doi:"10.5772/68058",slug:"spectral-responses-in-quantum-efficiency-of-emerging-kesterite-thin-film-solar-cells",totalDownloads:1424,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The spectral responses in quantum efficiency provide essential information about current generation, recombination, and diffusion mechanisms in a photodetector, photodiode, and photovoltaic devices as the quantum efficiency is a function of the voltage and light biases and the spectral content of the bias light and/or location of the devices. Recently, P-type Kesterite thin-film solar cells are emerging as they have a high absorption coefficient (>104 cm−1) and ideal direct bandgap (1.4–1.5 eV), which make them a perfect candidate for photovoltaic application. However, a champion device from Zincblende (CdTe) or Chalcopyrite (CIGS) solar cells shows ~21% efficiency (<21.5%, First Solar and <21.7%, ZSW, respectively) while Kesterite devices suffer from severe losses with <12.6% efficiency. Furthermore, the maximum theoretical efficiency based on Shockley-Queisser limit is about 32.2%, which indicates there is much room for the improvement. Consequently, the implication from the current situation highlights the need for a systematic analysis of the loss mechanism in Kesterite devices. In this work, we carried out a systematic study of the efficiency limiting factors based on quantum efficiency to model the quantum efficiency response of current CZTSSe thin-film solar cells. This will provide the guidance for proper interpretation of device behaviors when it is measured by quantum efficiency.",signatures:"Sanghyun Lee and Kent J. Price",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54719",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54719",authors:[{id:"195331",title:"Prof.",name:"Sanghyun",surname:"Lee",slug:"sanghyun-lee",fullName:"Sanghyun Lee"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3166",title:"Optoelectronics",subtitle:"Advanced Materials and Devices",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b7263978cf34e637a4b9592eb4975f3e",slug:"optoelectronics-advanced-materials-and-devices",bookSignature:"Sergei L. Pyshkin and John M. Ballato",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3166.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"43016",title:"Prof.",name:"Sergei",surname:"Pyshkin",slug:"sergei-pyshkin",fullName:"Sergei Pyshkin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5950",title:"Excitons",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"498d440aeb659aab54ba2c6ddd83b482",slug:"excitons",bookSignature:"Sergei L. Pyshkin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5950.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"43016",title:"Prof.",name:"Sergei",surname:"Pyshkin",slug:"sergei-pyshkin",fullName:"Sergei Pyshkin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8527",title:"Luminescence",subtitle:"OLED Technology and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dbdf51e72104f9e570cc0f1ea6c02a9e",slug:"luminescence-oled-technology-and-applications",bookSignature:"Sergei Pyshkin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8527.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"43016",title:"Prof.",name:"Sergei",surname:"Pyshkin",slug:"sergei-pyshkin",fullName:"Sergei Pyshkin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4607",title:"Optoelectronics",subtitle:"Materials and Devices",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e72724ec0d3faf1ec705cb92fa03c32",slug:"optoelectronics-materials-and-devices",bookSignature:"Sergei L. Pyshkin and John Ballato",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4607.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"43016",title:"Prof.",name:"Sergei",surname:"Pyshkin",slug:"sergei-pyshkin",fullName:"Sergei Pyshkin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3576",title:"Solid State Circuits Technologies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a14e0865ac126e0234df9b53a5943ebf",slug:"solid-state-circuits-technologies",bookSignature:"Jacobus W. Swart",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3576.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"5235",title:"Professor",name:"Jacobus",surname:"Swart",slug:"jacobus-swart",fullName:"Jacobus Swart"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3647",title:"Advances in Solid State Circuit Technologies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"advances-in-solid-state-circuit-technologies",bookSignature:"Paul K Chu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3647.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4759",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",surname:"Chu",slug:"paul-chu",fullName:"Paul Chu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3563",title:"Advanced Microwave Circuits and Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2d0a7e4bb67e54ab0bbe098ebb9537d4",slug:"advanced-microwave-circuits-and-systems",bookSignature:"Vitaliy Zhurbenko",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3563.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3721",title:"Prof.",name:"Vitaliy",surname:"Zhurbenko",slug:"vitaliy-zhurbenko",fullName:"Vitaliy Zhurbenko"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3106",title:"Photodiodes",subtitle:"From Fundamentals to Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a10cd693ef0a38fe4f92eac11410db46",slug:"photodiodes-from-fundamentals-to-applications",bookSignature:"Ilgu Yun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3106.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"150727",title:"Prof.",name:"Ilgu",surname:"Yun",slug:"ilgu-yun",fullName:"Ilgu Yun"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"491",title:"Photodiodes",subtitle:"World Activities in 2011",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6a3cd5b56e3b5d6c986ced6a2b9e38eb",slug:"photodiodes-world-activities-in-2011",bookSignature:"Jeong-Woo Park",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/491.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4928",title:"Prof.",name:"Jeong Woo",surname:"Park",slug:"jeong-woo-park",fullName:"Jeong Woo Park"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5864",title:"Different Types of Field-Effect Transistors",subtitle:"Theory and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"586a8228e9e9228e77a6a141d8d170bf",slug:"different-types-of-field-effect-transistors-theory-and-applications",bookSignature:"Momcilo M. Pejovic and Milic M. Pejovic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5864.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"147994",title:"Dr.",name:"Momčilo",surname:"Pejović",slug:"momcilo-pejovic",fullName:"Momčilo Pejović"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"79356",slug:"erratum-the-mechanism-of-misalignment-of-saw-cutting-crack-of-concrete-pavement",title:"Erratum - The Mechanism of Misalignment of Saw Cutting Crack of Concrete Pavement",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/71364.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71364",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71364",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/71364",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/71364",chapter:{id:"71109",slug:"the-mechanism-of-misalignment-of-saw-cutting-crack-of-concrete-pavement",signatures:"Chatarina Niken",dateSubmitted:"October 18th 2019",dateReviewed:"January 11th 2020",datePrePublished:"February 14th 2020",datePublished:"September 23rd 2020",book:{id:"7615",title:"Fracture Mechanics Applications",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Fracture Mechanics Applications",slug:"fracture-mechanics-applications",publishedDate:"September 23rd 2020",bookSignature:"Hayri Baytan Ozmen and H. Ersen Balcioglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7615.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"198122",title:"Dr.",name:"Hayri Baytan",middleName:null,surname:"Ozmen",slug:"hayri-baytan-ozmen",fullName:"Hayri Baytan Ozmen"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"313776",title:"Dr.",name:"Chatarina",middleName:null,surname:"Niken",fullName:"Chatarina Niken",slug:"chatarina-niken",email:"chatarinaniken@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"71109",slug:"the-mechanism-of-misalignment-of-saw-cutting-crack-of-concrete-pavement",signatures:"Chatarina Niken",dateSubmitted:"October 18th 2019",dateReviewed:"January 11th 2020",datePrePublished:"February 14th 2020",datePublished:"September 23rd 2020",book:{id:"7615",title:"Fracture Mechanics Applications",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Fracture Mechanics Applications",slug:"fracture-mechanics-applications",publishedDate:"September 23rd 2020",bookSignature:"Hayri Baytan Ozmen and H. Ersen Balcioglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7615.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"198122",title:"Dr.",name:"Hayri Baytan",middleName:null,surname:"Ozmen",slug:"hayri-baytan-ozmen",fullName:"Hayri Baytan Ozmen"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"313776",title:"Dr.",name:"Chatarina",middleName:null,surname:"Niken",fullName:"Chatarina Niken",slug:"chatarina-niken",email:"chatarinaniken@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"7615",title:"Fracture Mechanics Applications",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Fracture Mechanics Applications",slug:"fracture-mechanics-applications",publishedDate:"September 23rd 2020",bookSignature:"Hayri Baytan Ozmen and H. Ersen Balcioglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7615.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"198122",title:"Dr.",name:"Hayri Baytan",middleName:null,surname:"Ozmen",slug:"hayri-baytan-ozmen",fullName:"Hayri Baytan Ozmen"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11875",leadTitle:null,title:"Body Contouring - Surgical Procedures and New Technologies",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tBody contouring procedures have become one of the most common procedures performed worldwide in aesthetic medicine. This book will aim to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of the main surgical and non-surgical procedures in this matter, ranging from breast surgery, liposuction, tummy tuck, and the current trends in non-invasive procedures, discussing the most important evidence-based methods of treatment available worldwide today, and take a deep look into the future and what new advances have been made and are under development in recent years in this passionate field. Finally, we decided to include a chapter regarding safety in body contouring surgery because, as some of these procedures may seem easy to perform, some underprepared physicians have caused serious injuries and even deaths, mainly in developing countries. There are years of study behind each physician, and our patients deserve to receive the best treatment each of us can give them.
",isbn:"978-1-83768-042-9",printIsbn:"978-1-83768-041-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83768-043-6",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"dd85673e99f920afa1a794c71357599a",bookSignature:"Dr. Alexandro Aguilera",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11875.jpg",keywords:"Cool Sculpting, Radiofrequency, Breast Augmentation, Mastopexy, Abdominoplasty, Dermolipectomy, Massive Weight Loss, High Definition Liposuction, Laser, Fat Reduction, Antithrombotic Prophylaxis, Wound Healing",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 11th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"July 12th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 10th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 29th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 28th 2023",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"a month",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A plastic and reconstructive surgeon, appointed head of hand and peripheral nerve surgery department at the National Institute of Pediatrics, is also passionate about aesthetic surgery, mainly focusing on rhinoplasty. Dr.Aguilera studied Surgeon at the Universidad Anáhuac del Norte.He is also head of the Continuing Medical Education Program of the Mexican Association of Plastic Surgery. He is a member of the Ibero-Latin American Federation of Plastic Surgery and the World Society for Reconstructive Microsur",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"162339",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandro",middleName:null,surname:"Aguilera",slug:"alexandro-aguilera",fullName:"Alexandro Aguilera",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/162339/images/system/162339.jpg",biography:"Dr. Alexandro Aguilera Salgado is a 38-year-old certified plastic and reconstructive surgeon from Mexico City. He started his plastic surgery residency in 2011 at Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González, followed by two full-time fellowship programs: one in hand surgery, mentored by Dr. Carlos Gargollo at Hospital Angeles Pedregal, and the other one in facial palsy and peripheral nerve, mentored by Dr. Alexander Cardenas at Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González. After completing his fellowships, he started working as an attending physician at the National Institute of Pediatrics, which is a national reference center in Mexico for patients with complex congenital, traumatic and acquired upper extremity diseases, where he is the chief of the Hand and Peripheral Nerve Department. He is also head of the Continuing Medical Education Program of the Mexican Association of Plastic Surgery.",institutionString:"Instituto Nacional de Pediatria",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Instituto Nacional de Pediatria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"466997",firstName:"Patricia",lastName:"Kerep",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/466997/images/21565_n.jpg",email:"patricia@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully"}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7836",title:"The Art of Body Contouring",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"983c155c9b836c8e4947bb3946694bc9",slug:"the-art-of-body-contouring",bookSignature:"Alexandro Aguilera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7836.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"162339",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandro",surname:"Aguilera",slug:"alexandro-aguilera",fullName:"Alexandro Aguilera"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6340",title:"Essentials of Hand Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"17716f5af3207a5039578a6d8e795cdf",slug:"essentials-of-hand-surgery",bookSignature:"Alexandro Aguilera Salgado",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6340.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"162339",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandro",surname:"Aguilera",slug:"alexandro-aguilera",fullName:"Alexandro Aguilera"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6550",title:"Cohort Studies in Health Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"01df5aba4fff1a84b37a2fdafa809660",slug:"cohort-studies-in-health-sciences",bookSignature:"R. Mauricio Barría",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88861",title:"Dr.",name:"R. Mauricio",surname:"Barría",slug:"r.-mauricio-barria",fullName:"R. Mauricio Barría"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9500",title:"Recent Advances in Bone Tumours and Osteoarthritis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea4ec0d6ee01b88e264178886e3210ed",slug:"recent-advances-in-bone-tumours-and-osteoarthritis",bookSignature:"Hiran Amarasekera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9500.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"67634",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiran",surname:"Amarasekera",slug:"hiran-amarasekera",fullName:"Hiran Amarasekera"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"38305",title:"Advanced Map Optimalization Based on Eye-Tracking",doi:"10.5772/46190",slug:"advanced-map-optimalization-based-on-eye-tracking",body:'
1. Introduction
Mapmakers and cartographers perceive maps differently than the target group of users. In the case map is created by someone else than a professional cartographer the process of making maps suffers by considerable degree of subjectivity. Despite the several-hundred-years effort of objectification of map making process, cartographers sometimes have difficulties to imagine the way how the user will use the map, especially the way of map perception, reading, analysis and interpretation [1]. Cartographers often lack the reasoning for the decision-making in balancing the map design and layout, designing a map symbology, choosing the cartographic method of visualization or level of generalization [2]. For these reasons it is necessary to carry out a research on user perception of maps.
According to Golledge and Stimson [3] the perception is function of a cognition (thinking), which can be understood as a way of encoding, storing and integrating information into existing knowledge. In order to study reading and using maps the perception is very important, because it helps to structure the area depicted on the map.
Several approaches of the research on user perception and evaluation of the applicability and effectiveness of maps exist. The eye-tracking is one of the rarely used. Based on results of eye movements analyses, many questions, that were not yet been discussed in cartography adequately, can be answered. For example, how users obtain information from the map, what is the strategy of map reading, how often users look to the map legend, how easily can be map symbols interpreted, etc. Analyses of maps usability can help in optimizing the map symbology, composition or design, so the new maps can be created in order to respect the specific user\'s requirements.
The main sensory channel for cognitive processes is vision [4]; therefore the research on map visual perception is necessary
2. Usability studies
The term usability is defined as “the effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction with which specified users achieve specified goals in particular environments” [5]. Satisfaction quantifies subjective users’ impressions dealing with such indicators as operability and learnability of a given task. Efficiency and effectiveness metrics are objective performance measures of speed and accuracy. [6]
Nielsen [7] defines usability as a quality attribute that assesses how are user interfaces easy to use. Usability can reveal qualities of the product as well as lack of its functionality, which usually arises during the design phase of a product. [8] The assessed product can be an image, web page, text or a map. To be able to derive qualitative or quantitative measures of the user experience (usability), a number of evaluation methods is possible to use. Li et al. [9] mentions these methods of usability evaluation:
focus group studies,
interview,
direct observation,
think-aloud protocol,
retrospective think-aloud protocol,
screen capture,
eye-tracking.
Each method has its advantages and disadvantages. Frequently a combination of methods is used in the research. For example, see [10, 11, 12].
The method of focus group studies and interview are based on direct contact with the user. They are based on a targeted questioning and recording of discussions and responses of individuals or groups.
The method of direct observation leads to the detection of subject’s behaviour in its natural environment without any interference by the observer. For observation various technical utilities, especially recorders, cameras and camcorders, are used. Direct observation sometimes leads to problems in professional ethics, especially when observed people are not acquainted with the fact that they are the subject of observation.
A frequently used method is "Think-Aloud". Its principle lies in the verbalization of the process performed by the user during solving a specific problem. Participating test subjects verbally describe the process of solving specific tasks and also their feelings [13]. This method is very quick and inexpensive, nevertheless, participant is not aware of all cognitive processes, and not all processes can be simply expressed in words. This method is very subjective in the term of observed subjects, who describe their experiences, and also in the term of the evaluation of their response. Detail usage of this method is discussed by Somersen [14]. Similar to the "Think-Aloud" method is a retrospective variant, when the subject describes a workflow after the task is completed.
The screen capture method of usability study was in the field of cartography and GIS used for example in Haklay et al. [15]. They assessed the usability of GIS software using screenshots that users had posted. On these images the windows of application were captured in the middle of the workday and composition of opened toolbars was analysed.
The last mentioned method, which is in the focus of this chapter, uses a device to monitor eye movements. Eye-tracking method can be considered to be objective, because it is not influenced by the opinion of the monitored person [16].
3. Eye-tracking technology
Eye-tracking technology is based on the principles of tracking movements of human eye while perceiving the visual scene. The measurement device used for measuring eye movements is commonly known as eye-tracker. [17]
When users are searching for the information in unknown environment (text articles, web pages, maps etc.), typically two types of processes occur: a perceptual one (the user should locate/notice the target) and a cognitive one (the user cognitively computes the visual input and understands the function of the target). Eye movement analysis provides valuable quantitative and qualitative information on both stages of visual search. [16]
Qualitative information describes the way in which user explores the stimuli. They can reveal areas of maximum interest, disruptive elements and strategy of searching for a specific element. Quantitative information describe the time spent by observing a particular phenomenon, speed of identifying information and several derived gaze data metrics.
3.1. Methods of eye-tracking
In general, there are two types of eye movement monitoring techniques: those that measure the position of the eye relative to the head, and those that measure the orientation of the eye in space, or the “point of regard”. [18]
According to Duchowski [6], methods of eye movement tracking can be categorized into three main groups:
electrooculography (EOG),
scleral contact lens/search coil
remote eye-tracking.
EOG is a method which was popular about 40 years ago. Its principle lies in measuring of skin’s electric potential differences of electrodes placed around the eye. By recording quite small differences in the skin potential around the eye, the position of the eye can be tracked. [19]
The method of scleral contact lens or search coil uses an attachment to the eye, such as a special contact lens with an embedded mirror or magnetic field sensor, and the movement of the attachment is measured with the assumption that it does not slip significantly as the eye rotates. Both mentioned methods measure eye position relative to the head and they are not generally suitable for point of regard measurements.
Currently the most exploited eye movement measurement method is remote eye-tracking, also called the Pupil and Corneal Reflexion method. It relies on the measurement of visible features of eye, e. g. pupil, iris-sclera boundary and corneal reflection of a closely situated direct light source (often infra-red). The reflected light is recorded by a video camera or specially designed optical sensor. The information is then analyzed to extract eye rotation from changes in corneal reflections. The resulting corneal reflexion is also known as “glint” or the 1st Purkinje reflexion (P1) [20].
There are at least four Purkinje images (figure 1). The first Purkinje image (P1) is the reflection from the outer surface of the cornea. The second one (P2) is the reflection from the inner surface of the cornea. The third one (P3) is the reflection from the anterior surface of the lens and the last one (P4) is the reflection from the posterior surface of the lens. [21]
Eye position and gaze direction are estimated using information from an image sensors picking up reflection patterns on the cornea and other information points. By image analysis and mathematics a gaze point on a reference plane can be calculated.
Figure 1.
Four Purkinje images - the reflection (L) on different parts of the eye: P1 from the outer surface of the cornea, P2 from the inner surface of the cornea, P3 from the anterior surface of the lens, P4 from the posterior surface of the lens. [22]
3.2. Eye movements and algorithms of their detection
Human eyes can only perceive a limited fraction of the visual world at one point in time. Both eyes together provide a roughly elliptical view of the world which is approximately 200 of visual angle wide and 130 high. [23]
However not all parts of this view are perceived with equal acuity because the retina of the eye has a varying structure and composition. The fovea, part of the retina, is responsible for sharp central vision (also called foveal vision), which is necessary during reading, watching television or movies, driving, and any activity where visual detail is of primary importance. The really high-resolution area covers only about 2 of the visual field. The fovea is surrounded by the parafovea belt and the perifovea outer region [24]. The vision supported by this part of the eye is so called peripheral vision, which in comparison with foveal vision seem to be blurred [25].
Eye movement is not smooth. The eye moves in spurts and rests between each movement. During a fixation, eyes are relatively steadily looking at one spot in the visual scene. In order to achieve the most accurate visual impression of a visual scene, eyes move rapidly in mostly ballistic jumps (i.e., saccades) from one spot to another. Among those rather large saccadic eye movements that an attentive person can easily observe from his or her own experience, there are three other, much shorter eye movements, i.e. tremor, drift, and microsaccades. Their purpose is to avoid saturation effects of the visual receptors on the retina which would lead to fading perception. However, people are unaware of those tiny movements and they can be hardly detected by state-of-the-art unobtrusive eye-trackers. [23]
The analysis of fixations and saccades requires some form of identification that results from the processing of raw eye-movement data. Fixation and saccades identification is an inherently statistical description of observed eye movement behaviours.
It is important to define the exact detection algorithm for eye movement analysis, because different parameterizations of an algorithm might lead to different results [26]. Plenty of algorithms exist, but mostly used are I-VT and I-DT. In the case of the I-VT (Velocity-threshold fixation identification) algorithm, the eye-velocity value is compared to the threshold. If the sampled velocity is smaller than the threshold, the corresponding eye-position is marked as a part of a saccade, otherwise the eye-position sample is assigned to be a part of a fixation. The I-DT (Dispersion-Threshold Identification) algorithm takes into account the close spatial proximity of the eye position points in the eye movement trace. [27]
Based on statistical analysis of fixations, saccades, their mutual relationship and other characteristics, it is possible to identify certain attributes of respondent behaviour.
For example, long average fixation durations can be interpreted in two different ways as either: (1) the user has difficulties extracting information; or (2) the user is more engaged with interpreting a representation [28]. Hence, distinguishing between the two is case specific.
Saccade/Fixation ratio describes the ratio between search activity (represented by the number of the saccades) and processing activity (represented by the number of the fixations). A small saccade/fixation ratio indicates that the user is spending more “cognitive resources” on the task and less cognitive resources on gathering important background information [16].
A large number of saccades indicate a low degree of search efficiency or poor interface layout. User roams from place to place finding no satisfactory answer. Saccadic amplitude together with ScanPath duration and ScanPath length can refer to a strategy of user cognition style, or quality of examined layout [23].
