Studies on MLE strategies and cognitive modifiability: sample characteristics, DA measures, analyses used, and MLE strategies (partially adapted from Tzuriel [5], with permission of the publisher).
\r\n\tThe applications are those related to intelligent monitoring activities such as the quality assessment of the environmental matrices through the use of innovative approaches, case studies, best practices with bottom-up approaches, machine learning techniques, systems development (for example algorithms, sensors, etc.) to predict alterations of environmental matrices. The goal is also to be able to protect natural resources by making their use increasingly sustainable.
\r\n\r\n\tContributions related to the development of prototypes and software with an open-source component are very welcome.
\r\n\r\n\tThis book is intended to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of the current state of the art in the field of Ambient Intelligence. A format rich in figures, tables, diagrams, and graphical abstracts is strongly encouraged.
",isbn:"978-1-83969-069-3",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-068-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-070-9",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3fbf8f0bcc5cdff72aaf0949d7cbc12e",bookSignature:"Dr. Carmine Massarelli",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10391.jpg",keywords:"Embedded Systems, Technologies, Sensors, Remote Sensing, Smart Homes, Smart Cities, Integrated Monitoring Techniques, Agroecosystem, Smart Public Spaces, Computer Vision, Image Processing, Open-Source",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 12th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 9th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 8th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"March 29th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"May 28th 2021",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Environmental technologist expert in the development of Smart Technologies for water management and environmental monitoring, characterization, and monitoring of contaminated and degraded sites, integration of spatial data such as standard methodologies, interoperability, spectral data infrastructures.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"315689",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmine",middleName:null,surname:"Massarelli",slug:"carmine-massarelli",fullName:"Carmine Massarelli",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/315689/images/system/315689.jpg",biography:"Main activities:\n-development of Smart Technologies for water management and environmental monitoring;\n-characterization and monitoring of contaminated and degraded sites;\n-implementation of early warning systems and impact assessment systems also from multitemporal monitoring;\n-integration of spatial data: methodologies, standards, interoperability, spatial data infrastructures;\n-use of open source IT systems for the processing, analysis, and integration of remote sensing data with airborne and satellite sensors for thematic purposes such as characterization, control, and analysis of the territory in support of environmental policies relating to contaminated sites;\n-evaluation of the contamination of environmental matrices with specific tests and chemical analyses;\n-installation of airborne sensors and definition of flight parameters for Earth observation, CASI-1500 hyperspectral and TABI-320 thermal sensors;\n-acquisition of spectral signatures of objects through Fieldspec portable spectroradiometer and creation of databases in SQL language;\n-use of tools such as Ground Penetrating Radar for the advanced investigation of the subsoil with law enforcement agencies.",institutionString:"National Research Council",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Research Council",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"9",title:"Computer and Information Science",slug:"computer-and-information-science"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"297737",firstName:"Mateo",lastName:"Pulko",middleName:null,title:"Mr.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/297737/images/8492_n.png",email:"mateo.p@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"878",title:"Phytochemicals",subtitle:"A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec77671f63975ef2d16192897deb6835",slug:"phytochemicals-a-global-perspective-of-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/878.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4816",title:"Face Recognition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"146063b5359146b7718ea86bad47c8eb",slug:"face_recognition",bookSignature:"Kresimir Delac and Mislav Grgic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3621",title:"Silver Nanoparticles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"silver-nanoparticles",bookSignature:"David Pozo Perez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3621.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6667",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Pozo",slug:"david-pozo",fullName:"David Pozo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"18395",title:"Imaging of Chlorophyll a Fluorescence: A Tool to Study Abiotic Stress in Plants",doi:"10.5772/22281",slug:"imaging-of-chlorophyll-a-fluorescence-a-tool-to-study-abiotic-stress-in-plants",body:'\n\t\tChlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence is a tool which is widely used to examine photosynthetic performance in algae and plants. It is a non-invasive analysis that permits to assess photosynthetic performance in vivo (Baker, 2008, Baker & Rosenqvist, 2004, Chaerle & Van Der Straeten, 2001, Woo et al. 2008). Chl fluorescence analysis is widely used to estimate photosystem II (PSII) activity, which is an important target of abiotic stresses (Balachandran et al., 1994, Baker et al., 1983, Briantais et al., 1996, Calatayud et al., 2008, Chaerle & Van Der Straeten, 2000, Ehlert & Hincha, 2008; Gilmore & Govindjee, 1999, Guidi et al., 2007\n\t\t\t\t, Guidi & Degl’Innocenti, 2008, Hogewoning & Harbinson, 2007, Krause, 1988, Lichtenthaler et al., 2007; Massacci et al., 2008, Osmond et al., 1999, Scholes & Rolfe, 1996, Strand & Oquist, 1985).
\n\t\t\tIt is know as the energy absorbed by Chl molecules must be dissipated into three mechanisms, namely internal conversion, fluorescence and photochemistry (Butler, 1978). All of these downward processes competitively contribute to the decay of the Chl excited state and, consequently, an increase in the rate of one of these processes would increase its share of the decay process and lower the fluorescence yield. Typically, all processes that lower the Chl fluorescence yield are defined with the term quenching.
\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\tKaustky and co-workers (1960) were the first which observed changes in yield of Chl fluorescence. These researchers found that transferring a leaves from the dark into the light, an increase in Chl fluorescence yield occurred. This increase has been explained with the reduction of electron acceptors of the PSII and, in particular, plastoquinone QA: once PSII light harvesting system (LCHII) absorbs light and the charge separation occurs, QA accepts electron and it is not able to accept another electron until it has been passed the first one onto the subsequent carrier, namely plastoquinone QB. During this time the reaction centers are said to be closed. The presence of closed reaction centers determines a reduction in the efficiency of PSII photochemistry and, consequently, an increase in the Chl fluorescence yield.
\n\t\t\tTransferring the leaf from the dark into light, PSII reaction centers are progressively closed, but, following this time, Chl fluorescence level typically decreases again and this phenomenon is due to two types of quenching mechanisms. The presence of light induced the activation of enzymes involved in CO2 assimilation and the stomatal aperture that determines that electrons are transferred away PSII. This induced the so-called photochemical quenching, qP. At the same time, there is an increase in the conversion of light energy into heat related to the non-photochemical quenching, qNP. This non-photochemical quenching qNP, can be divided into three components. The major and most rapid component in algae and plants is the pH- or energy-dependent component, qE. A second component, qT, relaxes within minutes and is due to the phenomenon of state transition, the uncoupling of LHCIIs from PSII. The third component of qNP shows the slowest relaxation and is the least defined. It is related to photoinhibition of photosynthesis and is therefore called qI.
\n\t\t\tTo evaluate Chl fluorescence quenching coefficients during illumination we must determine minimal and maximal fluorescence yields after dark adaptation, F0 and Fm respectively. This is important because these values serve as references for the evaluation of the photochemical and non-photochemical quenching coefficients in an illuminated leaf by using the saturation pulse method. The concept on the basis of this method is extremely simply: at any give state of illumination, QA can be fully reduced by a saturation pulse of light, such that photochemical quenching is completely suppressed. During the saturation pulse, a maximal fluorescence Fm’ is achieved which generally shows value lower that the dark reference values (Fm). With the assumption that non-photochemical quenching does not change during a short saturation pulse, the reduction of Fm is a measure of non-photochemical quenching.
In Figure 1 the calculation of Chl fluorescence parameters by using the saturation pulse method is reported. The photochemical quenching coefficient qP is measured aswhere Fm’ is the maximum Chl fluorescence yield in light conditions, Ft is the steady-state Chl fluorescence immediately prior to the flash. For determination of F0’ in the light state, the leaf has to be transiently darkened and it has to be assured that QA is quickly and fully oxidized, before there is a substantial relaxation of non-photochemical quenching. In order to enhance of oxidation of the intersystem electron transport chain, far-red light is applied that selectively excited PSI. Usually the alternative expression of this quenching coefficient is used and it is (1- qp). i.e. the proportion of centers that are closed and it is termed excitation pressure on PSII (Maxwell & Johnson, 2000).
\n\t\t\tAn other useful fluorescence parameter derived from saturation pulse method is the efficiency of PSII photochemistry, which is calculated as:
\n\t\t\tThis parameter has also termed F/Fm’ or, in fluorescence imaging technique, Fq’/Fm’ and it is very similar to the qP coefficient even if its significance is somewhat different. The PSII is the proportion of absorbed light energy being used in photochemistry, whilst qP gives an indication of the proportion of the PSII reaction centers that are open. A parameter strictly related with both qP and PSII is the ratio Fv/Fm determined as:
\n\t\t\tThis third parameter is determined in dark adapted leaves and it is a measure of the maximum efficiency of PSII when all centers are open. This ratio is a sensitive indicator of plant photosynthetic performance because of it has an optimal values of about 0.83 in leaves of healthy plants of most species (Bjorkman & Demmig, 1987). An other useful parameter which describes energy dissipation is Fv’/Fm’, an estimate of the PSII quantum efficiency if all PSII reaction centers are in the open state. It is calculated as reported in equation 4:
\n\t\t\tSince PSII is the quantum yield of PSII photochemistry, it can be used to determine linear electron transport rate (ETR) as described by Genty et al., (1989):
\n\t\t\twhere PPFD (photosynthetic photon flux density) is the absorbed light and 0.5 is a factor that accounts for the partitioning of energy between PSII and PSI.
\n\t\t\tThe excess of excitation energy which is not used for photochemistry can be de-excited by thermal dissipation processes. Non-photochemical quenching of Chl fluorescence is an important parameter that gives indication of the non-radiative energy dissipation in the light-harvesting antenna of PSII. This parameter is extremely important taking into account that the level of excitation energy in the antenna can be regulated to prevent over-reduction of the electron transfer chain and protect PSII from photodamage. Non-photochemical quenching coefficient is calculated as:
\n\t\t\tIn some circumstances F0’ determination is difficult, e.g. in the field when a leaf cannot be transiently darkened. In this case, another parameter can be used to describe non-photochemical energy dissipation NPQ (Schreiber & Bilger, 1993), which does not require the knowledge of F0’. The parameter NPQ is derived from Stern-Volmer equation and its determination implies the assumption of the existence of traps for nonradiative energy dissipation, like zeaxanthin, in the antenna pigment matrix (Butler, 1978). NPQ is calculated as reported in equation 7 (Bilger & Bjorkman, 1990):
\n\t\t\tMeasurement of chlorophyll fluorescence by the saturation pulse method (adapted from Van Kooten & Snell, 1990).
NPQ is linearly related to heat dissipation and varies on a scale from 0 until infinity even if in a typical plants value ranges between 0.5 and 3.5 at light saturation level.
\n\t\t\tChl fluorescence analysis gives a measure of the photosynthetic rate and for this reason it is extremely useful. Really, Chl fluorescence gives information about the efficiency of PSII photochemistry that, in laboratory conditions, is strictly correlated with CO2 photoassimilation (Edwards & Baker, 1993, Genty et al., 1989). Under field conditions, this correlation is lost because other processes compete with CO2 assimilation such as photorespiration, nitrogen metabolism and Mehler reaction (Fryer et al., 1998). In addition to, a complication derives to heterogeneity between samples. To calculate ETR we assume that the light absorbs by PSII is constant, but it is not true. Even if there are some limitations, Chl fluorescence can give a good, rapid and non invasive measurements of changes in PSII photochemistry and then also the possibility to evaluate the effects of abiotic stresses on PSII performance.
\n\t\tThe evolution of Chl fluorescence analysis is represented by Chl fluorescence imaging which can be useful applied into two general areas: the study of heterogeneity on leaf lamina and the screening of a large numbers of samples. This technique has been widely applied in the past during induction of photosynthesis (Bro et al., 1996, Oxborough & Baker, 1997), with changes in carbohydrate translocation (Meng et al., 2001), in response to drought (Meyer & Genty, 1999, West et al., 2005), chilling (Hogewoning & Harbinson, 2007), ozone pollution (Guidi et al., 2007, Guidi & Degl’Innocenti, 2008, Leipner et al., 2001), wounding (Quilliam et al., 2006), high light (Zuluaga et al., 2008) and infection with fungi (Guidi et al., 2007, Meyer et al., 2001, Scharte et al., 2005, Scholes & Rolfe, 1996, Schwarbrick et al., 2006) or virus (Perez-Bueno et al., 2006). With Chl fluorescence imaging is possible to detect an analysis of stress-induced changes in fluorescence emission at very early stage of stress. In addition to, Chl fluorescence imaging technique represents a useful screening tool for crop yield improvement.
\n\t\t\tThe most essential new information provided by Chl fluorescence imaging relates to the detection of lateral heterogeneities of fluorescence parameters which reflect physiological heterogeneities. It is well known that even physiologically healthy leaves are "patchy" with respect to stomatal opening. Furthermore, stress induced limitations, which eventually will lead to damage, are not evenly distributed over the whole leaf area. Fluorescence imaging may serve as a convenient tool for early detection of such stress induced damage. The main difference between the conventional fluorometer and the imaging fluorometer is the possibility of parallel assessment of several samples under identical conditions.
