\r\n\tThis field has grown exponentially over the past decade resulting in less postoperative pain, risk of complications, and recovery times. Arthroscopy has evolved from a diagnostic tool to a therapeutic tool capable of treating a wide range of injuries and disorders in most of the joints. Many injuries, particularly those that at one time would have been career-ending for athletes, can now be addressed with arthroscopy allowing a quicker return to a competitive level. While arthroscopy has resulted in an overall decrease in morbidity compared with open techniques, it is still an invasive procedure and inherently involves risks.
\r\n\r\n\tWith this book, we attempt to summarize the most common arthroscopic procedures, diagnosis, risks, and complications.
\r\n\tAll of the above aspects are addressed in this book, which describes the current applications of arthroscopy, explaining the mechanisms of injury for each condition, and describing the role of arthroscopy in diagnosis and treatment.
\r\n\t
Paris Agreement adopted in 2015 sets the goal that the increase in average temperature in the world from the industrial revolution by 2030 should be kept less than 2 K. However, due to the increase in the averaged concentrations of CO2 in the atmosphere to 410 ppmV in December 2019 [1], CO2 reduction or utilization technologies to recycle CO2 are urgently required.
There are six vital CO2 conversions: chemical conversions, electrochemical reductions, biological conversions, reforming, inorganic conversions, and photochemical reductions [2, 3]. Recently, artificial photosynthesis or the photochemical reduction of CO2 to fuel has become an attractive route due to its economically and environmentally friendly behavior [2].
The application of CO2 as a raw material can produce chemicals and energy to diminish the CO2 accumulation in the atmosphere [2]. If we consider energy producing possibilities, one possibility is the photochemical conversion of CO2 into value-added chemicals which could be used as fuel [4].
The most widely used photocatalyst for the photocatalytic reactions is TiO2 due to its availability, chemical stability, low cost, and resistance to corrosion [5]. It is well known that CO2 can be reduced into fuels, e.g., CO, CH4, CH3OH, H2, etc. by using TiO2 as the photocatalyst under ultraviolet (UV) light illumination [6, 7, 8, 9]. However, pure TiO2 has the limitation. It is only active when irradiated by UV light, which is not effective under sunlight. Since the solar spectrum only consists of about 4% of UV light, sunlight is not able to active the TiO2 effectively for photocatalytic reaction. In addition, TiO2 has a high electron/hole pair recombination rate compared to the rate of chemical interaction with the absorbed species for redox reactions [10].
Recently, studies on CO2 photochemical reduction by TiO2 have been carried out from the viewpoint of performance promotion by extending absorption wavelength toward visible region. It was reported that a transition metal doping is useful technique for extending the absorbance of TiO2 into the visible region [11, 12, 13, 14, 15]. Noble metal doping such as Pt, Pd, Au and Ag [11], Au, Pd-three dimensionally ordered macroporous TiO2 [12], composition materials formed by GaP and TiO2 [13], nanocomposite CdS/TiO2 combining two different band gap photocatalysts [14], and carbon-based AgBr nanocomposited TiO2 [15], had been attempted to overcome the shortcomings of the pure TiO2. They could improve the CO2 reduction performance; however, the concentrations in the products achieved in all the attempts so far were still low, ranging from 1 to 150 μmol/g-cat [11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16].
Though various metals have been used for doping [11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16], Cu is considered as a favorite candidate. Cu can extend the absorption band to 600–800 nm [17, 18], which covers the whole visible light range. Cu-decorated TiO2 nanorod thin film performed 10 times yield as large as TiO2 for C2H5OH production [19]. Cu-loaded N/TiO2 also showed the good performance which yielded eight times as large as TiO2 for CH4 production [20]. Noble metals such as Pt and Au are too expensive to be used in industrial scale. Therefore, Cu is the best candidate because of its high efficiency and low cost compared to noble metals. Due to its availability as well as above described characteristics, Cu is selected as the dopant in this study.
Since a reductant is necessary for CO2 reduction to produce fuel; H2O and H2 are usually used as reductants according to the review papers [7, 9]. To promote the CO2 reduction performance of photocatalyst, it is important to select the optimum reductant which provides the proton (H+) for the reaction scheme of CO2 reduction with H2O is as follows [21, 22, 23]:
<Photocatalytic reaction>
<Oxidization>
<Reduction>
The reaction scheme of CO2 reduction with H2 is as follows [24]:
<Photocatalytic reaction>
<Oxidization>
<Reduction>
The reaction scheme to reduce CO2 with NH3 can be summarized as shown below [24, 25]:
<Photocatalytic reaction>
<Oxidization>
<Reduction>
There are some reports on CO2 reduction with either H2O or H2 [7, 9]. However, the effect of using H2O and H2 or NH3 together as reductants is not investigated well. Though a few studies using pure TiO2 under CO2/H2/H2O condition were reported [24, 26], the effect of ratio of CO2, H2 and H2O or NH3 as well as the effect of Cu doping with TiO2 on CO2 reduction performance of photocatalyst were not investigated previously.