3.3. Eye-tracking device
According to fundamentals of examined problem it is necessary to use a proper eye-tracker. Individual devices differ from one another by precision given by the spatial resolution and accuracy of the point of view. An important parameter is the time resolution, which is expressed in hertz (Hz). Department of Geoinformatics, Palacký University in Olomouc owns static SMI RED 250 Eye-tracker (figure 2) with sample frequency of 120 Hz, so data are recorded approximately every 8 ms.
Device parameters (resolution, mobility) must respect the purpose of the application for which the device is used. Research on sportsmen or driver concentration, or arrangement of goods on the shelves requires a mobile device mounted on the head of the subject (the headset). Evaluation of stimuli on the computer screen or television will rather use the static device.
Figure 2.
Laboratory setup with static remote SMI RED 250 eye-tracker at Department of Geoinformatics, Palacký University in Olomouc.
3.4. Current eye-tracking based research on cartographical issues
Anatomy of the human eye is known for hundreds of years, but scientific interest in the processes of visual perception began only during the 19th century [29]. After the Second World War, one of the first measures of gaze direction was done in 1947. The research was focused on the behaviour of military pilots during aircraft landing. It was carried out by analyzing the video with more than 500 000 film frames [30].
With the improvements of the eye-tracking technologies, eye-tracking tools gain their impacts on the usability field and nowadays they are accepted as a tool to improve computer interfaces [11]. Currently eye-tracking is utilizable in many areas of human activity - psychology, medicine, marketing, commercial, etc.
One of the research goals of contemporary cartography is the investigation of perception processing of maps, not only from the commercial point of view, but also in planning, crisis management and rescue operations.
On the one hand, map is very important carrier of information that readers need to assimilate as quickly as possible and undistorted, so cartographers labour for its highest possible accuracy. On the other hand map design and its visual appearance are determinants of user popularity.
In both cases, the key to success is to answer a number of highly debated issues - for example how readers follow the information in the map, in which order and how fast they read the information, which compositional elements they read earliest, how many times they look back to the map legend, which map elements are easy and which difficult to handle, what affects the legibility of the map, etc. These findings can facilitate to evaluate the quality of the map composition, symbology and map content, and thus define the methodology for creating maps that will correspond with requirements of users.
With respect to the investigatory device, maps evaluation using eye-tracking technology is available both for analog maps and the digital cartographic outputs.
One of the first publications focused on the application of eye-tracking methods in cartography is Eye Movement Studies in Cartography and Related Fields [29], in which the author summarizes the results of various studies in the late 80’s of the 20th century. It deals with the general knowledge of tracking of the human eye, studies on evaluation of specific graphic outputs, emphasizing the impossibility to generalize the findings in the behalf of dissimilar studies. He described several universal conclusions and highlighted the importance of distinguishing between user groups according to their age and education.
It is possible to separate the evaluation of information content of maps from the map design. However complex evaluation is more logical, because the information value of maps (e. g. content) can be increased or degraded by technical or artistic design.
An example of a complex evaluation of maps was presented by Alacam and Dalci [11], who compared four map portals (Google Maps, Yahoo Maps, Live Search Maps and MapQuest). Results of eye-tracking experiment revealed considerable variance in the strategy of solving particular quest in different map portals environment. Basic assumption of this study was that the lower the average duration of fixation, the more intuitive the environment. It was found, that users average fixation duration at the Google Map stimuli is statistically significantly lower, than in the case of other evaluated portals.
Coltekin et al. [31] in their research deal with the evaluation of user interface of cartographic software. Test subjects were ask to create a complex map in two different map applications. The study was designed as a between-subject experiment and eye movement analysis was coupled with traditional usability metrics to identify possible design issues. Initial analyses included statistical tests for satisfaction, effectiveness (accuracy of response), and efficiency (response speed).
In a different study the same authors [32] deal with a generic evaluation approach combining theory and data-driven methods based on sequence similarity analysis. The approach systematically studies users’ visual interaction strategies when using highly interactive map interfaces. The result was that the participants generally follow a sequence that agrees with the hypothetical sequence representing user’s strategies.
Another application of eye-tracking in cartography appears in the study of Opach and Nossum [33] where authors have explored the suitability of eye-tracking on two different semistatic and traditional cartographic animations of temperature and weather. Contrary to the author’s previous web based experiment, analysis of the eye-tracking data revealed that the viewing behaviour were surprisingly similar. Three of the metrics used (fixation counts, observation length and time to first fixation) indicated very similar viewing strategies and behaviour during viewing different kind of cartography animations.
Fuhrman, Tamir and Komogortsev [34] have dealt with an assumption that three-dimensional topographic maps provide more effective route planning, navigation, orientation, and way-finding results than traditional two-dimensional representations. The eye-tracking metrics analysis indicates with a high statistical level of confidence that three-dimensional holographic maps enable more efficient route planning.
Popelka and Brychtova [35] used eye-tracking together with questionnaire investigation for evaluation user’s attitudes toward interactive methods of virtual geovisualisation of changes in the city built-up area. Five approaches of visualization were assessed - textual description of changes, comparison of historical and recent pictures or photos, overlaying historical maps over the orthophoto, enhanced visualization of historical map in large scale using the third dimension and photorealistic 3D models of the same area in different ages.
Technologies and methods of eye-tracking have not yet been fully utilized in cartography, even though the possibilities are wide. Cartographic research in the field of eye-tracking currently focuses explicitly on improving the user quality of maps. Future potential expansion of eye-tracking technology can be seen in the activity of the International Cartographic Association, especially the Commission on Use and User Issues [36] and the newly established Commission on Cognitive Issues in Geographic Information Visualization [37].
4. Methods of eye-tracking data visualization
Results of eye-tracking measurements are presented as a text file containing a timestamp and a number of specifications describing coordinates of the point of regard, the pupil size, the angle of the eye position etc. First of all, it is necessary to classify the data, with a specified algorithm, as fixations and saccades (see chapter Eye movements and algorithms of their detection). Then, the data are even visualized in a suitable way, or can be statistically analysed.
There are several basic methods of the eye-tracking data visualization. Holmqvist et al. [20] present the main techniques of gaze data visualization as follows: ScanPath (GazePlot), Attention (Heat) maps and the AOI (Area of Interest) Analysis.
Following chapters will present different possibilities of visualization and eye-tracking measurements on concrete examples from cartography. In this way, methods of eye-tracking will be shown. All examples are based on source data, which are results of several authentic experiments on cartography rules evaluation.
All presented case studies were performed using the SMI RED 250 remote device with the sampling frequency of 120 Hz. Eye position was measured every 8ms.
Respondents were chosen from university students of Geoinformatics and Cartography and also from other studying fields which are not related to cartography.
4.1. ScanPath
ScanPath is defined as a route of oculomotor events through space within a certain time-span [20]. Thanks to ScanPath, it is possible to display raw data as well as calculated fixations and saccades. Circles of different sizes represent fixations (their radius corresponds with their length) and lines which connect the circles represent saccades [38].
When a larger amount of data is displayed, this method becomes restraining. Overlapping parts of individual fixations cause that it is not possible to identify their number visually. Figure 3 shows an example of a ScanPath. Respondents were asked to find the highest peak on one of the maps. The aim of this experiment was to compare two types of visualization - perspective 3D display and a classical orthogonal map supplemented with the shading. Raw data are displayed on the left of the picture, fixations and saccades on the right. From both pictures, it is evident that this particular respondent preferred the three-dimensional visualization. His answer is displayed by a red dot which represents the mouse-click.
Figure 3.
ScanPath showing raw data (left) and fixation and saccades (right)
4.2. ScanPath comparison
There is a great need for robust and general method for ScanPath comparison existing in many fields of eye-tracking research [39]. Privitera and Stark [40] introduced ScanPath comparison based on string editing. Fixations are replaced with characters standing for the AOI’s they hit and the ScanPath is represented as character string. It is one of the first methods comparing not only the loci of fixations, but also their order. The principle of this method is the transformation of two-dimensional data (X, Y coordinates of fixations) to one-dimensional data (character string). Each ScanPath is recorded as a string of letters where each letter corresponds to the area of a current fixation location.
Two or more character strings are then compared and their similarity is measured. Defined by an optimization algorithm, string editing assigns a unit value to three different character operations: deletion, insertion, and substitution. Characters are then manipulated in order to transform one string into another and character manipulation values are tabulated [41]. String edit algorithm determines the number of operations needed to transform one sequence to another - the operations being insertions, deletions and substitutions. The calculated metric will be a measure of how different two sequences are. This method uses the Levenshtein algorithm to produce a string-edit distance between each sequence [42]. Example of the Levenshtein distance measure is in the figure 4. Character string comparison methods are widely used in bioinformatics to align DNA and protein sequences.
Figure 4.
Result of the Levenshtein distance measure between group of eleven geoinformatics while observing a map. Gridded AOI with grid of 5*5 cells was used
Depending on specific tasks, it is important to distinguish between gridded AOI and semantic AOI approaches. When using the Gridded AOI, stimulus is split into areas of equal size (rectangles) with no relation to semantics. The second approach, Semantic AOI uses the Area of Interest which corresponds to specific areas in stimuli. In cartography, Semantic AOI is generally more advantageous because it corresponds to map composition elements like title, legend, etc.
4.3. Attention maps
Attention maps, also called HeatMaps, are used for visualization of quantitative characteristics of the user’s gaze. Thanks to attention maps, it is possible to identify to which area user pay attention and which are rather neglected. In eye-tracking, HeatMaps enable the creation of a brief summary of areas which are in the spotlight and so they are needed to be analyzed more thoroughly. Except of the function of visualization, they might be used as a background for AOI creation. When plotting AOI around a small object, fixations of some of the respondents could be noted outside the created AOI because of inaccurate measurement or calibration deflection. By means of HeatMaps, it is possible to get an overview of possible measurement inaccuracies and so to adapt the Area of Interest.
HeatMaps produced by SMI software BeGaze are created in two steps. The software first scales each pixel in proportion to the durations of all fixations landing on it. Typically, this results in a very sparse “Fixation Hit Map”, since only a small proportion of the pixels have been “hit”. In next step, the hit map is convolved with a Gaussian kernel with certain width. A wider kernel gives a smoother, less pointy appearance to the attention map [20].
Figure 5.
HeatMap created from fixations of seven respondents
4.4. Area of Interest
Areas of Interest (AOI) are regions in the stimulus which the researcher is interested in. The most important AOI metric is the dwell time defined as one visit in AOI, from entry to the exit. The dwell has its own duration, the starting point, the ending point, dispersion etc. In several ways, it is similar to a fixation, but it is of much larger entity, both in space and time [20]. It is also possible to follow the order in which the respondent looked at particular areas or the transition, the movement from one AOI to another etc.
In cartography the Areas of Interest analysis can be used advantageously. AOI analyses are based on evaluation of concrete parts of a map (legend, scale, title, specific phenomena in the map, etc.). When evaluating influence of a composition on the map reading, the application of AOI is very useful. By indicating and evaluating particular compositional elements as AOI, several characteristics can be find out - e.g. for how long the respondent was observing the given area, in which order he visited them etc.
The results can be visualized with use of the Sequence Chart, which displays observed areas in different colours on a timeline. Figure 6 shows results of an experiment, whose objective was to reveal differences in reading of a simple map by a group of students of cartography and cartography amateurs. Three different map compositions are displayed in figure 6. Maps (presented in the first row of figure 6) were projected in 5s intervals during which the respondents have to observe maps without answering any question. The second raw in the Figure 6 shows a sequence chart for a group of students of Geoinformatics and cartography, who have attended several cartography courses. The last row represents data given by cartographic amateurs, students of psychology, zoology etc.
Each stimulus was preceded by a short cross used to locate beginning of all trajectories at the same place (in the middle of the picture). That is why the AOI representing the map field is always pictured in first 500 ms. After this time; most geoinformatics students automatically read the title of the map, or rather noted fixations representing it in AOI. Cartographic amateurs did not do so. It is evident especially in the first column, where the stimulus was the “ideal” map composition [43]. In following columns, the composition was not in accordance with cartographic rules. Despite this fact, students of geoinformatics were trying to find the title of the map.
Figure 6.
Sequence chart visualization. Sample data of the Esri were used for the creation of stimulus maps
The Sequence Chart is illustrative and easy to interpret, but it is necessary to evaluate the data by statistical approach.
The objective of the statistical hypotheses testing is to evaluate the data gained from experiments and the suitability of the purpose given before the testing. Statistical hypothesis is a certain purpose about the distribution of accidental quantities of a basic file.
In statistics, the result is called statistically significant when it is unlikely to have occurred by chance alone, according to a pre-determined threshold probability, the significance level. Critical tests of this kind may be called tests of significance. When such tests are available, we can say whether the second sample is/ is not significantly different from the first one [44].
From a more detailed evaluation of different types of basic eye movements (fixations and saccades), or gaze data metrics such as dwell time, it is possible to deduce a series of numeral metrics suitable for other statistical testing.
Different composition perception with two different groups of map users (experienced cartographers and non-cartographers) was verified by the testing of measured results by a two sample t-test, which is a method of mathematical statistics making possible to verify the null hypothesis that the means of two normally distributed populations are equal.
Differences of the mean dwell time of two groups of users were tested on particular Areas of Interest of the map list - title of the map, the map, the legend, the imprint and secondary maps. A zero hypothesis H0 was tested: mean values of particular choices are the same. Concrete results are illustrated in table 1.
t
df
p-value
alpha
mean of carto [ms]
mean of non-carto [ms]
statement
Main map
-2,2189
33,374
0,0334
0,05
2375,58
3080,11
Rejecting H0
Map heading
3,7546
51,501
0,0004
0,05
631,27
230,78
Rejecting H0
Additive map 2
0,0963
36,715
0,9238
0,05
387,84
376,47
Fail to reject H0
Additive map 1
-0,1874
40,321
0,8523
0,05
260,59
284,08
Fail to reject H0
Masthead
1,1999
36,275
0,2380
0,05
127,27
57,57
Fail to reject H0
Map legend
0,2211
45,702
0,8260
0,05
99,50
84,33
Fail to reject H0
Table 1.
able 1.\tResults of two sample t - test of dwell time on particular compositional map elements of two different user groups.
By comparing the mean dwell time in particular AOI it is evident that both groups spent most time on the main map field. Extremely long time was noticed at students of cartography in AOI covering the map title. The same AOI was on the 4th position with non-cartographers.
The t-test result disproved the zero-hypothesis saying that the values of the mean dwell time were the same with AOI map heading and the main map field. The visit rate of the main map field was significantly higher with non-cartographers. On the contrary, the map title visit rate was higher with cartographers. There was no difference of the dwell time statistically proved with other observed AOI.
4.5. Space-Time-Cube
Data sets created as a result of the eye-tracking are often very large, which limits their visualization possibilities by means of methods mentioned above. When displaying larger data sets with the ScanPath visualization, overlapping parts are created and the follow-up interpretation of results is not possible. The cause of this problem is displaying of three-dimensional data (X, Y, time) into two-dimensional space (X, Y).
With relatively smaller data sets, it is possible to use colours to differentiate fixations according to their order. During the visualization, transparency can be used to identify overlapping fixations.
Another possible solution is to neglect the time. Two dimensional data (X, Y) can be then displayed by means of HeatMap method which displays only the number of fixations, without their order. However, the loss of the information can make the analysis of results impossible in many cases.
Thanks to Space-Time-Cube (STC) which is the most important element of the Hägerstrand time-space model, the data can be effectively visualized without neglecting any of the data files [45].
In its basic appearance, the cube has on its base a representation of the geography (X, Y), while the cube’s height represents time (Z) [46]. As it is evident from figure 7, if the location of the observed object or phenomenon does not change in time, the line is always perpendicular to the base of the cube. The steeper the line between two vertices, the slower the change in the position of observed object/phenomenon. Today there are softwares that automatically creates a Space-Time-Cube from the data in the database. It is also important that it is possible to interactively rotate the cube and select the best perspective for data analysis.
By means of Space-Time-Cube, it is possible to portray any space-time data. These might be for example data recorded by a GPS device, statistic data containing information about location and time, or data detected with eye-tracking.
In this case, coordinates X and Y describe the distribution of fixations in space, and time is described by the axis Z. Thanks to Space-Time-Cube it is possible to reveal different behaviour of particular users. On the other hand, ScanPath cannot identify in which direction the user moved when reading the picture. Up to now, application of Space-Time-Cube with analysis of eye-tracking data was examined only by [9, 47, 48].
Space-Time-Cube visualization is presented in this chapter on testing the user’s perception of the map legend. Respondents were given the task to mark flax growing areas on the map. The aim of the test was to find out the proportion of respondents (%), which use the map legend to fulfil the task. Trajectories of eye movements of two respondents are displayed in figure 8. It is evident that during the first two second of solving the task, the respondents followed almost the same gaze trajectories. One of the first fixations of both respondents are localised in the legend. Then, the respondents tried to answer the given question and started to explore the map.
Figure 7.
Time-space data displayed by means of Space-Time-Cube.
Figure 8.
Use of Space-Time-Cube visualization for investigation of ScanPaths from two respondents
5. Conclusion and prospects
Up to now, technologies and methods of eye-tracking in cartography were not fully utilized despite their great possibilities in cartography. A cartographical research in the field of eye-tracking recently focuses on the improvement of the user quality of a map, particularly on the map composition improvement. However, there is a question how to define the user quality of a map or a “good” map composition. In the main, the user has to be able to interpret the content of the map correctly and accurately. A correct but a too long interpretation of a map cannot be considered as a sign of high user quality of the map. A method of the map content interpretation or the way of internal recording and later recalling of the information are related to its structure of cognitive and mental maps [49, 50, 51]. That is why the improvement of the user quality of a map is considered necessary if we want to perceive into cognitive processes going on during work with maps. In this field, eye-tracking can enable the user to do a research of cognitive maps. Nevertheless, it is necessary to respect the fact that maps have its own special dimension which cannot be neglected during the research because it is essentially connected with the user’s map-content interpretation.
Thanks to easier (but not easy) access to high-performance eye-trackers, we can expect, in a short time period, more numerous and deeper researches on different aspects of map reading. In the field of map creation, there exist certain short and long-term rules. Many of them are respected without any international convention, for example a blue colour used for waters [52].
High initial investments on high quality equipment and a non-existence of a single methodology for preparing and evaluation of tests limit the implementation of the described technology in cartography research. It is also necessary to cooperate with a professional psychologist.
Cartographic research with eye-tracking methods will considerably contribute to argumentation of a high number of empirically based rules and instructions for map creation and the map language will be internationalized. By implication, it will enable geographers to present better results of their researches and studies.
Acknowledgement
The chapter has been completed within the project CZ.1.07/2.4.00/31.0010 Supporting the creation of a national network of new generation of Cartography – NeoCartoLink which is co-financed from European Social Fund and State financial resources of the Czech Republic and the project The small format photography in the study of the effect of heterogeneity on the surface of habitats of the Palacky University (Integral Grant Agency, project no. PrF_2012_007).”