\n\t\t\tFor example we treated plants of Phaseolus vulgaris (cv. Cannellino) with a single pulse of ozone (O3) (150 nL L-1for 5 h) and evidenced upon leaf lamina and evident heterogeneity in some Chl fluorescence parameter as compared to control exposed to charcoal filtered air for the same period (Guidi & Degl’Innocenti, data not published) (Figure 2).
\n\t\t\tIt is know as in plants exposed to chilling stress, photosynthetic enzymes may be inactivated or degraded and photodamage to PSII may happen, reducing photosynthesis (Dai et al., 2007, Feng & Cao, 2005, Flexas et al. 1999). The reduction in photosynthetic CO2 assimilation may lead to accumulation of excess energy especially at high irradiance and consequently to photoinhibition (Feng & Cao, 2005, Hovenden & Warren, 1998). In variegated leaves of Calathea makoyana the effect of chilling (5 and 10 C for 1-7 d) on PSII efficiency was studied in order to understand the causes of chilling-induced photoinhibition (Hogewoning & Harbinson, 2007). The individual leaves were divided into a shaded zone and two illuminated, chilled zones. Chilling up to 7 d in the dark did not influence PSII efficiency whereas chilling in the light caused severe photoinhibition. Data obtained from Chl fluorescence imaging were confirmed by visual appearance of symptoms which were evident in the portion of leaves chilled and illuminated. Obtained results showed that photoinhibition was due to a secondary effect in the unchilled leaf tip (sink limitation) as revealed by starch accumulation data. Instead it was a direct effect of chilling and irradiance in the chilled illuminated zones.
\n\t\t\tChl fluorescence imaging of Fv/Fm (A), PSII (B) and non-photochemical quenching (C) in leaves of P. vulgaris cv. Cannellino exposed for 5 h at an O3 concentration of 150 nL L-1 (Ozone) or 2 nL l-1 (Control). All images are normalised to the false colour bar provided. The analyses of Fv/Fm were carried out on dark-adapted leaves, while PSII and qNP at a light intensity of 500 mol m-2s-1. The pixel value display is based on a false-colour scale ranging from black (0.00 to 0.040) via red, yellow, green, blue to purple (ending at 1.00) (from Guidi & Degl’Innocenti, data not published).
\n\t\t\t\tCalatayud et al. (2008) studied the effects of two nutrient solution temperatures (10 and 22 C) during the flowering of Rosa x hybrida by using Chl fluorescence imaging. The obtained results showed as the nutrient solution temperatures of 10 C induced an increase in PSII parameters indicating that the majority of photons absorbed by PSII were used in photochemistry and that PSII centers were maintained in an oxidized state.
\n\t\t\tWater stress is another important abiotic stress that induces reduction of growth and yield of plants. For this reason the development of drought-tolerance is an important target of the researchers. The effects of drought on photosynthetic process have been extensively studied in many plant species and the possible mechanisms involved in the responses have been suggested (Cornic & Fresneau, 2002, Flexas et al., 2002, 2004, Grassi & Magnani, 2005, Long & Bernacchi, 2003). Masacci et al. (2008) took Chl fluorescence images from leaves of Gossypium hirsutum to study the spatial pattern of PSII efficiency and non-photochemical quenching parameters. They found that under low and moderate light intensity, the onset of drought stress caused an increase in the operating quantum efficiency of PSII (PSII) which indicated increased photorespiration since photosynthesis was hardly affected by water shortage. The increase in PSII was caused by an increase in Fv’/Fm’ and by a decrease in non-photochemical quenching. Chl fluorescence imaging showed a low spatial heterogeneity of PSII. The authors concluded that the increase in photorespiration rate in plants during the water stress can be seen as an acclimation process to avoid an over-excitation of PSII under more severe drought conditions.
\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\tQing-Ming et al., (2008) used Chl fluorescence imaging analysis to detect the effects of drought stress and elevated CO2 concentration (780 mol mol-1) in cucumber seedlings. They found that electron transport rate and the light saturation level declined significantly with drought stress aggravation in both CO2 concentrations. Drought stress decreased maximal photosynthetic ETR and subsequently decreased the capacity of preventing photodamage. At the same time, elevated CO2 concentration increased the light saturation level significantly, irrespective of the water conditions. Elevated CO2 concentration can alleviate drought stress-induced photoinhibitory damage by improving saturating photosynthetically active radiation.
\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\tSommerville et al. (2010) examined the different spatial response in photosynthesis with drought in two species with contrasting hydraulic architecture. The authors hypothesized that areole regions near primary nerves would show a smaller decline in the maximum efficiency of PSII photochemistry with drought compared with regions between secondary nerves and that the difference between areole regions would be smaller in phyllodes with higher primary nerve density. Indeed, the phyllodes of Acacia floribunda were found to have both greater primary nerve density and show greater spatial homogeneity in photosynthetic function with drought compared with the phyllodes of Acacia pycnantha. A. floribunda phyllodes also maintained function of the photosynthetic apparatus with drought for longer and recovered more swiftly from drought than A. pycnantha.
\n\t\t\tDrought is a type of stress which can induce heterogeneity in leaf photosynthesis that probably occurs when dehydration is rapid as in the case of drought experiments performed on potted plants by withholding water. Using Chl fluorescence imaging, Flexas et al. (2006) showed in herbaceous species that exogenous ABA did not induce patchy stomatal closure even when stomatal conductance dropped too much lower values lower than 0.05 mol m−2 s−1.
\n\t\t\tEven the quality and quantity of light intensity notable influence the photosynthetic apparatus and functioning. Generally, sun- and shade leaves differ in the composition of leaf pigment, electron carriers on thylakoids membranes, structure of the chloroplast and photosynthetic rate (Anderson et al., 1995, Boardman, 1977, Lichtenthaler, 1981, 1984, Lichtenthaler et al., 2007, Takahashi & Badger, 2010). Lichtenthaler et al. (2007) studied the differential pigment composition and photosynthetic activity of sun and shade leaves of deciduous (Acer psuedoplatanus, Fagus sylvatica, Tilia cordata) and coniferous (Abies alba) trees by using Chl fluorescence imaging analysis. This tool not only provided the possibility to screen the differences in photosynthetic CO2 assimilation rate between sun and shade leaves, but in addition permitted detection and quantification of the large gradient in photosynthetic rate across the leaf area existing in sun and shade leaves.
\n\t\t\tChl fluorescence analysis is used also to characterized photosynthetic process in transgenic plants such as tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) cv. Micro-Tom transformed with the Arabidopsis thaliana\n\t\t\t\tMYB75/PAP1 (PRODUCTION OD ANTHOCYANIN PIGMENT 1) gene (Zuluaga et al., 2008). This gene encodes for a well known transcription factor, which is involved in anthocyanin production and is modulated by light and sucrose. The presence of a higher constitutive level of anthocyanin pigments in transgenic plants could give them some advantage, in terms of adaptation and defence against environmental stresses. To test this hypothesis, a high light experiment was carried out exposing wild type and transgenic tomato plants to a strong light irradiance for about ten days and monitoring the respective phenotypic and physiological changes. The light intensity used was very high and likely not similar to normal environmental conditions (at least for such a prolonged period). Chlorophyll fluorescence imaging on control and stressed leaves from both genotypes suggest that, in transgenic leaves, the apparent tolerance to photoinhibition was probably not due to an increased capacity for PSII to repair, but reflected instead the ability of these leaves to protect their photosynthetic apparatus.
\n\t\t\tCertainly among abiotic stress the pollutants can alter the physiology and biochemistry of plants. Ozone is an air pollutant that induces reduction in growth and yield of plants species. The major target of the O3 effects is represented by photosynthetic process and many works have been reported as this pollutant can impair CO2 assimilation rate. Plant response depends also on the dose (concentration x time). In fact, it can distinguish chronic exposure to O3 from acute one. It is termed chronic exposure the long-term exposure at concentration < 100 nL L-1 whereas the acute O3 exposure is generally defined as exposure to a high level of O3 concentration (> 100 nL L-1) for a short period of time, typically on the order of hours (Kangasjarvi et al., 2005). Chen et al. (2009) studied the effects of acute (400 nL L-1, 6 h) and chronic (90 nL L-1, 8 h d-1, 28 d) O3 concentration on photosynthetic process of soybean plants. Although both acute and chronic O3 treatment resulted in a similar overall photosynthetic impairment compared to the controls, the fluorescence imaging analysis revealed that the physiological mechanisms underlying the decreases differed. In the acute O3 treatments over the chronic one there was a greater spatial heterogeneity related to several bases. The higher O3 concentration typically induced oxidative stress and the hypersensitive response within a matter of hours leading to programmed cellular death (PCD). By the end of chronic O3 treatment, control leaves showed an increase in spatial heterogeneity of photosynthesis linked to the process of natural senescence. Clearly, in this study it has been demonstrated as Chl fluorescence imaging represents a useful tool to study also mechanisms on the basis of plants responses to abiotic stress such as O3 pollution.
\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\tGuidi et al. (2007) used Chl fluorescence analysis to study the effects of an acute O3 treatment (150 nL L-1 for 5 h) or artificial inoculation with a pathogen (Pleiochaeta setosa) on photosynthesis of Lupinus albus. The aim of the work was to compare the perturbations in photosynthesis induced by an abiotic or biotic stress. In addition to, in the work were compared results obtained by conventional Chl fluorescence analysis and the technique of Chl fluorescence imaging. Image analysis of Fv/Fm showed a different response in plants subjected to ozone or inoculated with P. setosa. Indeed, in ozonated leaves fluorescence yield was lower in leaf veins than in the mesophyll with the exception of the necrotic areas where no fluorescence signals could be detected. This suggests that the leaf area close to the veins were more sensitive to ozone. The parameter PSII decreased significantly in both infected and ozonated leaves, but image analysis provides more information than the conventional fluorometer. In fact, until 48 h after ozone treatment or fungal inoculation, PSII tended to decrease, especially in the infected leaves. Afterwards, a distinct stimulation of photosynthesis was observed in the area surrounding the visible lesions induced by the fungus. This did not occur in the ozonated leaves, as suggested also by the higher values of qP (data not shown). This phenomenon was not observed using the conventional fluorometer which recorded a similar reduction in this parameter in both ozonated and inoculated leaves.
\n\t\t\tIn an other work Guidi and Degl’Innocenti (2008) studied the response to photoinhibiton and subsequent recovery in plants of Phaseolus vulgaris (cv. Pinto) exposed to charcoal-filtered air or to an acute O3 exposure (150 nL L-1 for 3 or 5 h). Susceptibility to photoinhibition in bean leaves was determined as changes in the Fv/Fm ratio and the images of the ratio are reported in Figure 3. Initial values of Fv/Fm were 0.796, 0.784 and 0.741 for plants maintained in charcoal-filtered air, or treated with a single exposure to O3 for 3 h, or for 5 h, respectively. The results indicate that treatment with O3 for 5 h induced a slight photoinhibition. The exposure of control plants (charcoal-filtered air for 5 h) at a light intensity of 1000 mol m-2s-1 resulted in a significant reduction in Fv/Fm (P < 0.01) (Fig. 2b), while plants treated with O3 for 3 h showed an increased tolerance to photoinhibition with less reduction in Fv/Fm (Fig. 2f). Plants treated with O3 for 5 h and then exposed to high light showed a reduction in Fv/Fm ratio values similar to those recorded in control plants (Fig. 2i and l). However, while control plants or treated with O3 for 3 h recovered their initial value 24 h after photoinhibition treatment, plants treated with O3 for 5 h did not show the same ability to recover. In these plants the values of the Fv/Fm ratio did not recover and, 48 h after photoinhibition leaves showed visible symptoms of damage over the entire surfaces which precluded further analysis. At the same time, severe wilting did not permit chlorophyll fluorescence imaging.
\n\t\t\tMost of the abiotic stresses induce in plants an oxidative damage of the cell structure and consequently a loss in the cellular activities. Chloroplast represents the organelle which possesses pigments that absorb light and drive redox reactions of thylakoids but also the site in the cell where O2 is evolved from water. Clearly, it represents an organelle such as mitochondria, in which the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) can occur. On the other hand, chloroplasts are able to produce strong oxidants associated with PSII which are responsible for the splitting of H2O molecules, but they can also oxidize pigments, proteins and lipid of the thylakoid membranes as well. This characteristic makes the chloroplast a major stress sensor in green plants (Biswal & Biswal 1999). Even the separation charge and the electron transport rate associated represent another important factor that makes chloroplast sensitive to stress. Using image analysis tools Aldea et al. (2006) observed a statistical relationship between ROS and reductions in photosynthetic efficiency (PSII) in leaves damaged simultaneously by O3 (80 nL L-1 for 8 h) and viral infection (soybean mosaic virus). The author by using Chl fluorescence analysis overlapped spatial maps of PSII and ROS and found that areas with depressed PSII corresponded to areas of high ROS concentration.
\n\t\t\tRepresentative fluorescence images of the Fv/Fm ratio in leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris L. cultivar Pinto after a single exposure to O3 (150 ppb) for 3 h (Ozone 3 h; e–h) or 5 h (Ozone 5 h; i–m) or exposed to charcoal-filtered air (control, a–d) (Pre-PI). The images correspond to different measurement times: after charcoal-filtered air or O3 exposure (a, e and i), after photoinhibitory treatment for 5 h (b, f and l), after recovery in the dark for 24 h (c, g and m) or for 48 h (d and h). All images are normalised to the false colour bar provided. The analyses of Fv/Fm were carried out on dark-adapted leaves. The pixel value display is based on a false-colour scale ranging from black (0.00 to 0.040) via red, yellow, green, blue to purple (ending at 1.00) (from Guidi & Degl’Innocenti, 2008).
