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Jones, Ling Zhang and Feng Gong",authors:[{id:"40853",title:"Prof.",name:"Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Gong",fullName:"Feng Gong",slug:"feng-gong"},{id:"40858",title:"Dr.",name:"Ling",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Ling Zhang",slug:"ling-zhang"},{id:"93534",title:"Ms.",name:"Kristi",middleName:null,surname:"Jones",fullName:"Kristi Jones",slug:"kristi-jones"}]},{id:"23154",title:"Cell Cycle and DNA Damage Response in Postmitotic Neurons",slug:"cell-cycle-and-dna-damage-response-in-postmitotic-neurons",signatures:"Inna I. Kruman",authors:[{id:"40791",title:"Dr.",name:"Inna",middleName:null,surname:"Kruman",fullName:"Inna Kruman",slug:"inna-kruman"}]},{id:"23155",title:"TopBP1 in DNA Damage Response",slug:"topbp1-in-dna-damage-response",signatures:"Ewa Forma, Magdalena Brys and Wanda M. 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Brown",authors:[{id:"41145",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika",middleName:null,surname:"Brown",fullName:"Erika Brown",slug:"erika-brown"}]},{id:"23158",title:"Roles of MicroRNA in DNA Damage and Repair",slug:"roles-of-microrna-in-dna-damage-and-repair",signatures:"Xinrong Chen and Tao Chen",authors:[{id:"44557",title:"Dr.",name:"Tao",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Tao Chen",slug:"tao-chen"},{id:"44563",title:"Dr.",name:"Xinrong",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Xinrong Chen",slug:"xinrong-chen"}]},{id:"23159",title:"Meiosis as an Evolutionary Adaptation for DNA Repair",slug:"meiosis-as-an-evolutionary-adaptation-for-dna-repair",signatures:"Harris Bernstein, Carol Bernstein and Richard E. Michod",authors:[{id:"61946",title:"Dr.",name:"Carol",middleName:null,surname:"Bernstein",fullName:"Carol Bernstein",slug:"carol-bernstein"},{id:"61947",title:"Prof.",name:"Rick",middleName:null,surname:"Michod",fullName:"Rick Michod",slug:"rick-michod"},{id:"62025",title:"Dr.",name:"Carol",middleName:null,surname:"Bernstein",fullName:"Carol Bernstein",slug:"carol-bernstein"}]},{id:"23160",title:"From Seed to Tree: The Functioning and Evolution of DNA Repair in Plants",slug:"from-seed-to-tree-the-functioning-and-evolution-of-dna-repair-in-plants",signatures:"Jaana Vuosku, Marko Suokas, Johanna Kestilä, Tytti Sarjala and Hely Häggman",authors:[{id:"49286",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaana",middleName:null,surname:"Vuosku",fullName:"Jaana Vuosku",slug:"jaana-vuosku"},{id:"58305",title:"MSc.",name:"Marko",middleName:null,surname:"Suokas",fullName:"Marko Suokas",slug:"marko-suokas"},{id:"58306",title:"MSc.",name:"Johanna",middleName:null,surname:"Kestilä",fullName:"Johanna Kestilä",slug:"johanna-kestila"},{id:"58307",title:"Dr.",name:"Tytti",middleName:null,surname:"Sarjala",fullName:"Tytti Sarjala",slug:"tytti-sarjala"},{id:"58308",title:"Prof.",name:"Hely",middleName:null,surname:"Häggman",fullName:"Hely Häggman",slug:"hely-haggman"}]},{id:"23161",title:"The Gratuitous Repair on Undamaged DNA Misfold",slug:"the-gratuitous-repair-on-undamaged-dna-misfold",signatures:"Xuefeng Pan, Peng Xiao, Hongqun Li, Dongxu Zhao and Fei Duan",authors:[{id:"47738",title:"Prof.",name:"Xuefeng",middleName:null,surname:"Pan",fullName:"Xuefeng Pan",slug:"xuefeng-pan"}]},{id:"23162",title:"ATP-Binding Cassette Properties of Recombination Mediator Protein RecF",slug:"atp-binding-cassette-properties-of-recombination-mediator-protein-recf",signatures:"Sergey Korolev",authors:[{id:"42111",title:"Prof.