\n',keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/38305.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/38305.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/38305",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/38305",totalDownloads:2486,totalViews:328,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,introChapter:null,impactScore:2,impactScorePercentile:79,impactScoreQuartile:4,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"November 23rd 2011",dateReviewed:"April 25th 2012",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"August 17th 2012",dateFinished:"August 17th 2012",readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/38305",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/38305",book:{id:"2325",slug:"cartography-a-tool-for-spatial-analysis"},signatures:"Stanislav Popelka, Alzbeta Brychtova, Jan Brus and Vít Voženílek",authors:[{id:"101356",title:"Prof.",name:"Vít",middleName:null,surname:"Voženílek",fullName:"Vít Voženílek",slug:"vit-vozenilek",email:"vit.vozenilek@upol.cz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Palacký University, Olomouc",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Czech Republic"}}},{id:"106120",title:"Dr.",name:"Jan",middleName:null,surname:"Brus",fullName:"Jan Brus",slug:"jan-brus",email:"jan.brus@upol.cz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Palacký University, Olomouc",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Czech Republic"}}},{id:"142948",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislav",middleName:null,surname:"Popelka",fullName:"Stanislav Popelka",slug:"stanislav-popelka",email:"standa.popelka@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"142949",title:"Mrs.",name:"Alzbeta",middleName:null,surname:"Brychtova",fullName:"Alzbeta Brychtova",slug:"alzbeta-brychtova",email:"alzbeta.brychtova@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Usability studies",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Eye-tracking technology",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"3.1. Methods of eye-tracking",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"3.2. Eye movements and algorithms of their detection",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"3.3. Eye-tracking device",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"3.4. Current eye-tracking based research on cartographical issues",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8",title:"4. Methods of eye-tracking data visualization",level:"1"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"4.1. ScanPath",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9_2",title:"Figure 4.",level:"2"},{id:"sec_10_2",title:"4.3. Attention maps",level:"2"},{id:"sec_11_2",title:"4.4. Area of Interest",level:"2"},{id:"sec_12_2",title:"4.5. Space-Time-Cube",level:"2"},{id:"sec_14",title:"5. Conclusion and prospects",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Muehrcke.etP. C.al\n\t\t\t\t\t2009\n\t\t\t\t\tAdvanced Map Optimalization Based on Eye-Tracking Redlands, ESRI, 6th edition, 528 pp.'},{id:"B2",body:'Voženílek.V.\n\t\t\t\t\t2005\n\t\t\t\t\tAdvanced Map Optimalization Based on Eye-Tracking Univerzita Palackého v Olomouci, 142 pp.'},{id:"B3",body:'Golledge.R. G.StimsonR. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t1997\n\t\t\t\t\tAdvanced Map Optimalization Based on Eye-Tracking New York: Guilford Press, 620 pp.'},{id:"B4",body:'Board.C.TaylorR. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t1977\n\t\t\t\t\tAdvanced Map Optimalization Based on Eye-Tracking. In Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, New Series, 2, 1, 1936 .'},{id:"B5",body:'\tISO\n\t\t\t\t\t924111\n\t\t\t\t\t924111\n\t\t\t\t\tAdvanced Map Optimalization Based on Eye-Tracking- Part 11: Guidance on usability. International Organization for Standardization, 1997. 22 pp.'},{id:"B6",body:'Duchowski.A. T.\n\t\t\t\t\t2007\n\t\t\t\t\tAdvanced Map Optimalization Based on Eye-Tracking Springer- Verlag London Limited, 2007, 321 pp.'},{id:"B7",body:'Nielsen.J.\n\t\t\t\t\t2003 Usability 101: Introduction to Usability. Alertbox: Current Issues in Web Usability, [online]: < http://www.useit.com/alertbox/20030825.html>'},{id:"B8",body:'Hub.M.VíšekO.SedlákP.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011 Heuristic Evaluation of Geoweb: Case Study. Europan Computing Conference. Proceedings of the European Computing Conference (ECC ‘11) s. 142146 . 978-9-60474-297-4'},{id:"B9",body:'Li.X.ColtekinA. A.KraakM. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t2010\n\t\t\t\t\tAdvanced Map Optimalization Based on Eye-Tracking. In Geographic Information Science, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 6292 2010, 295309 .'},{id:"B10",body:'Cutrell.E.GuanZ.\n\t\t\t\t\t2007\n\t\t\t\t\tAdvanced Map Optimalization Based on Eye-Tracking. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems, San Jose, California, USA, 10 pp.'},{id:"B11",body:'Alacam.O.DalciM.\n\t\t\t\t\t2009 A Advanced Map Optimalization Based on Eye-Trackingan-Computer Interaction, New Trends, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 5610 2009, 1221 .'},{id:"B12",body:'Sedlák.P.HubM.KomárkováJ.VíšekT.\n\t\t\t\t\t2010 Nový přístup k testování a hodnocení kvality map. Geodetický a kartografický obzor. 56/98, 9, Praha, 182188 .'},{id:"B13",body:'Dykes.J.MaceachrenA. M.KraakM. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t2005 Exploring geovisualization. Elsevier Ltd., UK, 705 pp.'},{id:"B14",body:'Somersen.etM. W.al\n\t\t\t\t\t1994 Think aloud method: A practical guide to modelling cognitive processes. London, Academic Press. University of Amsterdam, Department of Social Science Informatics, 205 pp.'},{id:"B15",body:'\tHaklay Mordechai, Zafiri Antigoni\n\t\t\t\t\t2008\n\t\t\t\t\tAdvanced Map Optimalization Based on Eye-Tracking. In The Cartographic Journal, 45\n\t\t\t\t\t2\n\t\t\t\t\t8797 .'},{id:"B16",body:'Goldberg.J. H.KotvalX. P.\n\t\t\t\t\t1999\n\t\t\t\t\tAdvanced Map Optimalization Based on Eye-Tracking. In International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 24\n\t\t\t\t\t631645 .'},{id:"B17",body:'Gienko.G.LevineE.\n\t\t\t\t\t2005 Eye-tracking and augmented photogrammetric technologies. In Proceedings ASPRS 2005 Annual Conference, Baltimore, Maryland, 8 pp.'},{id:"B18",body:'Young.AndL. R.SheenaD.\n\t\t\t\t\t1975\n\t\t\t\t\tAdvanced Map Optimalization Based on Eye-Tracking\n\t\t\t\t\tAmerican Psychologist\n\t\t\t\t\t30\n\t\t\t\t\t315330\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B19",body:'Mohamed.DaA. O.SilvaM. P.CourboulayV.\n\t\t\t\t\t2007\n\t\t\t\t\tAdvanced Map Optimalization Based on Eye-Tracking. Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 16 pp., [online]: <http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/21/59/67/PDF/ Rapport_interne_1.pdf>'},{id:"B20",body:'Holmqvist.K.NyströmM.AnderssonR.DewhurstR.HalszkaJ.Van De WeijerJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011 Eye tracking: A comprehensive guide to methods and measures. Oxford University Press, 560 pp.'},{id:"B21",body:'Glenstrup.A. J. (1995). Eye controlled media: Present and future state. Copenhagen, 90 pp. PhD Thesis. University of Copenhagen, Laboratory of Psychology.'},{id:"B22",body:'\tDual Purkinje Eyetrackers. Faculteit Psychologie en Pedagogische Wetenschappen- KU Leuven [online]. [cit. 2012-04-11]. Dostupné z: http://ppw.kuleuven.be/english/lep/resources/purkinje'},{id:"B23",body:'Biedert.R.BuscherG.DengelA.\n\t\t\t\t\t2009 The EyeBook- Using Eye Tracking to Enhance the Reading Experience. In: Informatik-Spektrum, 33 Nr. 3, 2010, 272281 .'},{id:"B24",body:'Iwasaki.M.InoramaH.\n\t\t\t\t\t1986 Relation Between Superficial Capillaries and Foveal Structures in the Human Retina (with nomenclature of fovea terms). In Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 27\n\t\t\t\t\t16981705 , 1986, IOVS.org'},{id:"B25",body:'Pernice.K.NielsenJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t2009 Eye Tracking Web Usability: How to Conduct and Evaluate Usability Studies Using Eyetracking. Nielsen Norman Group, USA, 163 pp.'},{id:"B26",body:'Komogortsev.AndO.KhanJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t2009 Predictive compression for real time multimedia communication using eye movement analysis. ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications and Applications 6'},{id:"B27",body:'Salvucci.D. D.GoldbergJ. H.\n\t\t\t\t\t2000 Identifying fixations and saccades in eye tracking protocols. In Proceedings of the Eye Tracking Research and Applications Symposium, New York: ACM Press, 7178 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B28",body:'Just.M. A.CarpenterP. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t1976\n\t\t\t\t\tAdvanced Map Optimalization Based on Eye-Tracking. Cognitive Psychology 8\n\t\t\t\t\t44180\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B29",body:'Steinke.T. R.\n\t\t\t\t\t1987\n\t\t\t\t\tAdvanced Map Optimalization Based on Eye-Tracking. In Cartographica: The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization, 24\n\t\t\t\t\t2\n\t\t\t\t\t4073 .'},{id:"B30",body:'Jones.etR. E.al\n\t\t\t\t\t1950 Eye movements of aircraft pilots during instrument landing approaches. In Aeronautical Engineering Review, 9\n\t\t\t\t\t2 (1950), 2429 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B31",body:'Coltekin.etA.al\n\t\t\t\t\t2009\n\t\t\t\t\tAdvanced Map Optimalization Based on Eye-Tracking. In Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 36\n\t\t\t\t\t1\n\t\t\t\t\t517 .'},{id:"B32",body:'Coltekin.etA.al\n\t\t\t\t\t2010\n\t\t\t\t\tAdvanced Map Optimalization Based on Eye-Tracking. In International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 24\n\t\t\t\t\t10 October 2010, 15591575 .'},{id:"B33",body:'Opach.T.NossumA. S.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011 Evaluating the usability of cartographic animations with eye-movement analysis. In Proceedings of the 25th International Cartography ConferenceICC, Paris, 11 pp., 978-1-90707-505-6'},{id:"B34",body:'Fuhrmann.S.KomogortsevO.TamirD.\n\t\t\t\t\t2009\n\t\t\t\t\tAdvanced Map Optimalization Based on Eye-Tracking, Transactions in GIS, 2009, 177196\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B35",body:'Popelka.S.BrychtováA.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011 Metody virtuální rekonstrukce zaniklé pevnosti Olomouc. Historická geografie 37/2 Historický ústav AVČR, Praha, 213230 .'},{id:"B36",body:'\tICA Commision on Use and User Issues in Cartography and Geo-information Processing and Dissemination\n\t\t\t\t\t2012\n\t\t\t\t\thttp://www.univie.ac.at/icacomuse/index.php?title=Main_Page'},{id:"B37",body:'\tICA Commission on Cognitive Visualization\n\t\t\t\t\t2012 https://www.geo.uzh.ch/microsite/icacogvis/ mission.html'},{id:"B38",body:'Raiha.etK. J.al\n\t\t\t\t\t2005\n\t\t\t\t\tAdvanced Map Optimalization Based on Eye-Tracking. In Human-computer Interaction- INTERACT 2005, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 3585 2005, 946949 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B39",body:'Jarodzka.H.HolmqvistK.NyströmM.\n\t\t\t\t\t2010\n\t\t\t\t\tAdvanced Map Optimalization Based on Eye-Tracking. In C. Morimoto & H. Instance (Eds.), Proceedings of the 2010 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications ETRA ‘10 (211218 ). New York, NY: ACM.'},{id:"B40",body:'Privitera.C. M.StarkL. W.\n\t\t\t\t\t2000\n\t\t\t\t\tAdvanced Map Optimalization Based on Eye-Tracking. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence (PAMI) 22\n\t\t\t\t\t9\n\t\t\t\t\t970982 .'},{id:"B41",body:'Duchowski.A. T.DriverJ.JolaosoS.TanW.RameyB. N.RobbinsA.\n\t\t\t\t\t2010\n\t\t\t\t\tAdvanced Map Optimalization Based on Eye-Tracking. In Proceedings of the 2010 Symposium on Eye-Tracking Research Applications (ETRA ‘10). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 219226 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B42",body:'Voßkühler.A.N. O. R. D. M. E. I. E. R. V.K. U. C. H. I. N. K. E. L.J. A. C. O. B. S. A. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t2008 OGAMA- OpenGazeAndMouseAnalyzer: Open source software designed to analyze eye and mouse movements in slideshow study designs. Behavior Research Methods, 40(4), 1150-1162.'},{id:"B43",body:'Voženílek.V.DobešováZ.\n\t\t\t\t\t2005 Metadescription- first step in an atlas production. In Co zwie sie koncepcja mapy?, Wroclaw, 154 pp.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B44",body:'Fisher.R. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t1925\n\t\t\t\t\tAdvanced Map Optimalization Based on Eye-Tracking Macmillan Pub Co. 362 pp.'},{id:"B45",body:'Hägerstrand.T.\n\t\t\t\t\t1970 What about people in Regional Science? In Papers of the Regional Science Association, 24\n\t\t\t\t\t621 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B46",body:'Kraak.M.J.KoussoulakouA.\n\t\t\t\t\t2004\n\t\t\t\t\tAdvanced Map Optimalization Based on Eye-Trackinge. Developments in Spatial Data Handling In Developments in Spatial Data Handling, 189200 .'},{id:"B47",body:'Andrienko.N.AndrienkoG.AndGatalsky. P.\n\t\t\t\t\t2003 Visual data exploration using Space-Time-Cube, In ICC 2003 Proceedings, Durban, south Africa, 19811983 .'},{id:"B48",body:'Nossum.A. S.OpachT.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011 Innovative analysis methods for eye-tracking data from dynamic, interactive and multi-component maps and interfaces, In Proceedings of the 25th International Cartography ConferenceICC, Paris, 978-1-90707-505-6'},{id:"B49",body:'Montello.D. R.\n\t\t\t\t\t2002\n\t\t\t\t\tAdvanced Map Optimalization Based on Eye-Tracking. In Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 29, 283304 .'},{id:"B50",body:'Slocum.T. A.BlokC.JiangB.KoussoulakouA.MontelloD. R.FuhrmanS.HedleyN. R.\n\t\t\t\t\t2001 Cognitive and usability issues in geovisualisation. In Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 28, 6175 .'},{id:"B51",body:'Downs.R. M.SteaD.\n\t\t\t\t\t1977\n\t\t\t\t\tAdvanced Map Optimalization Based on Eye-Tracking New York, Harper & Row.'},{id:"B52",body:'Pravda.J.\n\t\t\t\t\t2006 Metódy mapového vyjadrovania- klasifikácia a ukážky. Slovenská akadémia vied, Geografický ústav Bratislava, 128 pp.'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Stanislav Popelka",address:null,affiliation:'
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"2325",type:"book",title:"Cartography",subtitle:"A Tool for Spatial Analysis",fullTitle:"Cartography - A Tool for Spatial Analysis",slug:"cartography-a-tool-for-spatial-analysis",publishedDate:"August 17th 2012",bookSignature:"Carlos Bateira",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2325.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0689-0",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5005-3",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:22,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"131405",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Bateira",slug:"carlos-bateira",fullName:"Carlos Bateira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"635"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"38312",type:"chapter",title:"Mathematical Analysis in Cartography by Means of Computer Algebra System",slug:"mathematical-analysis-in-cartography-by-means-of-computer-algebra-system",totalDownloads:3336,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Shao-Feng Bian and Hou-Pu Li",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"141289",title:"Prof.",name:"Shao-Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Bian",fullName:"Shao-Feng Bian",slug:"shao-feng-bian"},{id:"141296",title:"Dr.",name:"Hou-Pu",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Hou-Pu Li",slug:"hou-pu-li"}]},{id:"38302",type:"chapter",title:"Web Map Tile Services for Spatial Data Infrastructures: Management and Optimization",slug:"web-map-tile-services-for-spatial-data-infrastructures-management-and-optimization",totalDownloads:3319,totalCrossrefCites:7,signatures:"Ricardo García, Juan Pablo de Castro, Elena Verdú, María Jesús Verdú and Luisa María Regueras",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"138442",title:"BSc.",name:"Ricardo",middleName:null,surname:"García",fullName:"Ricardo García",slug:"ricardo-garcia"},{id:"138669",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Pablo",middleName:null,surname:"De Castro",fullName:"Juan Pablo De Castro",slug:"juan-pablo-de-castro"},{id:"138670",title:"Dr.",name:"María Jesús",middleName:null,surname:"Verdú",fullName:"María Jesús Verdú",slug:"maria-jesus-verdu"},{id:"138671",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Verdú",fullName:"Elena Verdú",slug:"elena-verdu"},{id:"138672",title:"Dr.",name:"María Luisa",middleName:null,surname:"Regueras",fullName:"María Luisa Regueras",slug:"maria-luisa-regueras"}]},{id:"38309",type:"chapter",title:"Use of Terrestrial 3D Laser Scanner in Cartographing and Monitoring Relief Dynamics and Habitation Space from Various Historical Periods",slug:"use-of-terrestrial-3d-laser-scanner-in-cartographing-and-monitoring-relief-dynamics-and-habitation-s",totalDownloads:4069,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Gheorghe Romanescu, Vasile Cotiugă and Andrei Asăndulesei",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"140400",title:"Dr.",name:"Gheorghe",middleName:null,surname:"Romanescu",fullName:"Gheorghe Romanescu",slug:"gheorghe-romanescu"},{id:"140403",title:"Dr.",name:"Vasile",middleName:null,surname:"Cotiuga",fullName:"Vasile Cotiuga",slug:"vasile-cotiuga"},{id:"140404",title:"Mr.",name:"Andrei",middleName:null,surname:"Asandulesei",fullName:"Andrei Asandulesei",slug:"andrei-asandulesei"}]},{id:"38304",type:"chapter",title:"Analysis of Pre-Geodetic Maps in Search of Construction Steps Details",slug:"analysis-of-pre-geodetic-maps-in-search-of-construction-steps-details",totalDownloads:2069,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Gabriele Bitelli, Stefano Cremonini and Giorgia Gatta",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"112797",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefano",middleName:null,surname:"Cremonini",fullName:"Stefano Cremonini",slug:"stefano-cremonini"},{id:"150992",title:"Prof.",name:"Gabriele",middleName:null,surname:"Bitelli",fullName:"Gabriele Bitelli",slug:"gabriele-bitelli"},{id:"150993",title:"Ms.",name:"Giorgia",middleName:null,surname:"Gatta",fullName:"Giorgia Gatta",slug:"giorgia-gatta"}]},{id:"38305",type:"chapter",title:"Advanced Map Optimalization Based on Eye-Tracking",slug:"advanced-map-optimalization-based-on-eye-tracking",totalDownloads:2486,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Stanislav Popelka, Alzbeta Brychtova, Jan Brus and Vít Voženílek",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"101356",title:"Prof.",name:"Vít",middleName:null,surname:"Voženílek",fullName:"Vít Voženílek",slug:"vit-vozenilek"},{id:"106120",title:"Dr.",name:"Jan",middleName:null,surname:"Brus",fullName:"Jan Brus",slug:"jan-brus"},{id:"142948",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislav",middleName:null,surname:"Popelka",fullName:"Stanislav Popelka",slug:"stanislav-popelka"},{id:"142949",title:"Mrs.",name:"Alzbeta",middleName:null,surname:"Brychtova",fullName:"Alzbeta Brychtova",slug:"alzbeta-brychtova"}]},{id:"38314",type:"chapter",title:"Unexpected 16th Century Finding to Have Disappeared Just After Its Printing – Anthony Jenkinson’s Map of Russia, 1562",slug:"unexpected-16th-century-finding-to-have-disappeared-just-after-its-printing-anthony-jenkinson-s-map-",totalDownloads:3817,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Krystyna Szykuła",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"140917",title:"M.A.",name:"Krystyna",middleName:"Anna, Kamila",surname:"Szykula",fullName:"Krystyna Szykula",slug:"krystyna-szykula"}]},{id:"38299",type:"chapter",title:'GPS Positioning of Some Objectives Which are Situated at Great Distances from the Roads by Means of a "Mobile Slide Monitor - MSM',slug:"gps-positioning-of-some-objectives-which-are-situated-at-great-distances-from-the-roads-by-means-of-",totalDownloads:2816,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Axente Stoica, Dan Savastru and Marina Tautan",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"146426",title:"PhD.",name:"Axente",middleName:null,surname:"Stoica",fullName:"Axente Stoica",slug:"axente-stoica"}]},{id:"38310",type:"chapter",title:"Contribution of New Sensors to Cartography",slug:"contribution-of-new-sensors-to-cartography",totalDownloads:2214,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Carla Bernadete Madureira Cruz and Rafael Silva de Barros",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"141249",title:"Dr.",name:"Carla Bernadete",middleName:null,surname:"Madureira Cruz",fullName:"Carla Bernadete Madureira Cruz",slug:"carla-bernadete-madureira-cruz"},{id:"142126",title:"Dr.",name:"Rafael Silva",middleName:null,surname:"de Barros",fullName:"Rafael Silva de Barros",slug:"rafael-silva-de-barros"}]},{id:"38345",type:"chapter",title:"Contribution of SAR Radar Images for the Cartography: Case of Mangrove and Post Eruptive Regions",slug:"contribution-of-sar-radar-images-for-the-cartography-case-of-mangrove-and-post-eruptive-regions",totalDownloads:2320,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Janvier Fotsing, Emmanuel Tonye, Bernard Essimbi Zobo, Narcisse Talla Tankam and Jean-Paul Rudant",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"138510",title:"Dr.",name:"Janvier",middleName:null,surname:"Fotsing",fullName:"Janvier Fotsing",slug:"janvier-fotsing"},{id:"140018",title:"Dr.",name:"Talla Tankam",middleName:null,surname:"Narcisse",fullName:"Talla Tankam Narcisse",slug:"talla-tankam-narcisse"},{id:"140019",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonye",middleName:null,surname:"Emmanuel",fullName:"Tonye Emmanuel",slug:"tonye-emmanuel"},{id:"140020",title:"Prof.",name:"Rudant",middleName:null,surname:"Jean-Paul",fullName:"Rudant Jean-Paul",slug:"rudant-jean-paul"},{id:"149107",title:"Prof.",name:"Essimbi Zobo",middleName:null,surname:"Bernard",fullName:"Essimbi Zobo Bernard",slug:"essimbi-zobo-bernard"}]},{id:"38311",type:"chapter",title:"Cartography of Landscape Dynamics in Central Spain",slug:"cartography-of-landscape-dynamics-in-central-spain",totalDownloads:2682,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"N. López-Estébanez, F. Allende, P. Fernández-Sañudo, M.J. Roldán Martín and P. De Las Heras",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"139574",title:"Dr.",name:"Paloma",middleName:null,surname:"De Las Heras",fullName:"Paloma De Las Heras",slug:"paloma-de-las-heras"},{id:"139581",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Allende Álvarez",fullName:"Fernando Allende Álvarez",slug:"fernando-allende-alvarez"},{id:"139582",title:"Dr.",name:"Nieves",middleName:null,surname:"López-Estébanez",fullName:"Nieves López-Estébanez",slug:"nieves-lopez-estebanez"},{id:"139584",title:"Dr.",name:"Paloma",middleName:null,surname:"Fernández-Sañudo",fullName:"Paloma Fernández-Sañudo",slug:"paloma-fernandez-sanudo"},{id:"139585",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria José",middleName:null,surname:"Roldán",fullName:"Maria José Roldán",slug:"maria-jose-roldan"}]},{id:"38307",type:"chapter",title:"GIS-Based Models as Tools for Environmental Issues: Applications in the South of Portugal",slug:"gis-based-models-as-tools-for-environmental-issues-applications-in-the-south-of-portugal",totalDownloads:2821,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jorge M. G. P. Isidoro, Helena M. N. P. V. Fernandez, Fernando M. G. Martins and João L. M. P. de Lima",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"140629",title:"Prof.