Vegetation indices that were used derived from the images.
Chapter 1: "Permanent Maxillary and Mandibular Incisors"\n
Chapter 2: "The Permanent Maxillary and Mandibular Premolar Teeth"\n
Chapter 3: "Dental Anatomical Features and Caries: A Relationship to be Investigated"\n
Chapter 4: "Anatomy Applied to Block Anaesthesia"\n
Chapter 5: "Treatment Considerations for Missing Teeth"\n
Chapter 6: "Anatomical and Functional Restoration of the Compromised Occlusion: From Theory to Materials"\n
Chapter 7: "Evaluation of the Anatomy of the Lower First Premolar"\n
Chapter 8: "A Comparative Study of the Validity and Reproducibility of Mesiodistal Tooth Size and Dental Arch with the iTero Intraoral Scanner and the Traditional Method"\n
Chapter 9: "Identification of Lower Central Incisors"\n
The book is aimed toward dentists and can also be well used in education and research.',isbn:"978-1-78923-511-1",printIsbn:"978-1-78923-510-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-247-8",doi:"10.5772/65542",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"dental-anatomy",numberOfPages:204,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,hash:"445cd419d97f339f2b6514c742e6b050",bookSignature:"Bağdagül Helvacioğlu Kivanç",publishedDate:"August 1st 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5814.jpg",numberOfDownloads:7224,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:3,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:4,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 4th 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 25th 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 16th 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 16th 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 16th 2017",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"178570",title:"Dr.",name:"Bağdagül",middleName:null,surname:"Helvacıoğlu Kıvanç",slug:"bagdagul-helvacioglu-kivanc",fullName:"Bağdagül Helvacıoğlu Kıvanç",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178570/images/7646_n.jpg",biography:"Bağdagül Helvacıoğlu Kıvanç is a dentist, a teacher, a researcher and a scientist in the field of Endodontics. She was born in Zonguldak, Turkey, on February 14, 1974; she is married and has two children. She graduated in 1997 from the Ankara University, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey. She aquired her PhD in 2004 from the Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Endodontics, Ankara, Turkey, and she is still an associate professor at the same department. She has published numerous articles and a book chapter in the areas of Operative Dentistry, Esthetic Dentistry and Endodontics. She is a member of Turkish Endodontic Society and European Endodontic Society.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"174",title:"Dentistry",slug:"dentistry"}],chapters:[{id:"56461",title:"Permanent Maxillary and Mandibular Incisors",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69542",slug:"permanent-maxillary-and-mandibular-incisors",totalDownloads:1475,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Mohammed E. Grawish, Lamyaa M. Grawish and Hala M. Grawish",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56461",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56461",authors:[{id:"82989",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",surname:"Grawish",slug:"mohammed-grawish",fullName:"Mohammed Grawish"}],corrections:null},{id:"62386",title:"The Permanent Maxillary and Mandibular Premolar Teeth",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79464",slug:"the-permanent-maxillary-and-mandibular-premolar-teeth",totalDownloads:1706,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Işıl Çekiç Nagaş, Ferhan Eğilmez and Bağdagül Helvacioğlu Kivanç",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62386",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62386",authors:[{id:"178570",title:"Dr.",name:"Bağdagül",surname:"Helvacıoğlu Kıvanç",slug:"bagdagul-helvacioglu-kivanc",fullName:"Bağdagül Helvacıoğlu Kıvanç"}],corrections:null},{id:"57546",title:"Dental Anatomical Features and Caries: A Relationship to be Investigated",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71337",slug:"dental-anatomical-features-and-caries-a-relationship-to-be-investigated",totalDownloads:860,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Marcel Alves Avelino de Paiva, Dayane Franco Barros Mangueira\nLeite, Isabela Albuquerque Passos Farias, Antônio de Pádua\nCavalcante Costa and Fábio Correia Sampaio",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57546",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57546",authors:[{id:"138852",title:"Prof.",name:"Fabio",surname:"Sampaio",slug:"fabio-sampaio",fullName:"Fabio Sampaio"},{id:"213662",title:"Prof.",name:"Isabela Albuquerque",surname:"Passos Farias",slug:"isabela-albuquerque-passos-farias",fullName:"Isabela Albuquerque Passos Farias"},{id:"213663",title:"Prof.",name:"Dayane Franco",surname:"Barros Mangueira Leite",slug:"dayane-franco-barros-mangueira-leite",fullName:"Dayane Franco Barros Mangueira Leite"},{id:"213664",title:"BSc.",name:"Marcel Alves",surname:"Avelino De Paiva",slug:"marcel-alves-avelino-de-paiva",fullName:"Marcel Alves Avelino De Paiva"},{id:"213666",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio De Pádua",surname:"Cavalcante Da Costa",slug:"antonio-de-padua-cavalcante-da-costa",fullName:"Antonio De Pádua Cavalcante Da Costa"}],corrections:null},{id:"56119",title:"Anatomy Applied to Block Anesthesia for Maxillofacial Surgery",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69545",slug:"anatomy-applied-to-block-anesthesia-for-maxillofacial-surgery",totalDownloads:843,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Alex Vargas, Paula Astorga and Tomas Rioseco",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56119",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56119",authors:[{id:"199400",title:"Dr.",name:"Alex",surname:"Vargas",slug:"alex-vargas",fullName:"Alex Vargas"},{id:"202023",title:"Dr.",name:"Paula",surname:"Astorga",slug:"paula-astorga",fullName:"Paula Astorga"},{id:"205059",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomas",surname:"Rioseco",slug:"tomas-rioseco",fullName:"Tomas Rioseco"}],corrections:null},{id:"55902",title:"Treatment Considerations for Missing Teeth",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69543",slug:"treatment-considerations-for-missing-teeth",totalDownloads:517,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Abdolreza Jamilian, Alireza Darnahal, Ludovica Nucci, Fabrizia\nD’Apuzzo and Letizia Perillo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55902",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55902",authors:[{id:"171777",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdolreza",surname:"Jamilian",slug:"abdolreza-jamilian",fullName:"Abdolreza Jamilian"},{id:"171873",title:"Dr.",name:"Alireza",surname:"Darnahal",slug:"alireza-darnahal",fullName:"Alireza Darnahal"},{id:"173044",title:"Prof.",name:"Letizia",surname:"Perillo",slug:"letizia-perillo",fullName:"Letizia Perillo"},{id:"198961",title:"MSc.",name:"Fabrizia",surname:"D'Apuzzo",slug:"fabrizia-d'apuzzo",fullName:"Fabrizia D'Apuzzo"},{id:"206137",title:"Mrs.",name:"Ludovica",surname:"Nucci",slug:"ludovica-nucci",fullName:"Ludovica Nucci"}],corrections:null},{id:"55973",title:"Anatomical and Functional Restoration of the Compromised Occlusion: From Theory to Materials",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69544",slug:"anatomical-and-functional-restoration-of-the-compromised-occlusion-from-theory-to-materials",totalDownloads:618,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Nicola Mobilio and Santo Catapano",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55973",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55973",authors:[{id:"179565",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicola",surname:"Mobilio",slug:"nicola-mobilio",fullName:"Nicola Mobilio"},{id:"199397",title:"Prof.",name:"Santo",surname:"Catapano",slug:"santo-catapano",fullName:"Santo Catapano"}],corrections:null},{id:"57245",title:"Evaluation of the Anatomy of the Lower First Premolar",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71038",slug:"evaluation-of-the-anatomy-of-the-lower-first-premolar",totalDownloads:393,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Ticiana Sidorenko de Oliveira Capote, Suellen Tayenne Pedroso\nPinto, Marcelo Brito Conte, Juliana Álvares Duarte Bonini Campos\nand Marcela de Almeida Gonçalves",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57245",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57245",authors:[{id:"87871",title:"Prof.",name:"Ticiana",surname:"Capote",slug:"ticiana-capote",fullName:"Ticiana Capote"},{id:"199157",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcela",surname:"De Almeida Gonçalves",slug:"marcela-de-almeida-goncalves",fullName:"Marcela De Almeida Gonçalves"},{id:"199243",title:"BSc.",name:"Marcelo",surname:"Brito Conte",slug:"marcelo-brito-conte",fullName:"Marcelo Brito Conte"},{id:"199244",title:"Prof.",name:"Juliana",surname:"Álvares Duarte Bonini Campos",slug:"juliana-alvares-duarte-bonini-campos",fullName:"Juliana Álvares Duarte Bonini Campos"},{id:"217420",title:"Mrs.",name:"Suellen",surname:"Tayenne Pedroso Pinto",slug:"suellen-tayenne-pedroso-pinto",fullName:"Suellen Tayenne Pedroso Pinto"}],corrections:null},{id:"57752",title:"A Comparative Study of the Validity and Reproducibility of Mesiodistal Tooth Size and Dental Arch with iTeroTM Intraoral Scanner and the Traditional Method",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70963",slug:"a-comparative-study-of-the-validity-and-reproducibility-of-mesiodistal-tooth-size-and-dental-arch-wi",totalDownloads:458,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Ignacio Faus-Matoses, Ana Mora, Carlos Bellot-Arcís, Jose Luis\nGandia-Franco and Vanessa Paredes-Gallardo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57752",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57752",authors:[{id:"150456",title:"Prof.",name:"Vanessa",surname:"Paredes",slug:"vanessa-paredes",fullName:"Vanessa Paredes"},{id:"150458",title:"Prof.",name:"José-Luis",surname:"Gandia",slug:"jose-luis-gandia",fullName:"José-Luis Gandia"},{id:"212242",title:"Prof.",name:"Ignacio",surname:"Faus",slug:"ignacio-faus",fullName:"Ignacio Faus"},{id:"212243",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",surname:"Bellot-Arcís",slug:"carlos-bellot-arcis",fullName:"Carlos Bellot-Arcís"},{id:"218390",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana",surname:"Mora",slug:"ana-mora",fullName:"Ana Mora"}],corrections:null},{id:"57378",title:"Identification of Lower Central Incisors",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71341",slug:"identification-of-lower-central-incisors",totalDownloads:365,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Marcela de Almeida Gonçalves, Bruno Luís Graciliano Silva, Marcelo\nBrito Conte, Juliana Álvares Duarte Bonini Campos and Ticiana\nSidorenko de Oliveira Capote",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57378",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57378",authors:[{id:"199157",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcela",surname:"De Almeida Gonçalves",slug:"marcela-de-almeida-goncalves",fullName:"Marcela De Almeida Gonçalves"},{id:"199243",title:"BSc.",name:"Marcelo",surname:"Brito Conte",slug:"marcelo-brito-conte",fullName:"Marcelo Brito Conte"},{id:"199244",title:"Prof.",name:"Juliana",surname:"Álvares Duarte Bonini Campos",slug:"juliana-alvares-duarte-bonini-campos",fullName:"Juliana Álvares Duarte Bonini Campos"},{id:"221435",title:"Mr.",name:"Bruno Luis Graciliano",surname:"Silva",slug:"bruno-luis-graciliano-silva",fullName:"Bruno Luis Graciliano Silva"},{id:"221438",title:"Prof.",name:"Ticiana Sidorenko De Oliveira",surname:"Capote",slug:"ticiana-sidorenko-de-oliveira-capote",fullName:"Ticiana Sidorenko De Oliveira Capote"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7572",title:"Trauma in Dentistry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7cb94732cfb315f8d1e70ebf500eb8a9",slug:"trauma-in-dentistry",bookSignature:"Serdar Gözler",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7572.