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Korolev",fullName:"Sergey Korolev",slug:"sergey-korolev"}]},{id:"23163",title:"DNA Damage Recognition for Mammalian Global Genome Nucleotide Excision Repair",slug:"dna-damage-recognition-for-mammalian-global-genome-nucleotide-excision-repair",signatures:"Kaoru Sugasawa",authors:[{id:"51299",title:"Prof.",name:"Kaoru",middleName:null,surname:"Sugasawa",fullName:"Kaoru Sugasawa",slug:"kaoru-sugasawa"}]},{id:"23164",title:"DNA Double-Strand Break Repair Through Non-Homologous End-Joining: Recruitment and Assembly of the Players",slug:"dna-double-strand-break-repair-through-non-homologous-end-joining-recruitment-and-assembly-of-the-pl",signatures:"Radhika Pankaj Kamdar and Yoshihisa Matsumoto",authors:[{id:"42493",title:"Dr.",name:"Yoshihisa",middleName:null,surname:"Matsumoto",fullName:"Yoshihisa Matsumoto",slug:"yoshihisa-matsumoto"},{id:"57668",title:"Dr.",name:"Radhika Pankaj",middleName:null,surname:"Kamdar",fullName:"Radhika Pankaj Kamdar",slug:"radhika-pankaj-kamdar"}]},{id:"23165",title:"DNA Repair Capacity-Related to Genetic Polymorphisms of DNA Repair Genes and Aflatoxin B1-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma 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Repair Measured by the Comet Assay",slug:"dna-repair-measured-by-the-comet-assay",signatures:"Amaya Azqueta, Sergey Shaposhnikov and Andrew R. Collins",authors:[{id:"47952",title:"Dr.",name:"Amaya",middleName:null,surname:"Azqueta",fullName:"Amaya Azqueta",slug:"amaya-azqueta"},{id:"57813",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Shaposhnikov",fullName:"Sergey Shaposhnikov",slug:"sergey-shaposhnikov"},{id:"57814",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrew R",middleName:null,surname:"Collins",fullName:"Andrew R Collins",slug:"andrew-r-collins"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"71054",title:"Future of Nanoparticles in the Field of Medicine",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89777",slug:"future-of-nanoparticles-in-the-field-of-medicine",body:'\nThe discussion in the succeeding paragraphs is not limited to only iron oxide nanoparticles, it deals with all nanoparticles which are magnetic in nature; hence, there is a reoccurrence of the phrase “magnetic nanoparticles.”
\nThe technique or the procedure which I am going to discuss is widely known as hyperthermia. It is the phenomenon which involves selective heating of magnetic particles using high-frequency magnetic field. The case presented here uses the fact that the tumor in the affected area can be removed by heating it up to certain temperatures depending on the different parameters of the nanoparticles. The whole idea started with the introduction of the magic bullet, a concept given by Nobel laureate Paul Ehrlich (1854–1915), 1908, in the field of medicine in the field of immunity. The idea of Magic Bullet projected by selective targeting of disease causing organism in addition to delivery of toxin for the affected area. The procedure suggested was to first identify the cancerous cell/tissue and then target the magic bullet of nanoparticles at the site and the blast the cell for destroying the un-repairable cell or delivering dose with the help of nanoparticles’ magic bullet, which at the site will open to deliver the drug.
\nLater, after the invention of the magic bullet, a number of hyperthermia techniques were suggested since 1970. Scientists Zimmermann and Pilwat in 1976 proposed the use of magnetic erythrocytes for delivery of drug at the affected site. Research group led by Freeman et al. in 1960 came up with the idea wherein magnetic nanoparticles could be transported through the vascular system and grouped in a specific part of the body using magnetic field. As recently as 2009, Boris Polyak and Gary Friedman explored clinical potential and applications of magnetic targeting for site-specific drug delivery.
\nThe treatment of hyperthermia involves heating of injected cancer-specific biomolecules coated with magnetic nanoparticles at the affected area. It involves selective heating of magnetic particles, which are positioned at the affected site, using high-frequency magnetic field. Removal of tumor (different diameter sizes) located in the liver is studied by varying power applied for different exposure times theoretically using heating model given by Tsafnat et al.