Consequently, the purpose of this chapter is to clarify the effect of molar ratio of CO2 to H2O and H2 or NH3 on the performance of CO2 reduction with Cu/TiO2. The CO2 reduction performance with H2O and H2 or NH3 using Cu/TiO2 coated on netlike glass fiber as photocatalyst under the condition of illuminating Xe lamp with or without UV light was investigated. Cu is loaded on TiO2-coated netlike glass fiber by pulse arc plasma method which can emit nanosized Cu particles by applying high electron potential difference. The amount of loaded Cu can be controlled by the pulse number. Cu/TiO2 prepared was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Electron Probe Micro Analyzer (EPMA), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry (EDX), and Electron Energy Loss Spectrum (EELS) analysis. The CO2 reduction performance with H2O and H2 or NH3 under the condition of illuminating Xe lamp with or without UV light was investigated. The molar ratio of CO2/H2/H2O was changed for 1:1:1, 1:0.5:1, 1:1:0.5, 1:0.5:0.5 to clarify the optimum combination of CO2/H2/H2O for CO2 reduction with Cu/TiO2. According to the reaction scheme to reduce CO2 with H2O or NH3 as shown above, the theoretical molar ratio of CO2/H2O to produce CO or CH4 is 1:1 or 1:4, respectively, while that of CO2/NH3 to produce CO or CH4 is 3:2, 3:8, respectively. Therefore, this study assumes that the molar ratio of CO2/NH3/H2O = 3:2:3 and 3:8:12 are theoretical molar ratio to produce CO and CH4, respectively. Moreover, the effect of overlapping two layers of Cu/TiO2-coated netlike glass fiber on CO2 reduction performance with H2 and H2O was investigated.
The combination of sol–gel and dip-coating process was used for preparing TiO2 film. TiO2 sol solution was made by mixing [(CH3)2CHO]4Ti (purity of 95 wt%, Nacalai Tesque Co.) of 0.3 mol, anhydrous C2H5OH (purity of 99.5 wt%, Nacalai Tesque Co.) of 2.4 mol, distilled water of 0.3 mol, and HCl (purity of 35 wt%, Nacalai Tesque Co.) of 0.1 mol. Netlike glass fiber was cut like a disc, and its diameter and thickness were 50 mm and 1 mm, respectively. The netlike glass fiber disc was dipped into TiO2 sol solution at the speed of 1.5 mm/s and pulled up at the fixed speed of 0.2 mm/s. Then, it was dried out and fired under the controlled firing temperature (FT) and firing duration time (FD), resulting that TiO2 film was fastened on the netlike glass fiber. FT and FD were set at 623 K and 180 s, respectively. Cu was loaded on TiO2 film by pulse arc plasma method. The pulse arc plasma gun device (ULVAC, Inc., ARL-300) having Cu electrode whose diameter was 10 mm was applied for Cu loading. After the netlike glass fiber coated with TiO2 was set in chamber of the pulse arc plasma gun device which was vacuumed, the nanosized Cu particles were emitted from Cu electrode with applying the electrical potential difference of 200 V. The pulse arc plasma gun can evaporate Cu particle over the target in the circle area whose diameter is 100 mm when the distance between Cu electrode and the target is 160 mm. Since the difference between Cu electrode and TiO2 film was 150 nm in the present study, Cu particle can be evaporated over TiO2 film uniformly. The amount of loaded Cu was controlled by the pulse number. In the present study, the pulse number was set at 100. Since the netlike glass fiber is transparent, the light can pass through the netlike glass fiber. The present study has also investigated if two layers of two Cu/TiO2 coated on netlike glass fiber put on the top of the other (with certain distance, i.e., overlapping), what impact/improvement would be on the CO2 reduction performance. The overlapping two layers of Cu/TiO2 coated on netlike glass fiber is expected to utilize the light effectively as well as to increase the amount of photocatalyst used for CO2 reduction.
The structure and crystallization characteristics of Cu/TiO2 film were evaluated by SEM (JXS-8530F, JEOL Ltd.), EPMA (JXA-8530F, JEOL Ltd.), TEM (JEM-2100/HK, JEOL Ltd.), EDX (JEM-2100F/HK, JEOL Ltd.), and EELS (JEM-ARM2007 Cold, JEOL Ltd.). Since these measurement instruments use electron for analysis, the sample should be an electron conductor. Since netlike glass disc was not an electron for analysis, the carbon vapor deposition was conducted by the dedicated device (JEE-420, JEOL Ltd.) for Cu/TiO2 coated on netlike glass disc before analysis. The thickness of carbon deposited on sample was approximately 20–30 nm.
The electron probe emits the electrons to the sample under the acceleration voltage of 15 kV and the current of 3.0 × 10−8 A, when the surface structure of sample is analyzed by SEM. The characteristic X-ray is detected by EPMA at the same time, resulting that the concentration of channel element is analyzed according to the relationship between the characteristic X-ray energy and the atomic number. The spatial resolutions of SEM and EPMA are 10 μm. The EPMA analysis helps not only to understand the coating state of prepared photocatalyst but also to measure the amount of doped metal within TiO2 film on the base material.
The electron probe emits the electron to the sample under the acceleration voltage of 200 kV, when the inner structure of sample is analyzed by TEM. The size, thickness, and structure of loaded Cu were evaluated. The characteristic X-ray is detected by EDX at the same time, resulting that the concentration distribution of chemical element toward thickness direction of the sample is analyzed. In the present study, the concentration distribution of Ti and Cu were analyzed.
EELS can be applied not only for element detection but also determination of oxidization states of some transition metals. The EELS characterization was performed by JEM-ARM200F equipped with GIF Quantum having 2048 ch. The dispersion of 0.5 eV/ch can be achieved for the full width at half maximum of the zero loss peak.