Wounding is another common abiotic stress which induces a spatial and temporal complex series of responses in plants. In fact, wounding induces by herbivore or mechanical damage determines localized cell death, loss of water and solutes from cut surface which provides a point of entry of bacterial and fungal pathogens and disrupts vascular system. Many responses can be activated following wounding such as defense and repair mechanisms which require a high metabolic demand upon wounded region. These responses determine the synthesis of new molecules and then energy and carbon skeleton. An interesting work reported the study of the spatial and temporal changes in source-sink relationships which occur in mechanically wounded leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana (Quilliam et al., 2006). When the Chl fluorescence imaging analyses was made immediately after wounding there was a localized reduction in the steady-state of PSII in cells adjacent to the wound margin and this suggests that these cells were damaged. No changes in Fv/Fm ratio were observed. Twenty-four hours after wounding, cells proximal to the wound margin showed a rapid induction of PSII upon illumination whilst cells more distal to the wound margin exhibited a much slower induction of PSII and a large increase of NPQ. The obtained results indicate of an increase in sink strength in the vicinity of the wound.
\n\t\t\tChl fluorescence imaging has been used also for particular studies such as the characterization of a mutants with altered leaf morphology that are useful as markers for the study of genetic systems and for probing the leaf differentiation process. In a study carried out by Fambrini et al (2010) a mutant with deficient greening and altered development of the leaf mesophyll appeared in an inbred line of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). The mutation, named mesophyll cell defective1 (mcd1), has pleiotropic effects and it is inherited as a monogenic recessive. The structure and tissue organization of mcd1 leaves are disrupted A deficient accumulation of photosynthetic pigments characterizes both cotyledons and leaves of the mutant. In mcd1 leaves, Chl fluorescence imaging evidences a spatial heterogeneity of leaf photosynthetic performance. Little black points, which correspond to PSII maximum efficiency (Fv/Fm) values close to zero, characterize the mcd1 leaves. Similarly, the light adapted quantum efficiency (ΦPSII) values show a homogeneous distribution over wild type leaf lamina, while the damaged areas in mcd1 leaves, represented by yellow zones, are prominent (Figure 4).
\n\t\t\tIn conclusion, the loss of function of the MCD1 gene in Helianthus annuus is correlated with a variegated leaf phenotype characterized by a localized destruction of mesophyll morphogenesis and defeat of PSII activity.
\n\t\t\tAnother interesting application of Chl fluorescence imaging in represented by its used to analyze the generation of action potentials in irritated Dionaea muscipula traps to determine the ‘site effect’ of the electrical signal-induced inhibition of photosynthesis (Pavlovic et al. 2011). Irritation of trigger hairs and subsequent generation of action potentials resulted in a decrease in the effective photochemical quantum yield of photosystem II (PSII) and the rate of net photosynthesis (Figure 5).
\n\t\t\tDuring the first seconds of irritation, increased excitation pressure in PSII was the major contributor to the decreased PSII. Within 1 min, NPQ released the excitation pressure at PSII. All the data presented in this work indicate that the main primary target of the electrical signal induced inhibition of photosynthesis is the dark reaction, whereas the inhibition of electron transport is only a consequence of reduced carboxylation efficiency. In addition, the study also provides valuable data confirming the hypothesis that chlorophyll a fluorescence is under electrochemical control.
\n\t\t\tChl fluorescence imaging combined with thermal imaging has been used also for monitoring and screening plant population (Chaerle et al., 2006). Rapid screening for stomatal responses can be achieved by thermal imaging, while, combined with fluorescence imaging to study photosynthesis, can potentially be used to derive leaf water use efficiency as a screening parameter.
\n\t\t\tAnalysis of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in wild type (wt) and mesophyll cell defective1 (mcd1) mutant plants of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). A–C: Fluorescence images of the maximum efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm; A), the proportion of absorbed light, which is utilized for photosynthetic electron transport (ΦPSII; B), and the nonphotochemical quenching coefficient (qNP; C), in representative leaves from wild type (left column) and mcd1 mutant (right column), are shown (from Fambrini et al., 2010).
Spatiotemporal changes of effective photochemical quantum yield of PSII (ΦPSII) in a D. muscipula closed trap assessed by chlorophyll fluorescence imaging. The trap was irritated by a thin wire between 162 s and 177 s (image obtained from Pavlovic et al. 2011).
Although Chl fluorescence fluorometers have been developed to measure chlorophyll fluorescence from green tissues, which are high in chlorophyll content, the extraordinary sensitivity of current instruments enables measurements in non-green plant tissues that have relatively low chlorophyll content. This includes many types of ripening fruit that during development degrade the chloroplasts (including chlorophyll) that are contained in the fruit skin. Even non-green fruit that are highly colored (e.g., apples, tomatoes), contain active chloroplasts that yield a chlorophyll fluorescence signal of sufficient strength that it can be used as a probe of photosynthetic activity in the fruit skin (DeEll et al., 1995). In food technology, Chl fluorescence imaging can provide a rapid and non-invasive, post-harvest evaluation of the quality of fruits and vegetables (DeEll et al., 1995, DeEll & Toivonen, 2000). Nedbal & Withmarsh (2004) reported an interesting article on this topic. By applying fluorescence imaging on individual fruit before any symptoms of bitter pit were apparent, lower fluorescence was shown to be associated with bitter pit development in apples in selective cases (Lotze et al., 2006). The authors showed that, using averaged cumulative distribution functions (CDFs) of pitted and non-pitted fruit classes, it was possible to show a difference between these classes with fluorescence imaging. Results of pre-harvest imaging on apples to identify fruit with bitter pit potential at harvest showed that pitted fruit were correctly classified (75–100%). However, misclassification of non-pitted fruit (50% and less) with fluorescence imaging is still too high to be of any commercial.
\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\tObenland & Neipp (2005) used Chl fluorescence analysis in green lemons (Citrus union) 30 minutes after immersion of the fruit into 55 C water for 5 minutes to determine if this methodology could be used to identify areas of hot water-induced rind injury before the appearance of visible symptoms. Fluorescence was variable in intensity over the surface of the rind with defined areas of enhanced fluorescence being present that corresponded in shape and location with visible injury that later developed during 24 hours of storage. The authors concluded that imaging of Chl fluorescence has potential as a means to identify areas of incipient rind injury in citrus to facilitate study of the causal mechanisms of postharvest rind disorders. On the other hand, previously Nedbal et al. (2000) demonstrated the potential for using rapid imaging of Chl fluorescence in post-harvest fruit to develop an automated device that can identify and remove poor quality fruit long before visible damage appears.
\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\tMeyerhoff & Pfündel (2008) used Chl fluorescence imaging to detect the presence of functioning PSII in fruits of strawberries. From obtained results authors concluded that it is unclear if photosynthesis in strawberry fruits is capable to support seed development.
\n\t\t\tChl fluorescence imaging can be conveniently used to study the functioning of PSII in leaves and permits to detect the heterogeneity of photosynthesis which is particularly evident in stressed leaves. However, it has been reported as it can be conveniently used also for particular application such as the study of fruit quality in postharvest. For these reasons Chl fluorescence imaging represents an important and useful tool in ecophysiological and post harvest studies that permits to detect the effects of abiotic stress even at early stages and before the visual appearance of symptoms of damage.
\n\t\tA growing body of theory and research in the last three decades supports the crucial role of mediated learning experience (MLE) strategies and cognitive modifiability [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]. In this chapter, the role of MLE strategies in mother-child interactions as a proximal factor of cognitive modifiability is focused and the empirical validation is presented. In the first segment of this chapter, the MLE theory is presented, and in the second segment, selected research findings are demonstrated supporting the crucial role of MLE strategies in facilitating cognitive modifiability. Finally, the discussion segment deals with suggestions for future research and an integrative summary.
MLE processes designate a special quality of interaction between a mediator and a learner [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]. In this qualitative interactional process, parents or other socialization agents interject themselves between the information surrounding the child and mediate the information to the developing child. Mediation is carried out usually by modifying the information to the child so that he/she can register and internalize it [6]. Feuerstein et al. [1] conceived the MLE processes as a proximal factor that explains directly cognitive development and cognitive modifiability. Cognitive modifiability, which is a key concept of the MLE theory, was defined as the propensity of individuals to learn from new experiences and to change their cognitive structures. Cognitive modifiability is characterized by three main aspects: permanence, pervasiveness, and centrality. Permanence is the tendency of the cognitive change to be durable over time. For example, learning of the concept of number will be durable over time. Pervasiveness is characterized by a process by which a change in one part of the cognitive system affects other parts of the system. For example, learning of analogy in a figural domain will spread to understanding of analogy in a verbal domain. Centrality is characterized by a self-perpetuating process; changes in the cognitive system become autonomous and self-regulating. For example, a child who learns the concept of reversibility will tend to explore it further and apply it creatively in different contexts than the original context in which the concept was acquired.
Feuerstein et al. [1] suggested that “MLE provides the organism with instruments of adaptation and learning in such a way as to enable the individual to use the direct-exposure modality for learning more efficiently and thus become modified” (p. 206).
According to the MLE theory, parents are perceived of as active-modifying mediators that shape child’s development. In the mediation process, parents use different strategies (i.e., focusing, providing meaningful stimuli, alerting attention, altering stimulus frequency, ordering events, fluctuating intensity of stimuli, linking novel information to familiar contexts, and regulating the order and timing of information sequence). Adequate mediation refers as well to motivational aspects such as arousing of attention, curiosity, and vigilance, focusing on relevant characteristics of the situation and providing meanings to neutral stimuli. Internalization of MLE processes helps the child in the future to benefit from new experiences. The integrated MLE processes facilitate not only learning from others but also autonomous self-mediation. It should be emphasized that as the child develops self-mediation strategies, the mediator should gradually withdraw from provision of mediation and encourage the child to be more autonomous in the learning process. Satisfactory MLE interactions help the learning individual to develop various cognitive functions and strategies, mental operations (i.e., comparison, analogy, syllogism), metacognitive strategies, cognitive flexibility, and intrinsic motivation. Adequate MLE processes by parents depend on numerous factors such as parents’ mediation skills, awareness to the importance of mediation in developing the child’s cognitive development, the child’s cognitive abilities, need for mastery, emotional factors (e.g., attachment, security, trust), behavioral predispositions (e.g., temperament, hyperactivity), characteristics of stimuli (e.g., task complexity, novelty, intensity), and situational conditions (e.g., stress, time pressure). The more the child experiences MLE interactions, the more he/she is able to learn from direct exposure to formal and informal learning situations, regardless of the richness of stimuli they provide.
Lack of or poor MLE may be derived from either inadequate environmental condition for mediation (i.e., poverty) or inner barriers for acceptance of mediation, which is potentially available (e.g., physical or mental inability of the child to benefit from mediational interactions). In the first case, limited mediation is derived from parents’ low educational level, lack of awareness to or knowledge of the importance of mediation, and adverse life events.
Feuerstein’s MLE theory is in some respects like Vygotsky’s [7, 8] concepts of the zone of proximal development and internalization and the concept of scaffolding [9, 10, 11, 12]. A basic assumption of MLE theory is that individuals learn by way of two main modalities: direct exposure to stimuli and mediated learning experience (see model inFigure 1). Direct exposure is characterized by unmediated encounters of individuals with stimuli in the environment. In Figure 1, the top and bottom arrows from the S (Stimuli) to the O (Organism-learner) represent the direct exposure. The arrows directed from the S to the H (Human) and from the H to the O represent MLE interaction. In MLE, learning is carried out by an experienced adult (i.e., parent, teacher) or peers who interpose themselves between the learner and the environment. In order for the information to be registered efficiently by the learner, the mediator modifies it in various ways. For example, the mediator may change its frequency, reorder its sequence, enhance its intensity, present it in a new context, arouse the child’s curiosity, alertness, and perceptual acuity, and improve the cognitive functions required for effective input, processing, and output of information.
The mediated learning experience (MLE) model (copied by permission from Feuerstein et al. [1]).
As can be seen in Figure 1, the mediator not only conveys to the child the external stimuli but also mediates how to respond to others the outcomes of processing and thinking. This phase of mediation is represented by the arrows pointing from the O to R (i.e., from mediator to child’s own response). The MLE processes depend not only on parent’s adequate mediation but also on children’s cognitive strengths and deficiencies, motivational, emotional, and personality factors, behavioral tendencies, task characteristics, and situational conditions. The mediator represented by the H should be flexible and “elastic.” He/she should adjust mediation based on the phase of child’s phase of learning. Mediation should be enhanced or withdrawn based on the child’s difficulty level or progress and improvement as well as on environmental conditions that affect the learning process.
According to the MLE theory, a clear distinction is made between distal and proximal factors of cognitive modifiability. Distal factors are not considered as direct in explaining cognitive modifiability. Examples of distal factors are poverty, socioeconomic status, hereditary factors, and emotional disturbance. They might correlate with cognitive modifiability and have indirect effect through the proximal factor of MLE. MLE interactions are conceived as a proximal factor explaining individual differences in learning and cognitive modifiability.