\nI again present the research by my group wherein we optimized the power requirements for the destruction of diseased cell at the location. The entire work was around the concept of the treatment of tumor using hyperthermia, which involves heating of injected cancer-specific biomolecules coated with magnetic nanoparticles at the affected area. The procedure involved selective heating of magnetic nanoparticles, which are positioned at the affected site of the diseased cell, using a very high-frequency magnetic field. The hypothesis used is that the tumor in the affected area can be removed by heating it up to temperatures, in the range of 41–46°C based on earlier research in the area. It was proposed that a tumor with a diameter size of 5 cm can be efficiently removed, if magnetic nanoparticles (present at the tumor site) were exposed for 10 s, with a power range of 2.75–6.5 W.
\nBased on the different research models given, we used the theory according to which the tumor in the affected area can be removed by heating it up to temperatures [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20], in the range of 41–46°C. It was proposed that if the power ranges 2.75–6.5 W, when applied to the magnetic nanoparticles (present at the tumor site), for duration of (up to) 10 s, a tumor having diameter of size 5 cm can be successfully/efficiently removed. Dependency of temperature in the affected area on the diameter of the magnetic nanoparticle in addition to exposure time of magnetic nanoparticles by alternating magnetic field and power was studied [20, 21].
\nThe work tries to carry forward the results presented in orphan drugs [22], which proved that, if heat is applied for a duration of 10 s for an applied power to magnetic nanoparticles of 6.5 W, it leads to removal of tumor (up to radius size of 10 cm). We explore the variation in applied power within which the desired results can be obtained, which in turn leads to minimizing the running cost and undue heating of healthy tissue/cell in the vicinity of the affected area. The study presented is based on the model suggested by Tsafnat et al. [19] for heating of liver tumors. According to their study, the affected area demonstrates lower levels of blood perfusion than a healthy one. This results in partial safety for the healthy liver tissue during localized hyperthermia treatment. The model (mathematical) reproduced here simulates the practical heat diffusion from the affected area (tumor) to its surrounding (unaffected) tissue. It is assumed that temperatures in the two respective areas have an effect on each other at the boundary interface.
\nIt is assumed that the shape of the tumor is a spherical tissue with radius a which is surrounded by a normal tissue again assumed to be a bigger concentric sphere with radius b (see Figure 1).
\nTumor tissue, spherical in shape, surrounded by normal tissue concentric sphere [20].
The model presented also works on a hypothesis that the heat source with constant power density P is concentrated within the small sphere of radius a surrounded by a medium of homogenous heat conductivity.
\nAs the model under study is having the spherical symmetry and the homogenous time-independent power density P inside the sphere, the temperature distribution is a function of distance r from the center of the sphere and on time t.
\nThe differential equations of heat conduction [11, 22, 23] are used for defining the required mathematical model given by [11, 22, 23]
\nThe subscript “1” is used to represent tumor tissue, while the subscript “2” refers to normal tissue, and the various parameters in these equations are defined as follows:
\n\nT is for the temperature.
\n\nc represents specific heat capacity.
\n\nρ represents the density.
\n\nk is the heat conductivity.
\nBased on the hypothesis that the temperature and flux at the boundary are continuous and fine, the boundary conditions can be written as
\nTo solve the above system of differential equations, we discretize it using the Euler method, which is reproduced here [20].
\nLet h > 0 and k > 0 be the step lengths in the space and time directions, respectively.
\nAlso let N1 and N2 be integers such that
\nWe replace the region Ω = {(r,t) l 0 ≤ r ≤ b, t ≥ 0} by a set of grid points (r1, tj), denoted by (l, j),
\nwhere
\nwhere J is a positive integer.
\nLet
\ndenote the solution of (1) and (2), respectively, at the grid point (l, j).
\nWe approximate the solution of (1), (2) at the grid point (l, j) by the scheme
\nFrom the boundary condition at the tumor-healthy tissue edge, we can write the approximation at the grid point (N1, j) as
\nSolving Eqs. (8)–(11), using values of the different constants from Table 1 [11, 24, 25, 26], the graphs can be plotted for studying dependency of temperature in and around tumor on radius (of tumor), time (of heat exposure), and power applied (on magnetic nanoparticles).