Figure 1 [27, 28] shows the experimental set-up of the reactor composing of stainless tube (100 mm (H.) × 50 mm (I.D.)), Cu/TiO2 film coated on netlike glass disc (50 mm (D.) × 1 mm (t.)) located on the Teflon cylinder (50 mm (H.) × 50 mm (D.)), a quartz glass disc (84 mm (D.) × 10 mm (t.)), a sharp cut filter cutting off the light whose wavelength is below 400 nm (SCF-49.5C-42 L, SIGMA KOKI CO. LTD.), a 150 W Xe lamp (L2175, Hamamatsu Photonics K. K.), mass flow controller, and CO2 gas cylinder. The volume of reactor to charge CO2 is 1.3 × 10−4 m3. The light of Xe lamp which is located inside the stainless tube illuminates Cu/TiO2 film coated on the netlike glass disc through the sharp cut filter and the quartz glass disc that are at the top of the stainless tube. The wavelength of light from Xe lamp is ranged from 185 to 2000 nm. Since the sharp cut filter can remove UV components of the light from the Xe lamp, the wavelength of light from Xe lamp is ranged from 401 to 2000 nm with the filter. Figure 2 [29] shows the performance of the sharp cut filter to cut off the wavelength is below 400 nm. The average light intensity of Xe lamp without and with the sharp cut filter is 58.2 and 33.8 mW/cm2, respectively.
Schematic drawing of CO2 reduction experimental set-up (left: CO2/H2/H2O system; right: CO2/NH3/H2O system).
Light transmittance data of sharp cut filter.
In the CO2 reduction experiment with H2 and H2O, CO2 gas with the purity of 99.9 vol% which were controlled by mass flow controller was mixed in the buffer chamber and introduced into the reactor which was pre-vacuumed by a vacuum pump. The mixing ratio of CO2 and H2 was confirmed by TCD gas chromatograph (Micro GC CP4900, GL Science) before introducing into the reactor. After confirming the mixing ratio of CO2 and H2, the distilled water was injected into the reactor through a gas sampling tap by syringe and Xe lamp illumination was turned on the same time. The amount of injected water was measured and controlled by the syringe. The injected water vaporized completely in the reactor. The molar ratio of CO2/H2/H2O was set at 1:1:1, 1:0.5:1, 1:1:0.5, 1:0.5:0.5. Due to the heat of Xe lamp, the temperature in reactor was attained at 343 K within an hour and kept an approximately 343 K during the experiment.
In the CO2 reduction experiment with NH3 and H2O, after purging the reactor with CO2 gas of 99.9 vol% purity introduced in the reactor, which was pre-vacuumed by a vacuum pump, for 15 minutes, the valves located at the inlet and the outlet of reactor were closed. After confirming the pressure and gas temperature in the reactor at 0.1 MPa and 298 K, respectively, the NH3 aqueous solution (NH3; 50 vol%), which was changed according to the planed molar ratio, was injected into the reactor through gas sampling tap, and Xe lamp illumination was turned on the same time. The NH3 aqueous solution injected was vaporized completely in the reactor. Due to the heat of Xe lamp, the temperature in the reactor was attained at 343 K within an hour and kept at approximately 343 K during the experiment. The molar ratio of CO2/NH3/H2O was set at 1:1:1, 1:0.5:1, 1:1:0.5, 1:0.5:0.5, 3:2:3, 3:8:12, respectively. The gas in the reactor was sampled every 24 hours during the experiment. The gas samples were analyzed by FID gas chromatograph (GC353B, GL Science). Minimum resolution of FID gas chromatograph and methanizer is 1 ppmV.
Figure 3 shows SEM image of Cu/TiO2 film coated on netlike glass disc [28]. The SEM image was taken at 1500 times magnification. Figure 4 shows EPMA image of Cu/TiO2 film coated on netlike glass disc [28]. EPMA analysis was carried out for SEM images taken by 1500 times magnification. In EPMA image, the concentration of each element in observation area is indicated by the different colors. Light colors, for example, white, pink, and red indicate that the amount of element is large, while dark colors like black and blue indicate that the amount of element is small.
SEM image of Cu/TiO2 film coated on netlike glass disc.
EPMA image of Cu/TiO2 film coated on netlike glass disc.
From these figures, it can be observed that TiO2 film was coated on netlike glass fiber. During firing process, the temperature profile of TiO2 solution adhered on the netlike glass disc was not even due to the different thermal conductivities of Ti and SiO2. Their thermal conductivities of Ti and SiO2 at 600 K are 19.4 and 1.8 W/(m·K) [30], respectively. Due to thermal expansion and shrinkage around netlike glass fiber, it can be considered that thermal crack is formed on the TiO2 film.
In addition, it is observed from Figure 4 that nanosized Cu particles are loaded on TiO2 uniformly, resulted from that the pulse arc plasma method can emit nanosized Cu particles.
To evaluate the amount of loaded Cu within TiO2 film quantitatively, the observation area, which is the center of netlike glass disc, of diameter of 300 μm is analyzed by EPMA. The ratio of Cu to Ti is counted by averaging the data obtained in this area. As a result, the weight percentages of elements of Cu and Ti in the Cu/TiO2 film are 0.6 and 99.4 wt%, respectively.
Figures 5 and 6 show TEM and EDX images of Cu/TiO2 film, respectively [27]. ESX analysis was carried out using TEM image taken by 150,000 times magnification. According to Figure 6, it is observed that Cu particles are distributed in TiO2 film. Though many Cu particles are loaded on the upside of TiO2 film, it is not confirmed that the Cu layer is formed.