In developing the MLE theory, Feuerstein et al. [1] suggest 12 criteria or strategies; the first three criteria are considered as necessary and sufficient for an interaction to be classified as MLE: Intentionality and Reciprocity, Meaning, and Transcendence. These three strategies are universal and can be found in all cultures. They do not depend on the language modality or content of mediation. They might be expressed by body gestures, face mimics, and verbalization. The other 10 criteria are culturally related, task-dependent, and reflect the mediator’s and child’s unique characteristics such as cognitive style, motivational orientation, and types of skill and content.
The first five MLE strategies were operationalized and observed in interactions of mother-child (e.g., [2, 3, 4, 6, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18], peer mediation [19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28], siblings [17, 22, 29], and teachers [30, 31]). These strategies are presented in the following section.
Intentionality and Reciprocity refers to a mediator’s deliberate efforts to change a child’s attention, awareness, and perception. Mediation for Intentionality alone is inadequate without the child’s reciprocity (vocal, verbal, or nonverbal). Intentionality and Reciprocity is observed, for instance, when a caregiver offers a toy to a child or verbally focuses a child’s attention to a plant and the child responds to it. This strategy is considered crucial for starting the mediation process and later on for enhancement of other MLE strategies such as feelings of competence and self-regulation.
Mediation of Meaning is characterized by mediator’s behavior that conveys the affective and value-oriented significance of an object or event. It can be expressed verbally (“Wow, how beautiful”) by relating it to other events and emphasizing its importance and value (“I received this ring from my mother”). Mediation of Meaning may also be expressed nonverbally by facial expression, tone of voice, and repetitious actions that convey the significance of the object or event. Children experiencing Mediation of Meaning tend to actively attach future meanings to new experiences rather than passively wait for meanings to appear.
Mediation of Transcendence is characterized by interactions in which the mediator goes beyond the concrete situation or beyond the immediate needs of the child. The mediator tries to reach out for goals that are beyond the specific context or activity. A parent who interacts with his/her child may go beyond the specific experience at a certain time and teach strategies rules and principles (i.e., “draw first the main figure and then the secondary lines”) to generalize to other situations. For instance, in a play situation, the parent may mediate the principles of game and generalize them to other situations. Mediation for Transcendence depends on the first two strategies. The combination of all three first strategies enhances the development of cognitive modifiability and expands the individual’s need system.
Mediation of Feelings of Competence refers to an interaction in which a mediator rewards the child for a successful performance or interprets to the child his/her own success. Mediation of feelings of competence is also carried out when the mediator sequences the task, organizes the environment, and provides occasions to ensure success.
Mediation of Self-regulation is characterized by interactions in which a mediator helps the child to control behavior by either slowing down or accelerating his/her response to events, depending on task difficulty level. Mediation for self-regulation is expressed most frequently when the mediator helps the child to inhibit impulsivity level by delaying response to a stimulus. Self-regulation is mediated usually by arousing awareness to task characteristics (e.g., analyzing the task components), providing metacognitive strategies and modeling of self-regulation behavior.
An integrative component of the MLE theory is related to dynamic assessment (DA) of learning potential. DA refers to “an assessment, by an active teaching process, of a child’s perception, learning, thinking, and problem solving. The process is aimed at modifying an individual’s cognitive function and observing subsequent changes in learning and problem-solving patterns within the testing situation” (p. 6, 2). DA is based on perception of the cognitive system as modifiable beyond barriers of age, etiology, and severity of handicap [1, 2, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38]. DA has been motivated by the inadequacy of standardized static tests to provide accurate information about the individual’s learning ability, specific deficient functions, metacognitive strategies, mediation strategies that are required for cognitive modifiability, specific learning processes, and specific recommendations for individualized learning plans. DA approach is different from static standardized tests in terms of goals of testing, nature of tasks, test situation, change of test focus from end product to process orientation, and interpretation of results. Cognitive modifiability is measured in most studies by DA, which tap “learning how-to-learn” skills. DA of learning potential is based mainly on Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory [7, 8], specifically the zone of proximal development concept, Feuerstein’s mediated learning experience (MLE) theory [1] and Tzuriel’s DA approach developed in the last four decades [2, 3, 4, 5, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43]. Unlike standardized (or static) tests where the examiner presents items to the child and records his/her response without any attempt to intervene, in DA the examiner tries to teach and change the child’s performance while observing the amount and quality of changes. The conceptualization behind DA is that it reflects MLE strategies at home more than standardized static measures of intelligence. The MLE strategies used within the DA procedure are more similar to learning processes in other life contexts than do standardized testing methods. They give therefore better indications about learning potential and future changes of cognitive development. For a detailed discussion, the reader is referred to Tzuriel’s writings [2, 3, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42].
The effects of parent-child interaction on cognitive development captured the interest of researchers for several decades [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 14, 19, 20, 21, 22, 29, 31, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49]. The general hypothesis in studies deriving from the MLE paradigm is that parent-child MLE interactions predict significantly children’s cognitive modifiability and that postteaching performance on DA is reflecting children’s cognitive ability more than preteaching performance (i.e., static measure). This hypothesis is based on the idea that adequate parent-child MLE offers children “psychological tools” [7, 8] that serve to expand and differentiate their zone of proximal development (ZPD). According to Vygotsky, MLE interactions are more accurate in predicting the upper level of ZPD than static test performance [2]. In the following, the Observation of Mediation Interaction scale [13, 14, 15, 16] that was used to measure MLE strategies and Tzuriel’s DA approach that was used to measure cognitive modifiability are presented. Following these methodological aspects, research that validates the impact of MLE on cognitive modifiability is presented.
Research on MLE processes has been carried out mostly by videotaping of the interaction and analyzing them later by observers using the Observation of Mediation Interaction scale (OMI; [14, 15, 16, 17]). For instance, when a parent focuses the child’s attention on some aspects of a stimulus, it has been coded as Intentionality (focusing) only if it was reciprocated by the child’s response. Transcendence (expanding) was coded when the mediator tried to generalize a rule, suggest a concept, or a principle that goes beyond the concreteness of the situation. The OMI is based on an interaction “event” that might contain one or more MLE strategies. A basic assumption of the OMI is that MLE processes observed in a seminatural experimental context reflect the spontaneous MLE processes at home; this has been supported in several studies [13, 14, 15, 16, 17]. In all studies, dyads of mothers with their children (or peers or siblings) were videotaped in a seminatural context of an adjunct room of the kindergarten, or in the child’s home; both places were familiar to children and their mothers. In a free-play condition, sets of games and play materials were placed on the table in a kindergarten room or at home. Mediators were instructed to play in whatever they want with their child for 15 minutes. More specifically, they are instructed to play in a similar way they are used to play at home. In a structured situation, mediators were given a few problems, which they had to teach their child. The tasks in different studies were composed of analogical problems, picture arrangement, and problems requiring logical inference; all tasks were not related to the tasks used in the following DA procedure. It should be emphasized that no directions were given as to how to teach the child. The OMI was found as strongly reliable as measured by interrater reliability and as robustly valid in many studies [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 29].
Tzuriel’s DA approach [2, 3, 4, 5] with young children is based on both Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory and Feuerstein’s MLE theory. The assessment approach is characterized by innovations of test materials, assessment procedures adapted for the developmental stages of young children, clinical and measurement versions of assessment, communication aspects, phases of assessment, and recording and scoring methods.
In all studies reported below, we used a measurement approach according to which pre- and postteaching phases are given without mediation and the child’s responses are scored; a short-term mediation phase is given between the tests. In the following, an example of a DA measure of young children, the Children’s Analogical Thinking Modifiability (CATM; [43]) is presented. For further description of Tzuriel’s DA measures, readers are referred to Tzuriel [2, 3, 4, 5].
The CATM (see Figure 2) is composed of three phases of teaching: preteaching, teaching, and postteaching. Each phase is composed of analogies increasing in level of difficulty. The operation of analogy was chosen as it has been considered as a powerful operation that covers a wide range of cognitive processes and as a principal operation related to problem-solving tasks and academic activities [50, 51, 52, 53]. The CATM test is composed of 14 items for each of the preteaching, teaching, and postteaching phases. The test materials include 18 colored blocks used to present and solve the analogies, and problem cards for the examiner. The problems are graduated in level of difficulty. The advanced problems require a relatively higher level of abstraction and cognitive functions such as systematic exploratory behavior and simultaneous consideration of a few sources of information. In item 13, for example (Figure 2), the child must compare the colors in the first pair of the problem, grasp the principle of opposite position of colors, apply the same principle in the second pair, and then compare the relations of shape and size in the first pair and apply the same relations in the second pair. As can be seen in Figure 2, the relation of colors is opposite in the first pair: top-yellow changes to bottom-yellow and bottom-red changes to top-red. The child must apply the rule of opposite colors to the second pair: top-blue changes to bottom-blue and bottom-yellow changes to top-yellow. After finding the correct colors, the child can analyze the relations for the other two dimensions of shape and size. In the teaching phase, the child is mediated to (a) search for relevant dimensions required for solution, (b) understand transformational rules of analogy, (c) use systematic exploratory behavior, (d) verbally anticipate the answer, and (d) improve search efficiency. There are two scoring methods: “all-or-none” (e.g., a score of 1 to full answer) or “partial credit” (e.g., a score of 1 for each correct dimension of color, shape, and size).
Example problem from the Children’s Analogical Thinking Modifiability [43] (by permission of the author).
The general hypothesis in studies deriving from the MLE theory is that parent-child MLE is more accurate in predicting the cognitive modifiability of the child (i.e., postteaching score) than a static test score (i.e., preteaching score). This hypothesis is based on Vygotsky’s theory [7, 8] that proper mediation affords children “psychological tools” that serve to expand their zone of proximal development (ZPD). Therefore, the upper level of ZPD measures would be more accurate as a predicted outcome of MLE interactions than static test performance [2]. In a series of studies carried out at Bar-Ilan University laboratory by Tzuriel [2, 3, 4, 5, 38], it was demonstrated that MLE strategies directly explain cognitive modifiability of children as measured by DA instruments. In the following, studies demonstrating the relation between parent-child MLE interactions and cognitive modifiability are presented. Because of space limitation, only two example studies are presented.
The main objective of the studies reported below was to validate the relationship between MLE processes and children’s cognitive modifiability and support the main hypothesis that the proximal factor of MLE is a causal factor that explains cognitive modifiability. Another objective was to find out which specific combination of MLE strategies predicts children’s cognitive modifiability. A summary of findings is presented in Table 1.
Study | Grade | Age | n | Sample | Dyad | DA tests | Analysis | MLE strategies |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Tzuriel and Eran [20] | K | 5–6 | 47 | Typical | M-C | CITM | Regression | MLE-Total |
2. Tzuriel and Ernst [21] | K | 5–6 | 48 | Typical | M-C | CATM | SEM | Transcendence |
3. Tzuriel [60] | K | 5–6 | 48 | Typical | M-C | CATM | Regression | MLE-Total competence |
4. Tzuriel and Weiss [26] | 2 | 7–8 | 54 | Typical | M-C | CITM | SEM | Transcendence regulation |
5. Tzuriel and Hatzir [61] | K | 5–6 | 60 | Typical | M-C + F-C | CATM CF | Regression | Transcendence intentionality and reciprocity |
6. Weitz and Tzuriel [62] | 3–4 | 5–8 | 56 | LBW + NBW | M-C | CATM CF | Regression | Transcendence regulation |
7. Tzuriel and Weitz [28] | 3–4 | 9–10 | 85 | LBW + NBW | M-C | CMB CF | Regression | Transcendence |
8. Tzuriel and Shomron [25] | 2–4 | 7–10 | 100 | LD | M-C | CMB | SEM | Transcendence |
9. Tzuriel and Bettan [27] | K | 5–6 | 72 | ADHD | M-C | CMB | SEM | Transcendence |
10. Tzuriel and Rokach [31] | 3–6 | 8–12a | 90 | Typical | Siblings | CMB | SEM | Transcendence |
11. Tzuriel and Caspi [19] | 3 | 8–9a | 100 | Typical | M-C + Peers | CMB STI | MANOVA Regression | Transcendence |
12. Tzuriel, Rotem and Kashy-Rosenbaum [63] | K | 5–6 | 100 | Typical | M-C + T-C | CATM | ANOVA Regression SEM | Transcendence |
Studies on MLE strategies and cognitive modifiability: sample characteristics, DA measures, analyses used, and MLE strategies (partially adapted from Tzuriel [5], with permission of the publisher).
Age of older sibling.
Reading: LBW = low birth weight, NBW = normal birth weight; LD = learning disabled; ADHD = attention deficit hyperactive disorder; SEM = structural equation modeling; M-C = mother-child; F-C = father-child; T-C = teacher-child; CATM = Children’s Analogical Thinking Modifiability; CITM = Children’s Inferential Thinking Modifiability; CMB = Cognitive Modifiability Battery (Analogies Subtest); CF = Complex Figure; STI = Seria-Think Instrument.