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Isidoro",fullName:"Jorge Isidoro",slug:"jorge-isidoro"},{id:"140631",title:"Prof.",name:"Helena",middleName:null,surname:"Fernandez",fullName:"Helena Fernandez",slug:"helena-fernandez"},{id:"140632",title:"Prof.",name:"Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Martins",fullName:"Fernando Martins",slug:"fernando-martins"},{id:"140633",title:"Prof.",name:"João",middleName:null,surname:"De Lima",fullName:"João De Lima",slug:"joao-de-lima"}]},{id:"38308",type:"chapter",title:"Open Source Tools, Landscape and Cartography: Studies on the Cultural Heritage at a Territorial Scale",slug:"open-source-tools-landscape-and-cartography-studies-on-the-cultural-heritage-at-a-territorial-scale",totalDownloads:2814,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Pilar Chias and Tomas Abad",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"140533",title:"Prof.",name:"Pilar",middleName:null,surname:"Chias",fullName:"Pilar Chias",slug:"pilar-chias"}]},{id:"38306",type:"chapter",title:"Imaging the Past: Cartography and Multicultural Realities of Croatian Borderlands",slug:"imaging-the-past-cartography-and-multicultural-realities-of-croatian-borderlands",totalDownloads:2744,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Borna Fuerst-Bjeliš",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"138475",title:"Prof.",name:"Borna",middleName:null,surname:"Fuerst-Bjeliš",fullName:"Borna Fuerst-Bjeliš",slug:"borna-fuerst-bjelis"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"36273",title:"Introduction to Infrared Spectroscopy",slug:"introduction-to-infrared-spectroscopy",signatures:"Theophile Theophanides",authors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",middleName:null,surname:"Theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides"}]},{id:"36166",title:"Using Infrared Spectroscopy to Identify New Amorphous Phases - A Case Study of Carbonato Complex Formed by Mechanochemical Processing",slug:"using-infrared-spectroscopy-to-identify-new-amorphous-phases-a-case-study-of-carbonato-complexes-fo",signatures:"Tadej Rojac, Primož Šegedin and Marija Kosec",authors:[{id:"25116",title:"Prof.",name:"Marija",middleName:null,surname:"Kosec",fullName:"Marija Kosec",slug:"marija-kosec"},{id:"105876",title:"Dr.",name:"Tadej",middleName:null,surname:"Rojac",fullName:"Tadej Rojac",slug:"tadej-rojac"},{id:"111754",title:"Prof.",name:"Primoz",middleName:null,surname:"Segedin",fullName:"Primoz Segedin",slug:"primoz-segedin"}]},{id:"36167",title:"Application of Infrared Spectroscopy to Analysis of Chitosan/Clay Nanocomposites",slug:"application-of-infrared-spectroscopy-to-analysis-of-chitosan-clay-nanocomposites",signatures:"Suédina M.L. Silva, Carla R.C. Braga, Marcus V.L. Fook, Claudia M.O. Raposo, Laura H. Carvalho and Eduardo L. Canedo",authors:[{id:"104808",title:"Prof.",name:"Suedina Maria",middleName:"De Lima",surname:"Silva",fullName:"Suedina Maria Silva",slug:"suedina-maria-silva"},{id:"111910",title:"Prof.",name:"Carla",middleName:"Lima",surname:"R. C. Braga",fullName:"Carla R. C. Braga",slug:"carla-r.-c.-braga"},{id:"142933",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcus Vinícius",middleName:null,surname:"Lia Fook",fullName:"Marcus Vinícius Lia Fook",slug:"marcus-vinicius-lia-fook"},{id:"142934",title:"Prof.",name:"Claudia Maria",middleName:null,surname:"De Oliveira Raposo",fullName:"Claudia Maria De Oliveira Raposo",slug:"claudia-maria-de-oliveira-raposo"},{id:"142936",title:"Prof.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Hecker De Carvalho",fullName:"Laura Hecker De Carvalho",slug:"laura-hecker-de-carvalho"},{id:"142939",title:"Dr.",name:"Eduardo Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Canedo",fullName:"Eduardo Luis Canedo",slug:"eduardo-luis-canedo"}]},{id:"36168",title:"Structural and Optical Behavior of Vanadate-Tellurate Glasses Containing PbO or Sm2O3",slug:"structural-and-optical-behavior-of-vanadate-tellurate-glasses",signatures:"E. Culea, S. Rada, M. Culea and M. Rada",authors:[{id:"114650",title:"Dr",name:"Eugen",middleName:null,surname:"Culea",fullName:"Eugen Culea",slug:"eugen-culea"},{id:"114653",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Rada",fullName:"Simona Rada",slug:"simona-rada"}]},{id:"36169",title:"Water in Rocks and Minerals - Species, Distributions, and Temperature Dependences",slug:"water-in-rocks-and-minerals-species-distributions-and-temperature-dependences",signatures:"Jun-ichi Fukuda",authors:[{id:"105384",title:"Dr.",name:"Jun-Ichi",middleName:null,surname:"Fukuda",fullName:"Jun-Ichi Fukuda",slug:"jun-ichi-fukuda"}]},{id:"36170",title:"Attenuated Total Reflection - Infrared Spectroscopy Applied to the Study of Mineral - Aqueous Electrolyte Solution Interfaces: A General Overview and a Case Study",slug:"attenuated-total-reflection-infrared-spectroscopy-applied-to-the-study-of-mineral-aqueous-el",signatures:"Grégory Lefèvre, Tajana Preočanin and Johannes Lützenkirchen",authors:[{id:"108416",title:"Dr.",name:"Johannes",middleName:null,surname:"Lützenkirchen",fullName:"Johannes Lützenkirchen",slug:"johannes-lutzenkirchen"},{id:"111675",title:"Dr.",name:"Gregory",middleName:null,surname:"Lefevre",fullName:"Gregory Lefevre",slug:"gregory-lefevre"},{id:"111676",title:"Prof.",name:"Tajana",middleName:null,surname:"Preocanin",fullName:"Tajana Preocanin",slug:"tajana-preocanin"}]},{id:"36171",title:"Research of Calcium Phosphates Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy",slug:"research-of-calcium-phosphates-using-fourier-transformation-infrared-spectroscopy",signatures:"Liga Berzina-Cimdina and Natalija Borodajenko",authors:[{id:"110522",title:"Prof.",name:"Liga",middleName:null,surname:"Berzina-Cimdina",fullName:"Liga Berzina-Cimdina",slug:"liga-berzina-cimdina"},{id:"112181",title:"MSc.",name:"Natalija",middleName:null,surname:"Borodajenko",fullName:"Natalija Borodajenko",slug:"natalija-borodajenko"}]},{id:"36172",title:"FTIR Spectroscopy of Adsorbed Probe Molecules for Analyzing the Surface Properties of Supported Pt (Pd) Catalysts",slug:"ftir-spectroscopy-of-adsorbed-probe-molecules-for-analyzing-the-surface-properties-of-supported-pt-p",signatures:"Olga B. Belskaya, Irina G. Danilova, Maxim O. Kazakov, Roman M. Mironenko, Alexander V. Lavrenov and Vladimir A. Likholobov",authors:[{id:"107715",title:"Dr.",name:"Olga",middleName:null,surname:"Belskaya",fullName:"Olga Belskaya",slug:"olga-belskaya"},{id:"140198",title:"Dr.",name:"Irina",middleName:null,surname:"Danilova",fullName:"Irina Danilova",slug:"irina-danilova"},{id:"140200",title:"Dr.",name:"Maxim",middleName:null,surname:"Kazakov",fullName:"Maxim Kazakov",slug:"maxim-kazakov"},{id:"140202",title:"Mr.",name:"Roman",middleName:"Mikhailovich",surname:"Mironenko",fullName:"Roman Mironenko",slug:"roman-mironenko"},{id:"140203",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Lavrenov",fullName:"Alexander Lavrenov",slug:"alexander-lavrenov"},{id:"140204",title:"Prof.",name:"Vladimir",middleName:null,surname:"Likholobov",fullName:"Vladimir Likholobov",slug:"vladimir-likholobov"}]},{id:"36173",title:"Hydrothermal Treatment of Hokkaido Peat - An Application of FTIR and 13C NMR Spectroscopy on Examining of Artificial Coalification Process and Development",slug:"hydrothermal-treatment-of-hokkaido-peat-an-application-of-ftir-and-13c-nmr-spectroscopy-on-examinin",signatures:"Anggoro Tri Mursito and Tsuyoshi Hirajima",authors:[{id:"104786",title:"Dr.",name:"Anggoro Tri",middleName:null,surname:"Mursito",fullName:"Anggoro Tri Mursito",slug:"anggoro-tri-mursito"},{id:"110978",title:"Prof.",name:"Tsuyoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Hirajima",fullName:"Tsuyoshi Hirajima",slug:"tsuyoshi-hirajima"}]},{id:"36174",title:"FTIR - An Essential Characterization Technique for Polymeric Materials",slug:"ftir-an-essential-characterization-technique-for-polymeric-materials",signatures:"Vladimir A. Escobar Barrios, José R. Rangel Méndez, Nancy V. Pérez Aguilar, Guillermo Andrade Espinosa and José L. Dávila Rodríguez",authors:[{id:"12709",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Rene",middleName:null,surname:"Rangel-Mendez",fullName:"Jose Rene Rangel-Mendez",slug:"jose-rene-rangel-mendez"},{id:"12711",title:"Dr.",name:"Vladimir Alonso",middleName:null,surname:"Escobar Barrios",fullName:"Vladimir Alonso Escobar Barrios",slug:"vladimir-alonso-escobar-barrios"},{id:"112164",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Andrade-Espinosa",fullName:"Guillermo Andrade-Espinosa",slug:"guillermo-andrade-espinosa"},{id:"112165",title:"Dr.",name:"José Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Dávila-Rodríguez",fullName:"José Luis Dávila-Rodríguez",slug:"jose-luis-davila-rodriguez"},{id:"112167",title:"Dr.",name:"Nancy Verónica",middleName:null,surname:"Pérez-Aguilar",fullName:"Nancy Verónica Pérez-Aguilar",slug:"nancy-veronica-perez-aguilar"}]},{id:"36175",title:"Preparation and Characterization of PVDF/PMMA/Graphene Polymer Blend Nanocomposites by Using ATR-FTIR Technique",slug:"preparation-and-characterization-of-pvdf-pmma-graphene-polymer-blend-nanocomposites-by-using-ft-ir-t",signatures:"Somayeh Mohamadi",authors:[{id:"108556",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohamadi",fullName:"Somayeh Mohamadi",slug:"somayeh-mohamadi"}]},{id:"36176",title:"Reflectance IR Spectroscopy",slug:"fundamental-of-reflectance-ir-spectroscopy",signatures:"Zahra Monsef Khoshhesab",authors:[{id:"111629",title:"Dr.",name:"Zahra",middleName:null,surname:"Monsef Khoshhesab",fullName:"Zahra Monsef Khoshhesab",slug:"zahra-monsef-khoshhesab"}]},{id:"36177",title:"Evaluation of Graft Copolymerization of Acrylic Monomers Onto Natural Polymers by Means Infrared Spectroscopy",slug:"evaluation-of-graft-copolymerization-of-acrylic-monomers-onto-natural-polymers-by-means-infrared-spe",signatures:"José Luis Rivera-Armenta, Cynthia Graciela Flores-Hernández, Ruth Zurisadai Del Angel-Aldana, Ana María Mendoza-Martínez, Carlos Velasco-Santos and Ana Laura Martínez-Hernández",authors:[{id:"37761",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Martinez-Hernandez",fullName:"Ana Laura Martinez-Hernandez",slug:"ana-laura-martinez-hernandez"},{id:"107855",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rivera Armenta",fullName:"Jose Luis Rivera Armenta",slug:"jose-luis-rivera-armenta"},{id:"108894",title:"MSc.",name:"Cynthia Graciela",middleName:null,surname:"Flores-Hernández",fullName:"Cynthia Graciela Flores-Hernández",slug:"cynthia-graciela-flores-hernandez"},{id:"108896",title:"MSc.",name:"Ruth Zurisadai",middleName:null,surname:"Del Angel Aldana",fullName:"Ruth Zurisadai Del Angel Aldana",slug:"ruth-zurisadai-del-angel-aldana"},{id:"108898",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Velasco-Santos",fullName:"Carlos Velasco-Santos",slug:"carlos-velasco-santos"},{id:"108905",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Mendoza-Martínez",fullName:"Ana Maria Mendoza-Martínez",slug:"ana-maria-mendoza-martinez"}]},{id:"36178",title:"Applications of FTIR on Epoxy Resins - Identification, Monitoring the Curing Process, Phase Separation and Water Uptake",slug:"applications-of-ftir-on-epoxy-resins-identification-monitoring-the-curing-process-phase-separatio",signatures:"María González González, Juan Carlos Cabanelas and Juan Baselga",authors:[{id:"107857",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Baselga",fullName:"Juan Baselga",slug:"juan-baselga"},{id:"138113",title:"Dr.",name:"María",middleName:null,surname:"González",fullName:"María González",slug:"maria-gonzalez"},{id:"138114",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan C.",middleName:null,surname:"Cabanelas",fullName:"Juan C. Cabanelas",slug:"juan-c.-cabanelas"}]},{id:"36179",title:"Use of FTIR Analysis to Control the Self-Healing Functionality of Epoxy Resins",slug:"use-of-ft-ir-analysis-to-control-the-self-healing-functionality-of-epoxy-resins",signatures:"Liberata Guadagno and Marialuigia Raimondo",authors:[{id:"106836",title:"Prof.",name:"Liberata",middleName:null,surname:"Guadagno",fullName:"Liberata Guadagno",slug:"liberata-guadagno"}]},{id:"36180",title:"Infrared Analysis of Electrostatic Layer-By-Layer Polymer Membranes Having Characteristics of Heavy Metal Ion Desalination",slug:"infrared-analysis-of-electrostatic-layer-by-layer-polymer-membranes-having-characteristics-of-heavy",signatures:"Weimin Zhou, Huitan Fu and Takaomi Kobayashi",authors:[{id:"110384",title:"Dr.",name:"Takaomi",middleName:null,surname:"Kobayashi",fullName:"Takaomi Kobayashi",slug:"takaomi-kobayashi"}]},{id:"36181",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy as a Tool to Monitor Radiation Curing",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-as-a-tool-to-monitor-radiation-curing",signatures:"Marco Sangermano, Patrick Meier and Spiros Tzavalas",authors:[{id:"112286",title:"Dr.",name:"Spiros",middleName:null,surname:"Tzavalas",fullName:"Spiros Tzavalas",slug:"spiros-tzavalas"},{id:"114382",title:"Prof.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Sangermano",fullName:"Marco Sangermano",slug:"marco-sangermano"},{id:"114384",title:"Dr",name:"Patrick",middleName:null,surname:"Meier",fullName:"Patrick Meier",slug:"patrick-meier"}]},{id:"36182",title:"Characterization of Compositional Gradient Structure of Polymeric Materials by FTIR Technology",slug:"characterization-of-compositional-gradient-structure-of-polymeric-materials-by-ft-ir-technology",signatures:"Alata Hexig and Bayar Hexig",authors:[{id:"20867",title:"Dr.",name:"Bayar",middleName:null,surname:"Hexig",fullName:"Bayar Hexig",slug:"bayar-hexig"},{id:"111986",title:"Dr.",name:"Alata",middleName:null,surname:"Hexig",fullName:"Alata Hexig",slug:"alata-hexig"}]},{id:"36183",title:"Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy - Useful Analytical Tool for Non-Destructive Analysis",slug:"fourier-trasform-infrared-spectroscopy-useful-analytical-tool-for-non-destructive-analysis",signatures:"Simona-Carmen Litescu, Eugenia D. Teodor, Georgiana-Ileana Truica, Andreia Tache and Gabriel-Lucian Radu",authors:[{id:"24425",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Litescu",fullName:"Simona Carmen Litescu",slug:"simona-carmen-litescu"},{id:"24429",title:"Prof.",name:"Gabriel-Lucian",middleName:null,surname:"Radu",fullName:"Gabriel-Lucian Radu",slug:"gabriel-lucian-radu"},{id:"108318",title:"Dr.",name:"Eugenia D.",middleName:null,surname:"Teodor",fullName:"Eugenia D. Teodor",slug:"eugenia-d.-teodor"},{id:"108323",title:"Dr.",name:"Georgiana-Ileana",middleName:null,surname:"Badea",fullName:"Georgiana-Ileana Badea",slug:"georgiana-ileana-badea"},{id:"136337",title:"Ms.",name:"Andreia",middleName:null,surname:"Tache",fullName:"Andreia Tache",slug:"andreia-tache"}]},{id:"36184",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy in the Analysis of Building and Construction Materials",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-of-cementitious-materials",signatures:"Lucia Fernández-Carrasco, D. Torrens-Martín, L.M. Morales and Sagrario Martínez-Ramírez",authors:[{id:"107401",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucia J",middleName:null,surname:"Fernández",fullName:"Lucia J Fernández",slug:"lucia-j-fernandez"}]},{id:"36185",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy Techniques in the Characterization of SOFC Functional Ceramics",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-techniques-in-the-characterization-of-sofc-functional-ceramics",signatures:"Daniel A. Macedo, Moisés R. Cesário, Graziele L. Souza, Beatriz Cela, Carlos A. Paskocimas, Antonio E. Martinelli, Dulce M. A. Melo and Rubens M. Nascimento",authors:[{id:"102015",title:"MSc.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Macedo",fullName:"Daniel Macedo",slug:"daniel-macedo"},{id:"112309",title:"MSc",name:"Moisés",middleName:"Romolos",surname:"Cesário",fullName:"Moisés Cesário",slug:"moises-cesario"},{id:"112310",title:"Ms.",name:"Graziele",middleName:null,surname:"Souza",fullName:"Graziele Souza",slug:"graziele-souza"},{id:"112311",title:"MSc.",name:"Beatriz",middleName:null,surname:"Cela",fullName:"Beatriz Cela",slug:"beatriz-cela"},{id:"112312",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Paskocimas",fullName:"Carlos Paskocimas",slug:"carlos-paskocimas"},{id:"112314",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Martinelli",fullName:"Antonio Martinelli",slug:"antonio-martinelli"},{id:"112315",title:"Prof.",name:"Dulce",middleName:null,surname:"Melo",fullName:"Dulce Melo",slug:"dulce-melo"},{id:"112316",title:"Dr.",name:"Rubens",middleName:"Maribondo Do",surname:"Nascimento",fullName:"Rubens Nascimento",slug:"rubens-nascimento"}]},{id:"36186",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy of Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-of-functionalized-magnetic-nanoparticles",signatures:"Perla E. García Casillas, Claudia A. Rodriguez Gonzalez and Carlos A. Martínez Pérez",authors:[{id:"104636",title:"Dr.",name:"Perla E.",middleName:null,surname:"García Casillas",fullName:"Perla E. García Casillas",slug:"perla-e.-garcia-casillas"},{id:"112440",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos A.",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez Pérez",fullName:"Carlos A. Martínez Pérez",slug:"carlos-a.-martinez-perez"},{id:"112441",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia A.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez Gonzalez",fullName:"Claudia A. Rodriguez Gonzalez",slug:"claudia-a.-rodriguez-gonzalez"}]},{id:"36187",title:"Determination of Adsorption Characteristics of Volatile Organic Compounds Using Gas Phase FTIR Spectroscopy Flow Analysis",slug:"determination-of-adsorption-characteristics-of-volatile-organic-compounds-using-gas-phase-ftir-spect",signatures:"Tarik Chafik",authors:[{id:"107310",title:"Prof.",name:"Tarik",middleName:null,surname:"Chafik",fullName:"Tarik Chafik",slug:"tarik-chafik"}]},{id:"36188",title:"Identification of Rocket Motor Characteristics from Infrared Emission Spectra",slug:"identification-of-rocket-motor-characteristics-from-infrared-emission-spectra",signatures:"N. Hamp, J.H. Knoetze, C. Aldrich and C. Marais",authors:[{id:"112229",title:"Prof.",name:"Chris",middleName:null,surname:"Aldrich",fullName:"Chris Aldrich",slug:"chris-aldrich"},{id:"112232",title:"Prof.",name:"Hansie",middleName:null,surname:"Knoetze",fullName:"Hansie Knoetze",slug:"hansie-knoetze"},{id:"135327",title:"Ms.",name:"Corne",middleName:null,surname:"Marais",fullName:"Corne Marais",slug:"corne-marais"}]},{id:"36189",title:"Optical Technologies for Determination of Pesticide Residue",slug:"optical-technology-for-determination-of-pesticide-residue",signatures:"Yankun Peng, Yongyu Li and Jingjing Chen",authors:[{id:"113343",title:"Prof.",name:"Yankun",middleName:null,surname:"Peng",fullName:"Yankun Peng",slug:"yankun-peng"},{id:"116636",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongyu",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Yongyu Li",slug:"yongyu-li"},{id:"116637",title:"Dr.",name:"Jingjing",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Jingjing Chen",slug:"jingjing-chen"}]},{id:"36190",title:"High Resolution Far Infrared Spectra of the Semiconductor Alloys Obtained Using the Synchrotron Radiation as Source",slug:"high-resolution-spectra-of-semiconductor-s-alloys-obtained-using-the-far-infrared-synchrotron-radi",signatures:"E.M. Sheregii",authors:[{id:"102655",title:"Prof.",name:"Eugen",middleName:null,surname:"Sheregii",fullName:"Eugen Sheregii",slug:"eugen-sheregii"}]},{id:"36191",title:"Effective Reaction Monitoring of Intermediates by ATR-IR Spectroscopy Utilizing Fibre Optic Probes",slug:"effective-reaction-monitoring-of-intermediates-by-atr-ir-spectroscopy-utilizing-fibre-optic-probes",signatures:"Daniel Lumpi and Christian Braunshier",authors:[{id:"109019",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Braunshier",fullName:"Christian Braunshier",slug:"christian-braunshier"},{id:"111798",title:"MSc.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Lumpi",fullName:"Daniel Lumpi",slug:"daniel-lumpi"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2325",title:"Cartography",subtitle:"A Tool for Spatial Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3dca82349b9c5a9106966b58dfb803b3",slug:"cartography-a-tool-for-spatial-analysis",bookSignature:"Carlos Bateira",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2325.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"131405",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",surname:"Bateira",slug:"carlos-bateira",fullName:"Carlos Bateira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"1703",title:"Phenology and Climate Change",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"38e8c7573556df4f0ebbeff42a93c0ef",slug:"phenology-and-climate-change",bookSignature:"Xiaoyang Zhang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1703.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"108104",title:"Prof.",name:"Xiaoyang",surname:"Zhang",slug:"xiaoyang-zhang",fullName:"Xiaoyang Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1666",title:"Advances in Spatial Planning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"295f576e7f0d365cbe04096113fae16c",slug:"advances-in-spatial-planning",bookSignature:"Jaroslav Burian",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1666.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"95041",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaroslav",surname:"Burian",slug:"jaroslav-burian",fullName:"Jaroslav Burian"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2325",title:"Cartography",subtitle:"A Tool for Spatial Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3dca82349b9c5a9106966b58dfb803b3",slug:"cartography-a-tool-for-spatial-analysis",bookSignature:"Carlos Bateira",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2325.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"131405",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",surname:"Bateira",slug:"carlos-bateira",fullName:"Carlos Bateira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"82354",title:"Introductory Chapter: Soft Tissue Tumors of the Eye",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105735",slug:"introductory-chapter-soft-tissue-tumors-of-the-eye",body:'
1. Introduction
Orbital soft tissue tumors of eye are a highly diverse group of neoplasms. They tend to manifest clinically as exophthalmos, with varying degrees of severity depending on the location and nature of each lesion, since the small anatomical space of the orbit is crowded with different structures, including muscles, nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissues (Figure 1).