TEM image of Cu/TiO2 film.
EDX images of Cu/TiO2 film.
Figure 7 shows EELS spectra of Cu in Cu/TiO2 film [27]. From this figure, the peaks at around 932 and 952 eV can be observed. Compared to the report investigating peaks of Cu, Cu2O, and CuO [31], the EELS spectra of Cu2O matches with Figure 7. Therefore, Cu in Cu/TiO2 prepared in this study exists as Cu+ ion in Cu2O. It was reported that the heterojunctions between CuO and TiO2 contributed to the promotion of the photoactivity [32]. In addition, it was reported that Cu+ was more active than Cu2+ [33]. Therefore, it is expected that Cu+ would play a role to enhance the CO2 reduction performance in this study. Figure 8 shows EELS spectra of TiO2 referred from EELS data base [34]. Comparing Figure 8 with Figure 7, EELS spectra of TiO2 is very different from EELS spectra of Cu in Cu/TiO2.
EELS spectra of Cu in Cu/TiO2.
EELS spectra of TiO2 referred from EELS data base [34].
Figures 9 and 10 show the concentration changes of CO and CH4 produced in the reactor along the time under the illumination of Xe lamp with UV light, respectively. Figures 11 and 12 show the molar quantities of CO and CH4 per weight of photocatalyst in the reactor along the time under the illumination of Xe lamp with UV light, respectively. The amount of Cu/TiO2 is 0.2 g. In this experiment, a blank test, that was running the same experiment without illumination of Xe lamp, had been carried out to set up a reference case. No fuel was produced in the blank test as expected.
Change of concentration of CO with time for several molar ratios of CO2/H2/H2O under illumination condition with UV light.
Change of concentration of CH4 with time for several molar ratios of CO2/H2/H2O under illumination condition with UV light.
Change of molar quantity of CO per unit weight of photocatalyst with time for several molar ratios of CO2/H2/H2O under illumination condition with UV light.
Change of molar quantity of CH4 per unit weight of photocatalyst with time for several molar ratios of CO2/H2/H2O under illumination condition with UV light.
According to Figures 9–12, the CO2 reduction performance is the highest for the molar ratio of CO2/H2/H2O = 1:0.5:0.5. Since the reaction scheme of CO2/H2/H2O is not fully understood, this study refers to the reaction scheme of CO2/H2O and CO2/H2 as shown by Eqs. (1)–(12). It is known from the reaction scheme that the theoretical molar ratio of CO2/H2O and CO2/H2 to produce CO is 1:1. On the other hand, the theoretical molar ratio of CO2/H2O and CO2/H2 to produce CO is 1:4. Since the molar ratio of CO2/H2/H2O = 1:0.5:0.5 can be regarded as the molar ratio of CO2/total reductants = 1:1, it is believed that the results of this study follow the reaction scheme presented in Eqs. (1)–(12). Comparing the CO production with the CH4 production, CO is produced first. According to Eq. (5), it is believed that some CO might be converted into CH4. Therefore, the start of CH4 production is slower than that of CO production. Producing CH4 needs four times H+ and electrons as many as producing CO needs. Therefore, it is revealed that the optimum molar ratio of CO2/H2/H2O is decided by the CO production scheme. Though CO decreases after reaching the peak, CH4 increases gradually.
According to Hinojosa-Reyes et al. [35], TiO2 and Cu2O formation leads to the photocatalytic activity since Cu2O is a semiconductor with small band gap energy. In addition, Cu performs to avoid the electron and hole recombination and promotes the charge transfer. In this study, it seems that the effect of Cu and Cu2O on photoactivity is performed.
Figures 13 and 14 show the concentration changes of CO produced and the molar quantity of CO per weight of photocatalyst in the reactor under the illumination of Xe lamp without UV light, respectively. In this experiment, CO is the only fuel produced from the reactions.
Change of concentration of CO with time for several molar ratios of CO2/H2/H2O under illumination condition without UV light.
Change of molar quantity of CO per unit weight of photocatalyst with time for several molar ratios of CO2/H2/H2O under illumination condition without UV light.
According to Figures 13 and 14, the CO2 reduction performance is also the highest for the molar ratio of CO2/H2/H2O = 1:0.5:0.5 in this case. It is considered that the same reaction mechanism as mentioned above is conducted. The CO2 reduction performance of Cu/TiO2 under the illumination condition without UV light is lower than that under the illumination condition with UV light. Therefore, it can be claimed that Cu/TiO2 obtains the main photoenergy from UV light.
Figures 15 and 16 show the concentration change of CO and CH4 produced in the reactor under the illumination of Xe lamp with UV light, with two Cu/TiO2 films coated on netlike glass discs overlapped, respectively. The photocatalyst is coated on both upper and lower surfaces of the top disc and only the upper surface of the bottom disc.
Change of concentration of CO for Cu/TiO2 overlapped with time for several molar ratios of CO2/H2/H2O under illumination condition with UV light.
Change of concentration of CH4 for Cu/TiO2 overlapped with time for several molar ratios of CO2/H2/H2O under illumination condition with UV light.
Figures 17 and 18 show the molar quantities of CO and CH4 per weight of photocatalyst in the reactor along the time under the Xe lamp with UV light, respectively. The total amount of Cu/TiO2 on two discs is 0.4 g.