A major finding repeated in almost all studies was that children’s postteaching scores on DA measures were better predicted by MLE mother-child interactions than by static test scores (or preteaching DA scores). Because of space limitations, only two studied are reported here [20, 21]. The most striking finding emerging from Table 1 is that in 10 out of 12 studies the strategy that has emerged as most powerful in predicting cognitive modifiability was mediation for Transcendence (expanding), a finding that will be discussed later.
Study 1. In the first study, a sample of kibbutz mother-child dyads (n = 47) was observed in a free-play situation for 20 minutes [20]. The kibbutz young children (22 boys and 25 girls, age range = 4:7–7:8 years) were then administrated the Raven Colored Progressive Matrices (RCPM) [54] and the Children’s Inferential Thinking Modifiability test [40]. Performance on the CITM provides three types of scores: preteaching, postteaching, and gain. The data were analyzed by three stepwise regression analyses, one for each score. In each analysis, the RCPM and MLE-Total scores were assigned as predicting variables. The findings, presented schematically in Figure 3, revealed a very interesting pattern of prediction. The preteaching (static) score was predicted only by the RCPM (R = 0.40, p < 0.004). The postteaching score was predicted by both MLE-Total and RCPM (R = 0.69, p < 0.002). The gain score was predicted only by MLE-Total score (R = 0.43, p < 0.001). The interpretation of this progression of prediction was as follows. The preteaching score, which is a static score, was predicted only by the RCPM, which is also a static score. This finding settles with the notion that the common variance of two cognitive tests is higher than the common variance of a cognitive test with an observed behavior (i.e., MLE score). The postteaching score is presumably composed of two components: the previously acquired inferential skills (manifested in preteaching performance) and what has been learned as a function of mediation provided in the teaching phase. It is therefore reasonable to assume that the first component (postteaching score) was attributed to the static RCPM score and the second component (postteaching score) to the mother-child MLE score. Analysis of the gain score was significantly predicted only by mother-child MLE score. This increasing pattern of progression of prediction across the three regression analyses is quite intriguing as it shows that “the more the criterion score was saturated with teaching effects, within the testing DA procedure, the higher was the variance contributed by MLE mother-child processes” ([2], p. 155).
Prediction of CITM preteaching, CITM postteaching, and cognitive modifiability by Raven’s score and total MLE score.
Study 2. In this study [21], we observed a sample of kindergarten children (n = 48) and their mothers in free-play and structured (teaching) conditions and tested the children with the CATM test (see above). Mothers’ socioeconomic status (SES) and intelligence measured by Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices (RSPM) [55] were considered as distal factors, MLE strategies as proximal factors, and CATM postteaching score as indicator of cognitive modifiability. Children’s performance on the RCPM and the CATM preteaching scores were introduced as static test scores for comparison with the CATM postteaching score. The findings, analyzed by structural equation modeling (SEM, see Figure 4), show that the MLE strategy of Transcendence significantly predicted the CATM postteaching score and the MLE strategy of Meaning predicted the preteaching score. The children’s RCPM score did not predict or was not predicted by any of the variables. None of the distal factors of mother’s SES or intelligence predicted cognitive modifiability (i.e., CATM postteaching). The authors interpreted the findings as supporting the MLE theory regarding the causal effects of distal and proximal factors (MLE) on cognitive modifiability. Furthermore, the contribution of the specific MLE strategy could be attributed to the phase of testing. The prediction of CATM preteaching score by mediation of Meaning, which includes labeling of information, was interpreted as signifying the importance of verbal labeling of information in first encounters with analogy problems such as the CATM preteaching problems. On the other hand, the prediction of CATM postteaching score by mediation for Transcendence (expanding) indicates the significance of learning of abstract rules, cognitive strategies, and principles such as those mediated in the teaching phase and later assessed in the postteaching phase. Thus, children whose mothers used high level of mediation for Meaning internalized this mechanism of mediation and therefore performed better on the preteaching phase. Children whose mothers used a high level of mediation for Transcendence internalized this specific mechanism and used it later in other learning contexts. These results support the “specificity” [56] of the MLE strategies as predictors of cognitive outcomes.
Structural equation model analysis: the effects of distal factors (mothers’ socioeconomic level and intelligence) and proximal factors (MLE strategies) on children’s cognitive modifiability (copied by permission from Tzuriel and Ernst [21]).
The SEM analysis approach was applied in a series of seven studies [19, 20, 21, 22, 29, 31, 25, 26, 27, 28]. In all studies, we established the theoretical model of the effects of distal and proximal factors on cognitive modifiability. The overall results of the SEM analyses were congruent with MLE theory, according to which proximal factors explain individual differences in children’s cognitive functioning, whereas distal factors (i.e., SES level, mother’s intelligence, child’s personality, mother’s acceptance-rejection of the child) do not have a direct effect on children’s cognitive modifiability, although they do explain some of the MLE strategies (proximal factor).
In contradiction to the MLE theory, in two studies, distal factors were found as directly predicting cognitive modifiability; the samples in both studies were composed of children with learning and behavioral difficulties. For example, in a study carried out on kindergarten children with ADHD [51], two MLE strategies, Meaning (β = 0.26) and Transcendence (β = 0.46), predicted cognitive modifiability. Two distal factors severity of the ADHD (β = −0.26) and mother’s SES level (β = 0.46) explained directly children’s cognitive modifiability; these findings do not correspond the MLE theory. These findings indicate that the higher the severity of the child’s ADHD and the lower the mother’s SES level, the lower the cognitive modifiability of the child. Similarly, in Tzuriel and Shomron’s [25] study on children with learning disability (LD), one distal factor Home Environment (HOME [47]) explained directly children’s cognitive modifiability (β = 0.60) together with a summed score of four MLE strategies (β = 0.41). These findings indicate that for children experiencing learning difficulties, the distal factors influence directly the child’s cognitive modifiability. It is possible to explain these findings by the fact that in samples of children with learning difficulties (e.g., ADHD, LD), even adequate mother-child mediation is not sufficient to overcome or “nullify” the distal factors’ strength of predicting children’s cognitive modifiability. It should be emphasized that mothers of children with learning difficulties had no prior training for mediation. We assume that training of mothers to use better MLE strategies in their spontaneous interaction with their children would reduce significantly the effects of the distal factors on children’s cognitive modifiability. These findings offer an elaboration of the MLE theory. The effects of distal factors on children’s cognitive modifiability in samples of typically developing children are not direct (as conceptualized by the theory), whereas in samples of children with learning difficulties, distal factors have direct effects on children’s cognitive modifiability unless a more intensive level of mediation is applied. An intensive use of MLE strategies would minimize the effects of the distal factors. Enhancement of MLE strategies is essential to ameliorate the direct effects of distal factors on cognitive modifiability.
This modification of the MLE theory should be investigated in intervention studies where mothers of children with learning difficulties will be trained to use MLE strategies. We suggest that mothers trained to mediate (experimental) would be compared with nontrained mothers and their interactions with their children should be observed a year later after the effects of training are internalized and assimilated into the mother-child interactional system. The children should then be administered DA measures to assess their cognitive modifiability. My hypothesis is that distal factors will directly affect children’s cognitive modifiability among nontrained mothers but will be significantly lower or disappear among trained mothers.
The empirical findings of studies on the effects on mother-child MLE strategies on children’s cognitive studies support both commonsense knowledge and the MLE theory. MLE strategies used spontaneously in family interactions seem to facilitate the child’s ability to benefit from mediation offered within the family context and later to generalize to other formal and nonformal learning situations. An intriguing finding that has emerged consistently in most studies is that cognitive modifiability was predicted most powerfully by mediation for Transcendence (expanding) (Table 1). The effect of mediation for Transcendence is articulated in view of the fact that it is the least frequent strategy. Mediation for Transcendence is expressed by the mediator’s efforts to focus the child on concepts, generalizations, and principles, thus developing his/her abstract abilities.
The findings that distal factors in samples of children with learning difficulties [25, 27] directly predict children’s cognitive modifiability might indicate a need to modify or refine the MLE theory.
The distal factors were found as predictors of the proximal factor of MLE strategies in typically developing children, but they do not predict children’s cognitive modifiability. The MLE strategies in turn do predict children’s cognitive modifiability. However, in samples of children experiencing learning difficulties, the distal factors (adverse conditions) were found to affect directly children’s cognitive modifiability. It was suggested that to cancel or overcome the adverse effects, much more “robust” mediation efforts should be applied. The effects of the distal factors on children’s cognitive modifiability would diminish should mothers be trained to mediate.
I suggest refining the MLE theory and extend the concept of MLE to include it within a more complex transactional-ecological model. We should reconsider the reciprocal nature of MLE and cognition within a broader scope of environmental factors, as well as dealing with the MLE processes as one component within a holistic framework. This is especially important because of the menace of overextending the influence of MLE processes and overgeneralizing it to explain too many cognitive and noncognitive phenomena. It is imperative to establish the conceptual limits of MLE theory and delineate its specific effects. The term “transactional” (rather than interactional) is aimed at the idea that MLE processes and cognitive functioning are reciprocal and have mutual effects. Wachs and Plomin [57] distinguish between interaction and transaction. Interaction involves individuals differentially reacting to similar environments, whereas transaction implies effects that are differential for both individuals and environments. A different distinction was suggested by Tzuriel [2, 5]. Interactional process is conceptualized by relative simplicity and transience of effects, whereas a transactional process is dialectically circular with a continual change and mutual adjustment of the factors involved. This dialectical circularity poses a real challenge for theory development and methodology, but with recent advances in technology and sophisticated statistical analyses, it can be handled effectively. There is a possibility though that the children’s cognitive functioning might influence parent-child MLE strategies and that the circular relation between these factors depends on wider family, social, and cultural contexts. A similar conception has been discussed in Bronfenbrenner’s [59] ecological approach and by Super and Harkness [58], who proposed the concept of developmental niches. Some evidence for the effects of age, context, and severity of a child’s problems and cultural background has been reported as well [13, 14, 15, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22, 25, 26, 27, 28]. In addition to cognitive aspects, we should consider children’s affective and motivational processes as prerequisite factors in determining the nature of MLE processes and children’s cognitive modifiability.
This chapter was partially adapted from Tzuriel [5], by permission of the publisher.
IntechOpen aims to guarantee that original material is published while at the same time giving significant freedom to our Authors. We uphold a flexible Copyright Policy, guaranteeing that there is no transfer of copyright to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their Work.
',metaTitle:"Publication Agreement - Monograph",metaDescription:"IntechOpen aims to guarantee that original material is published while at the same time giving significant freedom to our authors. For that matter, we uphold a flexible copyright policy meaning that there is no transfer of copyright to the publisher and authors retain exclusive copyright to their work.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/publication-agreement-monograph",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"When submitting a manuscript, the Author is required to accept the Terms and Conditions set out in our Publication Agreement – Monographs/Compacts as follows:
\\n\\nCORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S GRANT OF RIGHTS
\\n\\nSubject to the following Article, the Author grants to IntechOpen, during the full term of copyright, and any extensions or renewals of that term, the following:
\\n\\nThe foregoing licenses shall survive the expiry or termination of this Publication Agreement for any reason.
\\n\\nThe Author, on his or her own behalf and on behalf of any of the Co-Authors, reserves the following rights in the Work but agrees not to exercise them in such a way as to adversely affect IntechOpen's ability to utilize the full benefit of this Publication Agreement: (i) reprographic rights worldwide, other than those which subsist in the typographical arrangement of the Work as published by IntechOpen; and (ii) public lending rights arising under the Public Lending Right Act 1979, as amended from time to time, and any similar rights arising in any part of the world.
\\n\\nThe Author, and any Co-Author, confirms that they are, and will remain, a member of any applicable licensing and collecting society and any successor to that body responsible for administering royalties for the reprographic reproduction of copyright works.
\\n\\nSubject to the license granted above, copyright in the Work and all versions of it created during IntechOpen's editing process, including all published versions, is retained by the Author and any Co-Authors.
\\n\\nSubject to the license granted above, the Author and Co-Authors retain patent, trademark and other intellectual property rights to the Work.
\\n\\nAll rights granted to IntechOpen in this Article are assignable, sublicensable or otherwise transferrable to third parties without the specific approval of the Author or Co-Authors.
\\n\\nThe Author, on his/her own behalf and on behalf of the Co-Authors, will not assert any rights under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 to object to derogatory treatment of the Work as a consequence of IntechOpen's changes to the Work arising from the translation of it, corrections and edits for house style, removal of problematic material and other reasonable edits as determined by IntechOpen.
\\n\\nAUTHOR'S DUTIES
\\n\\nWhen distributing or re-publishing the Work, the Author agrees to credit the Monograph/Compacts as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen. The Author guarantees that Co-Authors will also credit the Monograph/Compacts as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen, when they are distributing or re-publishing the Work.
\\n\\nThe Author agrees to:
\\n\\nThe Author will be held responsible for the payment of the agreed Open Access Publishing Fee before the completion of the project (Monograph/Compacts publication).
\\n\\nAll payments shall be due 30 days from the date of issue of the invoice. The Author or whoever is paying on behalf of the Author and Co-Authors will bear all banking and similar charges incurred.
\\n\\nThe Author shall obtain in writing all consents necessary for the reproduction of any material in which a third-party right exists, including quotations, photographs and illustrations, in all editions of the Work worldwide for the full term of the above licenses, and shall provide to IntechOpen, at its request, the original copies of such consents for inspection or the photocopies of such consents.