Figure 1.
Schematic depicting a soft tissue tumor within the orbit.
Recent advancements in radiological diagnostic tools, such as ultrasound, computerized tomography (CT) scan, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), have significantly improved the detection and patient management of these tumors. This chapter provides a concise overview of some of these primary orbital tumors of mesenchymal origin with a special focus on sarcomas.
2. Rhabdomyosarcoma
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is one of the most common orbital tumor in children accounting for 5% of all pediatric cancers [1]. Although few children have it at the time of birth, most patients are diagnosed on average between 6 and 8 years of age [2, 3]. Orbital RMS leads to a rapidly progressing proptosis, which is the hallmark of orbital RMS. Additionally, patients may experience ocular motility restriction, globe displacement, and a tangible mass [4]. Orbital RMS is derived from undifferentiated mesenchymal cells with the potential to differentiate into striated muscle cells in the extraocular muscles as well as in the eyelids. Local extension to parameningeal structures, such as roof orbit osteolysis, optic nerve, maxillary sinuses, ethmoidal sinuses, and sphenoid, has been observed. Prognosis is variable depending on the site of the primary tumor regardless of the histopathological features [5] or the staging proposed by the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study Group (Figure 2) [6]. The location of the primary tumor correlates significantly with the success of local therapy and sequelae [5]. Patients with localized orbital RMS have a 90% survival rate [7]. Historically, orbital RMS patients were treated with exclusive orbital exenteration with 5-year survival rate less than 30% [4]. However, the survival rate has improved significantly in recent decades, up to over 90% [8], due to early detection [9] and combination therapies of chemotherapeutic agents and local radiotherapy [8]. However, relapse and refractory (R/R) orbital RMS can still occur in some patients, which leads to a significant poor prognosis [10, 11, 12] since no standardized treatment guidelines exist for these patients. The current combination therapies for R/R orbital RMS consists of multidrug chemotherapy, brachytherapy, radiotherapy, and different surgical modalities [10, 11].
Figure 2.
IRSG surgical ± pathologic grouping system according to the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study Group (IRSG).
3. Leimyosarcoma
Leiomyosarcomas are malignant tumors of mesenchymal origin that recapitulate smooth muscle differentiation [13]. These tumors are usually characterized by local recurrences and distant metastases. Thus, they are typically diagnosed at an advanced stage leading to poor prognosis. However, in primary conjunctival leiomyosarcomas, prognosis is usually good due to their early detection and small tumor size [14]. It is, however, challenging to distinguish leiomyosarcoma from other nonpigmented conjunctival lesions morphologically [15]. Therefore, the differential diagnosis should include leiomyosarcoma for any rapidly progressing subconjunctival tumor in the vicinity of the limbus that maintains intact conjunctival epithelium and displays prominent vascularization. Upon excisional biopsy, the presence of spindle cells can help differentiate leiomyosarcoma from amelanotic melanoma. Primary conjunctival leiomyosarcomas are rare, only 12 patients have been diagnosed with this tumor to date. These patients (eight male, four female) ranged in age from 20 to 81 years [14] with half initially misdiagnosed at pathological examination [16, 17]. While all the tumors were located within the palpebral fissure, several other locations were reported in some patients, including the temporal limbus, the nasal limbus, and the cornea [18]. A complete surgical excision with wide margins is the preferred method of treatment for primary conjunctival leiomyosarcomas. Surgical treatment options include exenteration, enucleation, evisceration, and a globe-sparing resection, which can be attempted when only the bulbar conjunctiva is involved [14].
4. Alveolar soft part sarcoma
Alveolar soft part sarcoma (ASPS) is a slow-growing, distinct, and rare soft tissue tumor with uncertain histogenesis and unique electron microscopic and histopathological characteristics [19, 20]. The name is derived from the alveolar arrangement of epithelioid tumor cells separated by delicate fibrous septa. The tumor is typically circumscribed [21, 22] and surrounded by a capsule or a pseudocapsule [21]. A hallmark morphological feature of ASPS that is found in a majority of cases is the presence of cytoplasmic crystals, which are diastase resistant and can be stained with periodic acid Schiff (PAS) [23]. These morphological features can be pivotal for the early detection of ASPS before it becomes metastatic and incurable. Orbital ASPS is rare and can occur in adults and children alike [21, 22, 24, 25] with no gender predilection. In a study that included nine patients, proptosis and ocular motility restriction were observed in all the patients, two of nine had lid swelling, three of nine had conjunctival congestion, one of nine had pain, eight of nine had normal visual acuity, and one of nine had diplopia. The most common feature was nonpulsatile and nonreducible proptosis [21, 26]. The tumor frequently indents or displaces the globe and can compress the optic nerve resulting in decreased visual acuity due to its proximity to the optic nerve and medial rectus muscle [21, 22, 27]. The differential diagnosis of ASPS includes neurofibroma, schwannoma, and hemangioma [27, 22]. Wide surgical excision is the first-line treatment option as complete surgical resection is required for increased survival. Studies have shown that supplemental preoperative radiotherapy is preferential to postoperative radiotherapy for improved overall survival, but it had no effect on local and regional recurrence, progression-free survival, or the presence of metastases [28].
5. Ewing sarcoma
Ewing sarcoma family of tumors (ESFT) comes from within bone or soft tissue and includes peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor (pPNET) of the bone, Ewing sarcoma of the bone (ESB), extraosseous Ewing sarcoma (EES) and Askin’s tumor of the chest wall [29]. Most Ewing sarcoma in the orbit is due to metastases, while primary orbital ESFT is very rare [30]. One retrospective study included 12 patients with primary orbital ESFTs that were verified by a pathological examination of the biopsies. The patients’ average age was 12 years, and all the patients had unilateral eye involvement with about 80% of the cases involving the left eye. Patients complained of superior eyelid swelling and proptosis with their symptoms lasting for 9 weeks on average. The majority of patients had predominant osseous lesion and extraorbital invasion, including intra cranial, nasal cavity, ethmoid sinus, maxillary sinus, and temporal fossa. At presentation, systemic metastases involving the retroperitoneal lymph nodes, bone marrow, and kidney were seen in about half the patients. Seven patients were diagnosed with ESB, two with EES, and three with pPNET based on radiological findings, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry. Since Ewing sarcoma is a systemic disease, all the patients in the study received systemic chemotherapy, and half of the patients died while on chemotherapy. The other half also received adjuvant external beam radiotherapy of 50 Gy to the orbit since this type of tumor is considered radiosensitive. Follow-up over 21 months showed that 11 patients have died with a mean survival time of 10 months. After the diagnosis of ESFT, four patients survived for less than 6 months, and these patients were all over the age of 5 years and had systemic metastasis and predominant osseous lesion with intracranial tumor extension at the time of presentation. One patient, with ESB tumor invasion into the maxillary sinus and no metastatic disease, responded well to the treatment and remained disease free at 12 years of follow-up [31].
6. Kaposi sarcoma
Kaposi sarcoma is a malignant neoplasm of vascular origin. It is composed of vascular spaces that are lined up by endothelial cells and surrounded by a clonal population of spindle cells [32]. Kaposi sarcoma is commonly associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) [33]. According to the Centers for Disease Control, about 24% of AIDS patients manifest with Kaposi sarcoma, which tends to be aggressive and resistant to treatments [33]. Ocular involvement of Kaposi sarcoma was very rare before the AIDS epidemic [34]. One in five AIDS patients may present with ocular involvement, including the conjunctiva, orbit, or eyelids [35, 36]. Conjunctival lesions are found in about 5–10% of Kaposi sarcoma patients [37]. These tumors can be misdiagnosed as cavernous hemangioma, foreign-body granuloma, or subconjunctival hemorrhage. Morphologically, the lesions are slow-progressing [38], and they appear raised or flat, have bright red coloration, and are often surrounded by dilated tortuous vessels [39]. Eyelid lesions can be similar in appearance to a hordeolum. In a study that included 100 homosexual males with AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma, ophthalmic involvement was observed in 20 out of the 100 patients and was distributed between conjunctival and eyelid lesions. Importantly, the ophthalmic lesion was the sole initial clinical manifestation of Kaposi sarcoma in four patients [38]. Treatment modalities for Kaposi sarcoma of the conjunctiva and eyelids include surgical excision, radiation, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and cryotherapy [40, 41, 42].
7. Conclusion
In conclusion, the radiological evaluation of orbital soft tissue tumors using MRI and CT scans can be complemented with histopathological examination utilizing incisional biopsies, excisional biopsies, fine-needle aspirates, and immunohistochemistry for accurate diagnoses and classification of these tumors. Due to recent advancements in surgical procedures, chemotherapeutic agents, radiation therapy, and cancer immunotherapy modalities, the clinical outcomes and prognoses have improved significantly for patients inflicted with soft tissue tumors of the orbit.
\n',keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/82354.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/82354.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/82354",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/82354",totalDownloads:9,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:null,dateReviewed:"June 7th 2022",datePrePublished:"July 13th 2022",datePublished:null,dateFinished:"June 23rd 2022",readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/82354",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/82354",signatures:"Gloria Yum and Hilal Arnouk",book:{id:"11316",type:"book",title:"Advances in Soft Tissue Tumors",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Advances in Soft Tissue Tumors",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Hilal Arnouk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11316.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-80355-724-3",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-723-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-725-0",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"76431",title:"Dr.",name:"Hilal",middleName:null,surname:"Arnouk",slug:"hilal-arnouk",fullName:"Hilal Arnouk"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Rhabdomyosarcoma",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Leimyosarcoma",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. Alveolar soft part sarcoma",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5",title:"5. Ewing sarcoma",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6",title:"6. Kaposi sarcoma",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7",title:"7. Conclusion",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Doyle LA. Sarcoma classification: An update based on the 2013 World Health Organization classification of Tumors of soft tissue and bone. Cancer. 2014;120(12):1763-1774'},{id:"B2",body:'Rao AA, Naheedy JH, Chen JY, Robbins SL, Ramkumar HL. A clinical update and radiologic review of pediatric orbital and ocular tumors. Journal of Oncology. 2013;2013:975908'},{id:"B3",body:'Huh W, Mahajan A. Ophthalmic oncology. In: Esmaeli B, editor. Ophthalmic Oncology. Boston: Springer; 2011. pp. 61-67'},{id:"B4",body:'Shields JA, Shields CL. Rhabdomyosarcoma: Review for the ophthalmologist. Survey of Ophthalmology. 2003;48(1):39-57'},{id:"B5",body:'Zloto O, Minard-Colin V, Boutroux H, Brisse HJ, Levy C, Kolb F, et al. Second-line therapy in young patients with relapsed or refractory orbital rhabdomyosarcoma. Acta Ophthalmologica. 2021;99(3):334-341'},{id:"B6",body:'Raney RB, Maurer HM, Anderson JR, Andrassy RJ, Donaldson SS, Qualman SJ, et al. The intergroup rhabdomyosarcoma study group (IRSG): Major lessons from the IRS-I through IRS-IV studies as background for the current IRS-V treatment protocols. Sarcoma. 2001;5(1):9-15'},{id:"B7",body:'Cassady JR. How much is enough? The continuing evolution of therapy in childhood rhabdomyosarcoma and its refinement. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 1995;31(3):675-676 discussion 681'},{id:"B8",body:'Breneman JC, Lyden E, Pappo AS, Link MP, Anderson JR, Parham DM, et al. Prognostic factors and clinical outcomes in children and adolescents with metastatic rhabdomyosarcoma--a report from the intergroup rhabdomyosarcoma study IV. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2003;21(1):78-84'},{id:"B9",body:'Eghtedari M, Farsiani AR, Bordbar MR. Congenital Orbital Rhabdomyosarcoma. Ocul Oncol Pathol. 2018;4(3):165-169'},{id:"B10",body:'Raney RB, Anderson JR, Kollath J, Vassilopoulou-Sellin R, Klein MJ, Heyn R, et al. Late effects of therapy in 94 patients with localized rhabdomyosarcoma of the orbit: Report from the intergroup rhabdomyosarcoma study (IRS)-III, 1984-1991. Medical and Pediatric Oncology. 2000;34(6):413-420'},{id:"B11",body:'Chisholm JC, Marandet J, Rey A, Scopinaro M, de Toledo JS, Merks JH, et al. Prognostic factors after relapse in nonmetastatic rhabdomyosarcoma: A nomogram to better define patients who can be salvaged with further therapy. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2011;29(10):1319-1325'},{id:"B12",body:'Raney RB Jr, Crist WM, Maurer HM, Foulkes MA. Prognosis of children with soft tissue sarcoma who relapse after achieving a complete response. A report from the intergroup rhabdomyosarcoma study I. Cancer. 1983;52(1):44-50'},{id:"B13",body:'Lazar A, Evans H, Shipley J. Leiomyosarcoma. In: CDM F, Bridge JA, Hogendoorn PCW, et al., editors. WHO Classification of Tumours of Soft Tissue and Bone. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC); 2013. pp. 111-113'},{id:"B14",body:'De Groot V, Verhelst E, Hogendoorn PCW, de Keizer RJW. Conjunctival Leiomyosarcoma, a rare neoplasm always originating at the limbus? Report of a new case and review of 11 published cases. Ocul Oncol Pathol. 2019;5(5):333-339'},{id:"B15",body:'Kenawy N, Coupland SE, Austin M, Damato B. Conjunctival leiomyosarcoma. Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology. 2012;40(3):328-330'},{id:"B16",body:'Yoon SC, Lee JH, Paik HJ. Adult, conjunctiva, Leiomyosarcoma, primary tumor. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc. 2006;047:1136-1140'},{id:"B17",body:'Katircioglu YA, Altiparmak UE, Kasim R, Ustun H, Duman S. Leiomyosarcoma of the conjunctiva: Case report. Turkiye Klinkleri J Med Sci. 2011;31(6):1544-1546'},{id:"B18",body:'White VA, Damji KF, Richards JS, Rootman J. Leiomyosarcoma of the conjunctiva. Ophthalmology. 1991;98(10):1560-1564'},{id:"B19",body:'Lieberman PH, Brennan MF, Kimmel M, Erlandson RA, Garin-Chesa P, Flehinger BY. Alveolar soft-part sarcoma. A clinico-pathologic study of half a century. Cancer. 1989;63(1):1-13'},{id:"B20",body:'Pappo AS, Parham DM, Cain A, Luo X, Bowman LC, Furman WL, et al. Alveolar soft part sarcoma in children and adolescents: Clinical features and outcome of 11 patients. Medical and Pediatric Oncology. 1996;26(2):81-84'},{id:"B21",body:'Coupland SE, Heimann H, Hoffmeister B, Lee WR, Foerster MH, Gross U. Immunohistochemical examination of an orbital alveolar soft part sarcoma. Graefe\'s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology. 1999;237(4):266-272'},{id:"B22",body:'Grant GD, Shields JA, Flanagan JC, Horowitz P. The ultrasonographic and radiologic features of a histologically proven case of alveolar soft-part sarcoma of the orbit. American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1979;87(6):773-777'},{id:"B23",body:'Mulay K, Ali MJ, Honavar SG, Reddy VA. Orbital alveolar soft-part sarcoma: Clinico-pathological profiles, management and outcomes. Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics. 2014;10(2):294-298'},{id:"B24",body:'Abrahams IW, Fenton RH, Vidone R. Alveolar soft-part sarcoma of the orbit. Archives of Ophthalmology. 1968;79(2):185-188'},{id:"B25",body:'Mukherjee PK, Agrawal S. Alveolar soft part sarcoma of the orbit. Indian Journal of Ophthalmology. 1979;27(1):15-17'},{id:"B26",body:'Khan AO, Burke MJ. Alveolar soft-part sarcoma of the orbit. Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. 2004;41(4):245-246'},{id:"B27",body:'Lasudry J, Heimann P. Cytogenetic analysis of rare orbital tumors: Further evidence for diagnostic implication. Orbit. 2000;19(2):87-95'},{id:"B28",body:'Gortzak E, Azzarelli A, Buesa J, Bramwell VH, van Coevorden F, van Geel AN, et al. Soft tissue bone sarcoma group and the National Cancer Institute of Canada clinical trials group/Canadian sarcoma group. A randomised phase II study on neo-adjuvant chemotherapy for \'high-risk\' adult soft-tissue sarcoma. European Journal of Cancer. 2001;37(9):1096-1103'},{id:"B29",body:'Carvajal R, Meyers P. Ewing\'s sarcoma and primitive neuroectodermal family of tumors. Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America. 2005;19(3):501-525 vi-vii'},{id:"B30",body:'Bajaj MS, Pushker N, Sen S, Chandra M, Ghose S, Shekar CN. Primary Ewing\'s sarcoma of the orbit: A rare presentation. Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. 2003;40(2):101-104'},{id:"B31",body:'Kaliki S, Rathi SG, Palkonda VAR. Primary orbital Ewing sarcoma family of tumors: A study of 12 cases. Eye (London, England). 2018;32(3):615-621'},{id:"B32",body:'Scadden DT. Kaposi Sarcoma. In: Kufe DW, Pollock RE, Weichselbaum RR, et al., editors. Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine. 6th ed. Hamilton (ON): BC Decker; 2003'},{id:"B33",body:'Mitsuyasu RT, Groopman JE. Biology and therapy of Kaposi\'s sarcoma. Seminars in Oncology. 1984;11(1):53-59 PMID: 6538993'},{id:"B34",body:'Kalinske M, Leone CR Jr. Kaposi\'s sarcoma involving eyelid and conjunctiva. Annals of Ophthalmology. 1982;14(5):497-499 PMID: 7114684'},{id:"B35",body:'Vaughn GJ, Dortzbach RK, Gayre GS. Eyelid Malignancies. In: Yanoff M, Duker JS, editors. Ophthalmology. 2. St. Louis, MO: Mosby; 2004. pp. 711-719'},{id:"B36",body:'Yanoff M. Fine, BS. Orbit. In: Yanoff M, Fine BS, editors. Ocular Pathology. 5. St. Louis, MO: Mosby; 2002. pp. 511-575'},{id:"B37",body:'Augsburger JJ, Schneider S. Tumors of the conjunctiva and cornea. In: Yanoff M, Duker JS, editors. Ophthalmology. 2. St. Louis, MO: Mosby; 2004. pp. 535-545'},{id:"B38",body:'Shuler JD, Holland GN, Miles SA, Miller BJ, Grossman I. Kaposi sarcoma of the conjunctiva and eyelids associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Archives of Ophthalmology. 1989;107(6):858-862'},{id:"B39",body:'Hasche H, Eck M, Vaskulärer Bindehauttumor LW. Immunhistochemischer Nachweis von humanem herpesvirus 8 bei einem konjunktivalen Kaposi-Sarkom [immunochemical demonstration of human herpes virus 8 in conjunctival Kaposi\'s sarcoma]. Der Ophthalmologe. 2003;100(2):142-144'},{id:"B40",body:'Le Bourgeois JP, Frikha H, Piedbois P, Le Péchoux C, Martin L, Haddad E. Radiotherapy in the management of epidemic Kaposi\'s sarcoma of the oral cavity, the eyelid and the genitals. Radiotherapy and Oncology. 1994;30(3):263-266'},{id:"B41",body:'Piedbois P, Frikha H, Martin L, Levy E, Haddad E, Le Bourgeois JP. Radiotherapy in the management of epidemic Kaposi\'s sarcoma. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 1994;30(5):1207-1211'},{id:"B42",body:'Heimann H, Kreusel KM, Foerster MH, Husak R, Orfanos CE. Regression of conjunctival Kaposi\'s sarcoma under chemotherapy with bleomycin. The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1997;81(11):1019-1020'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Gloria Yum",address:null,affiliation:'
Chicago College of Optometry, Midwestern University, United States
Chicago College of Optometry, Midwestern University, United States
Department of Pathology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, United States
Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, United States
College of Dental Medicine-Illinois, Midwestern University, United States
Precision Medicine Program, Midwestern University, United States
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"11316",type:"book",title:"Advances in Soft Tissue Tumors",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Advances in Soft Tissue Tumors",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Hilal Arnouk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11316.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-80355-724-3",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-723-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-725-0",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"76431",title:"Dr.",name:"Hilal",middleName:null,surname:"Arnouk",slug:"hilal-arnouk",fullName:"Hilal Arnouk"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"156263",title:"Dr",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Prada",email:"pprada@telecable.es",fullName:"Prada",slug:"prada",position:null,biography:null,institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalEditedBooks:"0",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:null},booksEdited:[],chaptersAuthored:[{id:"41799",title:"High-Dose-Rate Interstitial Brachytherapy as Monotherapy in One Fraction for the Treatment of Favorable Stage Prostate Cancer",slug:"high-dose-rate-interstitial-brachytherapy-as-monotherapy-in-one-fraction-for-the-treatment-of-favora",abstract:null,signatures:"Pedro J. Prada",authors:[{id:"156263",title:"Dr",name:null,surname:"Prada",fullName:"Prada",slug:"prada",email:"pprada@telecable.es"}],book:{id:"3274",title:"Advances in Prostate Cancer",slug:"advances-in-prostate-cancer",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"69976",title:"Prof.",name:"Jorge António Ribeiro",surname:"Salvador",slug:"jorge-antonio-ribeiro-salvador",fullName:"Jorge António Ribeiro Salvador",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/69976/images/system/69976.png",biography:"Jorge A.R. Salvador has a degree in Pharmaceutical Sciences, a Master degree in Organic & Tecnological Chemistry, and a Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Chemistry. He has a position as Full Professor at Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Portugal and is a Non-Executive Member of the Board of CHEM4PHARMA, a start-up Pharmaceutical Company located in Portugal. His research activity has been focused on the development of new drugs, mainly for cancer treatment. He has published more than 90 SCI journal papers, 12 book chapters and 10 patents (2 US-Patents). In addition, he is the author/co-author of 220 presentations in national and international conferences and workshops. Over the last years he has conducted several research projects in the field of pharmaceutical/medicinal chemistry which has contribute to his significant expertise in drug discovery.",institutionString:"University of Coimbra",institution:{name:"University of Coimbra",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"69991",title:"Dr.",name:"Vânia",surname:"Moreira",slug:"vania-moreira",fullName:"Vânia Moreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Helsinki",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Finland"}}},{id:"155364",title:"Prof.",name:"Ugo",surname:"Rovigatti",slug:"ugo-rovigatti",fullName:"Ugo Rovigatti",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pisa",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"157117",title:"Prof.",name:"Jutta",surname:"Engel",slug:"jutta-engel",fullName:"Jutta Engel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"157121",title:"Mr.",name:"Martin",surname:"Dörr",slug:"martin-dorr",fullName:"Martin Dörr",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"157122",title:"Dr.",name:"Anne",surname:"Schlesinger-Raab",slug:"anne-schlesinger-raab",fullName:"Anne Schlesinger-Raab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"157541",title:"Prof.",name:"Samuel",surname:"Silvestre",slug:"samuel-silvestre",fullName:"Samuel Silvestre",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Coimbra",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"157827",title:"Mr.",name:"Luke",surname:"Robles",slug:"luke-robles",fullName:"Luke Robles",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"158581",title:"Dr.",name:"Sarah",surname:"Rudman",slug:"sarah-rudman",fullName:"Sarah Rudman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"158588",title:"Dr.",name:"Christopher",surname:"Sweeney",slug:"christopher-sweeney",fullName:"Christopher Sweeney",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]},generic:{page:{slug:"our-story",title:"Our story",intro:"
The company was founded in Vienna in 2004 by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic, two PhD students researching robotics. While completing our PhDs, we found it difficult to access the research we needed. So, we decided to create a new Open Access publisher. A better one, where researchers like us could find the information they needed easily. The result is IntechOpen, an Open Access publisher that puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers.