Change of molar quantity of CO per unit weight of photocatalyst for Cu/TiO2 overlapped with time for several molar ratios of CO2/H2/H2O under illumination condition with UV light.
Change of molar quantity of CH4 per unit weight of photocatalyst for Cu/TiO2 overlapped with time for several molar ratios of CO2/H2/H2O under illumination condition with UV light.
According to Figures 15–18, the CO2 reduction performance is the highest for the molar ratio of CO2/H2/H2O = 1:0.5:0.5, the same as that in the case of single Cu/TiO2 disc. In addition, the order of CO2 reduction performance of Cu/TiO2 overlapped is the same as that of single Cu/TiO2. However, comparing Figures 15 and 16 with Figures 9 and 10, the concentrations of CO and CH4 for two Cu/TiO2 discs overlapped are higher than those for single Cu/TiO2 disc under every molar ratio of CO2/H2/H2O. The highest concentration of CO for Cu/TiO2 overlapped is 7273 ppmV, which is 1.4 times as large as that for single Cu/TiO2. On the other hand, the highest concentration of CH4 for Cu/TiO2 overlapped is 516 ppmV, which is 1.7 times as large as that for single Cu/TiO2. In the case of two discs overlapped, the following things are believed: (i) the amount of photocatalyst used for photocatalysis reaction is increased, (ii) the electron transfer between two Cu/TiO2 films promotes the activity of photocatalysis reaction, and (iii) the lower positioned Cu/TiO2 disc utilizes the light passing through the top disc.
However, comparing Figures 17 and 18 with Figures 11 and 12, the molar quantities of CO and CH4 per weight of photocatalyst in two discs case are lower than those for single Cu/TiO2 disc case under every molar ratio of CO2/H2/H2O. The highest molar quantity of CO per weight of photocatalyst in two discs overlapped case is 82 μmol/g, which is 54% of that in single disc case. Similarly, the highest molar quantity of CH4 per weight of photocatalyst in two discs overlapped case is 5.8 μmol/g, which is 65% of that in single disc case. The reasons of this result are considered to be: (i) some parts of the Cu/TiO2 film on the lower positioned disc cannot receive the light, (ii) if the produced fuel remains in the space between two discs, the reactants of CO2, H2, and H2O would be blocked to reach the surface of photocatalyst, resulting that the photochemical reaction could not be carried out well even though the light is illuminated for photocatalyst.
Figures 19 and 20 show the concentration changes of CO produced and the molar quantity of CO per weight of photocatalyst in the reactor with two overlapped Cu/TiO2 film coated on netlike glass disc under the illumination of Xe lamp without UV light, respectively. In this experiment, CO is the only produced from the reactions.
Change of concentration of CO for Cu/TiO2 overlapped with time for several molar ratios of CO2/H2/H2O under illumination condition without UV light.
Change of molar quantity of CO per unit weight of photocatalyst for Cu/TiO2 overlapped with time for several molar ratios of CO2/H2/H2O under illumination condition without UV light.
According to Figures 19 and 20, the CO2 reduction performance in two discs case is the highest for the molar ratio of CO2/H2/H2O = 1:0.5:0.5 which is the same as that in the single disc case. The order of CO2 reduction performance in two discs is the same as that in the single disc case. However, comparing Figure 19 with Figure 13, the concentrations in two discs case are higher than those in single case under every molar ratio of CO2/H2/H2O. The highest concentration of CO in two discs case is 271 ppmV, which is 2.8 times as large as that in single disc case. The same reasons explained in the case of illumination with UV light can be thought to cause the results.
In addition, comparing Figure 20 with Figure 14, the molar quantity of CO per weight of photocatalyst in two Cu/TiO2 discs overlapped case is singly higher than that in the single disc case under every molar ratio of CO2/H2/H2O. The highest molar quantity of CO per weight of photocatalyst is 3.1 μmol/g in two disc cases, which is 1.1 times as large at that in the single disc case. Though the effect of overlapping layout is not obtained under the illumination condition with UV light, the effect of overlapping layout is confirmed under the illumination condition without UV light. Since the photochemical reaction rate and the amount of produced fuel are small under the no-UV illumination condition compared to that with UV light, it would be beneficial to the mass transfer between produced fuels and reactants of CO2, H2, and H2O on the surface of photocatalyst in no-UV cases [36]. As a result, the mass transfer and photochemical reaction are carried out effectively in no-UV cases. Therefore, the effect of overlapping layout is obtained in no-UV cases. According to the previous reports [37, 38], the mass transfer is an inhibition factor to promote the CO2 reduction performance of photocatalyst, and it is necessary to control the mass transfer rate to meet the photochemical reaction rate. Figure 21 illustrates the comparison of mass and electron transfer within overlapped two photocatalysts in UV and no-UV illumination cases [27].
Comparison of mass and electron transfer within overlapped two photocatalysts between the illumination condition with UV light and without UV light.
Figures 22 and 23 show the concentration changes of formed CO and CH4, along the time under the Xe lamp with UV light, respectively. The amount of Cu/TiO2 on the netlike glass disc is 0.1 g. Before the experiments, a blank test, which was running the same experiment without illumination of Xe lamp, had been carried out to set up a reference case. No fuel was produced in the blank test as expected. According to Figures 22 and 23, the CO2 reduction performance is the highest for the molar ratio of CO2/NH3/H2O = 1:1:1.