\\n\\nThe Author shall obtain written informed consent for publication from those who might recognize themselves or be identified by others, for example from case reports or photographs.
\\n\\nThe Author shall respect confidentiality during and after the termination of this Agreement. The information contained in all correspondence and documents as part of the publishing activity between IntechOpen and the Author and Co-Authors are confidential and are intended only for the recipients. The contents of any communication may not be disclosed publicly and are not intended for unauthorized use or distribution. Any use, disclosure, copying, or distribution is prohibited and may be unlawful.
\\n\\nAUTHOR'S WARRANTY
\\n\\nThe Author and Co-Authors confirm and warrant that the Work does not and will not breach any applicable law or the rights of any third party and, specifically, that the Work contains no matter that is defamatory or that infringes any literary or proprietary rights, intellectual property rights, or any rights of privacy.
\\n\\nThe Author and Co-Authors confirm that: (i) the Work is their original work and is not copied wholly or substantially from any other work or material or any other source; (ii) the Work has not been formally published in any other peer-reviewed journal or in a book or edited collection, and is not under consideration for any such publication; (iii) Authors and any applicable Co-Authors are qualifying persons under section 154 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988; (iv) Authors and any applicable Co-Authors have not assigned, and will not during the term of this Publication Agreement purport to assign, any of the rights granted to IntechOpen under this Publication Agreement; and (v) the rights granted by this Publication Agreement are free from any security interest, option, mortgage, charge or lien.
\\n\\nThe Author and Co-Authors also confirm and warrant that: (i) he/she has the power to enter into this Publication Agreement on his or her own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author; and (ii) has the necessary rights and/or title in and to the Work to grant IntechOpen, on behalf of themselves and any Co-Author, the rights and licences in this Publication Agreement. If the Work was prepared jointly by the Author and Co-Authors, the Author confirms that: (i) all Co-Authors agree to the submission, license and publication of the Work on the terms of this Publication Agreement; and (ii) the Author has the authority to enter into this biding Publication Agreement on behalf of each Co-Author. The Author shall: (i) ensure each Co-Author complies with all relevant provisions of this Publication Agreement, including those relating to confidentiality, performance and standards, as if a party to this Publication Agreement; and (ii) remain primarily liable for all acts and/or omissions of each Co-Author.
\\n\\nThe Author agrees to indemnify IntechOpen harmless against all liabilities, costs, expenses, damages and losses, as well as all reasonable legal costs and expenses suffered or incurred by IntechOpen arising out of, or in connection with, any breach of the agreed confirmations and warranties. This indemnity shall not apply in a situation in which a claim results from IntechOpen's negligence or willful misconduct.
\\n\\nNothing in this Publication Agreement shall have the effect of excluding or limiting any liability for death or personal injury caused by negligence or any other liability that cannot be excluded or limited by applicable law.
\\n\\nTERMINATION
\\n\\nIntechOpen has the right to terminate this Publication Agreement for quality, program, technical or other reasons with immediate effect, including without limitation (i) if the Author and/or any Co-Author commits a material breach of this Publication Agreement; (ii) if the Author and/or any Co-Author (being a private individual) is the subject of a bankruptcy petition, application or order; or (iii) if the Author and/or any Co-Author (as a corporate entity) commences negotiations with all or any class of its creditors with a view to rescheduling any of its debts, or makes a proposal for, or enters into, any compromise or arrangement with any of its creditors.
\\n\\nIn the event of termination, IntechOpen will notify the Author of the decision in writing.
\\n\\nIntechOpen’s DUTIES AND RIGHTS
\\n\\nUnless prevented from doing so by events beyond its reasonable control, IntechOpen, at its discretion, agrees to publish the Work attributing it to the Author and Co-Authors.
\\n\\nUnless prevented from doing so by events beyond its reasonable control, IntechOpen agrees to provide publishing services which include: managing editing (editorial and publishing process coordination, Author assistance); publishing software technology; language copyediting; typesetting; online publishing; hosting and web management; and abstracting and indexing services.
\\n\\nIntechOpen agrees to offer free online access to readers and use reasonable efforts to promote the Publication to relevant audiences.
\\n\\nIntechOpen is granted the authority to enforce the rights from this Publication Agreement on behalf of the Author and Co-Authors against third parties, for example in cases of plagiarism or copyright infringements. In respect of any such infringement or suspected infringement of the copyright in the Work, IntechOpen shall have absolute discretion in addressing any such infringement that is likely to affect IntechOpen's rights under this Publication Agreement, including issuing and conducting proceedings against the suspected infringer.
\\n\\nIntechOpen has the right to include/use the Author and Co-Authors names and likeness in connection with scientific dissemination, retrieval, archiving, web hosting and promotion and marketing of the Work and has the right to contact the Author and Co-Authors until the Work is publicly available on any platform owned and/or operated by IntechOpen.
\\n\\nMISCELLANEOUS
\\n\\nFurther Assurance: The Author shall ensure that any relevant third party, including any Co-Author, shall execute and deliver whatever further documents or deeds and perform such acts as IntechOpen reasonably requires from time to time for the purpose of giving IntechOpen the full benefit of the provisions of this Publication Agreement.
\\n\\nThird Party Rights: A person who is not a party to this Publication Agreement may not enforce any of its provisions under the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999.
\\n\\nEntire Agreement: This Publication Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties in relation to its subject matter. It replaces all prior agreements, draft agreements, arrangements, collateral warranties, collateral contracts, statements, assurances, representations and undertakings of any nature made by, or on behalf of, the parties, whether oral or written, in relation to that subject matter. Each party acknowledges that in entering into this Publication Agreement it has not relied upon any oral or written statements, collateral or other warranties, assurances, representations or undertakings which were made by or on behalf of the other party in relation to the subject matter of this Publication Agreement at any time before its signature (known as the "Pre-Contractual Statements"), other than those which are set out in this Publication Agreement. Each party hereby waives all rights and remedies which might otherwise be available to it in relation to such Pre-Contractual Statements. Nothing in this clause shall exclude or restrict the liability of either party arising out of any fraudulent pre-contract misrepresentation or concealment.
\\n\\nWaiver: No failure or delay by a party to exercise any right or remedy provided under this Publication Agreement or by law shall constitute a waiver of that or any other right or remedy, nor shall it preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy. No single or partial exercise of such right or remedy shall preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy.
\\n\\nVariation: No variation of this Publication Agreement shall have effect unless it is in writing and signed by the parties, or their duly authorized representatives.
\\n\\nSeverance: If any provision, or part-provision, of this Publication Agreement is, or becomes invalid, illegal or unenforceable, it shall be deemed modified to the minimum extent necessary to make it valid, legal and enforceable. If such modification is not possible, the relevant provision or part-provision shall be deemed deleted. Any modification to, or deletion of, a provision or part-provision under this clause shall not affect the validity and enforceability of the rest of this Publication Agreement.
\\n\\nNo partnership: Nothing in this Publication Agreement is intended to, or shall be deemed to, establish or create any partnership or joint venture or the relationship of principal and agent or employer and employee between IntechOpen and the Author or any Co-Author, nor authorize any party to make or enter into any commitments for, or on behalf of, any other party.
\\n\\nGoverning law: This Publication Agreement and any dispute or claim, including non-contractual disputes or claims arising out of, or in connection with it, or its subject matter or formation, shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the law of England and Wales. The parties submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts to settle any dispute or claim arising out of, or in connection with, this Publication Agreement, including any non-contractual disputes or claims.
\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2018-09-11
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'When submitting a manuscript, the Author is required to accept the Terms and Conditions set out in our Publication Agreement – Monographs/Compacts as follows:
\n\nCORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S GRANT OF RIGHTS
\n\nSubject to the following Article, the Author grants to IntechOpen, during the full term of copyright, and any extensions or renewals of that term, the following:
\n\nThe foregoing licenses shall survive the expiry or termination of this Publication Agreement for any reason.
\n\nThe Author, on his or her own behalf and on behalf of any of the Co-Authors, reserves the following rights in the Work but agrees not to exercise them in such a way as to adversely affect IntechOpen's ability to utilize the full benefit of this Publication Agreement: (i) reprographic rights worldwide, other than those which subsist in the typographical arrangement of the Work as published by IntechOpen; and (ii) public lending rights arising under the Public Lending Right Act 1979, as amended from time to time, and any similar rights arising in any part of the world.
\n\nThe Author, and any Co-Author, confirms that they are, and will remain, a member of any applicable licensing and collecting society and any successor to that body responsible for administering royalties for the reprographic reproduction of copyright works.
\n\nSubject to the license granted above, copyright in the Work and all versions of it created during IntechOpen's editing process, including all published versions, is retained by the Author and any Co-Authors.
\n\nSubject to the license granted above, the Author and Co-Authors retain patent, trademark and other intellectual property rights to the Work.
\n\nAll rights granted to IntechOpen in this Article are assignable, sublicensable or otherwise transferrable to third parties without the specific approval of the Author or Co-Authors.
\n\nThe Author, on his/her own behalf and on behalf of the Co-Authors, will not assert any rights under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 to object to derogatory treatment of the Work as a consequence of IntechOpen's changes to the Work arising from the translation of it, corrections and edits for house style, removal of problematic material and other reasonable edits as determined by IntechOpen.
\n\nAUTHOR'S DUTIES
\n\nWhen distributing or re-publishing the Work, the Author agrees to credit the Monograph/Compacts as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen. The Author guarantees that Co-Authors will also credit the Monograph/Compacts as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen, when they are distributing or re-publishing the Work.
\n\nThe Author agrees to:
\n\nThe Author will be held responsible for the payment of the agreed Open Access Publishing Fee before the completion of the project (Monograph/Compacts publication).
\n\nAll payments shall be due 30 days from the date of issue of the invoice. The Author or whoever is paying on behalf of the Author and Co-Authors will bear all banking and similar charges incurred.
\n\nThe Author shall obtain in writing all consents necessary for the reproduction of any material in which a third-party right exists, including quotations, photographs and illustrations, in all editions of the Work worldwide for the full term of the above licenses, and shall provide to IntechOpen, at its request, the original copies of such consents for inspection or the photocopies of such consents.
\n\nThe Author shall obtain written informed consent for publication from those who might recognize themselves or be identified by others, for example from case reports or photographs.
\n\nThe Author shall respect confidentiality during and after the termination of this Agreement. The information contained in all correspondence and documents as part of the publishing activity between IntechOpen and the Author and Co-Authors are confidential and are intended only for the recipients. The contents of any communication may not be disclosed publicly and are not intended for unauthorized use or distribution. Any use, disclosure, copying, or distribution is prohibited and may be unlawful.
\n\nAUTHOR'S WARRANTY
\n\nThe Author and Co-Authors confirm and warrant that the Work does not and will not breach any applicable law or the rights of any third party and, specifically, that the Work contains no matter that is defamatory or that infringes any literary or proprietary rights, intellectual property rights, or any rights of privacy.
\n\nThe Author and Co-Authors confirm that: (i) the Work is their original work and is not copied wholly or substantially from any other work or material or any other source; (ii) the Work has not been formally published in any other peer-reviewed journal or in a book or edited collection, and is not under consideration for any such publication; (iii) Authors and any applicable Co-Authors are qualifying persons under section 154 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988; (iv) Authors and any applicable Co-Authors have not assigned, and will not during the term of this Publication Agreement purport to assign, any of the rights granted to IntechOpen under this Publication Agreement; and (v) the rights granted by this Publication Agreement are free from any security interest, option, mortgage, charge or lien.
\n\nThe Author and Co-Authors also confirm and warrant that: (i) he/she has the power to enter into this Publication Agreement on his or her own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author; and (ii) has the necessary rights and/or title in and to the Work to grant IntechOpen, on behalf of themselves and any Co-Author, the rights and licences in this Publication Agreement. If the Work was prepared jointly by the Author and Co-Authors, the Author confirms that: (i) all Co-Authors agree to the submission, license and publication of the Work on the terms of this Publication Agreement; and (ii) the Author has the authority to enter into this biding Publication Agreement on behalf of each Co-Author. The Author shall: (i) ensure each Co-Author complies with all relevant provisions of this Publication Agreement, including those relating to confidentiality, performance and standards, as if a party to this Publication Agreement; and (ii) remain primarily liable for all acts and/or omissions of each Co-Author.
\n\nThe Author agrees to indemnify IntechOpen harmless against all liabilities, costs, expenses, damages and losses, as well as all reasonable legal costs and expenses suffered or incurred by IntechOpen arising out of, or in connection with, any breach of the agreed confirmations and warranties. This indemnity shall not apply in a situation in which a claim results from IntechOpen's negligence or willful misconduct.
\n\nNothing in this Publication Agreement shall have the effect of excluding or limiting any liability for death or personal injury caused by negligence or any other liability that cannot be excluded or limited by applicable law.
\n\nTERMINATION
\n\nIntechOpen has the right to terminate this Publication Agreement for quality, program, technical or other reasons with immediate effect, including without limitation (i) if the Author and/or any Co-Author commits a material breach of this Publication Agreement; (ii) if the Author and/or any Co-Author (being a private individual) is the subject of a bankruptcy petition, application or order; or (iii) if the Author and/or any Co-Author (as a corporate entity) commences negotiations with all or any class of its creditors with a view to rescheduling any of its debts, or makes a proposal for, or enters into, any compromise or arrangement with any of its creditors.