\nParameter | \nConstant | \nValue | \n
---|---|---|
Radius of liver tumor | \n\nA\n | \n2.50 cm | \n
Tumorous liver tissue specific heat | \n\nc1\n\n | \n3.758 kJ/kg K | \n
Healthy liver tissue specific heat | \n\nc2\n\n | \n3.617 kJ/kg K | \n
Liver tissue heat conductance | \n\nk1\n=k2\n\n | \n0.5122 W/m K | \n
Liver density | \n\nρ1\n = ρ2\n\n | \n1.0492 g/mL | \n
From Table 1, it can be observed that varying r from center (0 cm) to the boundary of the affected area (=a), time of exposure up to 10 s with power ranging from 2.75 to 6.5 W, MATLAB software is used to obtain Figures 2–6. In the given model, it was assumed that magnetic nanoparticles used were of the size up to 10 nm in radius. The surface plot (Figure 2) shows dependency of temperature in the affected area on hyperthermia time (t in s) and radius of the tumor (r in cm). It can be concluded from it that on application of 5 W power, temperature in tumor increases to 46°C at the middle region of the tumor, gradually reducing to body temperature at the interface (of affected and healthy area), thus causing least effect to the unaffected area. Similar conclusion can be drawn from Figure 3. The temperature variation at the center of the tumor on varying power of magnetic nanoparticles and time of heat exposure can be studied from Figures 4 and 5. It is observed that the temperature at the middle of the tumor cell gradually increases from body temperature at the interface (r=a) to 48°C for an applied power range of 2.75–6.5 W. It can be further observed that for a standard time of exposure (t = 7 s), if the power is varied from 2.75 to 6.5 W over a radius of 2.5 cm, it leads to annihilation of the tumor, from Figure 6.
\nFor a constant magnetic nanoparticle power of 5 W, temperature in the tumorous cell/tissue plotted, as a surface plot and as a function of hyperthermia time (t, in s) and distance from the center of the tumor (r, in cm) [20].
For a constant magnetic nanoparticle power of 5 W, plot of temperature inside the tumorous cell/tissue as a function of distance from the center of the tumor (r in cm) and hyperthermia time (t, in s) [20].
Temperature at the center of the tumorous cell/tissue as a function of hyperthermia time (t in s) and a magnetic nanoparticle power (p, in Wts) [20].
Temperature at the center of the tumorous cell/tissue plotted as a function of magnetic nanoparticle power (p, in W) and hyperthermia time (t, in s) [20].
Temperature in the tumorous cell/tissue plotted as a function of distance from the center of the tumor (r, in cm) and magnetic nanoparticle power (p, in watts) for a constant exposure time (t = 7 s) [20].
From the discussion, it can be concluded that hyperthermia treatment involving magnetic nanoparticles can be efficiently and effectively used for the removal of tumorous cell/tissue with not much collateral damage. Reduced damage to the neighboring healthy cells makes the technique more successful, clinical results are also in tandem with results if we use nanoparticles with power in the range of 2.75–6.5 W with a heat exposure time up to 10 s, this futuristic approach will make treatment more effective with fewer side effects and less cost, leading to widespread use and finally conquering the disease, which even in this robotic age is considered a taboo.
\nAs recently engineers from MIT are working on designing of tiny robots, in nano range, which can assist in drug delivery, the engineered robots called the “microbots” are based on bacterial propulsion. The scientists have proposed that the procedure can help in overcoming the hindrances to drug delivery loaded with nanoparticles, enabling them to exit blood vessels and hit the right place [27].
\nAs recently as March 2019, Angl Apostolov et al. reported the study based on similar concept of destroying hyperthermia. The group suggests, theoretically, the use of mixed ferrite nanoparticles with structure formula Me1−x\nZn\nx\nFe2O4 (Me = Co, Ni, Cu, Mn) appropriated for self-controlled magnetic hyperthermia (SMHT) for both in vivo and in vitro applications.
\nThus, there is a lot of scope in the area which can be reinvented and researched to make the world if not free at least less cancer deaths or sufferings.
\nAs an Open Access publisher, IntechOpen is dedicated to maintaining the highest ethical standards and principles in publishing. In addition, IntechOpen promotes the highest standards of integrity and ethical behavior in scientific research and peer-review. To maintain these principles IntechOpen has developed basic guidelines to facilitate the avoidance of Conflicts of Interest.