",metaTitle:"Our story",metaDescription:"The company was founded in Vienna in 2004 by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic, two PhD students researching robotics. While completing our PhDs, we found it difficult to access the research we needed. So, we decided to create a new Open Access publisher. A better one, where researchers like us could find the information they needed easily. The result is IntechOpen, an Open Access publisher that puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/our-story",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"
We started by publishing journals and books from the fields of science we were most familiar with - AI, robotics, manufacturing and operations research. Through our growing network of institutions and authors, we soon expanded into related fields like environmental engineering, nanotechnology, computer science, renewable energy and electrical engineering, Today, we are the world’s largest Open Access publisher of scientific research, with over 4,200 books and 54,000 scientific works including peer-reviewed content from more than 116,000 scientists spanning 161 countries. Our authors range from globally-renowned Nobel Prize winners to up-and-coming researchers at the cutting edge of scientific discovery.
\\n\\n
In the same year that IntechOpen was founded, we launched what was at the time the first ever Open Access, peer-reviewed journal in its field: the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems (IJARS).
\\n\\n
The IntechOpen timeline
\\n\\n
2004
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Intech Open is founded in Vienna, Austria, by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic, two PhD students, and their first Open Access journals and books are published.
\\n\\t
Alex and Vedran launch the first Open Access, peer-reviewed robotics journal and IntechOpen’s flagship publication, the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems (IJARS).
\\n
\\n\\n
2005
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
IntechOpen publishes its first Open Access book: Cutting Edge Robotics.
\\n
\\n\\n
2006
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
IntechOpen publishes a special issue of IJARS, featuring contributions from NASA scientists regarding the Mars Exploration Rover missions.
\\n
\\n\\n
2008
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Downloads milestone: 200,000 downloads reached
\\n
\\n\\n
2009
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Publishing milestone: the first 100 Open Access STM books are published
\\n
\\n\\n
2010
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Downloads milestone: one million downloads reached
\\n\\t
IntechOpen expands its book publishing into a new field: medicine.
\\n
\\n\\n
2011
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Publishing milestone: More than five million downloads reached
\\n\\t
IntechOpen publishes 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry winner Harold W. Kroto’s “Strategies to Successfully Cross-Link Carbon Nanotubes”. Find it here.
\\n\\t
IntechOpen and TBI collaborate on a project to explore the changing needs of researchers and the evolving ways that they discover, publish and exchange information. The result is the survey “Author Attitudes Towards Open Access Publishing: A Market Research Program”.
\\n\\t
IntechOpen hosts SHOW - Share Open Access Worldwide; a series of lectures, debates, round-tables and events to bring people together in discussion of open source principles, intellectual property, content licensing innovations, remixed and shared culture and free knowledge.
\\n
\\n\\n
2012
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Publishing milestone: 10 million downloads reached
\\n\\t
IntechOpen holds Interact2012, a free series of workshops held by figureheads of the scientific community including Professor Hiroshi Ishiguro, director of the Intelligent Robotics Laboratory, who took the audience through some of the most impressive human-robot interactions observed in his lab.
\\n
\\n\\n
2013
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
IntechOpen joins the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) as part of a commitment to guaranteeing the highest standards of publishing.
\\n
\\n\\n
2014
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
IntechOpen turns 10, with more than 30 million downloads to date.
\\n\\t
IntechOpen appoints its first Regional Representatives - members of the team situated around the world dedicated to increasing the visibility of our authors’ published work within their local scientific communities.
\\n
\\n\\n
2015
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Downloads milestone: More than 70 million downloads reached, more than doubling since the previous year.
\\n\\t
Publishing milestone: IntechOpen publishes its 2,500th book and 40,000th Open Access chapter, reaching 20,000 citations in Thomson Reuters ISI Web of Science.
\\n\\t
40 IntechOpen authors are included in the top one per cent of the world’s most-cited researchers.
\\n\\t
Thomson Reuters’ ISI Web of Science Book Citation Index begins indexing IntechOpen’s books in its database.
\\n
\\n\\n
2016
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
IntechOpen is identified as a world leader in Simba Information’s Open Access Book Publishing 2016-2020 report and forecast. IntechOpen came in as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\\n
\\n\\n
2017
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Downloads milestone: IntechOpen reaches more than 100 million downloads
\\n\\t
Publishing milestone: IntechOpen publishes its 3,000th Open Access book, making it the largest Open Access book collection in the world
We started by publishing journals and books from the fields of science we were most familiar with - AI, robotics, manufacturing and operations research. Through our growing network of institutions and authors, we soon expanded into related fields like environmental engineering, nanotechnology, computer science, renewable energy and electrical engineering, Today, we are the world’s largest Open Access publisher of scientific research, with over 4,200 books and 54,000 scientific works including peer-reviewed content from more than 116,000 scientists spanning 161 countries. Our authors range from globally-renowned Nobel Prize winners to up-and-coming researchers at the cutting edge of scientific discovery.
\n\n
In the same year that IntechOpen was founded, we launched what was at the time the first ever Open Access, peer-reviewed journal in its field: the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems (IJARS).
\n\n
The IntechOpen timeline
\n\n
2004
\n\n
\n\t
Intech Open is founded in Vienna, Austria, by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic, two PhD students, and their first Open Access journals and books are published.
\n\t
Alex and Vedran launch the first Open Access, peer-reviewed robotics journal and IntechOpen’s flagship publication, the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems (IJARS).
\n
\n\n
2005
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen publishes its first Open Access book: Cutting Edge Robotics.
\n
\n\n
2006
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen publishes a special issue of IJARS, featuring contributions from NASA scientists regarding the Mars Exploration Rover missions.
\n
\n\n
2008
\n\n
\n\t
Downloads milestone: 200,000 downloads reached
\n
\n\n
2009
\n\n
\n\t
Publishing milestone: the first 100 Open Access STM books are published
\n
\n\n
2010
\n\n
\n\t
Downloads milestone: one million downloads reached
\n\t
IntechOpen expands its book publishing into a new field: medicine.
\n
\n\n
2011
\n\n
\n\t
Publishing milestone: More than five million downloads reached
\n\t
IntechOpen publishes 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry winner Harold W. Kroto’s “Strategies to Successfully Cross-Link Carbon Nanotubes”. Find it here.
\n\t
IntechOpen and TBI collaborate on a project to explore the changing needs of researchers and the evolving ways that they discover, publish and exchange information. The result is the survey “Author Attitudes Towards Open Access Publishing: A Market Research Program”.
\n\t
IntechOpen hosts SHOW - Share Open Access Worldwide; a series of lectures, debates, round-tables and events to bring people together in discussion of open source principles, intellectual property, content licensing innovations, remixed and shared culture and free knowledge.
\n
\n\n
2012
\n\n
\n\t
Publishing milestone: 10 million downloads reached
\n\t
IntechOpen holds Interact2012, a free series of workshops held by figureheads of the scientific community including Professor Hiroshi Ishiguro, director of the Intelligent Robotics Laboratory, who took the audience through some of the most impressive human-robot interactions observed in his lab.
\n
\n\n
2013
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen joins the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) as part of a commitment to guaranteeing the highest standards of publishing.
\n
\n\n
2014
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen turns 10, with more than 30 million downloads to date.
\n\t
IntechOpen appoints its first Regional Representatives - members of the team situated around the world dedicated to increasing the visibility of our authors’ published work within their local scientific communities.
\n
\n\n
2015
\n\n
\n\t
Downloads milestone: More than 70 million downloads reached, more than doubling since the previous year.
\n\t
Publishing milestone: IntechOpen publishes its 2,500th book and 40,000th Open Access chapter, reaching 20,000 citations in Thomson Reuters ISI Web of Science.
\n\t
40 IntechOpen authors are included in the top one per cent of the world’s most-cited researchers.
\n\t
Thomson Reuters’ ISI Web of Science Book Citation Index begins indexing IntechOpen’s books in its database.
\n
\n\n
2016
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen is identified as a world leader in Simba Information’s Open Access Book Publishing 2016-2020 report and forecast. IntechOpen came in as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n
\n\n
2017
\n\n
\n\t
Downloads milestone: IntechOpen reaches more than 100 million downloads
\n\t
Publishing milestone: IntechOpen publishes its 3,000th Open Access book, making it the largest Open Access book collection in the world
\n
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:13389},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:11661},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:4168},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:22334},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:2019},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:33642}],offset:12,limit:12,total:135275},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"10"},books:[{type:"book",id:"9985",title:"Geostatistics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"423cb3896195a618c4acb493ce4fd23d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Jeffrey M. Yarus, Dr. Marko Maucec, Dr. Timothy C. Coburn and Associate Prof. Michael Pyrcz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9985.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"78011",title:"Prof.",name:"Jeffrey M.",surname:"Yarus",slug:"jeffrey-m.-yarus",fullName:"Jeffrey M. Yarus"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11493",title:"Solar Radiation - Enabling Technologies, Recent Innovations, and Advancements for Energy Transition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0400d540d2b8fb55d4cc8590e1e58844",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Mohammadreza Aghaei and Associate Prof. Amin Moazami",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11493.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"317230",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammadreza",surname:"Aghaei",slug:"mohammadreza-aghaei",fullName:"Mohammadreza Aghaei"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11836",title:"Estuary Research - Recent Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0c8c5352d19470a9e3433b4d62c0cada",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Andrew James Manning",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11836.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"23008",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrew James",surname:"Manning",slug:"andrew-james-manning",fullName:"Andrew James Manning"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11837",title:"Ecology and Geography of the Mediterranean",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"bbb25987a982d61da4f47fb13614ba3c",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11837.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11842",title:"Altimetry - Theory, Applications and Recent Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b2b6e7b58333453ef7b73416d8fdfaf3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Tomislav Bašić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11842.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"343125",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomislav",surname:"Bašić",slug:"tomislav-basic",fullName:"Tomislav Bašić"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11999",title:"Earthquakes - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b2af07109b13b76e5af9583532ab5bee",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Walter Salazar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11999.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"236461",title:"Dr.",name:"Walter",surname:"Salazar",slug:"walter-salazar",fullName:"Walter Salazar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12000",title:"Natural Hazards",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d9fad96ccf42b288f2134775f6a8a1be",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12000.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12001",title:"Polar Climate",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b226f7ff46cf93d4dc25aa49b23cc118",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12001.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12002",title:"Oceanography",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b48da2053b7a270a24db1eeaea08f16b",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12002.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12003",title:"Rural Areas",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5d6bf787bf04690d8773b4d47bc54353",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12003.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12004",title:"Tropical Forests",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1478a073e834c74e589098e43f49d1d8",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12004.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12006",title:"Advances in Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"64e16abe1a29e6bf30c582970a5bc1ed",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12006.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:27},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:42},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:68},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:19},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3737",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"Modelling, Programming and Simulations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"matlab-modelling-programming-and-simulations",bookSignature:"Emilson Pereira Leite",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3737.jpg",editors:[{id:"12051",title:"Prof.",name:"Emilson",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira Leite",slug:"emilson-pereira-leite",fullName:"Emilson Pereira Leite"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"1770",title:"Gel Electrophoresis",subtitle:"Principles and Basics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"279701f6c802cf02deef45103e0611ff",slug:"gel-electrophoresis-principles-and-basics",bookSignature:"Sameh Magdeldin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1770.jpg",editors:[{id:"123648",title:"Dr.",name:"Sameh",middleName:null,surname:"Magdeldin",slug:"sameh-magdeldin",fullName:"Sameh Magdeldin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4797},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7175,editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1981,editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2308,editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1473,editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",publishedDate:"April 26th 2011",numberOfDownloads:318571,editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",publishedDate:"September 26th 2012",numberOfDownloads:271836,editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",publishedDate:"July 1st 2013",numberOfDownloads:243450,editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1582,editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2082,editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",publishedDate:"October 17th 2012",numberOfDownloads:256294,editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11328",title:"Botulinum Toxin",subtitle:"Recent Topics and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7dd05a316001cef143e209eda51387a7",slug:"botulinum-toxin-recent-topics-and-applications",bookSignature:"Suna Sabuncuoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11328.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"270856",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Suna",middleName:null,surname:"Sabuncuoglu",slug:"suna-sabuncuoglu",fullName:"Suna Sabuncuoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11085",title:"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome",subtitle:"Functional Investigation and Clinical Application",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3066dd3ff29e1fac072fd60b08d4d3e7",slug:"polycystic-ovary-syndrome-functional-investigation-and-clinical-application",bookSignature:"Zhengchao Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11085.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"204883",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhengchao",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"zhengchao-wang",fullName:"Zhengchao Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10833",title:"Tumor Angiogenesis and Modulators",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f29b575c46128b2da061ef7f9bd1070b",slug:"tumor-angiogenesis-and-modulators",bookSignature:"Ke Xu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10833.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"59529",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"ke-xu",fullName:"Ke Xu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11356",title:"Molecular Cloning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"671c629dd86e97f0fb467b9e70e92296",slug:"molecular-cloning",bookSignature:"Sadık Dincer, Hatice Aysun Mercimek Takcı and Melis Sumengen Ozdenef",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"188141",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadik",middleName:null,surname:"Dincer",slug:"sadik-dincer",fullName:"Sadik Dincer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10677",title:"Advanced Topics of Topology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bf964c52f9e653fac20a7fcab58070e5",slug:"advanced-topics-of-topology",bookSignature:"Francisco Bulnes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10677.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"92918",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Bulnes",slug:"francisco-bulnes",fullName:"Francisco Bulnes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11195",title:"Recent Advances in Biometrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2d32e33e0f499cb5241734bb75dd2a83",slug:"recent-advances-in-biometrics",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11195.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1218",title:"Environmental Physics",slug:"environmental-physics",parent:{id:"225",title:"Geophysics",slug:"geophysics"},numberOfBooks:1,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:57,numberOfWosCitations:76,numberOfCrossrefCitations:28,numberOfDimensionsCitations:96,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"1218",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"333",title:"Radioisotopes",subtitle:"Applications in Physical Sciences",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"afeccef7845fce169a34c1d9f0d119f1",slug:"radioisotopes-applications-in-physical-sciences",bookSignature:"Nirmal Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/333.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"48584",title:"Prof.",name:"Nirmal",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"nirmal-singh",fullName:"Nirmal Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:1,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"21663",doi:"10.5772/23914",title:"U.S. Space Radioisotope Power Systems and Applications: Past, Present and Future",slug:"u-s-space-radioisotope-power-systems-and-applications-past-present-and-future",totalDownloads:3602,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:22,abstract:null,book:{id:"333",slug:"radioisotopes-applications-in-physical-sciences",title:"Radioisotopes",fullTitle:"Radioisotopes - Applications in Physical Sciences"},signatures:"Robert L. Cataldo and Gary L. Bennett",authors:[{id:"54405",title:"Mr.",name:"Robert",middleName:"Louis",surname:"Cataldo",slug:"robert-cataldo",fullName:"Robert Cataldo"},{id:"54418",title:"Dr.",name:"Gary",middleName:null,surname:"Bennett",slug:"gary-bennett",fullName:"Gary Bennett"}]},{id:"21661",doi:"10.5772/22041",title:"Radioisotope Power: A Key Technology for Deep Space Exploration",slug:"radioisotope-power-a-key-technology-for-deep-space-exploration",totalDownloads:4827,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:15,abstract:null,book:{id:"333",slug:"radioisotopes-applications-in-physical-sciences",title:"Radioisotopes",fullTitle:"Radioisotopes - Applications in Physical Sciences"},signatures:"George R. Schmidt, Thomas J. Sutliff and Leonard A. Dudzinski",authors:[{id:"45995",title:"Dr.",name:"George",middleName:"R",surname:"Schmidt",slug:"george-schmidt",fullName:"George Schmidt"}]},{id:"21662",doi:"10.5772/20928",title:"Radioisotope Power Systems for Space Applications",slug:"radioisotope-power-systems-for-space-applications",totalDownloads:5569,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:null,book:{id:"333",slug:"radioisotopes-applications-in-physical-sciences",title:"Radioisotopes",fullTitle:"Radioisotopes - Applications in Physical Sciences"},signatures:"Antonio Sanchez-Torres",authors:[{id:"41069",title:"MSc",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Sanchez Torres",slug:"antonio-sanchez-torres",fullName:"Antonio Sanchez Torres"}]},{id:"21655",doi:"10.5772/22263",title:"Cesium (137Cs and 133Cs), Potassium and Rubidium in Macromycete Fungi and Sphagnum Plants",slug:"cesium-137cs-and-133cs-potassium-and-rubidium-in-macromycete-fungi-and-sphagnum-plants",totalDownloads:2993,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:null,book:{id:"333",slug:"radioisotopes-applications-in-physical-sciences",title:"Radioisotopes",fullTitle:"Radioisotopes - Applications in Physical Sciences"},signatures:"Mykhailo Vinichuk, Anders Dahlberg and Klas Rosén",authors:[{id:"46973",title:"Dr",name:"Mykhailo",middleName:null,surname:"Vinichuk",slug:"mykhailo-vinichuk",fullName:"Mykhailo Vinichuk"},{id:"57796",title:"Dr.",name:"Anders",middleName:null,surname:"Dahlberg",slug:"anders-dahlberg",fullName:"Anders Dahlberg"},{id:"57798",title:"Dr.",name:"Klas",middleName:null,surname:"Rosén",slug:"klas-rosen",fullName:"Klas Rosén"}]},{id:"21660",doi:"10.5772/24512",title:"Hydrodynamic Characterization of Industrial Flotation Machines Using Radioisotopes",slug:"hydrodynamic-characterization-of-industrial-flotation-machines-using-radioisotopes",totalDownloads:5192,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:null,book:{id:"333",slug:"radioisotopes-applications-in-physical-sciences",title:"Radioisotopes",fullTitle:"Radioisotopes - Applications in Physical Sciences"},signatures:"Juan Yianatos and Francisco Díaz",authors:[{id:"57863",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Yianatos",slug:"juan-yianatos",fullName:"Juan Yianatos"},{id:"57878",title:"BSc",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Diaz",slug:"francisco-diaz",fullName:"Francisco Diaz"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"21643",title:"Research Reactor Fuel Fabrication to Produce Radioisotopes",slug:"research-reactor-fuel-fabrication-to-produce-radioisotopes",totalDownloads:8696,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:null,book:{id:"333",slug:"radioisotopes-applications-in-physical-sciences",title:"Radioisotopes",fullTitle:"Radioisotopes - Applications in Physical Sciences"},signatures:"A. M. Saliba-Silva, E. F. Urano de Carvalho, H. G. Riella and M. Durazzo",authors:[{id:"45061",title:"Prof.",name:"Adonis M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saliba-Silva",slug:"adonis-m.-saliba-silva",fullName:"Adonis M. Saliba-Silva"},{id:"57163",title:"Prof.",name:"Michelangelo",middleName:null,surname:"Durazzo",slug:"michelangelo-durazzo",fullName:"Michelangelo Durazzo"},{id:"57165",title:"Prof.",name:"Elita F.",middleName:null,surname:"Urano De Carvalho",slug:"elita-f.-urano-de-carvalho",fullName:"Elita F. Urano De Carvalho"},{id:"57166",title:"Prof.",name:"Humberto G.",middleName:null,surname:"Riella",slug:"humberto-g.-riella",fullName:"Humberto G. Riella"}]},{id:"21661",title:"Radioisotope Power: A Key Technology for Deep Space Exploration",slug:"radioisotope-power-a-key-technology-for-deep-space-exploration",totalDownloads:4825,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:15,abstract:null,book:{id:"333",slug:"radioisotopes-applications-in-physical-sciences",title:"Radioisotopes",fullTitle:"Radioisotopes - Applications in Physical Sciences"},signatures:"George R. Schmidt, Thomas J. Sutliff and Leonard A. Dudzinski",authors:[{id:"45995",title:"Dr.",name:"George",middleName:"R",surname:"Schmidt",slug:"george-schmidt",fullName:"George Schmidt"}]},{id:"21642",title:"Natural Occurring Radionuclide Materials",slug:"natural-occurring-radionuclide-materials",totalDownloads:5171,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"333",slug:"radioisotopes-applications-in-physical-sciences",title:"Radioisotopes",fullTitle:"Radioisotopes - Applications in Physical Sciences"},signatures:"Raad Obid Hussain and Hayder Hamza Hussain",authors:[{id:"39513",title:"Dr.",name:"Hayder",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"hayder-hussain",fullName:"Hayder Hussain"},{id:"56286",title:"Dr.",name:"Raad",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"raad-hussain",fullName:"Raad Hussain"}]},{id:"21662",title:"Radioisotope Power Systems for Space Applications",slug:"radioisotope-power-systems-for-space-applications",totalDownloads:5569,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:null,book:{id:"333",slug:"radioisotopes-applications-in-physical-sciences",title:"Radioisotopes",fullTitle:"Radioisotopes - Applications in Physical Sciences"},signatures:"Antonio Sanchez-Torres",authors:[{id:"41069",title:"MSc",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Sanchez Torres",slug:"antonio-sanchez-torres",fullName:"Antonio Sanchez Torres"}]},{id:"21651",title:"Environmental Dosimetry – Measurements and Calculations",slug:"environmental-dosimetry-measurements-and-calculations",totalDownloads:4251,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:null,book:{id:"333",slug:"radioisotopes-applications-in-physical-sciences",title:"Radioisotopes",fullTitle:"Radioisotopes - Applications in Physical Sciences"},signatures:"Mats Isaksson",authors:[{id:"48977",title:"Prof.",name:"Mats",middleName:null,surname:"Isaksson",slug:"mats-isaksson",fullName:"Mats Isaksson"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1218",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:140,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261",scope:"Modern physiology requires a comprehensive understanding of the integration of tissues and organs throughout the mammalian body, including the cooperation between structure and function at the cellular and molecular levels governed by gene and protein expression. While a daunting task, learning is facilitated by identifying common and effective signaling pathways mediated by a variety of factors employed by nature to preserve and sustain homeostatic life. \r\nAs a leading example, the cellular interaction between intracellular concentration of Ca+2 increases, and changes in plasma membrane potential is integral for coordinating blood flow, governing the exocytosis of neurotransmitters, and modulating gene expression and cell effector secretory functions. Furthermore, in this manner, understanding the systemic interaction between the cardiovascular and nervous systems has become more important than ever as human populations' life prolongation, aging and mechanisms of cellular oxidative signaling are utilised for sustaining life. \r\nAltogether, physiological research enables our identification of distinct and precise points of transition from health to the development of multimorbidity throughout the inevitable aging disorders (e.g., diabetes, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, heart failure, peptic ulcer, inflammatory bowel disease, age-related macular degeneration, cancer). With consideration of all organ systems (e.g., brain, heart, lung, gut, skeletal and smooth muscle, liver, pancreas, kidney, eye) and the interactions thereof, this Physiology Series will address the goals of resolving (1) Aging physiology and chronic disease progression (2) Examination of key cellular pathways as they relate to calcium, oxidative stress, and electrical signaling, and (3) how changes in plasma membrane produced by lipid peroxidation products can affect aging physiology, covering new research in the area of cell, human, plant and animal physiology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/10.