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9387",title:"Oral Diseases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"76591a3bd6bedaa1c8d1f72870268e23",slug:"oral-diseases",bookSignature:"Gokul Sridharan, Anil Sukumaran and Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9387.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82453",title:"Dr.",name:"Gokul",surname:"Sridharan",slug:"gokul-sridharan",fullName:"Gokul Sridharan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8837",title:"Human Teeth",subtitle:"Key Skills and Clinical Illustrations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ac055c5801032970123e0a196c2e1d32",slug:"human-teeth-key-skills-and-clinical-illustrations",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan and Farid Bourzgui",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8837.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"52177",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid",middleName:null,surname:"Bourzgui",slug:"farid-bourzgui",fullName:"Farid Bourzgui",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/52177/images/system/52177.jpeg",biography:"Farid Bourzgui is a professor of Orthodontics in the School of Dental Medicine at Hassan II University in Casablanca, Morocco. He received his PhD from the School of Dental Medicine at Hassan II University in 1995. He holds various certificates and diplomas: a Certificate of Higher Studies in Group A (major: Technology of Biomaterials used in Dentistry, 1996), a Certificate of Advanced Studies of group B, (major: Dentofacial Orthopaedics, 1997) from the Faculty of Dental Surgery at University Denis Diderot-Paris VII, France, a diploma of Higher Studies in Biocompatibility of Biomaterials from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2002), a Certificate of Clinical Occlusal Odontology from the Faculty of Dentistry Casablanca (2004) and a university degree in Biostatistics and Perceptual Health Measurement from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca in 2011.\r\nFarid Bourzgui is a former intern and resident of Casablanca University Hospital, Ibn Rushd in Casablanca. Dr Bourzgui specialises in Orthodontics and received his National Diploma in Dentistry (major: Dentofacial Orthopedics) from the School of Dentistry in Casablanca in 2000.\r\nDr Bourzgui has published a number of articles and book chapters on various aspects of Orthodontics. He has served on the board of the Moroccan Society of Dentistry, and was the President of the Moroccan Society of Dentistry from 2002 to 2004.",institutionString:"University Hassan II of Casablanca",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"7",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of Hassan II Casablanca",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Morocco"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7497",title:"Computer Vision in Dentistry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1e9812cebd46ef9e28257f3e96547f6a",slug:"computer-vision-in-dentistry",bookSignature:"Monika Elzbieta Machoy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7497.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"57158",slug:"correction-to-chemical-composition-and-biological-activities-of-mentha-species",title:"Correction to: Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Mentha Species",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/57158.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57158",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57158",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/57158",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/57158",chapter:{id:"54028",slug:"chemical-composition-and-biological-activities-of-mentha-species",signatures:"Fatiha Brahmi, Madani Khodir, Chibane Mohamed and Duez Pierre",dateSubmitted:"June 7th 2016",dateReviewed:"December 19th 2016",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"March 15th 2017",book:{id:"5612",title:"Aromatic and Medicinal Plants",subtitle:"Back to Nature",fullTitle:"Aromatic and Medicinal Plants - Back to Nature",slug:"aromatic-and-medicinal-plants-back-to-nature",publishedDate:"March 15th 2017",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5612.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"193281",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatiha",middleName:null,surname:"Brahmi",fullName:"Fatiha Brahmi",slug:"fatiha-brahmi",email:"fatiha.brahmi@univ-bejaia.dz",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Béjaïa",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Algeria"}}},{id:"199693",title:"Prof.",name:"Khodir",middleName:null,surname:"Madani",fullName:"Khodir Madani",slug:"khodir-madani",email:"madani28dz@yahoo.fr",position:null,institution:null},{id:"199694",title:"Prof.",name:"Pierre",middleName:null,surname:"Duez",fullName:"Pierre Duez",slug:"pierre-duez",email:"pduez@umons.be",position:null,institution:null},{id:"203738",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Chibane",fullName:"Mohamed Chibane",slug:"mohamed-chibane",email:"chibanem@yahoo.fr",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"54028",slug:"chemical-composition-and-biological-activities-of-mentha-species",signatures:"Fatiha Brahmi, Madani Khodir, Chibane Mohamed and Duez Pierre",dateSubmitted:"June 7th 2016",dateReviewed:"December 19th 2016",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"March 15th 2017",book:{id:"5612",title:"Aromatic and Medicinal Plants",subtitle:"Back to Nature",fullTitle:"Aromatic and Medicinal Plants - Back to Nature",slug:"aromatic-and-medicinal-plants-back-to-nature",publishedDate:"March 15th 2017",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5612.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"193281",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatiha",middleName:null,surname:"Brahmi",fullName:"Fatiha Brahmi",slug:"fatiha-brahmi",email:"fatiha.brahmi@univ-bejaia.dz",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Béjaïa",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Algeria"}}},{id:"199693",title:"Prof.",name:"Khodir",middleName:null,surname:"Madani",fullName:"Khodir Madani",slug:"khodir-madani",email:"madani28dz@yahoo.fr",position:null,institution:null},{id:"199694",title:"Prof.",name:"Pierre",middleName:null,surname:"Duez",fullName:"Pierre Duez",slug:"pierre-duez",email:"pduez@umons.be",position:null,institution:null},{id:"203738",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Chibane",fullName:"Mohamed Chibane",slug:"mohamed-chibane",email:"chibanem@yahoo.fr",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"5612",title:"Aromatic and Medicinal Plants",subtitle:"Back to Nature",fullTitle:"Aromatic and Medicinal Plants - Back to Nature",slug:"aromatic-and-medicinal-plants-back-to-nature",publishedDate:"March 15th 2017",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5612.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"10697",leadTitle:null,title:"Raman Spectroscopy",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book will be a self-contained collection of scholarly papers targeting an audience of practicing researchers, academics, PhD students and other scientists. The contents of the book will be written by multiple authors and edited by experts in the field.",isbn:null,printIsbn:null,pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"ab2446daed0caa4d243805387a2547ee",bookSignature:"",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10697.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 26th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 16th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 15th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 5th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 4th 2021",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:1,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"8",title:"Chemistry",slug:"chemistry"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"878",title:"Phytochemicals",subtitle:"A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec77671f63975ef2d16192897deb6835",slug:"phytochemicals-a-global-perspective-of-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/878.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4816",title:"Face Recognition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"146063b5359146b7718ea86bad47c8eb",slug:"face_recognition",bookSignature:"Kresimir Delac and Mislav Grgic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3621",title:"Silver Nanoparticles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"silver-nanoparticles",bookSignature:"David Pozo Perez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3621.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6667",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Pozo",slug:"david-pozo",fullName:"David Pozo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"30713",title:"Newly-Proposed Methods for Early Detection of Incoming Earthquakes, Tsunamis & Tidal Motion",doi:"10.5772/25073",slug:"newly-proposed-methods-for-early-detection-of-incoming-earthquakes-tsunamis-and-tidal-motion",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/30713.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/30713",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/30713",totalDownloads:2564,totalViews:113,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"December 21st 2010",dateReviewed:"August 22nd 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"March 2nd 2012",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/30713",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/30713",book:{slug:"earthquake-research-and-analysis-statistical-studies-observations-and-planning"},signatures:"Samvel G. Gevorgyan",authors:[{id:"61622",title:"Prof.",name:"Samvel",middleName:"Gerasim",surname:"Gevorgyan",fullName:"Samvel Gevorgyan",slug:"samvel-gevorgyan",email:"gevs_sam@ysu.am",position:null,institution:null}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"2051",title:"Earthquake Research and Analysis",subtitle:"Statistical Studies, Observations and Planning",fullTitle:"Earthquake Research and Analysis - Statistical Studies, Observations and Planning",slug:"earthquake-research-and-analysis-statistical-studies-observations-and-planning",publishedDate:"March 2nd 2012",bookSignature:"Sebastiano D'Amico",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2051.