\n\nIn the event of termination, IntechOpen will notify the Author of the decision in writing.
\n\nIntechOpen’s DUTIES AND RIGHTS
\n\nUnless prevented from doing so by events beyond its reasonable control, IntechOpen, at its discretion, agrees to publish the Work attributing it to the Author and Co-Authors.
\n\nUnless prevented from doing so by events beyond its reasonable control, IntechOpen agrees to provide publishing services which include: managing editing (editorial and publishing process coordination, Author assistance); publishing software technology; language copyediting; typesetting; online publishing; hosting and web management; and abstracting and indexing services.
\n\nIntechOpen agrees to offer free online access to readers and use reasonable efforts to promote the Publication to relevant audiences.
\n\nIntechOpen is granted the authority to enforce the rights from this Publication Agreement on behalf of the Author and Co-Authors against third parties, for example in cases of plagiarism or copyright infringements. In respect of any such infringement or suspected infringement of the copyright in the Work, IntechOpen shall have absolute discretion in addressing any such infringement that is likely to affect IntechOpen's rights under this Publication Agreement, including issuing and conducting proceedings against the suspected infringer.
\n\nIntechOpen has the right to include/use the Author and Co-Authors names and likeness in connection with scientific dissemination, retrieval, archiving, web hosting and promotion and marketing of the Work and has the right to contact the Author and Co-Authors until the Work is publicly available on any platform owned and/or operated by IntechOpen.
\n\nMISCELLANEOUS
\n\nFurther Assurance: The Author shall ensure that any relevant third party, including any Co-Author, shall execute and deliver whatever further documents or deeds and perform such acts as IntechOpen reasonably requires from time to time for the purpose of giving IntechOpen the full benefit of the provisions of this Publication Agreement.
\n\nThird Party Rights: A person who is not a party to this Publication Agreement may not enforce any of its provisions under the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999.
\n\nEntire Agreement: This Publication Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties in relation to its subject matter. It replaces all prior agreements, draft agreements, arrangements, collateral warranties, collateral contracts, statements, assurances, representations and undertakings of any nature made by, or on behalf of, the parties, whether oral or written, in relation to that subject matter. Each party acknowledges that in entering into this Publication Agreement it has not relied upon any oral or written statements, collateral or other warranties, assurances, representations or undertakings which were made by or on behalf of the other party in relation to the subject matter of this Publication Agreement at any time before its signature (known as the "Pre-Contractual Statements"), other than those which are set out in this Publication Agreement. Each party hereby waives all rights and remedies which might otherwise be available to it in relation to such Pre-Contractual Statements. Nothing in this clause shall exclude or restrict the liability of either party arising out of any fraudulent pre-contract misrepresentation or concealment.
\n\nWaiver: No failure or delay by a party to exercise any right or remedy provided under this Publication Agreement or by law shall constitute a waiver of that or any other right or remedy, nor shall it preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy. No single or partial exercise of such right or remedy shall preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy.
\n\nVariation: No variation of this Publication Agreement shall have effect unless it is in writing and signed by the parties, or their duly authorized representatives.
\n\nSeverance: If any provision, or part-provision, of this Publication Agreement is, or becomes invalid, illegal or unenforceable, it shall be deemed modified to the minimum extent necessary to make it valid, legal and enforceable. If such modification is not possible, the relevant provision or part-provision shall be deemed deleted. Any modification to, or deletion of, a provision or part-provision under this clause shall not affect the validity and enforceability of the rest of this Publication Agreement.
\n\nNo partnership: Nothing in this Publication Agreement is intended to, or shall be deemed to, establish or create any partnership or joint venture or the relationship of principal and agent or employer and employee between IntechOpen and the Author or any Co-Author, nor authorize any party to make or enter into any commitments for, or on behalf of, any other party.
\n\nGoverning law: This Publication Agreement and any dispute or claim, including non-contractual disputes or claims arising out of, or in connection with it, or its subject matter or formation, shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the law of England and Wales. The parties submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts to settle any dispute or claim arising out of, or in connection with, this Publication Agreement, including any non-contractual disputes or claims.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2018-09-11
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5681},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5161},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1683},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10200},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:886},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15610}],offset:12,limit:12,total:117095},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"16"},books:[{type:"book",id:"7829",title:"Psychosis - Phenomenology, Psychopathology and Pathophysiology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a211068a33e47af974e3823f33feaa43",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Kenjiro Fukao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7829.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"32519",title:"Dr.",name:"Kenjiro",surname:"Fukao",slug:"kenjiro-fukao",fullName:"Kenjiro Fukao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9016",title:"Psychoneuroendocrinology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"cb4ce09b8e853bef06c572df42933500",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ifigenia Kostoglou-Athanassiou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9016.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"307495",title:"Dr.",name:"Ifigenia",surname:"Kostoglou-Athanassiou",slug:"ifigenia-kostoglou-athanassiou",fullName:"Ifigenia Kostoglou-Athanassiou"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9046",title:"Amyloidosis History and Perspectives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"371a4ad514bb6d6703406741702a19d0",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Jonathan Harrison",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9046.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"340843",title:"Dr.",name:"Jonathan",surname:"Harrison",slug:"jonathan-harrison",fullName:"Jonathan Harrison"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9493",title:"Periodontology - Fundamentals and Clinical Features",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"dfe986c764d6c82ae820c2df5843a866",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Petra Surlin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9493.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"171921",title:"Prof.",name:"Petra",surname:"Surlin",slug:"petra-surlin",fullName:"Petra Surlin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9504",title:"Evidence-Based Approaches to Effectively Respond to Public Health Emergencies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"355f26e9a65d22c4de7311a424d1e3eb",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Erick Guerrero",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9504.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"294761",title:"Dr.",name:"Erick",surname:"Guerrero",slug:"erick-guerrero",fullName:"Erick Guerrero"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9567",title:"Edema",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"6d99048aa5e82a78c20f48c8e64ace0d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Robson Faria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9567.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"79615",title:"Dr.",name:"Robson",surname:"Faria",slug:"robson-faria",fullName:"Robson Faria"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9577",title:"Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d0f227eb9f3fc8c85c7757257b6e966a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Natalia Yu. Grigoryeva",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9577.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"239430",title:"Dr.",name:"Natalia",surname:"Grigoryeva",slug:"natalia-grigoryeva",fullName:"Natalia Grigoryeva"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9589",title:"Depigmentation as a Disease or Therapeutic Goal",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3e1efdb1fc8c403c402da09b242496c6",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Tae-Heung Kim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9589.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"121353",title:"Dr.",name:"Tae-Heung",surname:"Kim",slug:"tae-heung-kim",fullName:"Tae-Heung Kim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9608",title:"Myasthenia Gravis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"db6c84e3aa58f3873e1298add7042c44",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Nizar Souayah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9608.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"162634",title:"Dr.",name:"Nizar",surname:"Souayah",slug:"nizar-souayah",fullName:"Nizar Souayah"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9614",title:"Candida albicans",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"31d6882518ca749b12715266eed0a018",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Xinhui Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9614.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"296531",title:"Dr.",name:"Xinhui",surname:"Wang",slug:"xinhui-wang",fullName:"Xinhui Wang"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9615",title:"Chikungunya",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c960d94a63867dd12a8ab15176a3ff06",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9615.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9791",title:"Multiple Myeloma",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"91ae15c94c1c8b771c959a4cee4ed8ba",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ota Fuchs",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9791.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"36468",title:"Dr.",name:"Ota",surname:"Fuchs",slug:"ota-fuchs",fullName:"Ota Fuchs"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:14},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:62},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:107},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8697",title:"Virtual Reality and Its Application in Education",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ee01b5e387ba0062c6b0d1e9227bda05",slug:"virtual-reality-and-its-application-in-education",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8697.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9785",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f457ca61f29cf7e8bc191732c50bb0ce",slug:"endometriosis",bookSignature:"Courtney Marsh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9785.jpg",editors:[{id:"255491",title:"Dr.",name:"Courtney",middleName:null,surname:"Marsh",slug:"courtney-marsh",fullName:"Courtney Marsh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8468",title:"Sheep Farming",subtitle:"An Approach to Feed, Growth and Sanity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"838f08594850bc04aa14ec873ed1b96f",slug:"sheep-farming-an-approach-to-feed-growth-and-sanity",bookSignature:"António Monteiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8468.jpg",editors:[{id:"190314",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"Cardoso",surname:"Monteiro",slug:"antonio-monteiro",fullName:"António Monteiro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8816",title:"Financial Crises",subtitle:"A Selection of Readings",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f2f49fb903656e4e54280c79fabd10c",slug:"financial-crises-a-selection-of-readings",bookSignature:"Stelios Markoulis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8816.jpg",editors:[{id:"237863",title:"Dr.",name:"Stelios",middleName:null,surname:"Markoulis",slug:"stelios-markoulis",fullName:"Stelios Markoulis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9376",title:"Contemporary Developments and Perspectives in International Health Security",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9a00b84cd04aae458fb1d6c65795601",slug:"contemporary-developments-and-perspectives-in-international-health-security-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki, Michael S. Firstenberg, Sagar C. Galwankar, Ricardo Izurieta and Thomas Papadimos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9376.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7769",title:"Medical Isotopes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f8d3c5a6c9a42398e56b4e82264753f7",slug:"medical-isotopes",bookSignature:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi and Muhammad Babar Imrani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7769.jpg",editors:[{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9279",title:"Concepts, Applications and Emerging Opportunities in Industrial Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9bfa87f9b627a5468b7c1e30b0eea07a",slug:"concepts-applications-and-emerging-opportunities-in-industrial-engineering",bookSignature:"Gary Moynihan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9279.jpg",editors:[{id:"16974",title:"Dr.",name:"Gary",middleName:null,surname:"Moynihan",slug:"gary-moynihan",fullName:"Gary Moynihan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7807",title:"A Closer Look at Organizational Culture in Action",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"05c608b9271cc2bc711f4b28748b247b",slug:"a-closer-look-at-organizational-culture-in-action",bookSignature:"Süleyman Davut Göker",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7807.jpg",editors:[{id:"190035",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Süleyman Davut",middleName:null,surname:"Göker",slug:"suleyman-davut-goker",fullName:"Süleyman Davut Göker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5126},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8697",title:"Virtual Reality and Its Application in Education",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ee01b5e387ba0062c6b0d1e9227bda05",slug:"virtual-reality-and-its-application-in-education",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8697.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9785",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f457ca61f29cf7e8bc191732c50bb0ce",slug:"endometriosis",bookSignature:"Courtney Marsh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9785.jpg",editors:[{id:"255491",title:"Dr.",name:"Courtney",middleName:null,surname:"Marsh",slug:"courtney-marsh",fullName:"Courtney Marsh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8468",title:"Sheep Farming",subtitle:"An Approach to Feed, Growth and Sanity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"838f08594850bc04aa14ec873ed1b96f",slug:"sheep-farming-an-approach-to-feed-growth-and-sanity",bookSignature:"António Monteiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8468.jpg",editors:[{id:"190314",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"Cardoso",surname:"Monteiro",slug:"antonio-monteiro",fullName:"António Monteiro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8816",title:"Financial Crises",subtitle:"A Selection of Readings",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f2f49fb903656e4e54280c79fabd10c",slug:"financial-crises-a-selection-of-readings",bookSignature:"Stelios Markoulis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8816.jpg",editors:[{id:"237863",title:"Dr.",name:"Stelios",middleName:null,surname:"Markoulis",slug:"stelios-markoulis",fullName:"Stelios Markoulis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9376",title:"Contemporary Developments and Perspectives in International Health Security",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9a00b84cd04aae458fb1d6c65795601",slug:"contemporary-developments-and-perspectives-in-international-health-security-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki, Michael S. Firstenberg, Sagar C. Galwankar, Ricardo Izurieta and Thomas Papadimos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9376.