",metaTitle:"Conflicts of Interest Policy",metaDescription:"As an Open Access publisher, IntechOpen is dedicated to maintaining the highest ethical standards and principles in publishing. In addition, IntechOpen promotes the highest standards of integrity and ethical behavior in scientific research and peer-review.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/conflicts-of-interest-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"In each instance of a possible Conflict of Interest, IntechOpen aims to disclose the situation in as transparent a way as possible in order to allow readers to judge whether a particular potential Conflict of Interest has influenced the Work of any individual Author, Editor, or Reviewer. IntechOpen takes all possible Conflicts of Interest into account during the review process and ensures maximum transparency in implementing its policies.
\\n\\nA Conflict of Interest is a situation in which a person's professional judgment may be influenced by a range of factors, including financial gain, material interest, or some other personal or professional interest. For IntechOpen as a publisher, it is essential that all possible Conflicts of Interest are avoided. Each contributor, whether an Author, Editor, or Reviewer, who suspects they may have a Conflict of Interest, is obliged to declare that concern in order to make the publisher and the readership aware of any potential influence on the work being undertaken.
\\n\\nA Conflict of Interest can be identified at different phases of the publishing process.
\\n\\nIntechOpen requires:
\\n\\nCONFLICT OF INTEREST - AUTHOR
\\n\\nAll Authors are obliged to declare every existing or potential Conflict of Interest, including financial or personal factors, as well as any relationship which could influence their scientific work. Authors must declare Conflicts of Interest at the time of manuscript submission, although they may exceptionally do so at any point during manuscript review. For jointly prepared manuscripts, the corresponding Author is obliged to declare potential Conflicts of Interest of any other Authors who have contributed to the manuscript.
\\n\\nCONFLICT OF INTEREST – ACADEMIC EDITOR
\\n\\nEditors can also have Conflicts of Interest. Editors are expected to maintain the highest standards of conduct, which are outlined in our Best Practice Guidelines (templates for Best Practice Guidelines). Among other obligations, it is essential that Editors make transparent declarations of any possible Conflicts of Interest that they might have.
\\n\\nAvoidance Measures for Academic Editors of Conflicts of Interest:
\\n\\nFor manuscripts submitted by the Academic Editor (or a scientific advisor), an appropriate person will be appointed to handle and evaluate the manuscript. The appointed handling Editor's identity will not be disclosed to the Author in order to maintain impartiality and anonymity of the review.
\\n\\nIf a manuscript is submitted by an Author who is a member of an Academic Editor's family or is personally or professionally related to the Academic Editor in any way, either as a friend, colleague, student or mentor, the work will be handled by a different Academic Editor who is not in any way connected to the Author.
\\n\\nCONFLICT OF INTEREST - REVIEWER
\\n\\nAll Reviewers are required to declare possible Conflicts of Interest at the beginning of the evaluation process. If a Reviewer feels he or she might have any material, financial or any other conflict of interest with regards to the manuscript being reviewed, he or she is required to declare such concern and, if necessary, request exclusion from any further involvement in the evaluation process. A Reviewer's potential Conflicts of Interest are declared in the review report and presented to the Academic Editor, who then assesses whether or not the declared potential or actual Conflicts of Interest had, or could be perceived to have had, any significant impact on the review itself.
\\n\\nEXAMPLES OF CONFLICTS OF INTEREST:
\\n\\nFINANCIAL AND MATERIAL
\\n\\nNON-FINANCIAL
\\n\\nAuthors are required to declare all potentially relevant non-financial, financial and material Conflicts of Interest that may have had an influence on their scientific work.
\\n\\nAcademic Editors and Reviewers are required to declare any non-financial, financial and material Conflicts of Interest that could influence their fair and balanced evaluation of manuscripts. If such conflict exists with regards to a submitted manuscript, Academic Editors and Reviewers should exclude themselves from handling it.
\\n\\nAll Authors, Academic Editors, and Reviewers are required to declare all possible financial and material Conflicts of Interest in the last five years, although it is advisable to declare less recent Conflicts of Interest as well.
\\n\\nEXAMPLES:
\\n\\nAuthors should declare if they were or they still are Academic Editors of the publications in which they wish to publish their work.
\\n\\nAuthors should declare if they are board members of an organization that could benefit financially or materially from the publication of their work.
\\n\\nAcademic Editors should declare if they were coauthors or they have worked on the research project with the Author who has submitted a manuscript.