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"52181",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastiano",middleName:null,surname:"D'Amico",slug:"sebastiano-d'amico",fullName:"Sebastiano D'Amico"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"30701",title:"The Weibull – Log-Weibull Transition of Interoccurrence Time of Earthquakes",slug:"the-weibull-log-weibull-statistics-of-interoccurrence-times-of-earthquakes",totalDownloads:2272,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Tomohiro Hasumi, Chien-chih Chen, Takuma Akimoto and Yoji Aizawa",authors:[{id:"64304",title:"Dr.",name:"Chien-Chih",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Chien-Chih Chen",slug:"chien-chih-chen"},{id:"69674",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomohiro",middleName:null,surname:"Hasumi",fullName:"Tomohiro Hasumi",slug:"tomohiro-hasumi"},{id:"79699",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoji",middleName:null,surname:"Aizawa",fullName:"Yoji Aizawa",slug:"yoji-aizawa"},{id:"79742",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuma",middleName:null,surname:"Akimoto",fullName:"Takuma Akimoto",slug:"takuma-akimoto"}]},{id:"30702",title:"Change Point Analysis in Earthquake Data",slug:"change-point-analysis-in-earthquake-data",totalDownloads:2436,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ayten Yiğiter",authors:[{id:"80853",title:"Dr.",name:"Ayten",middleName:null,surname:"Yigiter",fullName:"Ayten Yigiter",slug:"ayten-yigiter"}]},{id:"30703",title:"Current State of Art in Earthquake Prediction, Typical Precursors and Experience in Earthquake Forecasting at Sakhalin Island and Surrounding Areas",slug:"current-state-of-art-in-earthquake-prediction-typical-precursors-and-experience-in-earthquake-foreca",totalDownloads:1729,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"I.N. Tikhonov and M.V. Rodkin",authors:[{id:"75011",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Tikhonov",fullName:"Ivan Tikhonov",slug:"ivan-tikhonov"},{id:"121075",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Rodkin",fullName:"Michael Rodkin",slug:"michael-rodkin"}]},{id:"30704",title:"Earthquakes Precursors",slug:"earthquakes-precursors",totalDownloads:2105,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Dumitru Stanica and Dragos Armand Stanica",authors:[{id:"73282",title:"Prof.",name:"Dumitru",middleName:null,surname:"Stanica",fullName:"Dumitru Stanica",slug:"dumitru-stanica"},{id:"80863",title:"MSc",name:"Armand",middleName:"Dragos",surname:"Stanica",fullName:"Armand Stanica",slug:"armand-stanica"}]},{id:"30705",title:"Earthquake Prediction: Analogy with Forecasting Models for Cyber Attacks in Internet and Computer Systems",slug:"earthquake-prediction-analogy-with-forecasting-models-for-incidents-in-the-internet-and-computer-sys",totalDownloads:3643,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Elvis Pontes, Anderson A. A. Silva, Adilson E. Guelfi and Sérgio T. Kofuji",authors:[{id:"51858",title:"MSc",name:"Elvis",middleName:null,surname:"Pontes",fullName:"Elvis Pontes",slug:"elvis-pontes"},{id:"51860",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergio",middleName:null,surname:"Kofuji",fullName:"Sergio Kofuji",slug:"sergio-kofuji"},{id:"51861",title:"Dr.",name:"Adilson",middleName:null,surname:"Guelfi",fullName:"Adilson Guelfi",slug:"adilson-guelfi"},{id:"82495",title:"MSc.",name:"Anderson",middleName:null,surname:"Silva",fullName:"Anderson Silva",slug:"anderson-silva"}]},{id:"30706",title:"Identification of Simultaneous Similar Anomalies in Paired Time-Series",slug:"identification-of-simultaneous-similar-anomalies-in-paired-time-series",totalDownloads:2024,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"R. G. M. Crockett",authors:[{id:"80558",title:"Dr.",name:"Robin",middleName:null,surname:"Crockett",fullName:"Robin Crockett",slug:"robin-crockett"}]},{id:"30707",title:"Radon as Earthquake Precursor",slug:"radon-as-earthquake-precursor",totalDownloads:3265,totalCrossrefCites:7,signatures:"Giuseppina Immè and Daniela Morelli",authors:[{id:"79901",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniela",middleName:null,surname:"Morelli",fullName:"Daniela Morelli",slug:"daniela-morelli"},{id:"81874",title:"Prof.",name:"Giuseppina",middleName:null,surname:"Immè",fullName:"Giuseppina Immè",slug:"giuseppina-imme"}]},{id:"30708",title:"Application of Recurrent Radon Precursors for Forecasting Local Large and Moderate Earthquakes",slug:"application-of-recurrent-radon-precursors-for-forecasting-local-large-earthquakes-",totalDownloads:1585,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ming-Ching T. Kuo",authors:[{id:"69565",title:"Prof.",name:"Ming-Ching T.",middleName:null,surname:"Kuo",fullName:"Ming-Ching T. Kuo",slug:"ming-ching-t.-kuo"}]},{id:"30709",title:"Radon as an Earthquake Precursor – Methods for Detecting Anomalies",slug:"radon-as-earthquake-precursor-methods-for-detecting-anomalies",totalDownloads:3569,totalCrossrefCites:7,signatures:"Asta Gregorič, Boris Zmazek, Sašo Džeroski, Drago Torkar and Janja Vaupotič",authors:[{id:"24867",title:"Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Vaupotič",fullName:"Janja Vaupotič",slug:"janja-vaupotic"},{id:"76533",title:"PhD.",name:"Asta",middleName:null,surname:"Gregoric",fullName:"Asta Gregoric",slug:"asta-gregoric"},{id:"80799",title:"Prof.",name:"Boris",middleName:null,surname:"Zmazek",fullName:"Boris Zmazek",slug:"boris-zmazek"},{id:"80801",title:"Dr.",name:"Drago",middleName:null,surname:"Torkar",fullName:"Drago Torkar",slug:"drago-torkar"},{id:"80802",title:"Prof.",name:"Sašo",middleName:null,surname:"Džeroski",fullName:"Sašo Džeroski",slug:"saso-dzeroski"}]},{id:"30710",title:"Changes in Apparent Resistivity in the Late Preparation Stages of Strong Earthquakes",slug:"changes-in-apparent-resistivity-in-the-late-preparation-stages-of-strong-earthquakes",totalDownloads:1383,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Du Xuebin, An Zhanghui, Yan Rui, Ye Qing, Fan Yingying, Liu Jun, Chen Junying and Tan Dacheng",authors:[{id:"70756",title:"Prof.",name:"Xuebin",middleName:null,surname:"Du",fullName:"Xuebin Du",slug:"xuebin-du"}]},{id:"30711",title:"Are There Pre-Seismic Electromagnetic Precursors? A Multidisciplinary Approach",slug:"are-there-pre-seismic-electromagnetic-precursors-a-multidisciplinary-approach-",totalDownloads:1768,totalCrossrefCites:5,signatures:"Konstantinos Eftaxias",authors:[{id:"72622",title:"Prof.",name:"Konstantinos",middleName:"Athanassios",surname:"Eftaxias",fullName:"Konstantinos Eftaxias",slug:"konstantinos-eftaxias"}]},{id:"30712",title:"The Effect of Marmara (Izmit) Earthquake on the Chemical Oceanography and Mangan Enrichment in the Lower Layer Water of Izmit Bay, Turkey",slug:"the-effect-of-marmara-zmit-earthquake-on-the-chemical-oceanography-and-mangan-enrichment-in-the-lowe",totalDownloads:2310,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Nuray Balkis",authors:[{id:"72138",title:"Prof.",name:"Nuray",middleName:null,surname:"Balkis",fullName:"Nuray Balkis",slug:"nuray-balkis"}]},{id:"30713",title:"Newly-Proposed Methods for Early Detection of Incoming Earthquakes, Tsunamis & Tidal Motion",slug:"newly-proposed-methods-for-early-detection-of-incoming-earthquakes-tsunamis-and-tidal-motion",totalDownloads:2564,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Samvel G. Gevorgyan",authors:[{id:"61622",title:"Prof.",name:"Samvel",middleName:"Gerasim",surname:"Gevorgyan",fullName:"Samvel Gevorgyan",slug:"samvel-gevorgyan"}]},{id:"30714",title:"Earth Observation for Earthquake Disaster Monitoring and Assessment",slug:"earth-observation-for-earthquake-disaster-monitoring-and-assessment",totalDownloads:2476,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Huadong Guo, Liangyun Liu, Xiangtao Fan, Xinwu Li and Lu Zhang",authors:[{id:"72563",title:"Prof.",name:"Huadong",middleName:null,surname:"Guo",fullName:"Huadong Guo",slug:"huadong-guo"},{id:"79914",title:"Prof.",name:"Liangyun",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",fullName:"Liangyun Liu",slug:"liangyun-liu"},{id:"79915",title:"Prof.",name:"Xiangtao",middleName:null,surname:"Fan",fullName:"Xiangtao Fan",slug:"xiangtao-fan"},{id:"79916",title:"Dr.",name:"Xinwu",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Xinwu Li",slug:"xinwu-li"},{id:"79917",title:"Dr.",name:"Lu",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Lu Zhang",slug:"lu-zhang"}]},{id:"30715",title:"Earthquake Observation by Social Sensors",slug:"earthquake-obvervation-by-social-sensors",totalDownloads:2049,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Takeshi Sakaki and Yutaka Matsuo",authors:[{id:"78652",title:"MSc.",name:"Takeshi",middleName:null,surname:"Sakaki",fullName:"Takeshi Sakaki",slug:"takeshi-sakaki"},{id:"81817",title:"Prof.",name:"Yutaka",middleName:null,surname:"Matsuo",fullName:"Yutaka Matsuo",slug:"yutaka-matsuo"}]},{id:"30716",title:"Fibre-Optic Sagnac Interferometer as Seismograph for Direct Monitoring of Rotational Events",slug:"fibre-optic-sagnac-interferometer-as-the-seismograph-for-direct-monitoring-of-the-rotational-phenome",totalDownloads:2756,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Leszek R. Jaroszewicz, Zbigniew Krajewski and Krzysztof P. Teisseyre",authors:[{id:"72725",title:"Prof.",name:"Leszek",middleName:"R.",surname:"Jaroszewicz",fullName:"Leszek Jaroszewicz",slug:"leszek-jaroszewicz"},{id:"80977",title:"Dr.",name:"Zbigniew",middleName:null,surname:"Krajewski",fullName:"Zbigniew Krajewski",slug:"zbigniew-krajewski"},{id:"80980",title:"Dr.",name:"Krzysztof",middleName:null,surname:"Teisseyre",fullName:"Krzysztof Teisseyre",slug:"krzysztof-teisseyre"}]},{id:"30717",title:"Experience with Restoration of Asia Pacific Network Failures from Taiwan Earthquake",slug:"experience-with-restoration-of-asia-pacific-network-failures-from-taiwan-earthquake",totalDownloads:1566,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Yasuichi Kitamura, Youngseok Lee, Ryo Sakiyama and Koji Okamura",authors:[{id:"70155",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasuichi",middleName:null,surname:"Kitamura",fullName:"Yasuichi Kitamura",slug:"yasuichi-kitamura"},{id:"122185",title:"Prof.",name:"Youngseok",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"Youngseok Lee",slug:"youngseok-lee"},{id:"122187",title:"Prof.",name:"Koji",middleName:null,surname:"Okamura",fullName:"Koji Okamura",slug:"koji-okamura"}]},{id:"30718",title:"Earthquake Induced a Chain Disasters",slug:"earthquake-induced-a-chain-disasters-",totalDownloads:1818,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Guangqi Chen, Yange Li, Yingbin Zhang and Jian Wu",authors:[{id:"73314",title:"Dr.",name:"Guangqi",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Guangqi Chen",slug:"guangqi-chen"},{id:"149519",title:"Dr.",name:"Yange",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Yange Li",slug:"yange-li"},{id:"149520",title:"Dr.",name:"Yingbin",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Yingbin Zhang",slug:"yingbin-zhang"},{id:"149521",title:"Dr.",name:"Jian",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",fullName:"Jian Wu",slug:"jian-wu"}]},{id:"30719",title:"Correlation Between Geology, Earthquake and Urban Planning",slug:"correlation-between-geology-earthquake-and-urban-planning-",totalDownloads:4928,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Sule Tudes",authors:[{id:"76441",title:"Dr",name:"Sule",middleName:null,surname:"Tudes",fullName:"Sule Tudes",slug:"sule-tudes"}]},{id:"30720",title:"Simulating Collective Behavior in Natural Disaster Situations: A Multi-Agent Approach",slug:"simulating-collective-behavior-in-natural-disaster-situations-a-multi-agent-approach",totalDownloads:2824,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Robson dos Santos França, Maria das Graças B. Marietto, Margarethe Born Steinberger and Nizam Omar",authors:[{id:"19972",title:"MSc.",name:"Robson",middleName:null,surname:"Dos Santos França",fullName:"Robson Dos Santos França",slug:"robson-dos-santos-franca"},{id:"81177",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Das Graças B. Marietto",fullName:"Maria Das Graças B. Marietto",slug:"maria-das-gracas-b.-marietto"},{id:"81299",title:"Prof.",name:"Nizam",middleName:null,surname:"Omar",fullName:"Nizam Omar",slug:"nizam-omar"},{id:"81300",title:"Dr.",name:"Margarethe",middleName:"Born",surname:"Steinberger-Elias",fullName:"Margarethe Steinberger-Elias",slug:"margarethe-steinberger-elias"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"605",title:"Earthquake Research and Analysis",subtitle:"Seismology, Seismotectonic and Earthquake Geology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7f97c97f3cf8d09622afa27f3fd2d1e4",slug:"earthquake-research-and-analysis-seismology-seismotectonic-and-earthquake-geology",bookSignature:"Sebastiano D'Amico",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/605.