Comparison of concentration of formed CO among several molar ratios of CO2/NH3/H2O under the illumination condition with UV light.
Comparison of concentration of formed CH4 among several molar ratios of CO2/NH3/H2O under the illumination condition with UV light.
According to the reaction scheme to reduce CO2 with H2O or NH3 as shown by Eqs. (1)–(5), (13)–(20), the theoretical molar ratio of CO2/H2O to produce CO or CH4 is 1:1 or 1:4, respectively, while that of CO2/NH3 to produce CO or CH4 is 3:2, 3:8, respectively. Therefore, this study assumes that the molar ratio of CO2/NH3/H2O = 3:2:3 and 3:8:12 is theoretical molar ratio to produce CO and CH4, respectively. However, the molar ratio of CO2/NH3/H2O = 1:1:1 is not matched with these theoretical molar ratios to produce CO and CH4. Since the ionized Cu doped with TiO2 provides free electron for the reduction reaction process [39], the reductants of NH3 and H2O which are less than the values indicated in the theoretical scheme are enough for producing CO and CH4 in this study. The highest molar quantities of CO and CH4 per weight of photocatalyst in the reactor, which are obtained for the molar ratio of CO2/NH3/H2O = 1:1:1, are 10.2 and 1.8 μmol/g, respectively.
In addition, it is confirmed from Figure 22 that the concentration of formed CO is increased from the start of illumination of Xe lamp and decreased after attaining the peak concentration. However, the concentration of formed CO increases again after 48 hours. It is believed that the decrease in the concentration of formed CO is resulted from the oxidization reaction between CO and O2 which is by-product as shown in Eq. (3) [40]. Since the produced CO might be remained near the photocatalyst due to high absorption performance of netlike glass fiber, this oxidization reaction is thought to be occurred. The increase in the concentration of formed CO after 48 hours might be due to the difference in reaction rates between CO2/H2O and CO2/NH3 condition. It is also revealed that the maximum concentration of formed CO is higher when the molar of NH3 is higher than that of H2O. Since the number of H+ which can be provided is 3 and 2 for NH3 and H2O, respectively, it is considered that NH3 is effective for promoting the reduction performance of Cu/TiO2. Furthermore, it is found from Figures 22 and 23 that the concentration of formed CH4 starts to increase after the decreasing of CO concentration. According to the reaction schemes, the more H+ and electron are needed to produce CH4, resulting that the production of CH4 starts later.
Figure 24 shows the concentration changes of formed CO along the time under the Xe lamp without UV light. In this experiment, CO is the only fuel produced from the reactions, that is, no CH4 was detected. Before the experiments, a blank test, which was running the same experiment without illumination of Xe lamp, had been carried out to set up a reference case. No CO or CH4 was produced in the blank test as expected. According to Figure 24, the CO2 reduction performance is the best for the molar ratio of CO2/NH3/H2O = 1:1:1. In addition, it is confirmed from Figure 24 that the concentration of formed CO is increased from the start of illumination of Xe lamp and decreased after reaching the maximum concentration. However, the concentration of formed CO is increased gradually again after a while. It can be considered that the same reaction mechanism under the illumination condition with UV light as mentioned above occurred.
Comparison of concentration of formed CO among several molar ratios of CO2/NH3/H2O under the illumination condition without UV light.
Under the condition of CO2/H2/H2O, the highest molar quantity of CO per weight of photocatalyst is 153 μmol/g in a single disc case with UV light illumination. The CO production performance achieved in this study is approximately 500 times as large as that reported in [24, 26] which is owing to Cu doping. The CH4 production performance achieved in this study is almost the same as that reported in [24]. Since the doped Cu provides the free electron preventing recombination of electron and hole produced as well as the improvement of the light absorption effect, the big improvement of CO2 reduction performance is obtained in this study.
One way to further promote the CO2 reduction performance may be that different metals should be doped on the higher and the lower positioned photocatalysts discs. The co-doped such as PbS-Cu/TiO2, Cu-Fe/TiO2, Cu-Ce/TiO2, Cu-Mn/TiO2, and Cu-CdS/TiO2 would promote the CO2 reduction performance of TiO2 under the CO2/H2O condition [7, 9]. When the combination of CO2/H2/H2O is considered, the ion number of dopant is important to match the number of electron emitted from the dopant with H+ as shown by the reaction schemes of CO2/H2O and CO2/H2. The same number of electron and H+ are necessary for fuel production. Though Cu+ ion is applied to promote the CO2 reduction performance with TiO2 in this study, it is expected that the co-doping of Cu and the other metal having larger positive ion might have positive effect for CO2 reduction with H2 and H2O. In addition, the dopant like Fe, which can absorb the shorter wavelength light than Cu [17, 41, 42], should be used at the higher positioned layer. The wavelength of light becomes long after penetrating the higher positioned photocatalyst [36]. Therefore, it may be an effective way for utilization of wide wavelength range light that the higher positioned Fe/TiO2 which absorbs the shorter wavelength light and the lower positioned Cu/TiO2 which absorbs the longer wavelength light are overlapped. This idea is similar to the concept of hybridizing two photocatalysts having different band gaps [13, 42, 43].