\\n\\nAcademic Editors should declare if the Author of a submitted manuscript is affiliated with the same department, faculty, institute, or company as they are.
\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2016-06-09
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"In each instance of a possible Conflict of Interest, IntechOpen aims to disclose the situation in as transparent a way as possible in order to allow readers to judge whether a particular potential Conflict of Interest has influenced the Work of any individual Author, Editor, or Reviewer. IntechOpen takes all possible Conflicts of Interest into account during the review process and ensures maximum transparency in implementing its policies.
\n\nA Conflict of Interest is a situation in which a person's professional judgment may be influenced by a range of factors, including financial gain, material interest, or some other personal or professional interest. For IntechOpen as a publisher, it is essential that all possible Conflicts of Interest are avoided. Each contributor, whether an Author, Editor, or Reviewer, who suspects they may have a Conflict of Interest, is obliged to declare that concern in order to make the publisher and the readership aware of any potential influence on the work being undertaken.
\n\nA Conflict of Interest can be identified at different phases of the publishing process.
\n\nIntechOpen requires:
\n\nCONFLICT OF INTEREST - AUTHOR
\n\nAll Authors are obliged to declare every existing or potential Conflict of Interest, including financial or personal factors, as well as any relationship which could influence their scientific work. Authors must declare Conflicts of Interest at the time of manuscript submission, although they may exceptionally do so at any point during manuscript review. For jointly prepared manuscripts, the corresponding Author is obliged to declare potential Conflicts of Interest of any other Authors who have contributed to the manuscript.
\n\nCONFLICT OF INTEREST – ACADEMIC EDITOR
\n\nEditors can also have Conflicts of Interest. Editors are expected to maintain the highest standards of conduct, which are outlined in our Best Practice Guidelines (templates for Best Practice Guidelines). Among other obligations, it is essential that Editors make transparent declarations of any possible Conflicts of Interest that they might have.
\n\nAvoidance Measures for Academic Editors of Conflicts of Interest:
\n\nFor manuscripts submitted by the Academic Editor (or a scientific advisor), an appropriate person will be appointed to handle and evaluate the manuscript. The appointed handling Editor's identity will not be disclosed to the Author in order to maintain impartiality and anonymity of the review.
\n\nIf a manuscript is submitted by an Author who is a member of an Academic Editor's family or is personally or professionally related to the Academic Editor in any way, either as a friend, colleague, student or mentor, the work will be handled by a different Academic Editor who is not in any way connected to the Author.
\n\nCONFLICT OF INTEREST - REVIEWER
\n\nAll Reviewers are required to declare possible Conflicts of Interest at the beginning of the evaluation process. If a Reviewer feels he or she might have any material, financial or any other conflict of interest with regards to the manuscript being reviewed, he or she is required to declare such concern and, if necessary, request exclusion from any further involvement in the evaluation process. A Reviewer's potential Conflicts of Interest are declared in the review report and presented to the Academic Editor, who then assesses whether or not the declared potential or actual Conflicts of Interest had, or could be perceived to have had, any significant impact on the review itself.
\n\nEXAMPLES OF CONFLICTS OF INTEREST:
\n\nFINANCIAL AND MATERIAL
\n\nNON-FINANCIAL
\n\nAuthors are required to declare all potentially relevant non-financial, financial and material Conflicts of Interest that may have had an influence on their scientific work.
\n\nAcademic Editors and Reviewers are required to declare any non-financial, financial and material Conflicts of Interest that could influence their fair and balanced evaluation of manuscripts. If such conflict exists with regards to a submitted manuscript, Academic Editors and Reviewers should exclude themselves from handling it.
\n\nAll Authors, Academic Editors, and Reviewers are required to declare all possible financial and material Conflicts of Interest in the last five years, although it is advisable to declare less recent Conflicts of Interest as well.
\n\nEXAMPLES:
\n\nAuthors should declare if they were or they still are Academic Editors of the publications in which they wish to publish their work.
\n\nAuthors should declare if they are board members of an organization that could benefit financially or materially from the publication of their work.
\n\nAcademic Editors should declare if they were coauthors or they have worked on the research project with the Author who has submitted a manuscript.
\n\nAcademic Editors should declare if the Author of a submitted manuscript is affiliated with the same department, faculty, institute, or company as they are.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2016-06-09
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