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"52181",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastiano",surname:"D'Amico",slug:"sebastiano-d'amico",fullName:"Sebastiano D'Amico"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"27740",title:"Earthquakes in History – Ways to Find out About the Seismic Past of a Region",slug:"earthquakes-in-history-ways-to-find-out-about-the-seismic-past-of-a-region",signatures:"Friedrich Barnikel and Mark Vetter",authors:[{id:"83342",title:"Dr.",name:"Friedrich",middleName:null,surname:"Barnikel",fullName:"Friedrich Barnikel",slug:"friedrich-barnikel"},{id:"83438",title:"Prof.",name:"Mark",middleName:null,surname:"Vetter",fullName:"Mark Vetter",slug:"mark-vetter"}]},{id:"27741",title:"The Traces of Earthquake (Seismites): Examples from Lake Van Deposits (Turkey)",slug:"the-traces-of-earthquake-seismites-examples-from-lake-van-deposits-turkey-",signatures:"Serkan Üner, Çetin Yeşilova and Türker Yakupoğlu",authors:[{id:"73322",title:"Dr.",name:"Serkan",middleName:null,surname:"Uner",fullName:"Serkan Uner",slug:"serkan-uner"},{id:"80713",title:"MSc.",name:"Çetin",middleName:null,surname:"Yeşilova",fullName:"Çetin Yeşilova",slug:"cetin-yesilova"},{id:"80716",title:"Dr.",name:"Turker",middleName:null,surname:"Yakupoglu",fullName:"Turker Yakupoglu",slug:"turker-yakupoglu"}]},{id:"27742",title:"Parameters of the Strong Paleoearthquakes Along the Talas-Fergana Fault, the Kyrgyz Tien Shan",slug:"parameters-of-the-strong-paleoearthquakes-along-the-talas-fergana-fault-",signatures:"A.M. Korjenkov, D. Rust, A. Tibaldi and S.V. Abdieva",authors:[{id:"69784",title:"Dr",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Korjenkov",fullName:"Korjenkov",slug:"korjenkov"}]},{id:"27743",title:"Generation Mechanism of Giant Earthquakes in Subduction Zones with Smaller-Size Interplate Earthquakes During Interseismic Period",slug:"generation-mechanism-of-giant-earthquakes-in-subduction-zones-with-smaller-size-interplate-earthquak",signatures:"Takane Hori, Mamoru Hyodo and Shin’ichi Miyazaki",authors:[{id:"77065",title:"Dr.",name:"Takane",middleName:null,surname:"Hori",fullName:"Takane Hori",slug:"takane-hori"},{id:"81878",title:"Dr.",name:"Shin'Ichi",middleName:null,surname:"Miyazaki",fullName:"Shin'Ichi Miyazaki",slug:"shin'ichi-miyazaki"},{id:"81880",title:"Dr.",name:"Mamoru",middleName:null,surname:"Hyodo",fullName:"Mamoru Hyodo",slug:"mamoru-hyodo"}]},{id:"27744",title:"Frictional Characteristics in Deeper Part of Seismogenic Transition Zones on a Subduction Plate Boundary",slug:"frictional-characteristics-in-deeper-part-of-seismogenic-transition-zone-on-a-subduction-plate-bound",signatures:"Keisuke Ariyoshi and Yoshiyuki Kaneda",authors:[{id:"75731",title:"Dr.",name:"Keisuke",middleName:null,surname:"Ariyoshi",fullName:"Keisuke Ariyoshi",slug:"keisuke-ariyoshi"},{id:"120787",title:"Dr.",name:"Yoshiyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kaneda",fullName:"Yoshiyuki Kaneda",slug:"yoshiyuki-kaneda"}]},{id:"27745",title:"Characteristics of Coseismic Thrust-Related Folding from Paleoseismic Investigation Responsible for the 1999 Chi-Chi Earthquake of Central Taiwan",slug:"characteristics-of-coseismic-thrust-related-folding-from-paleoseismic-investigation-responsible-for-",signatures:"Wen-Shan Chen, Nobuhisa Matsuta and Chih-Cheng Yang",authors:[{id:"80899",title:"Prof.",name:"Wen-Shan",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Wen-Shan Chen",slug:"wen-shan-chen"},{id:"128365",title:"Dr.",name:"Nobuhisa",middleName:null,surname:"Matsuta",fullName:"Nobuhisa Matsuta",slug:"nobuhisa-matsuta"},{id:"137077",title:"Dr.",name:"Chih-Cheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",fullName:"Chih-Cheng Yang",slug:"chih-cheng-yang"}]},{id:"27746",title:"Focal Depth Determination for Moderate and Small Earthquakes by Modeling Regional Depth Phases sPg, sPmP, and sPn",slug:"focal-depth-determination-for-moderate-and-small-earthquakes-by-modeling-regional-depth-phases-spg-s",signatures:"Shutian Ma",authors:[{id:"69389",title:"Dr.",name:"Shutian",middleName:null,surname:"Ma",fullName:"Shutian Ma",slug:"shutian-ma"}]},{id:"27747",title:"Relating Crustal Structure and Stress Indicators in the Azores Islands",slug:"relating-crustal-structure-and-stress-indicators-in-the-azores-islands",signatures:"Nuno Dias and Luís Matias",authors:[{id:"76493",title:"Dr.",name:"Nuno",middleName:"Afonso",surname:"Dias",fullName:"Nuno Dias",slug:"nuno-dias"},{id:"80874",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Matias",fullName:"Luis Matias",slug:"luis-matias"}]},{id:"27748",title:"Electromagnetic View of the Seismogenic Zones Beneath Island Arcs",slug:"electromagnetic-view-of-the-seismogenic-zones-beneath-island-arcs",signatures:"Hiroaki Toh and Takuto Minami",authors:[{id:"80153",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroaki",middleName:null,surname:"Toh",fullName:"Hiroaki Toh",slug:"hiroaki-toh"},{id:"125112",title:"Mr.",name:"Takuto",middleName:null,surname:"Minami",fullName:"Takuto Minami",slug:"takuto-minami"}]},{id:"27749",title:"S Wave Velocity Structure in Non-Tectonic SE Asia by Seismogram Analysis of the Earthquakes in Sumatra-Java at TATO Station, Taiwan",slug:"s-wave-velocity-structure-in-non-tectonic-se-asia-by-seismogram-analysis-of-the-earthquakes-in-sumat",signatures:"Bagus Jaya Santosa",authors:[{id:"69571",title:"Prof.",name:"Bagus Jaya",middleName:null,surname:"Santosa",fullName:"Bagus Jaya Santosa",slug:"bagus-jaya-santosa"}]},{id:"27750",title:"Tectonic Background of the Wenchuan Earthquake",slug:"tectonic-background-of-wenchuan-earthquake",signatures:"Yunsheng Wang, Runqiu Huang, Yonghong Luo, Hongbiao Xu, Shitian Wang, Liangwen Jiang and Yusheng Li",authors:[{id:"70731",title:"Prof.",name:"Yunsheng",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Yunsheng Wang",slug:"yunsheng-wang"},{id:"70737",title:"Prof.",name:"Runqiu",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Runqiu Huang",slug:"runqiu-huang"},{id:"70738",title:"Dr.",name:"Yonghong",middleName:null,surname:"Luo",fullName:"Yonghong Luo",slug:"yonghong-luo"}]},{id:"27751",title:"Non-Linear Analysis of Point Processes Seismic Sequences in Guerrero, Mexico: Characterization of Earthquakes and Fractal Properties",slug:"non-linear-analysis-of-point-processes-seismic-sequences-in-guerrero-mexico-characterization-of-eart",signatures:"E. Leticia Flores-Marquez and Sharon M. Valverde-Esparza",authors:[{id:"76764",title:"Dr.",name:"Leticia",middleName:"Elsa",surname:"Flores-Marquez",fullName:"Leticia Flores-Marquez",slug:"leticia-flores-marquez"},{id:"81848",title:"MSc.",name:"Sharon",middleName:null,surname:"Valverde-Esparza",fullName:"Sharon Valverde-Esparza",slug:"sharon-valverde-esparza"}]},{id:"27752",title:"Rock-Fluid Interaction Along Seismogenic Faults Infered from Clay Minerals in Okitsu Mélange, the Cretaceous Shimanto Belt, SW Japan",slug:"rock-fluid-interaction-along-seismogenic-faults-inferred-from-clay-minerals",signatures:"Yoshitaka Hashimoto and Umihiko Kaji",authors:[{id:"80043",title:"Dr.",name:"Yoshitaka",middleName:null,surname:"Hashimoto",fullName:"Yoshitaka Hashimoto",slug:"yoshitaka-hashimoto"}]},{id:"27753",title:"Some Complexity Studies of Electroseismic Signals from Mexican Subduction Zone",slug:"some-complexity-studies-of-electroseismic-signals-from-the-mexican-subduction-zone",signatures:"L. Guzmán-Vargas, R. Hernández-Pérez, F. Angulo-Brown and A. Ramírez-Rojas",authors:[{id:"71907",title:"Dr.",name:"Lev",middleName:null,surname:"Guzman-Vargas",fullName:"Lev Guzman-Vargas",slug:"lev-guzman-vargas"},{id:"80606",title:"Dr.",name:"Alejandro",middleName:null,surname:"Ramírez-Rojas",fullName:"Alejandro Ramírez-Rojas",slug:"alejandro-ramirez-rojas"},{id:"80608",title:"Dr",name:"Ricardo",middleName:null,surname:"Hernández-Pérez",fullName:"Ricardo Hernández-Pérez",slug:"ricardo-hernandez-perez"},{id:"81181",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Angulo-Brown",fullName:"Fernando Angulo-Brown",slug:"fernando-angulo-brown"}]},{id:"27754",title:"Hydrological and Geochemical Changes Related to Earthquakes - Examples: Three Great Earthquakes of the XX Century in the Southern Apennines (Italy)",slug:"hydrological-and-geochemical-changes-related-to-earthquakes-examples-three-great-earthquakes-of-the-",signatures:"Raimondo Pece and Giuseppe Tranfaglia",authors:[{id:"74583",title:"Prof.",name:"Raimondo",middleName:null,surname:"Pece",fullName:"Raimondo Pece",slug:"raimondo-pece"},{id:"136537",title:"Dr.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Tranfaglia",fullName:"Giuseppe Tranfaglia",slug:"giuseppe-tranfaglia"}]},{id:"27755",title:"ESR Techniques for the Detection of Seismic Frictional Heat",slug:"esr-techniques-for-the-detection-of-seismic-frictional-heat",signatures:"Tatsuro Fukuchi",authors:[{id:"72578",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatsuro",middleName:null,surname:"Fukuchi",fullName:"Tatsuro Fukuchi",slug:"tatsuro-fukuchi"}]},{id:"27756",title:"Change of Pore Fluid Pressure Versus Frictional Coefficient During Fault Slip",slug:"change-of-pore-fluid-pressure-versus-frictional-coefficient-during-fault-slip",signatures:"Yuta Mitsui",authors:[{id:"76573",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuta",middleName:null,surname:"Mitsui",fullName:"Yuta Mitsui",slug:"yuta-mitsui"}]},{id:"27757",title:"Integrated Morphometric Analysis in GIS Environment Applied to Active Tectonic Areas",slug:"integrated-morphometric-analysis-in-gis-environment-applied-to-active-tectonic-areas-",signatures:"Rosa Nappi and Giuliana Alessio",authors:[{id:"72368",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa",middleName:null,surname:"Nappi",fullName:"Rosa Nappi",slug:"rosa-nappi"},{id:"125108",title:"Dr.",name:"Giuliana",middleName:null,surname:"Alessio",fullName:"Giuliana Alessio",slug:"giuliana-alessio"}]},{id:"27758",title:"The Automated Identification of Volcanic Earthquakes: Concepts, Applications and Challenges",slug:"the-automated-identification-of-volcanic-earthquakes-concepts-applications-and-challenges",signatures:"Mauricio Orozco-Alzate, Carolina Acosta-Muñoz and John Makario Londoño-Bonilla",authors:[{id:"70432",title:"Dr.",name:"Mauricio",middleName:null,surname:"Orozco-Alzate",fullName:"Mauricio Orozco-Alzate",slug:"mauricio-orozco-alzate"},{id:"78069",title:"Dr.",name:"John Makario",middleName:null,surname:"Londoño-Bonilla",fullName:"John Makario Londoño-Bonilla",slug:"john-makario-londono-bonilla"},{id:"78070",title:"MSc.",name:"Carolina",middleName:null,surname:"Acosta-Muñoz",fullName:"Carolina Acosta-Muñoz",slug:"carolina-acosta-munoz"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"64204",title:"GIS and Remote Sensing for Mangroves Mapping and Monitoring",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81955",slug:"gis-and-remote-sensing-for-mangroves-mapping-and-monitoring",body:'\n
Mangroves act as frontiers that protect the coastal land against destruction of ocean waves, tsunamis and storms. Mangroves also provide habitat for various aquatic life forms and function as natural filter, which improves the quality of water. Mangroves also play important roles as a significant carbon sink in coastal environment. It is interesting fact that despite only 0.05% of plant biomass stored in the ocean and coastal areas out of the total plant biomass on land, it can absorb a comparable amount of carbon every year. A study demonstrated that primary productivity in mangroves is higher than other types of forests. Biomass carbon in mangroves stands is among the highest in the tropics. Mangroves can store up to four times more carbon (C) as compared to other tropical forests around the world [1].