On the other hand, under the condition of CO2/NH3/H2O, the highest molar quantities of CO and CH4 per weight of photocatalyst in the reactor, which are obtained for the molar ratio of CO2/NH3/H2O = 1:1:1, are 10.2 and 1.8 μmol/g, respectively. Compared to the previous research on CO2 reduction with H2 and H2O over pure TiO2, the CO2 reduction performance of photocatalyst prepared in this study is approximately 35 times as large as that reported in Refs. [24, 39], which is owing to not only Cu doping but also the combination of NH3 and H2O. The CO production performance over the Cu/TiO2 prepared in this study is approximately 3 times as large as that reported in the reference [44]. However, the CH4 production performance of Cu/TiO2 prepared in this study is one twentieth as large as that of Cu/TiO2 reported in the other reference [45]. Therefore, it is necessary to promote the conversion from NH3 into H2 in order to improve the reduction performance according to the reaction scheme to reduce CO2 with NH3. One way to promote the conversion from NH3 into H2 is thought to be using Pt as a dopant. It was reported that Pt/TiO2 was effective to dissolve NH3 aqueous solution into N2 and H2 [25].
The conclusions on this chapter are as follows:
Cu in Cu/TiO2 prepared by this study exists in the form of Cu+ ion in Cu2O.
Under the condition of CO2/H2/H2O, the highest concentrations of CO and CH4 produced as well as the highest molar quantities of CO and CH4 per weight of photocatalyst for Cu/TiO2 are obtained for CO2/H2/H2O ratio of 1:0.5:0.5. Since the molar ratio of CO2/H2/H2O = 1:0.5:0.5 can be regarded as the molar ratio of CO2/total reductants = 1:1, it is believed that the results of this study follow the reaction scheme of CO2/H2O and CO2/H2.
Under the condition of CO2/H2/H2O, the highest concentration of CO in two discs case is 1.4 times as large as that in the single disc case, while the highest concentration of CH4 is 1.7 times with UV light illumination. Under the illumination condition without UV light, the highest concentration of CO with two Cu/TiO2 disc is 2.8 times as large as that with single Cu/TiO2 disc.
Under the condition of CO2/H2/H2O, the highest molar quantity of CO per weight of photocatalyst with two Cu/TiO2 discs overlapped is 54% of that with single Cu/TiO2 disc with UV light illumination. The highest molar quantity of CH4 per weight of photocatalyst with two Cu/TiO2 discs overlapped is 65% of that with single Cu/TiO2 disc.
Under the condition of CO2/H2/H2O, the molar quantity of CO per weight of photocatalyst with two Cu/TiO2 discs overlapped is slightly (1.1 times) higher than that with single Cu/TiO2 disc without UV light illumination.
Under the condition of CO2/NH3/H2O, the molar ratio of CO2/NH3/H2O is 1:1:1 under the illumination condition with UV as well as without UV. The highest molar quantities of CO and CH4 per weight of photocatalyst obtained in this study are 10.2 and 1.8 μmol/g, respectively.
The authors would like to gratefully thank from JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 16K06970 for the financial support of this work.
If you are associated with any of the institutions in our list below, you can apply to receive OA publication funds by following the instructions provided in the links.
",metaTitle:"List of Institutions by Country",metaDescription:"If you are associated with any of the institutions in our list below, you can apply to receive OA publication funds by following the instructions provided in the links. However, if your research is financed through any of the below-mentioned funders, please consult their Open Access policies or grant ‘terms and conditions’ to explore ways to cover your publication costs (also accessible by clicking on the link in their title).",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"open-access-funding-institutions-list",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Book Chapters and Monographs
\\n\\nBook Chapters
\\n\\nMonographs Only
\\n\\n\\n\\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\\n\\nMonographs Only
\\n\\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\\n\\n\\n\\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\\n\\n\\n\\nCorresponding authors will receive a 25% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters. A 20% discount for publishing a long-form monographs, 25% for compacts and 23% for short-form monographs.
\\n\\nCSIC affiliated authors can also take advantage of a central Open Access fund (amounting to 10,000 EUR) to cover up to 50% of the rest of the OAPF until it expires. Effective for chapters accepted from January 1, 2020.
\\n\\nCorresponding authors will receive a 25% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters. A 20% discount for publishing a long-form monographs, 25% for compacts and 23% for short-form monographs.
\\n\\nCorresponding authors will receive a 25% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters. A 20% discount for publishing a long-form monographs, 25% for compacts and 23% for short-form monographs.
\\n\\n\\n\\nCorresponding authors will receive a 25% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters. A 20% discount for publishing a long-form monographs, 25% for compacts and 23% for short-form monographs.
\\n\\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\\n\\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\\n\\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\\n\\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\\n\\nThe Claremont Colleges are pledging funds via the Knowledge Unlatched program to ensure academics can publish Open Access content more easily.
\\n\\nCorresponding authors will receive a 15% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters or monograph publications. To use the discount you will need to verify your institutional email address. These discounts are valid from 2020 to 2022.
\\n\\nThe University of Massachusetts, Amherst is pledging funds via the Knowledge Unlatched program to ensure academics can publish Open Access content more easily.
\\n\\nCorresponding authors will receive a 10% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters or monograph publications. To use the discount you will need to verify your institutional email address. These discounts are valid from 2020 to 2022.
\\n\\nThe University of Surrey is pledging funds via the Knowledge Unlatched program to ensure academics can publish Open Access content more easily.
\\n\\nCorresponding authors will receive a 10% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters or monograph publications. To use the discount you will need to verify your institutional email address. These discounts are valid from 2020 to 2022.