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7769",title:"Medical Isotopes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f8d3c5a6c9a42398e56b4e82264753f7",slug:"medical-isotopes",bookSignature:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi and Muhammad Babar Imrani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7769.jpg",editors:[{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8468",title:"Sheep Farming",subtitle:"An Approach to Feed, Growth and Sanity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"838f08594850bc04aa14ec873ed1b96f",slug:"sheep-farming-an-approach-to-feed-growth-and-sanity",bookSignature:"António Monteiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8468.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"190314",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"Cardoso",surname:"Monteiro",slug:"antonio-monteiro",fullName:"António Monteiro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9523",title:"Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5eb6ec2db961a6c8965d11180a58d5c1",slug:"oral-and-maxillofacial-surgery",bookSignature:"Gokul Sridharan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9523.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82453",title:"Dr.",name:"Gokul",middleName:null,surname:"Sridharan",slug:"gokul-sridharan",fullName:"Gokul Sridharan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9785",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f457ca61f29cf7e8bc191732c50bb0ce",slug:"endometriosis",bookSignature:"Courtney Marsh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9785.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"255491",title:"Dr.",name:"Courtney",middleName:null,surname:"Marsh",slug:"courtney-marsh",fullName:"Courtney Marsh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9018",title:"Some RNA Viruses",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a5cae846dbe3692495fc4add2f60fd84",slug:"some-rna-viruses",bookSignature:"Yogendra Shah and Eltayb Abuelzein",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9018.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"278914",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yogendra",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"yogendra-shah",fullName:"Yogendra Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8816",title:"Financial Crises",subtitle:"A Selection of Readings",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f2f49fb903656e4e54280c79fabd10c",slug:"financial-crises-a-selection-of-readings",bookSignature:"Stelios Markoulis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"237863",title:"Dr.",name:"Stelios",middleName:null,surname:"Markoulis",slug:"stelios-markoulis",fullName:"Stelios Markoulis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9585",title:"Advances in Complex Valvular Disease",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef64f11e211621ecfe69c46e60e7ca3d",slug:"advances-in-complex-valvular-disease",bookSignature:"Michael S. Firstenberg and Imran Khan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9585.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64343",title:null,name:"Michael S.",middleName:"S",surname:"Firstenberg",slug:"michael-s.-firstenberg",fullName:"Michael S. Firstenberg"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10150",title:"Smart Manufacturing",subtitle:"When Artificial Intelligence Meets the Internet of Things",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"87004a19de13702d042f8ff96d454698",slug:"smart-manufacturing-when-artificial-intelligence-meets-the-internet-of-things",bookSignature:"Tan Yen Kheng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10150.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"78857",title:"Dr.",name:"Tan Yen",middleName:null,surname:"Kheng",slug:"tan-yen-kheng",fullName:"Tan Yen Kheng"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9386",title:"Direct Numerical Simulations",subtitle:"An Introduction and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"158a3a0fdba295d21ff23326f5a072d5",slug:"direct-numerical-simulations-an-introduction-and-applications",bookSignature:"Srinivasa Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9386.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6897",title:"Dr.",name:"Srinivasa",middleName:"P",surname:"Rao",slug:"srinivasa-rao",fullName:"Srinivasa Rao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"226",title:"Laser Physics",slug:"laser-physics",parent:{title:"Physics",slug:"physics"},numberOfBooks:4,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:62,numberOfWosCitations:59,numberOfCrossrefCitations:27,numberOfDimensionsCitations:58,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"laser-physics",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"7349",title:"Laser Technology and its Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e3e216f156485832df705942fb8eb1f8",slug:"laser-technology-and-its-applications",bookSignature:"Yufei Ma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7349.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"238529",title:"Dr.",name:"Yufei",middleName:null,surname:"Ma",slug:"yufei-ma",fullName:"Yufei Ma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5757",title:"High Power Laser Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e6dfb9321678bdd24ae54776c292c7b",slug:"high-power-laser-systems",bookSignature:"Masoud Harooni",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5757.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"184282",title:"Dr.",name:"Masoud",middleName:null,surname:"Harooni",slug:"masoud-harooni",fullName:"Masoud Harooni"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6467",title:"Optical Amplifiers",subtitle:"A Few Different Dimensions",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"86c6992b53c2bbf8f9021210a0edeb2d",slug:"optical-amplifiers-a-few-different-dimensions",bookSignature:"Pankaj Kumar Choudhury",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6467.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"205744",title:"Dr.",name:"Pankaj",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar Choudhury",slug:"pankaj-kumar-choudhury",fullName:"Pankaj Kumar Choudhury"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"404",title:"Laser Systems for Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30e2424f616225ce656d9b3ea8330043",slug:"laser-systems-for-applications",bookSignature:"Krzysztof Jakubczak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/404.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"13731",title:"Dr",name:"Krzysztof",middleName:null,surname:"Jakubczak",slug:"krzysztof-jakubczak",fullName:"Krzysztof Jakubczak"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:4,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"24809",doi:"10.5772/24360",title:"Mode-Locked Fibre Lasers with High-Energy Pulses",slug:"mode-locked-fibre-lasers-with-high-energy-pulses",totalDownloads:1756,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:12,book:{slug:"laser-systems-for-applications",title:"Laser Systems for Applications",fullTitle:"Laser Systems for Applications"},signatures:"S.V.Smirnov, S.M. Kobtsev, S.V.Kukarin and S.K.Turitsyn",authors:[{id:"56859",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Kobtsev",slug:"sergey-kobtsev",fullName:"Sergey Kobtsev"},{id:"100017",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Smirnov",slug:"sergey-smirnov",fullName:"Sergey Smirnov"},{id:"100018",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Kukarin",slug:"sergey-kukarin",fullName:"Sergey Kukarin"},{id:"100019",title:"Prof.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Turitsyn",slug:"sergey-turitsyn",fullName:"Sergey Turitsyn"}]},{id:"63129",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80374",title:"Laser Ablation Technique for Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticle in Liquid",slug:"laser-ablation-technique-for-synthesis-of-metal-nanoparticle-in-liquid",totalDownloads:1516,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:8,book:{slug:"laser-technology-and-its-applications",title:"Laser Technology and its Applications",fullTitle:"Laser Technology and its Applications"},signatures:"Amir Reza Sadrolhosseini, Mohd Adzir Mahdi, Farideh Alizadeh and\nSuraya Abdul Rashid",authors:null},{id:"24817",doi:"10.5772/23213",title:"Linear and Nonlinear Femtosecond Optics in Isotropic Media - Ionization-Free Filamentation",slug:"linear-and-nonlinear-femtosecond-optics-in-isotropic-media-ionization-free-filamentation",totalDownloads:1662,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"laser-systems-for-applications",title:"Laser Systems for Applications",fullTitle:"Laser Systems for Applications"},signatures:"Kamen Kovachev and Lubomir M. Kovachev",authors:[{id:"51109",title:"Prof.",name:"Lyubomir",middleName:null,surname:"Kovachev",slug:"lyubomir-kovachev",fullName:"Lyubomir Kovachev"},{id:"94200",title:"MSc.",name:"Kamen",middleName:null,surname:"Kovachev",slug:"kamen-kovachev",fullName:"Kamen Kovachev"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"63129",title:"Laser Ablation Technique for Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticle in Liquid",slug:"laser-ablation-technique-for-synthesis-of-metal-nanoparticle-in-liquid",totalDownloads:1516,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:8,book:{slug:"laser-technology-and-its-applications",title:"Laser Technology and its Applications",fullTitle:"Laser Technology and its Applications"},signatures:"Amir Reza Sadrolhosseini, Mohd Adzir Mahdi, Farideh Alizadeh and\nSuraya Abdul Rashid",authors:null},{id:"61850",title:"Fiber Lasers and Their Medical Applications",slug:"fiber-lasers-and-their-medical-applications",totalDownloads:1128,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"optical-amplifiers-a-few-different-dimensions",title:"Optical Amplifiers",fullTitle:"Optical Amplifiers - A Few Different Dimensions"},signatures:"Amira Tandirovic Gursel",authors:[{id:"240070",title:"Dr.",name:"Amira",middleName:null,surname:"Tandirovic Gursel",slug:"amira-tandirovic-gursel",fullName:"Amira Tandirovic Gursel"}]},{id:"60015",title:"Developing High-Energy Dissipative Soliton 2 μm Tm3+-Doped Fiber Lasers",slug:"developing-high-energy-dissipative-soliton-2-m-tm3-doped-fiber-lasers",totalDownloads:517,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"high-power-laser-systems",title:"High Power Laser Systems",fullTitle:"High Power Laser Systems"},signatures:"Yulong Tang, Chongyuan Huang and Jianqiu Xu",authors:[{id:"197623",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Yulong",middleName:null,surname:"Tang",slug:"yulong-tang",fullName:"Yulong Tang"}]},{id:"59750",title:"Quantum Dot-Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers (QD-SOA): Dynamics and Applications",slug:"quantum-dot-semiconductor-optical-amplifiers-qd-soa-dynamics-and-applications",totalDownloads:751,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"optical-amplifiers-a-few-different-dimensions",title:"Optical Amplifiers",fullTitle:"Optical Amplifiers - A Few Different Dimensions"},signatures:"Yossef Ben Ezra and Boris I. Lembrikov",authors:[{id:"2302",title:"Prof.",name:"Yossef",middleName:null,surname:"Ben-Ezra",slug:"yossef-ben-ezra",fullName:"Yossef Ben-Ezra"},{id:"2359",title:"Dr.",name:"Boris",middleName:"I.",surname:"Lembrikov",slug:"boris-lembrikov",fullName:"Boris Lembrikov"}]},{id:"24817",title:"Linear and Nonlinear Femtosecond Optics in Isotropic Media - Ionization-Free Filamentation",slug:"linear-and-nonlinear-femtosecond-optics-in-isotropic-media-ionization-free-filamentation",totalDownloads:1662,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"laser-systems-for-applications",title:"Laser Systems for Applications",fullTitle:"Laser Systems for Applications"},signatures:"Kamen Kovachev and Lubomir M. Kovachev",authors:[{id:"51109",title:"Prof.",name:"Lyubomir",middleName:null,surname:"Kovachev",slug:"lyubomir-kovachev",fullName:"Lyubomir Kovachev"},{id:"94200",title:"MSc.",name:"Kamen",middleName:null,surname:"Kovachev",slug:"kamen-kovachev",fullName:"Kamen Kovachev"}]},{id:"24809",title:"Mode-Locked Fibre Lasers with High-Energy Pulses",slug:"mode-locked-fibre-lasers-with-high-energy-pulses",totalDownloads:1756,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:12,book:{slug:"laser-systems-for-applications",title:"Laser Systems for Applications",fullTitle:"Laser Systems for Applications"},signatures:"S.V.Smirnov, S.M. Kobtsev, S.V.Kukarin and S.K.Turitsyn",authors:[{id:"56859",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Kobtsev",slug:"sergey-kobtsev",fullName:"Sergey Kobtsev"},{id:"100017",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Smirnov",slug:"sergey-smirnov",fullName:"Sergey Smirnov"},{id:"100018",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Kukarin",slug:"sergey-kukarin",fullName:"Sergey Kukarin"},{id:"100019",title:"Prof.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Turitsyn",slug:"sergey-turitsyn",fullName:"Sergey Turitsyn"}]},{id:"24807",title:"Q-Switching with Single Crystal Photo-Elastic Modulators",slug:"q-switching-with-single-crystal-photo-elastic-modulators",totalDownloads:2090,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"laser-systems-for-applications",title:"Laser Systems for Applications",fullTitle:"Laser Systems for Applications"},signatures:"F. Bammer, T. Schumi, J. R. Carballido Souto, J. Bachmair, D. Feitl, I. Gerschenson, M. Paul and A. Nessmann",authors:[{id:"61780",title:"Dr.",name:"Ferdinand",middleName:null,surname:"Bammer",slug:"ferdinand-bammer",fullName:"Ferdinand Bammer"}]},{id:"24811",title:"Laser Pulses for Compton Scattering Light Sources",slug:"laser-pulses-for-compton-scattering-light-sources",totalDownloads:2008,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"laser-systems-for-applications",title:"Laser Systems for Applications",fullTitle:"Laser Systems for Applications"},signatures:"Sheldon S. Q. Wu, Miroslav Y. Shverdin, Felicie Albert and Frederic V. Hartemann",authors:[{id:"14313",title:"Dr.",name:"Fred",middleName:null,surname:"Hartemann",slug:"fred-hartemann",fullName:"Fred Hartemann"},{id:"62074",title:"Dr.",name:"Sheldon",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",slug:"sheldon-wu",fullName:"Sheldon Wu"}]},{id:"24812",title:"Frequency-Tunable Coherent THz-Wave Pulse Generation Using Two Cr:Forsterite Lasers with One Nd:YAG Laser Pumping and Applications for Non-Destructive THz Inspection",slug:"frequency-tunable-coherent-thz-wave-pulse-generation-using-two-cr-forsterite-lasers-with-one-nd-yag-",totalDownloads:1981,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"laser-systems-for-applications",title:"Laser Systems for Applications",fullTitle:"Laser Systems for Applications"},signatures:"Tadao Tanabe and Yutaka Oyama",authors:[{id:"52146",title:"Dr.",name:"Tadao",middleName:null,surname:"Tanabe",slug:"tadao-tanabe",fullName:"Tadao Tanabe"},{id:"62603",title:"Prof.",name:"Yutaka",middleName:null,surname:"Oyama",slug:"yutaka-oyama",fullName:"Yutaka Oyama"}]},{id:"24814",title:"Controlling the Carrier-Envelope Phase of Few-Cycle Laser Beams in Dispersive Media",slug:"controlling-the-carrier-envelope-phase-of-few-cycle-laser-beams-in-dispersive-media",totalDownloads:1898,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"laser-systems-for-applications",title:"Laser Systems for Applications",fullTitle:"Laser Systems for Applications"},signatures:"Carlos J. Zapata-Rodríguez and Juan J. Miret",authors:[{id:"51580",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Zapata-Rodríguez",slug:"carlos-javier-zapata-rodriguez",fullName:"Carlos Javier Zapata-Rodríguez"},{id:"61207",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan José",middleName:null,surname:"Miret",slug:"juan-jose-miret",fullName:"Juan José Miret"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"laser-physics",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/154014/fernando-bacao",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"154014",slug:"fernando-bacao"},fullPath:"/profiles/154014/fernando-bacao",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var t;(t=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(t)}()