\nA mangroves ecosystem has an ability to absorb carbon dioxide (CO2) and store carbon 40% more than the dry land forest ecosystem. Due to this ability, the total carbon deposited in a square kilometer of mangrove ecosystem is 50 times faster than those of the same area in a dryland tropical forest ecosystem. The absorbed CO2 is stored not only in the plants, but in layers of soils underneath [2]. Therefore, mangroves are playing a crucial role in global carbon budgets and thus mitigating climate change.
\nHowever, despite being realized the importance of mangroves in the global carbon cycle and climate change, the extents of mangroves have inevitably declined since the last few decades. Unfortunately, the declines have been resulting mainly from human activities such as aquaculture expansion, coastal development, and over-harvesting [3]. Malaysia is one of the countries in South East Asia that has among the largest extents of mangroves. Despite its extensive distribution of mangrove ecosystem, this forest is inevitable from threats by various land use activities. The total area of mangrove forest was approximately 2% (650,000 ha) of the total land area in Malaysia in the 1990s [4].
\nHowever, the mangroves in Malaysia have been gradually diminishing, where the total area of mangrove forest has reduced to approximately 580,000 ha in the last decade [5]. Other reports indicated that the extent of mangrove areas in Malaysia is decreasing, from about 700,000 ha in 1975 to 572,000 ha in 2000 due to the intensive harvesting and natural wave actions [6, 7]. Globally, mangroves have also declined from 18.8 million ha to 15.6 million ha between years 1980 and 2005 [8]. Overall Asia was the largest net loss of mangroves since 1980, with about 1.9 million ha have loss, mainly due to conversion of mangrove forest to other land uses. However, there has been a slowdown in the annual rate of mangrove loss, from about 187,000 ha in the 1980s to 102,000 ha between 2000 and 2005. This reflects an increased awareness and an improved management system in mangroves ecosystem.
\nMajor threats towards the mangroves that are triggered by human activities can generalized into six [9], which are (i) conversion to other uses, (ii) overharvesting, (iii) overfishing, (iv) pollution, (v) sedimentation and (vi) alteration of flow regimes. Direct conversion to other uses was identified as the major factor that changes the world’s mangroves. This includes conversions to (i) urban and industrial areas, (ii) aquaculture, and (iii) agriculture. Additionally, natural phenomena such as coastal erosion, storm and lightning strikes are also the natural impacts that kill mangroves in Peninsular Malaysia, including the tragic tsunami on 24 December 2004.
\nDespite widespread concern and numerous case studies describing local issues and challenges, comprehensive information on the global extent of mangroves and trends of deforestation is largely lacking [10]. It is because determining the precise area of mangroves is not always easy. Measurement is affected by varying definitions of what constitutes mangroves; inclusion only on the basis of official recognition such as gazetted forest reserves; scattered or sparse areas considered too inconsequential for inclusion; and the accuracy of the returns made by the responsible authorities. Each of these can create uncertainty and produce significant variation depending on the timing and purpose of the assessment exercise.
\nRecently, RS satellites have been widely used for mangrove monitoring. They greatest reasons why is because the RS can (i) acquire information over large areas, (ii) produce repeated measurement over a place, and (iii) make full use of electromagnetic spectrum for quantitative and qualitative measurements over mangroves [11]. Satellites also provide information on spatial distribution and temporal changes of mangrove forests. When this information is gathered over decades, the mangrove monitoring over the large area will become possible. There are studies on the assessment of mangroves changes and identifying threats, for example in Terengganu [12], Selangor [13], and Peninsular Malaysia [14]. However, these studies are unable to represent the holistic conditions at national level. Therefore, this study was conducted to provide the information pertaining status of mangroves and changes that occurred since the last three decades.
\nThe study area covers the entire mangroves ecosystem in Malaysia, which can be divided into two regions, which are Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia (i.e. Malay Borneo). Forests in these regions can be divided into three major types, which are inland dipterocarps (dryland), peat swamp, mangrove forests (wetlands). The mangrove forest is a unique ecosystem and the second largest wetland forest type after the peat swamp forest. Ecologically based on elevation the mangrove forest is located at the lowest elevation, which is equivalent to the sea level. The mangrove forest is generally found along sheltered coasts where it grows abundantly in saline soil and brackish water dominated mainly by trees from the Rhizophoraceae family. Mangroves are fringing the coastlines (up to 5 km landward) and major estuaries of the regions and they reside on wetlands ecosystem of not more than 20 m land altitude.
\nImages from Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper (TM), Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+), and Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) satellite were used in this study. Images from three different epochs, which are 1990, 2000 and 2017 were acquired to conduct the work. For the respective years were utilized in this study. All images are available at
Landsat scenes that were used for the classification. Numbers within the scene boundary indicates path/row ID of Landsat satellites.
Cloud cover is inevitable on the images acquired by the satellites. However, cloud patching process can eliminate the cloud covers that appear on a single-date observation data. Images of particular scenes that were acquired on different dates were used for cloud patching process as shown in Figure 2. F_mask algorithm was used to perform this process [15, 16]. Seamless mosaics product (i.e. images without cloud covers and atmospherically corrected) were used as input for subsequent processes.
\nCloud detection and removal process. Individual Landsat scene that was captured on 26 January 2017 (a) was merged with that captured on 14 June 2017 (b), where both produced a cloud-free images for the year 2017 (c).
Appropriate enhancement techniques were applied to the images to make the mangroves appear better on the images [17]. In addition to the individual spectral bands of Landsat images, vegetation indices such as Normalized Different Vegetation Index (NDVI), Green Atmospherically Resistant Index (GARI), and Normalized Difference Infrared Index (NDII) were also derived from the images to improve quality of classification. The vegetation indices that were used in this study are summarized in Table 1.
\nVegetation indices that were used derived from the images.
Note: NIR = near infrared, G = green, B = blue, R = red, and MidIR = middle wave infrared channels.
Most spectral-based image classifications are performed using traditional methods such as maximum likelihood, linear discriminant analysis, and spectral angle mapper classifiers. These methods are applied to the spectral bands to produce a classified feature in images [18]. Instead of using these approaches, this study attempted a new approach to classify the images. R Package, which is free, open source software with the RandomForest algorithm [19] was used.
\nRandomForest implements Breiman’s RandomForest algorithm, based on Breiman and Cutler’s original FORTRAN code for classification and regression [20]. It can also be used for assessing proximities among data points without necessarily a training set. All sampling points that were collected on the ground were connected to the corresponding pixels on the image through this algorithm. Classification was done by searching the most important variables i.e. which spectral bands are used in decision tree approach [21, 22, 23]. RandomForest applies four major steps of looking at the importance of variables as follow:
Step 1: to determine the significance of the mth variable. In the left out cases for the kth tree, randomly permute all values of the mth variable. Put these new covariate values down the tree and get classifications.
Steps 2 and 3: for the nth case in the data, its margin at the end of a run is the proportion of votes for its true class minus the maximum of the proportion of votes for each of the other classes. The 2nd measure of importance of the mth variable is the average lowering of the margin across all cases when the mth variable is randomly permuted as in Step 1. Step 3 then count the margins that was shrank.
Step 4: the splitting criterion used in RandomForest is the Gini criterion, a mechanism that can measure the most to least importance of variables used in decision tree. At every split, one of the mth variables is used to form the split and there is a resulting decrease in the Gini. The sum of all will decrease the forest due to a given variable, normalized by the number of trees.
All images have been classified to distinguish mangroves from the other land uses. The classification results were transformed into vector shapefile for further refinement and editing. The accuracy of the classification results were assessed by using a number of ground truth points. The GIS platform was used to carry out post-classification analysis. Post-classification analysis is usually used for quantifying changes of land uses. Changes of mangroves were identified from the conversions of mangroves to other landuse classes, which are (i) urban, settlement, and industrial areas, (ii) agricultural, (iii) aquaculture activities, and (iv) coastal erosion.
\nCarbon dioxide (CO2) is defined as natural, colorless and odorless greenhouse gas that is emitted when fossil fuels (i.e. natural gas, oil, coal, etc.) are burnt. In this study, the CO2 emission is expressed as C loss, assuming that the gas is emitted when deforestation occur. The units of metric tons C was converted to CO2 by multiplying the ratio of the molecular weight of carbon dioxide to that of carbon (44/12 = 3.67) [24].
\nThe CO2 resulted from deforestation is one of the important elements in greenhouse gases emissions. Therefore, it is also essential to quantify the contribution of mangrove deforestation towards the CO2 emission. Net emission as resulted from deforestation of mangroves can be estimated based stock-difference method, which can be expressed as Eq. (1) as follow [24];
\nwhere ∆C is changes in carbon stock (Mg C yr−1), Ct1 and Ct2 (Mg C) is carbon stock at time t1 and t2 (year), respectively. In this case, the Ct1 and Ct2 was quantified from the changes analysis that have been carried out earlier this study.
\nF mask algorithm successfully removed almost 100% of cloud covers and their shadows on the images. The algorithm also managed to detect thin, low temperature clouds in the high altitude by thermal sensors onboard the Landsat TM, ETM+ and OLI. The algorithm somehow failed to detect small scattering clouds that occurred in small patches on the images. Nevertheless, the algorithm has facilitated the cloud removal process and make the mangroves mapping and monitoring work at landscape-level practical. Figure 2 shows a portion of mangroves on two different images that were captured on different dates with clouds. These images were used to produce seamless mosaic of images without cloud covers.
\nThe study indicated that the suitable spectral bands for species discrimination varied with scale. However, near-infrared (700–1327 nm) bands were consistently important spectrum across all scales and the visible bands (437–700 nm) were more important at pixel and crown scales. By using the RandomForest algorithm, the most important bands in the classification were represented by a mean decrease Gini values. The most important bands in mangroves discrimination, from most to least, are; MidIR, NIR-2, NIR, Green, Blue, Red. Spectral profile of the images also showed that the NIR channels separate the mangroves from the other land covers very well (Figure 3). On the other hands, the vegetation indices that were used in this study played similar important role in mangroves classification.
\nSpectral profiles of several land covers extracted from the images. Channel 1 through 6 on the y-axis are blue, green, red, NIR, NIR-2 and MidIR, respectively.
The image classification approach that has been applied in this study was found to be effective only at large coverage of mangroves. The accuracy for all classifications were ranging from 83 to 91%, which were acceptable and reliable for monitoring purpose. Mangroves are normally appear dark on any combination of spectral bands of multispectral image. This is due to the natural ecosystem of mangroves, which is covered by swamps and sometimes inundated by tidal water. The chlorophyll content of the mangrove leaves, which is higher than those of trees and crops, tends to make them appear darker on satellite images [25], as depicted in Figure 4. Each mangrove species has a unique configuration of trunks, prop roots and pneumatophores that works as a different drag force therefore resulting in a different reduction rate of sea waves (Figure 5). Not only this, the wet floor of the forest gives special spectral characteristics on satellites images that can be differentiated easily from other features (Figure 6).
\nImages showing (a) combination of bands 5, 6 and 4 of Landsat-8 OLI and (b) combination of vegetation indices, NDVI, GARI and NDII. These images were selected for the classification process.
Roots and successive stands of Rhizophora apiculata in a common mature mangrove forest.
Mangroves as they appeared on Landsat-8 image. The dark green areas represent the mangrove areas. The image classification process, either automated or manual digitizing, is usually easier for mangrove areas than for other vegetation. The image is displayed using a combination of bands 543 (RGB) over the Kapar area in Klang, Selangor. The central bottom is Klang port complex and the bottom left is Pulau Klang, which is predominantly covered by mangroves.