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"July 20th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:14,editor:{id:"35854",title:"Prof.",name:"Tomasz",middleName:null,surname:"Brzozowski",slug:"tomasz-brzozowski",fullName:"Tomasz Brzozowski",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35854/images/system/35854.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Thomas Brzozowski works as a professor of Human Physiology and is currently Chairman at the Department of Physiology and is V-Dean of the Medical Faculty at Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland. His primary area of interest is physiology and pathophysiology of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, with the major focus on the mechanism of GI mucosal defense, protection, and ulcer healing. He was a postdoctoral NIH fellow at the University of California and the Gastroenterology VA Medical Center, Irvine, Long Beach, CA, USA, and at the Gastroenterology Clinics Erlangen-Nuremberg and Munster in Germany. He has published 290 original articles in some of the most prestigious scientific journals and seven book chapters on the pathophysiology of the GI tract, gastroprotection, ulcer healing, drug therapy of peptic ulcers, hormonal regulation of the gut, and inflammatory bowel disease.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jagiellonian University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"10",title:"Animal Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/10.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Dr. Rutland has also written popular science books for the public. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-4898. www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/people/catrin.rutland",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/11.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"133493",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/133493/images/3091_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Angel Catalá \r\nShort Biography Angel Catalá was born in Rodeo (San Juan, Argentina). He studied \r\nchemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where received aPh.D. degree in chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From\r\n1964 to 1974, he worked as Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of MedicineUniversidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. From 1974 to 1976, he was a Fellowof the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor oBiochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. He is Member ofthe National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and Argentine Society foBiochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for manyears in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Professor Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, publishedover 100 papers in peer reviewed journals, several chapters in books andtwelve edited books. Angel Catalá received awards at the 40th InternationaConference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999: Dijon (France). W inner of the Bimbo PanAmerican Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South AmericaHuman Nutrition, Professional Category. 2006 award in pharmacology, Bernardo\r\nHoussay, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Angel Catalá belongto the Editorial Board of Journal of lipids, International Review of Biophysical ChemistryFrontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics, World Journal oExperimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International, W orld Journal oBiological Chemistry, Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, Diabetes and thePancreas, International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, International Journal oNutrition, Co-Editor of The Open Biology Journal.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/12.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"195829",title:"Prof.",name:"Kunihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Sakuma",slug:"kunihiro-sakuma",fullName:"Kunihiro Sakuma",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195829/images/system/195829.jpg",biography:"Professor Kunihiro Sakuma, Ph.D., currently works in the Institute for Liberal Arts at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. He is a physiologist working in the field of skeletal muscle. He was awarded his sports science diploma in 1995 by the University of Tsukuba and began his scientific work at the Department of Physiology, Aichi Human Service Center, focusing on the molecular mechanism of congenital muscular dystrophy and normal muscle regeneration. His interest later turned to the molecular mechanism and attenuating strategy of sarcopenia (age-related muscle atrophy). His opinion is to attenuate sarcopenia by improving autophagic defects using nutrient- and pharmaceutical-based treatments.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tokyo Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:{id:"331519",title:"Dr.",name:"Kotomi",middleName:null,surname:"Sakai",slug:"kotomi-sakai",fullName:"Kotomi Sakai",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000031QtFXQA0/Profile_Picture_1637053227318",biography:"Senior researcher Kotomi Sakai, Ph.D., MPH, works at the Research Organization of Science and Technology in Ritsumeikan University. She is a researcher in the geriatric rehabilitation and public health field. She received Ph.D. from Nihon University and MPH from St.Luke’s International University. Her main research interest is sarcopenia in older adults, especially its association with nutritional status. Additionally, to understand how to maintain and improve physical function in older adults, to conduct studies about the mechanism of sarcopenia and determine when possible interventions are needed.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ritsumeikan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"13",title:"Plant Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/13.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"332229",title:"Prof.",name:"Jen-Tsung",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"jen-tsung-chen",fullName:"Jen-Tsung Chen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332229/images/system/332229.png",biography:"Dr. Jen-Tsung Chen is currently a professor at the National University of Kaohsiung, Taiwan. He teaches cell biology, genomics, proteomics, medicinal plant biotechnology, and plant tissue culture. Dr. Chen\\'s research interests include bioactive compounds, chromatography techniques, in vitro culture, medicinal plants, phytochemicals, and plant biotechnology. He has published more than ninety scientific papers and serves as an editorial board member for Plant Methods, Biomolecules, and International Journal of Molecular Sciences.",institutionString:"National University of Kaohsiung",institution:{name:"National University of Kaohsiung",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:16,paginationItems:[{id:"82135",title:"Carotenoids in Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105210",signatures:"Lovina I. Udoh, Josephine U. Agogbua, Eberechi R. Keyagha and Itorobong I. Nkanga",slug:"carotenoids-in-cassava-manihot-esculenta-crantz",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Carotenoids - New Perspectives and Application",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10836.jpg",subseries:{id:"13",title:"Plant Physiology"}}},{id:"82112",title:"Comparative Senescence and Lifespan",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105137",signatures:"Hassan M. Heshmati",slug:"comparative-senescence-and-lifespan",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Hassan M.",surname:"Heshmati"}],book:{title:"Mechanisms and Management of Senescence",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10935.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81796",title:"Apoptosis-Related Diseases and Peroxisomes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105052",signatures:"Meimei Wang, Yakun Liu, Ni Chen, Juan Wang and Ye Zhao",slug:"apoptosis-related-diseases-and-peroxisomes",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"The Metabolic Role of Peroxisome in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10837.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81723",title:"Peroxisomal Modulation as Therapeutic Alternative for Tackling Multiple Cancers",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104873",signatures:"Shazia Usmani, Shadma Wahab, Abdul Hafeez, Shabana Khatoon and Syed Misbahul Hasan",slug:"peroxisomal-modulation-as-therapeutic-alternative-for-tackling-multiple-cancers",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"The Metabolic Role of Peroxisome in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10837.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:14,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7264",title:"Calcium and Signal Transduction",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7264.jpg",slug:"calcium-and-signal-transduction",publishedDate:"October 24th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"John N. Buchholz and Erik J. Behringer",hash:"e373a3d1123dbd45fddf75d90e3e7c38",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Calcium and Signal Transduction",editors:[{id:"89438",title:"Dr.",name:"John N.",middleName:null,surname:"Buchholz",slug:"john-n.-buchholz",fullName:"John N. Buchholz",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89438/images/6463_n.jpg",biography:"Full Professor and Vice Chair, Division of Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine. He received his B.S. Degree in Biology at La Sierra University, Riverside California (1980) and a PhD in Pharmacology from Loma Linda University School of Medicine (1988). Post-Doctoral Fellow at University of California, Irvine, College of Medicine 1989-1992 with a focus on autonomic nerve function in blood vessels and the impact of aging on the function of these nerves and overall blood vessel function. Twenty years of research funding and served on NIH R01 review panels, Editor-In-Chief of Edorium Journal of Aging Research. Serves as a peer reviewer for biomedical journals. Military Reserve Officer serving with the 100 Support Command, 100 Troop Command, 40 Infantry Division, CA National Guard.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Loma Linda University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6925",title:"Endoplasmic Reticulum",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6925.jpg",slug:"endoplasmic-reticulum",publishedDate:"April 17th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Angel Català",hash:"a9e90d2dbdbc46128dfe7dac9f87c6b4",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Endoplasmic Reticulum",editors:[{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196544/images/system/196544.jpg",biography:"Angel Catalá studied chemistry at Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where he received a Ph.D. in Chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From 1964 to 1974, he worked as an Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of Medicine at the same university. From 1974 to 1976, he was a fellow of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor of Biochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata. He is a member of the National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and the Argentine Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for many years in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Dr. Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, published more than 100 papers in peer-reviewed journals, several chapters in books, and edited twelve books. He received awards at the 40th International Conference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999 in Dijon, France. He is the winner of the Bimbo Pan-American Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South America, Human Nutrition, Professional Category. In 2006, he won the Bernardo Houssay award in pharmacology, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Dr. Catalá belongs to the editorial board of several journals including Journal of Lipids; International Review of Biophysical Chemistry; Frontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics; World Journal of Experimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International; World Journal of Biological Chemistry, Diabetes, and the Pancreas; International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy; and International Journal of Nutrition. He is the co-editor of The Open Biology Journal and associate editor for Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity.",institutionString:"Universidad Nacional de La Plata",institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6924",title:"Adenosine Triphosphate in Health and Disease",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6924.jpg",slug:"adenosine-triphosphate-in-health-and-disease",publishedDate:"April 24th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Gyula Mozsik",hash:"04106c232a3c68fec07ba7cf00d2522d",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Adenosine Triphosphate in Health and Disease",editors:[{id:"58390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyula",middleName:null,surname:"Mozsik",slug:"gyula-mozsik",fullName:"Gyula Mozsik",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58390/images/system/58390.png",biography:"Gyula Mózsik MD, Ph.D., ScD (med), is an emeritus professor of Medicine at the First Department of Medicine, Univesity of Pécs, Hungary. He was head of this department from 1993 to 2003. His specializations are medicine, gastroenterology, clinical pharmacology, clinical nutrition, and dietetics. His research fields are biochemical pharmacological examinations in the human gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa, mechanisms of retinoids, drugs, capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves, and innovative pharmacological, pharmaceutical, and nutritional (dietary) research in humans. He has published about 360 peer-reviewed papers, 197 book chapters, 692 abstracts, 19 monographs, and has edited 37 books. He has given about 1120 regular and review lectures. He has organized thirty-eight national and international congresses and symposia. He is the founder of the International Conference on Ulcer Research (ICUR); International Union of Pharmacology, Gastrointestinal Section (IUPHAR-GI); Brain-Gut Society symposiums, and gastrointestinal cytoprotective symposiums. He received the Andre Robert Award from IUPHAR-GI in 2014. Fifteen of his students have been appointed as full professors in Egypt, Cuba, and Hungary.",institutionString:"University of Pécs",institution:{name:"University of Pecs",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Hungary"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"8008",title:"Antioxidants",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8008.jpg",slug:"antioxidants",publishedDate:"November 6th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Emad Shalaby",hash:"76361b4061e830906267933c1c670027",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Antioxidants",editors:[{id:"63600",title:"Prof.",name:"Emad",middleName:null,surname:"Shalaby",slug:"emad-shalaby",fullName:"Emad Shalaby",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63600/images/system/63600.png",biography:"Dr. Emad Shalaby is a professor of biochemistry on the Biochemistry Department Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University. He\nreceived a short-term scholarship to carry out his post-doctoral\nstudies abroad, from Japan International Cooperation Agency\n(JICA), in coordination with the Egyptian government. Dr.\nShalaby speaks fluent English and his native Arabic. He has 77\ninternationally published research papers, has attended 15 international conferences, and has contributed to 18 international books and chapters.\nDr. Shalaby works as a reviewer on over one hundred international journals and is\non the editorial board of more than twenty-five international journals. He is a member of seven international specialized scientific societies, besides his local one, and\nhe has won seven prizes.",institutionString:"Cairo University",institution:{name:"Cairo University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:11,paginationItems:[{id:"83075",title:"Practices and Challenges of Community Services at Debre Markos University, Ethiopia: A Case Study",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105896",signatures:"Adane Mengist",slug:"practices-and-challenges-of-community-services-at-debre-markos-university-ethiopia-a-case-study",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82858",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility a Case of the Provision of Recreational Facilities",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105608",signatures:"Peter Musa Wash, Shida Irwana Omar, Badaruddin Mohamed and Mohd Ismail Isa",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility-a-case-of-the-provision-of-recreational-facilities",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82786",title:"Discussion of Purchasing Virtual Digital Nature and Tourism",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105869",signatures:"Hiroko Oe and Yasuyuki Yamaoka",slug:"discussion-of-purchasing-virtual-digital-nature-and-tourism",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"A New Era of Consumer Behavior - Beyond the Pandemic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11581.jpg",subseries:{id:"88",title:"Marketing"}}},{id:"82289",title:"Consumer Culture and Abundance of Choices: Having More, Feeling Blue",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105607",signatures:"Ondřej Roubal",slug:"consumer-culture-and-abundance-of-choices-having-more-feeling-blue",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"A New Era of Consumer Behavior - Beyond the Pandemic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11581.jpg",subseries:{id:"88",title:"Marketing"}}},{id:"82405",title:"Does Board Structure Matter in CSR Spending of Commercial Banks? Empirical Evidence from an Emerging Economy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105589",signatures:"Bishnu Kumar Adhikary and Ranjan Kumar Mitra",slug:"does-board-structure-matter-in-csr-spending-of-commercial-banks-empirical-evidence-from-an-emerging-",totalDownloads:18,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82395",title:"Toward a Better Understanding of Green Human Resource Management’s Impact on Green Competitive Advantage: A Conceptual Model",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105528",signatures:"Hosna Hossari and Kaoutar Elfahli",slug:"toward-a-better-understanding-of-green-human-resource-management-s-impact-on-green-competitive-advan",totalDownloads:27,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82269",title:"CSR Reporting and Blockchain Technology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105512",signatures:"Pattarake Sarajoti, Pattanaporn Chatjuthamard, Suwongrat Papangkorn and Piyachart Phiromswad",slug:"csr-reporting-and-blockchain-technology",totalDownloads:31,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82270",title:"From Corporate Social Opportunity to Corporate Social Responsibility",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105445",signatures:"Brian Bolton",slug:"from-corporate-social-opportunity-to-corporate-social-responsibility",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82339",title:"Green Human Resource Management: An Exploratory Study from Moroccan ISO 14001 Certified Companies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105565",signatures:"Hosna Hossari and Kaoutar Elfahli",slug:"green-human-resource-management-an-exploratory-study-from-moroccan-iso-14001-certified-companies",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82194",title:"CSR and Female Directors: A Review and Future Research Agenda",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105112",signatures:"Pattarake Sarajoti, Pattanaporn Chatjuthamard, Suwongrat Papangkorn and Sirimon Treepongkaruna",slug:"csr-and-female-directors-a-review-and-future-research-agenda",totalDownloads:18,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Marketing",value:88,count:2,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Business and Management",value:86,count:9,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology - From Science to Clinical Research",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/26946/images/system/26946.png",institutionString:"University of Zagreb",institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Croatia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9493",title:"Periodontology",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Clinical Features",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9493.jpg",slug:"periodontology-fundamentals-and-clinical-features",publishedDate:"February 16th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Petra Surlin",hash:"dfe986c764d6c82ae820c2df5843a866",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Periodontology - Fundamentals and Clinical Features",editors:[{id:"171921",title:"Prof.",name:"Petra",middleName:null,surname:"Surlin",slug:"petra-surlin",fullName:"Petra Surlin",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova",institution:{name:"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9588",title:"Clinical Concepts and Practical Management Techniques in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9588.jpg",slug:"clinical-concepts-and-practical-management-techniques-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"February 9th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Aneesa Moolla",hash:"42deab8d3bcf3edf64d1d9028d42efd1",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Clinical Concepts and Practical Management Techniques in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"318170",title:"Dr.",name:"Aneesa",middleName:null,surname:"Moolla",slug:"aneesa-moolla",fullName:"Aneesa Moolla",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/318170/images/system/318170.png",institutionString:"University of the Witwatersrand",institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8202",title:"Periodontal Disease",subtitle:"Diagnostic and Adjunctive Non-surgical Considerations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8202.jpg",slug:"periodontal-disease-diagnostic-and-adjunctive-non-surgical-considerations",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif",hash:"0aee9799da7db2c732be44dd8fed16d8",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Periodontal Disease - Diagnostic and Adjunctive Non-surgical Considerations",editors:[{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8837",title:"Human Teeth",subtitle:"Key Skills and Clinical Illustrations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8837.jpg",slug:"human-teeth-key-skills-and-clinical-illustrations",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan and Farid Bourzgui",hash:"ac055c5801032970123e0a196c2e1d32",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Human Teeth - Key Skills and Clinical Illustrations",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:{id:"52177",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid",middleName:null,surname:"Bourzgui",slug:"farid-bourzgui",fullName:"Farid Bourzgui",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/52177/images/system/52177.png",biography:"Prof. Farid Bourzgui obtained his DMD and his DNSO option in Orthodontics at the School of Dental Medicine, Casablanca Hassan II University, Morocco, in 1995 and 2000, respectively. Currently, he is a professor of Orthodontics. He holds a Certificate of Advanced Study type A in Technology of Biomaterials used in Dentistry (1995); Certificate of Advanced Study type B in Dento-Facial Orthopaedics (1997) from the Faculty of Dental Surgery, University Denis Diderot-Paris VII, France; Diploma of Advanced Study (DESA) in Biocompatibility of Biomaterials from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2002); Certificate of Clinical Occlusodontics from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2004); University Diploma of Biostatistics and Perceptual Health Measurement from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2011); and a University Diploma of Pedagogy of Odontological Sciences from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2013). He is the author of several scientific articles, book chapters, and books.",institutionString:"University of Hassan II Casablanca",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"7",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of Hassan II Casablanca",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Morocco"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7060",title:"Gingival Disease",subtitle:"A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7060.jpg",slug:"gingival-disease-a-professional-approach-for-treatment-and-prevention",publishedDate:"October 23rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",hash:"b81d39988cba3a3cf746c1616912cf41",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Gingival Disease - A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",editors:[{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7572",title:"Trauma in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7572.jpg",slug:"trauma-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"July 3rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Serdar Gözler",hash:"7cb94732cfb315f8d1e70ebf500eb8a9",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Trauma