The classification results were further edited to refine the shapes and accuracy. This process was conducted manually on the vector shapefile by visual interpretation on GIS platform. Finally the spatial distribution of the mangroves were mapped properly (Figure 7). The mangroves in Malaysia were mostly found in Sabah (60%), followed by Sarawak (22%) and Peninsular Malaysia (18%). Table 2 summarizes the total extents of mangroves in the respective regions that have been produced from the classification. It is notable that the total extents of mangroves have been decreasing throughout the monitoring period. Figure 8 shows spatially explicit map of mangroves distribution in Malaysia as of year 2017. Mangroves are found mainly along the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia, west coast of Sarawak and the east coast of Sabah.
\nMangroves appear dark green on the original image (left) and the classified mangroves, indicated as red polygons (right).
Region | \nMangroves 1990 (ha) | \nMangroves 2000 (ha) | \nMangroves 2017 (ha) | \n
---|---|---|---|
Peninsular Malaysia | \n116,746 | \n114,353 | \n110,953 | \n
Sabah | \n385,630 | \n382,448 | \n378,195 | \n
Sarawak | \n147,936 | \n145,263 | \n139,890 | \n
Total | \n650,311 | \n642,063 | \n629,038 | \n
Extents of mangroves in Malaysia.
Distribution of mangroves in Malaysia over the year 2017.
Table 3 reports the changes of mangroves that occurred over the 27 years of monitoring period. The total loss of mangroves was about 21,274 ha where majority of the mangroves loss were outside the Permanent Forest Reserve or within the stateland areas. These areas are actually the land bank for the states developments, which are principally included in the State’s Structural Planning. Example of mangroves changes detected from the multi-temporal mapping process is shown in Figure 9. From this information, it can be concluded that the annual decrease rate of mangroves was about 788 ha per year or about 0.13% per annum since year 1990. Major factors that contributed to these changes have been identified as: (i) direct conversion to other land uses (Figure 10), predominantly for commercial-scale agriculture (Figure 11) and aquaculture (Figure 12), and (ii) coastal erosion (Figure 13). The other factors such as overharvesting and pollution affect the mangroves to a lesser degree.
\nRegion | \nMangrove loss 1990–2000 (ha) | \nMangrove loss 2000–2017 (ha) | \nRate of deforestation 1990–2000 (ha yr−1) | (% yr−1) | \nRate of deforestation 2000–2017 (ha yr−1) | (% yr−1) | \nAverage rate of deforestation 1990–2017 (ha yr−1) | (% yr−1) | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Peninsular Malaysia | \n2393 | \n3400 | \n239 | 0.20 | \n200 | 0.17 | \n215 | 0.19 | \n
Sabah | \n3182 | \n4253 | \n318 | 0.08 | \n250 | 0.07 | \n275 | 0.07 | \n
Sarawak | \n2673 | \n5373 | \n267 | 0.18 | \n316 | 0.22 | \n298 | 0.21 | \n
Total | \n8227 | \n13,190 | \n823 | 0.13 | \n776 | 0.12 | \n793 | 0.13 | \n
Mangroves deforestation in Malaysia between years 1990 and 2017.
Changes of mangroves that occurred between 1990 and 2017 overlaid on GIS platform.
Land developments on mangroves. Reddish color represents newly opened areas for development purposes that were cleared from the original mangroves areas (dark green color).
Expansion of oil palm plantation on mangroves. Reddish color represents newly opened plantations from the original mangroves areas (dark green color). The bright green represents existing plantations.
Expansion of aquaculture industries on mangroves. Dark blue patches represents newly opened aquaculture ponds from the original mangroves areas (dark green color).
Shoreline changes that resulted from coastal erosion along the coast of south Pontian, Johor. The study indicated that 14.2 km stretches have been facing serious coastal erosion within the last two decades with the rate of erosion ranging from 3.2 to 12.5 m per year.
Although coastal erosion was identified as one of the factors of mangroves loss, there were some accretions occurred in some other places. Erosion and accretion is a dynamic process and takes place along the coastlines and major estuaries, where suspended sediments are likely to settle. These phenomena also lead to species succession when the existing plant species die due to unsuitable soil and new species emerge. Besides, mangrove roots can act as wave breaker and promote flocculation and sedimentation, eventually forming mudflats that allow positive accretion (Figure 14). Coastal erosion occurs when the waves hit perpendicular to the coastlines and when the rapid flow of sea currents wash away the sand or soil particles. The frequency and height of waves hitting the coastlines contribute to the harshness of coastal erosion. Thus, the presence of mangroves can reduce the coastal erosion significantly. This condition is obvious particularly in the areas facing the sea [26, 27].
\nPositive accretion of mangroves at estuaries. The new formations at the river mouths were colonized by mangroves trees forming a naturally generated forest.
A study has indicated that the average C stock (aboveground and belowground) in mangroves in Malaysia is about 181 Mg C ha−1 [28]. The extents of mangroves loss for each epoch were multiplied by this average carbon stocks. The study demonstrated that the total loss of carbon due to the loss of mangroves was about 2.6 million Mg C. Subsequently, this has led to the CO2 emission at about 14.2 million Mg CO2, with an average of about 0.5 million Mg CO2 emission per year, along the monitoring period. Table 4 summarizes the impact of mangroves loss in terms of CO2 emission. Although the figures are generally crude, the study provided some ideas for further studies, especially which related to carbon cycles and climate change.
\nRegion | \nMangrove loss (ha) | \nCarbon loss (Mg C) | \nCO2 emission (Mg CO2) | \nRate of CO2 emission (Mg CO2 yr−1) | \n
---|---|---|---|---|
Peninsular Malaysia | \n5793 | \n1,048,567 | \n3,848,242 | \n142,527 | \n
Sabah | \n7435 | \n1,345,672 | \n4,938,617 | \n182,912 | \n
Sarawak | \n8046 | \n1,456,288 | \n5,344,578 | \n197,947 | \n
Total | \n21,417 | \n3,876,409 | \n14,226,422 | \n526,905 | \n
CO2 emission resulted from mangroves loss between years 1990 and 2017.
This study has successfully assessed the current state of mangroves and determined the rate of mangroves loss in Malaysia since the last decade. Total mangroves in Malaysia has decreased from 650,311 ha in 1990 to 629,038 ha in 2017. Total deforestation was accounted at 21,274 ha or 3.3% with the annual rate of deforestation of 788 ha yr−1 or 0.13% yr−1, between 1990 and 2017. The study also quantified the C stock changes and estimated CO2 emission due to the loss of mangroves in Malaysia. Total emission caused by the mangroves deforestation was accounted at about 14 million Mg CO2 with annual emission rate of around 0.5 million Mg CO2 yr−1.
\nThe study found that the Landsat-based mapping and monitoring of mangroves was very practical. It provides a reliable information on mangroves distribution, both qualitatively and quantitatively. Landsat missions provide a very useful RS tool for monitoring changes of mangroves over time. The study suggests that appropriate actions should be taken by the Government of Malaysia to protect the mangroves and keep their ecosystem intact forever. The most effective way to conserve the mangroves is to gazette the remaining stateland forest as Permanent Reserved Forests (PRFs). These PRFs should then be maintained as amenity for current and future generations, while contributing to the mitigation of climate change impacts at the local level. Any development in PRFs should be prohibited or implemented with caution.
\nOverall, there is great potential in the application of Landsat-based data with appropriate GIS technique for mapping and monitoring of mangroves in Malaysia. Although there are cloud covers problems on some of the images, this has not hindered the assessment of mangroves at landscape and regional levels. The accuracy and precision also vary depending on the objective of the application. However, the ability to detect major changes in the ecosystem that can cause profound and irreversible damage far outweighs a perfectly or highly accurate and precise RS based method at this point.
\nCurrently, Malaysia has reserved about 85% (~535,000 ha) out of the total areas of mangroves as Permanent Forest Reserve and State/National Parks. The remaining 15% is under the state-lands and alienated lands. By far, the most effective way to preserve these mangroves is through gazzeting into permanent forest reserves.
\nThis work has been carried out under the Research and Development Committee on Mangroves (JTRD) led by FRIM. Special thanks for the Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia (JPSM), Sabah Forestry Department (SFD), and Forest Department Sarawak (FDS) for the supports on the ground data collection activities.
\nThe authors declare no ‘conflict of interest’ for this chapter.
Our books are published online and are accessible for free. However, if you are interested in ordering your hardcover copy, you can do so by contacting our Print Sales Department at orders@intechopen.com. All IntechOpen books are printed on demand in full-colour and delivered in signature packaging through free DHL Express delivery. A selection of our books in soft cover is also available through Amazon.
',metaTitle:"Order Print Copies",metaDescription:"Our books are published online and are accessible for free. However, if you are interested in ordering your printed copy, you can do so by contacting our Print Sales Department at orders@intechopen.com.\n\nOur hardcover books are carefully designed and printed on wood-free premium quality paper.\n\nThe paper size is 155 mm x 225 mm (6.1 X 8.8 inches).",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/order-print-copies",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"InTechOpen contributors can order print books at a special price ranging from:
\\n\\nFor a quote please contact us directly at orders@intechopen.com The quote will be sent to you within 1-2 business days.
\\n\\nAll of the books and chapters can be browsed online. To obtain InTechOpen's full book catalogue in PDF, please contact us.
\\n\\n\\n\\nIntechOpen works with award winning print-houses and we hold to the fact that all of our printed products are of the highest quality.
\\n\\nPrint copies of our publications are most often purchased as individual purchases by universities, libraries, institutions and academia personnel, hence increasing the visibility and outreach of our authors' published work among science communities and institutions. Our books are available at our direct Print Sales Department and through selected representatives throughout the world.
\\n\\nIndia - CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd.
\\n\\nASEAN - Books International
\\n\\nChina Publishers Services Ltd - CPS
\\n\\nMallory International Ltd
\\n\\nFor partnership opportunities, please contact orders@intechopen.com.
\\n\\n*The price does not include Value-Added Tax (VAT). Residents of European Union countries need to add a Book Value-Added Tax of 5%. Institutions and companies registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state, will not pay VAT by providing us with their VAT registration number. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'InTechOpen contributors can order print books at a special price ranging from:
\n\nFor a quote please contact us directly at orders@intechopen.com The quote will be sent to you within 1-2 business days.
\n\nAll of the books and chapters can be browsed online. To obtain InTechOpen's full book catalogue in PDF, please contact us.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen works with award winning print-houses and we hold to the fact that all of our printed products are of the highest quality.
\n\nPrint copies of our publications are most often purchased as individual purchases by universities, libraries, institutions and academia personnel, hence increasing the visibility and outreach of our authors' published work among science communities and institutions. Our books are available at our direct Print Sales Department and through selected representatives throughout the world.
\n\nIndia - CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd.
\n\nASEAN - Books International
\n\nChina Publishers Services Ltd - CPS
\n\nMallory International Ltd
\n\nFor partnership opportunities, please contact orders@intechopen.com.
\n\n*The price does not include Value-Added Tax (VAT). Residents of European Union countries need to add a Book Value-Added Tax of 5%. Institutions and companies registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state, will not pay VAT by providing us with their VAT registration number. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5681},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5161},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1683},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10200},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:886},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15610}],offset:12,limit:12,total:117096},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"10"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10761",title:"Glaciology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"bd112c839a9b8037f1302ca6c0d55a2a",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10761.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10762",title:"Cosmology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f28a2213571fb878839bcbacb9827a1d",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10762.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10756",title:"Urban Agglomeration",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"732ee82bf579a4bc4c5c929ceba2db26",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10756.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8485",title:"Weather Forecasting",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"eadbd6f9c26be844062ce5cd3b3eb573",slug:null,bookSignature:"Associate Prof. Muhammad Saifullah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8485.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"320968",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Saifullah",slug:"muhammad-saifullah",fullName:"Muhammad Saifullah"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10404",title:"Evapotranspiration - Recent Advances and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"babca2dea1c80719111734cc57a21a4c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Amin Talei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10404.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"335732",title:"Dr.",name:"Amin",surname:"Talei",slug:"amin-talei",fullName:"Amin Talei"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7724",title:"Climate Issues in Asia and Africa - Examining Climate, Its Flux, the Consequences, and Society's Responses",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c1bd1a5a4dba07b95a5ae5ef0ecf9f74",slug:null,bookSignature:" John P. Tiefenbacher",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7724.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"73876",title:"Dr.",name:"John P.",surname:"Tiefenbacher",slug:"john-p.-tiefenbacher",fullName:"John P. Tiefenbacher"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10556",title:"Petrology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"be71a270b1196a96cdc1162f64f9a966",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Ali Ismail Al-Juboury",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10556.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"58570",title:"Prof.",name:"Ali",surname:"Al-Juboury",slug:"ali-al-juboury",fullName:"Ali Al-Juboury"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10210",title:"Solar Planets and Exoplanets",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b7f57c0e93406f0925482b204ad392ec",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Joseph John Bevelacqua",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10210.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"115462",title:"Dr.",name:"Joseph",surname:"Bevelacqua",slug:"joseph-bevelacqua",fullName:"Joseph Bevelacqua"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10850",title:"Extreme Weather",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a5cc0122cbb90c28905e22dc439e6e14",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10850.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10851",title:"Volcanology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e25288216b83d0a2459f77c612ead09f",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10851.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10849",title:"Earthquake Forecasting",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2a5ddc8f109bb194466cff2367c26400",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10849.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10952",title:"Soil Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0aa879d595f22de7f134b32189042eb0",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/cover.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:14},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:63},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:12},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8697",title:"Virtual Reality and Its Application in Education",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ee01b5e387ba0062c6b0d1e9227bda05",slug:"virtual-reality-and-its-application-in-education",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8697.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9785",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f457ca61f29cf7e8bc191732c50bb0ce",slug:"endometriosis",bookSignature:"Courtney Marsh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9785.jpg",editors:[{id:"255491",title:"Dr.",name:"Courtney",middleName:null,surname:"Marsh",slug:"courtney-marsh",fullName:"Courtney Marsh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8468",title:"Sheep Farming",subtitle:"An Approach to Feed, Growth and Sanity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"838f08594850bc04aa14ec873ed1b96f",slug:"sheep-farming-an-approach-to-feed-growth-and-sanity",bookSignature:"António Monteiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8468.jpg",editors:[{id:"190314",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"Cardoso",surname:"Monteiro",slug:"antonio-monteiro",fullName:"António Monteiro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8816",title:"Financial Crises",subtitle:"A Selection of Readings",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f2f49fb903656e4e54280c79fabd10c",slug:"financial-crises-a-selection-of-readings",bookSignature:"Stelios Markoulis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8816.jpg",editors:[{id:"237863",title:"Dr.",name:"Stelios",middleName:null,surname:"Markoulis",slug:"stelios-markoulis",fullName:"Stelios Markoulis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9376",title:"Contemporary Developments and Perspectives in International Health Security",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9a00b84cd04aae458fb1d6c65795601",slug:"contemporary-developments-and-perspectives-in-international-health-security-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki, Michael S. Firstenberg, Sagar C. Galwankar, Ricardo Izurieta and Thomas Papadimos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9376.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7769",title:"Medical Isotopes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f8d3c5a6c9a42398e56b4e82264753f7",slug:"medical-isotopes",bookSignature:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi and Muhammad Babar Imrani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7769.jpg",editors:[{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9279",title:"Concepts, Applications and Emerging Opportunities in Industrial Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9bfa87f9b627a5468b7c1e30b0eea07a",slug:"concepts-applications-and-emerging-opportunities-in-industrial-engineering",bookSignature:"Gary Moynihan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9279.jpg",editors:[{id:"16974",title:"Dr.",name:"Gary",middleName:null,surname:"Moynihan",slug:"gary-moynihan",fullName:"Gary Moynihan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7807",title:"A Closer Look at Organizational Culture in Action",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"05c608b9271cc2bc711f4b28748b247b",slug:"a-closer-look-at-organizational-culture-in-action",bookSignature:"Süleyman Davut Göker",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7807.jpg",editors:[{id:"190035",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Süleyman Davut",middleName:null,surname:"Göker",slug:"suleyman-davut-goker",fullName:"Süleyman Davut Göker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5126},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8697",title:"Virtual Reality and Its Application in Education",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ee01b5e387ba0062c6b0d1e9227bda05",slug:"virtual-reality-and-its-application-in-education",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8697.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9785",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f457ca61f29cf7e8bc191732c50bb0ce",slug:"endometriosis",bookSignature:"Courtney Marsh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9785.jpg",editors:[{id:"255491",title:"Dr.",name:"Courtney",middleName:null,surname:"Marsh",slug:"courtney-marsh",fullName:"Courtney Marsh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8468",title:"Sheep Farming",subtitle:"An Approach to Feed, Growth and Sanity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"838f08594850bc04aa14ec873ed1b96f",slug:"sheep-farming-an-approach-to-feed-growth-and-sanity",bookSignature:"António Monteiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8468.jpg",editors:[{id:"190314",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"Cardoso",surname:"Monteiro",slug:"antonio-monteiro",fullName:"António Monteiro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8816",title:"Financial Crises",subtitle:"A Selection of Readings",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f2f49fb903656e4e54280c79fabd10c",slug:"financial-crises-a-selection-of-readings",bookSignature:"Stelios Markoulis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8816.jpg",editors:[{id:"237863",title:"Dr.",name:"Stelios",middleName:null,surname:"Markoulis",slug:"stelios-markoulis",fullName:"Stelios Markoulis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9376",title:"Contemporary Developments and Perspectives in International Health Security",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9a00b84cd04aae458fb1d6c65795601",slug:"contemporary-developments-and-perspectives-in-international-health-security-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki, Michael S. Firstenberg, Sagar C. Galwankar, Ricardo Izurieta and Thomas Papadimos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9376.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7769",title:"Medical Isotopes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f8d3c5a6c9a42398e56b4e82264753f7",slug:"medical-isotopes",bookSignature:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi and Muhammad Babar Imrani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7769.jpg",editors:[{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8468",title:"Sheep Farming",subtitle:"An Approach to Feed, Growth and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"838f08594850bc04aa14ec873ed1b96f",slug:"sheep-farming-an-approach-to-feed-growth-and-health",bookSignature:"António Monteiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8468.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"190314",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"Cardoso",surname:"Monteiro",slug:"antonio-monteiro",fullName:"António Monteiro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9523",title:"Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5eb6ec2db961a6c8965d11180a58d5c1",slug:"oral-and-maxillofacial-surgery",bookSignature:"Gokul Sridharan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9523.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82453",title:"Dr.",name:"Gokul",middleName:null,surname:"Sridharan",slug:"gokul-sridharan",fullName:"Gokul Sridharan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9785",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f457ca61f29cf7e8bc191732c50bb0ce",slug:"endometriosis",bookSignature:"Courtney Marsh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9785.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"255491",title:"Dr.",name:"Courtney",middleName:null,surname:"Marsh",slug:"courtney-marsh",fullName:"Courtney Marsh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9018",title:"Some RNA Viruses",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a5cae846dbe3692495fc4add2f60fd84",slug:"some-rna-viruses",bookSignature:"Yogendra Shah and Eltayb Abuelzein",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9018.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"278914",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yogendra",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"yogendra-shah",fullName:"Yogendra Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8816",title:"Financial Crises",subtitle:"A Selection of Readings",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f2f49fb903656e4e54280c79fabd10c",slug:"financial-crises-a-selection-of-readings",bookSignature:"Stelios Markoulis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"237863",title:"Dr.",name:"Stelios",middleName:null,surname:"Markoulis",slug:"stelios-markoulis",fullName:"Stelios Markoulis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9585",title:"Advances in Complex Valvular Disease",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef64f11e211621ecfe69c46e60e7ca3d",slug:"advances-in-complex-valvular-disease",bookSignature:"Michael S. Firstenberg and Imran Khan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9585.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64343",title:null,name:"Michael S.",middleName:"S",surname:"Firstenberg",slug:"michael-s.-firstenberg",fullName:"Michael S. Firstenberg"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10150",title:"Smart Manufacturing",subtitle:"When Artificial Intelligence Meets the Internet of Things",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"87004a19de13702d042f8ff96d454698",slug:"smart-manufacturing-when-artificial-intelligence-meets-the-internet-of-things",bookSignature:"Tan Yen Kheng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10150.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"78857",title:"Dr.",name:"Tan Yen",middleName:null,surname:"Kheng",slug:"tan-yen-kheng",fullName:"Tan Yen Kheng"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9386",title:"Direct Numerical Simulations",subtitle:"An Introduction and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"158a3a0fdba295d21ff23326f5a072d5",slug:"direct-numerical-simulations-an-introduction-and-applications",bookSignature:"Srinivasa Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9386.