in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7139",title:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7139.jpg",slug:"current-approaches-in-orthodontics",publishedDate:"April 10th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Belma Işık Aslan and Fatma Deniz Uzuner",hash:"2c77384eeb748cf05a898d65b9dcb48a",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",editors:[{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6668",title:"Dental Caries",subtitle:"Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6668.jpg",slug:"dental-caries-diagnosis-prevention-and-management",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan",hash:"b0f7667770a391f772726c3013c1b9ba",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Dental Caries - Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry",value:2,count:3},{group:"subseries",caption:"Oral Health",value:1,count:6}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:754,paginationItems:[{id:"310674",title:"Dr.",name:"Pravin",middleName:null,surname:"Kendrekar",slug:"pravin-kendrekar",fullName:"Pravin Kendrekar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/310674/images/system/310674.jpg",biography:"Dr. Pravin Kendrekar, MSc, MBA, Ph.D., is currently a visiting scientist at the Lipid Nanostructure Laboratory, University of Central Lancashire, England. He previously worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Ben-Gurion University of Negev, Israel; University of the Free State, South Africa; and Central University of Technology Bloemfontein, South Africa. He obtained his Ph.D. in Organic Chemistry from Nagaoka University of Technology, Japan. He has published more than seventy-four journal articles and attended several national and international conferences as speaker and chair. Dr. Kendrekar has received many international awards. He has several funded projects, namely, anti-malaria drug development, MRSA, and SARS-CoV-2 activity of curcumin and its formulations. He has filed four patents in collaboration with the University of Central Lancashire and Mayo Clinic Infectious Diseases. His present research includes organic synthesis, drug discovery and development, biochemistry, nanoscience, and nanotechnology.",institutionString:"Visiting Scientist at Lipid Nanostructures Laboratory, Centre for Smart Materials, School of Natural Sciences, University of Central Lancashire",institution:null},{id:"428125",title:"Dr.",name:"Vinayak",middleName:null,surname:"Adimule",slug:"vinayak-adimule",fullName:"Vinayak Adimule",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/428125/images/system/428125.jpg",biography:"Dr. Vinayak Adimule, MSc, Ph.D., is a professor and dean of R&D, Angadi Institute of Technology and Management, India. He has 15 years of research experience as a senior research scientist and associate research scientist in R&D organizations. He has published more than fifty research articles as well as several book chapters. He has two Indian patents and two international patents to his credit. Dr. Adimule has attended, chaired, and presented papers at national and international conferences. He is a guest editor for Topics in Catalysis and other journals. He is also an editorial board member, life member, and associate member for many international societies and research institutions. His research interests include nanoelectronics, material chemistry, artificial intelligence, sensors and actuators, bio-nanomaterials, and medicinal chemistry.",institutionString:"Angadi Institute of Technology and Management",institution:null},{id:"284317",title:"Prof.",name:"Kantharaju",middleName:null,surname:"Kamanna",slug:"kantharaju-kamanna",fullName:"Kantharaju Kamanna",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284317/images/21050_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. K. Kantharaju has received Bachelor of science (PCM), master of science (Organic Chemistry) and Doctor of Philosophy in Chemistry from Bangalore University. He worked as a Executive Research & Development @ Cadila Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Ahmedabad. He received DBT-postdoc fellow @ Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore under the supervision of Prof. P. Balaram, later he moved to NIH-postdoc researcher at Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA, after his return from postdoc joined NITK-Surthakal as a Adhoc faculty at department of chemistry. Since from August 2013 working as a Associate Professor, and in 2016 promoted to Profeesor in the School of Basic Sciences: Department of Chemistry and having 20 years of teaching and research experiences.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rani Channamma University, Belagavi",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/158492/images/system/158492.jpeg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Yusuf Tutar conducts his research at the Hamidiye Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences, Turkey. He is also a faculty member in the Molecular Oncology Program. He obtained his MSc and Ph.D. at Oregon State University and Texas Tech University, respectively. He pursued his postdoctoral studies at Rutgers University Medical School and the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIDDK), USA. His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",biography:"Martins Emeje obtained a BPharm with distinction from Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria, and an MPharm and Ph.D. from the University of Nigeria (UNN), where he received the best Ph.D. award and was enlisted as UNN’s “Face of Research.” He established the first nanomedicine center in Nigeria and was the pioneer head of the intellectual property and technology transfer as well as the technology innovation and support center. Prof. Emeje’s several international fellowships include the prestigious Raman fellowship. He has published more than 150 articles and patents. He is also the head of R&D at NIPRD and holds a visiting professor position at Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria. He has a postgraduate certificate in Project Management from Walden University, Minnesota, as well as a professional teaching certificate and a World Bank certification in Public Procurement. Prof. Emeje was a national chairman of academic pharmacists in Nigeria and the 2021 winner of the May & Baker Nigeria Plc–sponsored prize for professional service in research and innovation.",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"436430",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Mesut",middleName:null,surname:"Işık",slug:"mesut-isik",fullName:"Mesut Işık",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/436430/images/19686_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bilecik University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"268659",title:"Ms.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/268659/images/8143_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Zhan received his undergraduate and graduate training in the fields of preventive medicine and epidemiology and statistics at the West China University of Medical Sciences in China during 1989 to 1999. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics for two years at the Cancer Research Institute of Human Medical University in China. In 2001, he went to the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) in USA, where he was a post-doctoral researcher and focused on mass spectrometry and cancer proteomics. Then, he was appointed as an Assistant Professor of Neurology, UTHSC in 2005. He moved to the Cleveland Clinic in USA as a Project Scientist/Staff in 2006 where he focused on the studies of eye disease proteomics and biomarkers. He returned to UTHSC as an Assistant Professor of Neurology in the end of 2007, engaging in proteomics and biomarker studies of lung diseases and brain tumors, and initiating the studies of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) in cancer. In 2010, he was promoted to Associate Professor of Neurology, UTHSC. Currently, he is a Professor at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in China, Fellow of Royal Society of Medicine (FRSM), the European EPMA National Representative in China, Regular Member of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), European Cooperation of Science and Technology (e-COST) grant evaluator, Associate Editors of BMC Genomics, BMC Medical Genomics, EPMA Journal, and Frontiers in Endocrinology, Executive Editor-in-Chief of Med One. He has\npublished 116 peer-reviewed research articles, 16 book chapters, 2 books, and 2 US patents. His current main research interest focuses on the studies of cancer proteomics and biomarkers, and the use of modern omics techniques and systems biology for PPPM in cancer, and on the development and use of 2DE-LC/MS for the large-scale study of human proteoforms.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Xiangya Hospital Central South University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"418340",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyotirmoi",middleName:null,surname:"Aich",slug:"jyotirmoi-aich",fullName:"Jyotirmoi Aich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038Ugi5QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:48:28.png",biography:"Biotechnologist with 15 years of research including 6 years of teaching experience. Demonstrated record of scientific achievements through consistent publication record (H index = 13, with 874 citations) in high impact journals such as Nature Communications, Oncotarget, Annals of Oncology, PNAS, and AJRCCM, etc. Strong research professional with a post-doctorate from ACTREC where I gained experimental oncology experience in clinical settings and a doctorate from IGIB where I gained expertise in asthma pathophysiology. A well-trained biotechnologist with diverse experience on the bench across different research themes ranging from asthma to cancer and other infectious diseases. An individual with a strong commitment and innovative mindset. Have the ability to work on diverse projects such as regenerative and molecular medicine with an overall mindset of improving healthcare.",institutionString:"DY Patil Deemed to Be University",institution:null},{id:"349288",title:"Prof.",name:"Soumya",middleName:null,surname:"Basu",slug:"soumya-basu",fullName:"Soumya Basu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035QxIDQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:47:01.jpg",biography:"Soumya Basu, Ph.D., is currently working as an Associate Professor at Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India. With 16+ years of trans-disciplinary research experience in Drug Design, development, and pre-clinical validation; 20+ research article publications in journals of repute, 9+ years of teaching experience, trained with cross-disciplinary education, Dr. Basu is a life-long learner and always thrives for new challenges.\r\nHer research area is the design and synthesis of small molecule partial agonists of PPAR-γ in lung cancer. She is also using artificial intelligence and deep learning methods to understand the exosomal miRNA’s role in cancer metastasis. Dr. Basu is the recipient of many awards including the Early Career Research Award from the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. She is a reviewer of many journals like Molecular Biology Reports, Frontiers in Oncology, RSC Advances, PLOS ONE, Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, etc. She has edited and authored/co-authored 21 journal papers, 3 book chapters, and 15 abstracts. She is a Board of Studies member at her university. She is a life member of 'The Cytometry Society”-in India and 'All India Cell Biology Society”- in India.",institutionString:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",institution:{name:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"354817",title:"Dr.",name:"Anubhab",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"anubhab-mukherjee",fullName:"Anubhab Mukherjee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y0000365PbRQAU/ProfilePicture%202022-04-15%2005%3A11%3A18.480",biography:"A former member of Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, USA, Dr. Anubhab Mukherjee is an ardent votary of science who strives to make an impact in the lives of those afflicted with cancer and other chronic/acute ailments. He completed his Ph.D. from CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India, having been skilled with RNAi, liposomal drug delivery, preclinical cell and animal studies. He pursued post-doctoral research at College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A & M University and was involved in another postdoctoral research at Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California. In 2015, he worked in Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology as a visiting scientist. He has substantial experience in nanotechnology-based formulation development and successfully served various Indian organizations to develop pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products. He is an inventor in many US patents and an author in many peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and books published in various media of international repute. Dr. Mukherjee is currently serving as Principal Scientist, R&D at Esperer Onco Nutrition (EON) Pvt. Ltd. and heads the Hyderabad R&D center of the organization.",institutionString:"Esperer Onco Nutrition Pvt Ltd.",institution:null},{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/319365/images/system/319365.png",biography:"Manash K. Paul is a Principal Investigator and Scientist at the University of California Los Angeles. He has contributed significantly to the fields of stem cell biology, regenerative medicine, and lung cancer. His research focuses on various signaling processes involved in maintaining stem cell homeostasis during the injury-repair process, deciphering lung stem cell niche, pulmonary disease modeling, immuno-oncology, and drug discovery. He is currently investigating the role of extracellular vesicles in premalignant lung cell migration and detecting the metastatic phenotype of lung cancer via machine-learning-based analyses of exosomal signatures. Dr. Paul has published in more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and is highly cited. He is the recipient of many awards, including the UCLA Vice Chancellor’s award, a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and an editorial board member for several international journals.",institutionString:"University of California Los Angeles",institution:{name:"University of California Los Angeles",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals. He is currently working on the protective activity of phenolic compounds in disorders associated with oxidative stress and inflammation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. I am interested in studying host-pathogen interactions at the biomaterial interface.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329248",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Faheem",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"md.-faheem-haider",fullName:"Md. Faheem Haider",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329248/images/system/329248.jpg",biography:"Dr. Md. Faheem Haider completed his BPharm in 2012 at Integral University, Lucknow, India. In 2014, he completed his MPharm with specialization in Pharmaceutics at Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India, in 2018. He was selected for the GPAT six times and his best All India Rank was 34. Currently, he is an assistant professor at Integral University. Previously he was an assistant professor at IIMT University, Meerut, India. He has experience teaching DPharm, Pharm.D, BPharm, and MPharm students. He has more than five publications in reputed journals to his credit. Dr. Faheem’s research area is the development and characterization of nanoformulation for the delivery of drugs to various organs.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329795",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Aftab",middleName:"Aftab",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"mohd-aftab-siddiqui",fullName:"Mohd Aftab Siddiqui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329795/images/system/329795.png",biography:"Dr. Mohd Aftab Siddiqui is an assistant professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India, where he obtained a Ph.D. in Pharmacology in 2020. He also obtained a BPharm and MPharm from the same university in 2013 and 2015, respectively. His area of research is the pharmacological screening of herbal drugs/natural products in liver cancer and cardiac diseases. He is a member of many professional bodies and has guided many MPharm and PharmD research projects. Dr. Siddiqui has many national and international publications and one German patent to his credit.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"7",type:"subseries",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11403,editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",slug:"slawomir-wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",biography:"Professor Sławomir Wilczyński, Head of the Chair of Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland. His research interests are focused on modern imaging methods used in medicine and pharmacy, including in particular hyperspectral imaging, dynamic thermovision analysis, high-resolution ultrasound, as well as other techniques such as EPR, NMR and hemispheric directional reflectance. Author of over 100 scientific works, patents and industrial designs. Expert of the Polish National Center for Research and Development, Member of the Investment Committee in the Bridge Alfa NCBiR program, expert of the Polish Ministry of Funds and Regional Policy, Polish Medical Research Agency. Editor-in-chief of the journal in the field of aesthetic medicine and dermatology - Aesthetica.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343"},editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",slug:"alexandros-tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"lulu-wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",slug:"reda-r.-gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{id:"83075",title:"Practices and Challenges of Community Services at Debre Markos University, Ethiopia: A Case Study",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105896",signatures:"Adane Mengist",slug:"practices-and-challenges-of-community-services-at-debre-markos-university-ethiopia-a-case-study",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82858",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility a Case of the Provision of Recreational Facilities",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105608",signatures:"Peter Musa Wash, Shida Irwana Omar, Badaruddin Mohamed and Mohd Ismail Isa",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility-a-case-of-the-provision-of-recreational-facilities",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82405",title:"Does Board Structure Matter in CSR Spending of Commercial Banks? Empirical Evidence from an Emerging Economy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105589",signatures:"Bishnu Kumar Adhikary and Ranjan Kumar Mitra",slug:"does-board-structure-matter-in-csr-spending-of-commercial-banks-empirical-evidence-from-an-emerging-",totalDownloads:18,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82395",title:"Toward a Better Understanding of Green Human Resource Management’s Impact on Green Competitive Advantage: A Conceptual Model",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105528",signatures:"Hosna Hossari and Kaoutar Elfahli",slug:"toward-a-better-understanding-of-green-human-resource-management-s-impact-on-green-competitive-advan",totalDownloads:27,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82269",title:"CSR Reporting and Blockchain Technology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105512",signatures:"Pattarake Sarajoti, Pattanaporn Chatjuthamard, Suwongrat Papangkorn and Piyachart Phiromswad",slug:"csr-reporting-and-blockchain-technology",totalDownloads:31,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82270",title:"From Corporate Social Opportunity to Corporate Social Responsibility",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105445",signatures:"Brian Bolton",slug:"from-corporate-social-opportunity-to-corporate-social-responsibility",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82339",title:"Green Human Resource Management: An Exploratory Study from Moroccan ISO 14001 Certified Companies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105565",signatures:"Hosna Hossari and Kaoutar Elfahli",slug:"green-human-resource-management-an-exploratory-study-from-moroccan-iso-14001-certified-companies",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82194",title:"CSR and Female Directors: A Review and Future Research Agenda",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105112",signatures:"Pattarake Sarajoti, Pattanaporn Chatjuthamard, Suwongrat Papangkorn and Sirimon Treepongkaruna",slug:"csr-and-female-directors-a-review-and-future-research-agenda",totalDownloads:18,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"81831",title:"Deep Network Model and Regression Analysis using OLS Method for Predicting Lung Vital Capacity",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104737",signatures:"Harun Sümbül",slug:"deep-network-model-and-regression-analysis-using-ols-method-for-predicting-lung-vital-capacity",totalDownloads:18,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Decision Science - Recent Advances and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11604.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"9959",title:"Biomedical Signal and Image Processing",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9959.jpg",slug:"biomedical-signal-and-image-processing",publishedDate:"April 14th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Yongxia Zhou",hash:"22b87a09bd6df065d78c175235d367c8",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Biomedical Signal and Image Processing",editors:[{id:"259308",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongxia",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"yongxia-zhou",fullName:"Yongxia Zhou",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259308/images/system/259308.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Southern California",institution:{name:"University of Southern California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9973",title:"Data Acquisition",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Applications in Biomedical Engineering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9973.jpg",slug:"data-acquisition-recent-advances-and-applications-in-biomedical-engineering",publishedDate:"March 17th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",hash:"75ea6cdd241216c9db28aa734ab34446",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Data Acquisition - Recent Advances and Applications in Biomedical Engineering",editors:[{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9905",title:"Biometric Systems",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9905.jpg",slug:"biometric-systems",publishedDate:"February 10th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",hash:"c730560dd2e3837a03407b3a86b0ef2a",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Biometric Systems",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Kuwait"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8622",title:"Peptide Synthesis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8622.jpg",slug:"peptide-synthesis",publishedDate:"December 18th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Jaya T. Varkey",hash:"de9fa48c5248dbfb581825b8c74f5623",volumeInSeries:0,fullTitle:"Peptide Synthesis",editors:[{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7497",title:"Computer Vision in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7497.jpg",slug:"computer-vision-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"September 18th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Monika Elzbieta Machoy",hash:"1e9812cebd46ef9e28257f3e96547f6a",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Computer Vision in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8633",title:"Novel Diagnostic Methods in Ophthalmology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8633.jpg",slug:"novel-diagnostic-methods-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Anna Nowinska",hash:"da2c90e8db647ead30504defce3fb5d3",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Novel Diagnostic Methods in Ophthalmology",editors:[{id:"261466",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:"Karolina",surname:"Nowińska",slug:"anna-nowinska",fullName:"Anna Nowińska",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261466/images/system/261466.jpeg",institutionString:"Medical University of Silesia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7560",title:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods",subtitle:"Image Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7560.jpg",slug:"non-invasive-diagnostic-methods-image-processing",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mariusz Marzec and Robert Koprowski",hash:"d92fd8cf5a90a47f2b8a310837a5600e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods - Image Processing",editors:[{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7218",title:"OCT",subtitle:"Applications in Ophthalmology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7218.jpg",slug:"oct-applications-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Michele Lanza",hash:"e3a3430cdfd6999caccac933e4613885",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"OCT - Applications in Ophthalmology",editors:[{id:"240088",title:"Prof.",name:"Michele",middleName:null,surname:"Lanza",slug:"michele-lanza",fullName:"Michele Lanza",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240088/images/system/240088.png",institutionString:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institution:{name:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6692",title:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6692.jpg",slug:"medical-and-biological-image-analysis",publishedDate:"July 4th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Robert Koprowski",hash:"e75f234a0fc1988d9816a94e4c724deb",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",editors:[{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:140,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine"},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation"},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 3rd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},subseries:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. Osma",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDv7QAG/Profile_Picture_1626602531691",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad de Los Andes",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Colombia"}}},{id:"69697",title:"Dr.",name:"Mani T.",middleName:null,surname:"Valarmathi",fullName:"Mani T. Valarmathi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/69697/images/system/69697.jpg",institutionString:"Religen Inc. | A Life Science Company, United States of America",institution:null},{id:"205081",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:"Vinícius",surname:"Chaud",fullName:"Marco Chaud",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDGeQAO/Profile_Picture_1622624307737",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Sorocaba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/156263",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"156263"},fullPath:"/profiles/156263",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()