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6897",title:"Dr.",name:"Srinivasa",middleName:"P",surname:"Rao",slug:"srinivasa-rao",fullName:"Srinivasa Rao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"966",title:"Dynamical Systems Theory",slug:"dynamical-systems-theory",parent:{title:"Applied Mathematics",slug:"applied-mathematics"},numberOfBooks:9,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:177,numberOfWosCitations:50,numberOfCrossrefCitations:59,numberOfDimensionsCitations:109,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"dynamical-systems-theory",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"7662",title:"Nonlinear Systems",subtitle:"Theoretical Aspects and Recent Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fdcb3bf6de1d84506ffc6aa9e5b691b3",slug:"nonlinear-systems-theoretical-aspects-and-recent-applications",bookSignature:"Walter Legnani and Terry E. Moschandreou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7662.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"199059",title:"Dr.",name:"Walter",middleName:"Edgardo",surname:"Legnani",slug:"walter-legnani",fullName:"Walter Legnani"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9324",title:"Dynamical Systems Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"413cbcf9c048bb251eca1b5e32bbc640",slug:"dynamical-systems-theory",bookSignature:"Jan Awrejcewicz and Dariusz Grzelczyk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9324.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"68338",title:"Prof.",name:"Jan",middleName:null,surname:"Awrejcewicz",slug:"jan-awrejcewicz",fullName:"Jan Awrejcewicz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7776",title:"Research Advances in Chaos Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e9646ec4b2bff873ce958ed4d5ad7248",slug:"research-advances-in-chaos-theory",bookSignature:"Paul Bracken",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7776.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92883",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Bracken",slug:"paul-bracken",fullName:"Paul Bracken"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7293",title:"Fractal Analysis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"136b50bd77fedb29057889faaca37947",slug:"fractal-analysis",bookSignature:"Sid-Ali Ouadfeul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7293.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"103826",title:"Dr.",name:"Sid-Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Ouadfeul",slug:"sid-ali-ouadfeul",fullName:"Sid-Ali Ouadfeul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6651",title:"Nonlinear Systems",subtitle:"Modeling, Estimation, and Stability",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"085cfe19a4bd48a9e8034b2e5cc17172",slug:"nonlinear-systems-modeling-estimation-and-stability",bookSignature:"Mahmut Reyhanoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6651.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"15068",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmut",middleName:null,surname:"Reyhanoglu",slug:"mahmut-reyhanoglu",fullName:"Mahmut Reyhanoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6216",title:"Complexity in Biological and Physical Systems",subtitle:"Bifurcations, Solitons and Fractals",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c511a26efc1b9c0638c8f9244240cb93",slug:"complexity-in-biological-and-physical-systems-bifurcations-solitons-and-fractals",bookSignature:"Ricardo López-Ruiz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6216.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"9849",title:"Prof.",name:"Ricardo",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Ruiz",slug:"ricardo-lopez-ruiz",fullName:"Ricardo Lopez-Ruiz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5804",title:"Fractal Analysis",subtitle:"Applications in Physics, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a3d42b4b44ba9d7d72f0e91442da7b4b",slug:"fractal-analysis-applications-in-physics-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Fernando Brambila",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5804.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"60921",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Brambila",slug:"fernando-brambila",fullName:"Fernando Brambila"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5513",title:"Dynamical Systems",subtitle:"Analytical and Computational Techniques",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9ba4129f30ef1b92fd4b7ae193781183",slug:"dynamical-systems-analytical-and-computational-techniques",bookSignature:"Mahmut Reyhanoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5513.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"15068",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmut",middleName:null,surname:"Reyhanoglu",slug:"mahmut-reyhanoglu",fullName:"Mahmut Reyhanoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2508",title:"Nonlinearity, Bifurcation and Chaos",subtitle:"Theory and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cce4e2af0e23321e7072373518985b63",slug:"nonlinearity-bifurcation-and-chaos-theory-and-applications",bookSignature:"Jan Awrejcewicz and Peter Hagedorn",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2508.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"68338",title:"Prof.",name:"Jan",middleName:null,surname:"Awrejcewicz",slug:"jan-awrejcewicz",fullName:"Jan Awrejcewicz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:9,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"40430",doi:"10.5772/50403",title:"Mathematical Modelling and Numerical Investigations on the Coanda Effect",slug:"mathematical-modelling-and-numerical-investigations-on-the-coanda-effect",totalDownloads:4575,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:18,book:{slug:"nonlinearity-bifurcation-and-chaos-theory-and-applications",title:"Nonlinearity, Bifurcation and Chaos",fullTitle:"Nonlinearity, Bifurcation and Chaos - Theory and Applications"},signatures:"A. Dumitrache, F. Frunzulica and T.C. Ionescu",authors:[{id:"151443",title:"Dr.",name:"Dumitrache",middleName:null,surname:"Alexandru",slug:"dumitrache-alexandru",fullName:"Dumitrache Alexandru"},{id:"151449",title:"Dr.",name:"Frunzulica",middleName:null,surname:"Florin",slug:"frunzulica-florin",fullName:"Frunzulica Florin"},{id:"151451",title:"Dr.",name:"Ionescu",middleName:null,surname:"Tudor",slug:"ionescu-tudor",fullName:"Ionescu Tudor"}]},{id:"53920",doi:"10.5772/67216",title:"Integral-Equation Formulations of Plasmonic Problems in the Visible Spectrum and Beyond",slug:"integral-equation-formulations-of-plasmonic-problems-in-the-visible-spectrum-and-beyond",totalDownloads:1252,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:11,book:{slug:"dynamical-systems-analytical-and-computational-techniques",title:"Dynamical Systems",fullTitle:"Dynamical Systems - Analytical and Computational Techniques"},signatures:"Abdulkerim Çekinmez, Barişcan Karaosmanoğlu and Özgür Ergül",authors:[{id:"195936",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ozgur",middleName:null,surname:"Ergul",slug:"ozgur-ergul",fullName:"Ozgur Ergul"},{id:"203161",title:"Mr.",name:"Abdulkerim",middleName:null,surname:"Cekinmez",slug:"abdulkerim-cekinmez",fullName:"Abdulkerim Cekinmez"},{id:"203162",title:"MSc.",name:"Bariscan",middleName:null,surname:"Karaosmanoglu",slug:"bariscan-karaosmanoglu",fullName:"Bariscan Karaosmanoglu"}]},{id:"40437",doi:"10.5772/48811",title:"FSM Scenarios of Laminar-Turbulent Transition in Incompressible Fluids",slug:"fsm-scenarios-of-laminar-turbulent-transition-in-incompressible-fluids",totalDownloads:1378,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:7,book:{slug:"nonlinearity-bifurcation-and-chaos-theory-and-applications",title:"Nonlinearity, Bifurcation and Chaos",fullTitle:"Nonlinearity, Bifurcation and Chaos - Theory and Applications"},signatures:"N.M. Evstigneev and N.A. Magnitskii",authors:[{id:"96107",title:"Prof.",name:"Nikolai A.",middleName:"Alexandrovich",surname:"Magnitskii",slug:"nikolai-a.-magnitskii",fullName:"Nikolai A. Magnitskii"},{id:"151627",title:"Dr.",name:"N. M.",middleName:null,surname:"Evstigneev",slug:"n.-m.-evstigneev",fullName:"N. M. Evstigneev"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"54366",title:"Solution of Differential Equations with Applications to Engineering Problems",slug:"solution-of-differential-equations-with-applications-to-engineering-problems",totalDownloads:5239,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"dynamical-systems-analytical-and-computational-techniques",title:"Dynamical Systems",fullTitle:"Dynamical Systems - Analytical and Computational Techniques"},signatures:"Cheng Yung Ming",authors:[{id:"191017",title:"Dr.",name:"Cheng",middleName:null,surname:"Y.M.",slug:"cheng-y.m.",fullName:"Cheng Y.M."}]},{id:"64463",title:"Fractal Analysis of Time-Series Data Sets: Methods and Challenges",slug:"fractal-analysis-of-time-series-data-sets-methods-and-challenges",totalDownloads:1684,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"fractal-analysis",title:"Fractal Analysis",fullTitle:"Fractal Analysis"},signatures:"Ian Pilgrim and Richard P. Taylor",authors:[{id:"262574",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ian",middleName:null,surname:"Pilgrim",slug:"ian-pilgrim",fullName:"Ian Pilgrim"},{id:"262816",title:"Prof.",name:"Richard",middleName:null,surname:"Taylor",slug:"richard-taylor",fullName:"Richard Taylor"}]},{id:"71158",title:"A Shamanskii-Like Accelerated Scheme for Nonlinear Systems of Equations",slug:"a-shamanskii-like-accelerated-scheme-for-nonlinear-systems-of-equations",totalDownloads:209,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"nonlinear-systems-theoretical-aspects-and-recent-applications",title:"Nonlinear Systems",fullTitle:"Nonlinear Systems -Theoretical Aspects and Recent Applications"},signatures:"Ibrahim Mohammed Sulaiman, Mustafa Mamat and Umar Audu Omesa",authors:[{id:"299084",title:"Dr.",name:"Mustafa",middleName:null,surname:"Mamat",slug:"mustafa-mamat",fullName:"Mustafa Mamat"},{id:"316957",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibrahim",middleName:null,surname:"Sulaiman",slug:"ibrahim-sulaiman",fullName:"Ibrahim Sulaiman"}]},{id:"67141",title:"A Review on Fractional Differential Equations and a Numerical Method to Solve Some Boundary Value Problems",slug:"a-review-on-fractional-differential-equations-and-a-numerical-method-to-solve-some-boundary-value-pr",totalDownloads:1011,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"nonlinear-systems-theoretical-aspects-and-recent-applications",title:"Nonlinear Systems",fullTitle:"Nonlinear Systems -Theoretical Aspects and Recent Applications"},signatures:"María I. Troparevsky, Silvia A. Seminara and Marcela A. Fabio",authors:[{id:"296689",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Ines",middleName:null,surname:"Troparevsky",slug:"maria-ines-troparevsky",fullName:"Maria Ines Troparevsky"},{id:"296690",title:"Prof.",name:"Silvia Alejandra",middleName:null,surname:"Seminara",slug:"silvia-alejandra-seminara",fullName:"Silvia Alejandra Seminara"},{id:"296691",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcela Antonieta",middleName:null,surname:"Fabio",slug:"marcela-antonieta-fabio",fullName:"Marcela Antonieta Fabio"}]},{id:"57485",title:"Small-Angle Scattering from Mass and Surface Fractals",slug:"small-angle-scattering-from-mass-and-surface-fractals",totalDownloads:738,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"complexity-in-biological-and-physical-systems-bifurcations-solitons-and-fractals",title:"Complexity in Biological and Physical Systems",fullTitle:"Complexity in Biological and Physical Systems - Bifurcations, Solitons and Fractals"},signatures:"Eugen Mircea Anitas",authors:[{id:"213626",title:"Dr.",name:"Eugen",middleName:null,surname:"Anitas",slug:"eugen-anitas",fullName:"Eugen Anitas"}]},{id:"54086",title:"Generalized Ratio Control of Discrete-Time Systems",slug:"generalized-ratio-control-of-discrete-time-systems",totalDownloads:1077,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"dynamical-systems-analytical-and-computational-techniques",title:"Dynamical Systems",fullTitle:"Dynamical Systems - Analytical and Computational Techniques"},signatures:"Dušan Krokavec and Anna Filasová",authors:[{id:"18818",title:"Prof.",name:"Dušan",middleName:null,surname:"Krokavec",slug:"dusan-krokavec",fullName:"Dušan Krokavec"},{id:"22287",title:"Prof.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Filasová",slug:"anna-filasova",fullName:"Anna Filasová"}]},{id:"55048",title:"Application of Fractal Dimension in Industry Practice",slug:"application-of-fractal-dimension-in-industry-practice",totalDownloads:1148,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"fractal-analysis-applications-in-physics-engineering-and-technology",title:"Fractal Analysis",fullTitle:"Fractal Analysis - Applications in Physics, Engineering and Technology"},signatures:"Vlastimil Hotař",authors:[{id:"199387",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Vlastimil",middleName:null,surname:"Hotař",slug:"vlastimil-hotar",fullName:"Vlastimil Hotař"}]},{id:"54621",title:"Specific Emitter Identification Based on Fractal Features",slug:"specific-emitter-identification-based-on-fractal-features",totalDownloads:1593,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"fractal-analysis-applications-in-physics-engineering-and-technology",title:"Fractal Analysis",fullTitle:"Fractal Analysis - Applications in Physics, Engineering and Technology"},signatures:"Janusz Dudczyk",authors:[{id:"197688",title:"Prof.",name:"Janusz",middleName:null,surname:"Dudczyk",slug:"janusz-dudczyk",fullName:"Janusz Dudczyk"}]},{id:"58685",title:"Mechanical Models of Microtubules",slug:"mechanical-models-of-microtubules",totalDownloads:522,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"complexity-in-biological-and-physical-systems-bifurcations-solitons-and-fractals",title:"Complexity in Biological and Physical Systems",fullTitle:"Complexity in Biological and Physical Systems - Bifurcations, Solitons and Fractals"},signatures:"Slobodan Zdravković",authors:[{id:"210601",title:"Dr.",name:"Slobodan",middleName:null,surname:"Zdravkovic",slug:"slobodan-zdravkovic",fullName:"Slobodan Zdravkovic"}]},{id:"54338",title:"Emergence of Classical Distributions from Quantum Distributions: The Continuous Energy Spectra Case",slug:"emergence-of-classical-distributions-from-quantum-distributions-the-continuous-energy-spectra-case",totalDownloads:1066,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"dynamical-systems-analytical-and-computational-techniques",title:"Dynamical Systems",fullTitle:"Dynamical Systems - Analytical and Computational Techniques"},signatures:"Gabino Torres-Vega",authors:[{id:"93519",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabino",middleName:null,surname:"Torres-Vega",slug:"gabino-torres-vega",fullName:"Gabino Torres-Vega"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"dynamical-systems-theory",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/154499/tim-dumonceaux",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"154499",slug:"tim-dumonceaux"},fullPath:"/profiles/154499/tim-dumonceaux",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()