\\n\\nMonographs Only
\\n\\n\\n\\nImportant: You must be a member or grantee of the above listed institutions in order to apply for their Open Access publication funds.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'Book Chapters and Monographs
\n\n\n\nBook Chapters
\n\nMonographs Only
\n\n\n\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\n\nMonographs Only
\n\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\n\n\n\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\n\n\n\nCorresponding authors will receive a 25% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters. A 20% discount for publishing a long-form monographs, 25% for compacts and 23% for short-form monographs.
\n\nCSIC affiliated authors can also take advantage of a central Open Access fund (amounting to 10,000 EUR) to cover up to 50% of the rest of the OAPF until it expires. Effective for chapters accepted from January 1, 2020.
\n\nCorresponding authors will receive a 25% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters. A 20% discount for publishing a long-form monographs, 25% for compacts and 23% for short-form monographs.
\n\nCorresponding authors will receive a 25% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters. A 20% discount for publishing a long-form monographs, 25% for compacts and 23% for short-form monographs.
\n\n\n\nCorresponding authors will receive a 25% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters. A 20% discount for publishing a long-form monographs, 25% for compacts and 23% for short-form monographs.
\n\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\n\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\n\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\n\n\n\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\n\nThe Claremont Colleges are pledging funds via the Knowledge Unlatched program to ensure academics can publish Open Access content more easily.
\n\nCorresponding authors will receive a 15% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters or monograph publications. To use the discount you will need to verify your institutional email address. These discounts are valid from 2020 to 2022.
\n\nThe University of Massachusetts, Amherst is pledging funds via the Knowledge Unlatched program to ensure academics can publish Open Access content more easily.
\n\nCorresponding authors will receive a 10% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters or monograph publications. To use the discount you will need to verify your institutional email address. These discounts are valid from 2020 to 2022.
\n\nThe University of Surrey is pledging funds via the Knowledge Unlatched program to ensure academics can publish Open Access content more easily.
\n\nCorresponding authors will receive a 10% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters or monograph publications. To use the discount you will need to verify your institutional email address. These discounts are valid from 2020 to 2022.
\n\nMonographs Only
\n\n\n\nImportant: You must be a member or grantee of the above listed institutions in order to apply for their Open Access publication funds.
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5774},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5240},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1721},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10411},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:897},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15812}],offset:12,limit:12,total:118381},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10231",title:"Proton Therapy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f4a9009287953c8d1d89f0fa9b7597b0",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10231.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10652",title:"Visual Object Tracking",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"96f3ee634a7ba49fa195e50475412af4",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10655",title:"Motion Planning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"809b5e290cf2dade9e7e0a5ae0ef3df0",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10655.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10657",title:"Service Robots",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5f81b9eea6eb3f9af984031b7af35588",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10657.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10662",title:"Pedagogy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c858e1c6fb878d3b895acbacec624576",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10662.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10673",title:"The Psychology of Trust",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1f6cac41fd145f718ac0866264499cc8",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10673.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10675",title:"Hydrostatics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c86c2fa9f835d4ad5e7efd8b01921866",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10675.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10677",title:"Topology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"85eac84b173d785f989522397616124e",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10677.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10678",title:"Biostatistics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f63db439474a574454a66894db8b394c",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10678.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10679",title:"Mass Production",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2dae91102099b1a07be1a36a68852829",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10679.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10689",title:"Risk Management in Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e3805b3d2fceb9d33e1fa805687cd296",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10689.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10693",title:"Open Data",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9fcbb8e096da084fb29d8f16aaecb061",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10693.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:19},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:21},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:1}],offset:12,limit:12,total:202},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9521",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",subtitle:"A One Health Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30949e78832e1afba5606634b52056ab",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-one-health-perspective",bookSignature:"Mihai Mareș, Swee Hua Erin Lim, Kok-Song Lai and Romeo-Teodor Cristina",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9521.jpg",editors:[{id:"88785",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihai",middleName:null,surname:"Mares",slug:"mihai-mares",fullName:"Mihai Mares"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"190224",title:"Dr.",name:"Swee Hua Erin",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"swee-hua-erin-lim",fullName:"Swee Hua Erin Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190224/images/system/190224.png",biography:"Dr. Erin Lim is presently working as an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates and is affiliated as an Associate Professor to Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Selangor, Malaysia. She obtained her Ph.D. from Universiti Putra Malaysia in 2010 with a National Science Fellowship awarded from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia and has been actively involved in research ever since. Her main research interests include analysis of carriage and transmission of multidrug resistant bacteria in non-conventional settings, besides an interest in natural products for antimicrobial testing. She is heavily involved in the elucidation of mechanisms of reversal of resistance in bacteria in addition to investigating the immunological analyses of diseases, development of vaccination and treatment models in animals. She hopes her work will support the discovery of therapeutics in the clinical setting and assist in the combat against the burden of antibiotic resistance.",institutionString:"Abu Dhabi Women’s College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Perdana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"221544",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok-Song",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",slug:"kok-song-lai",fullName:"Kok-Song Lai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221544/images/system/221544.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Lai Kok Song is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. He obtained his Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan in 2012. Prior to his academic appointment, Dr. Lai worked as a Senior Scientist at the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia. His current research areas include antimicrobial resistance and plant-pathogen interaction. His particular interest lies in the study of the antimicrobial mechanism via membrane disruption of essential oils against multi-drug resistance bacteria through various biochemical, molecular and proteomic approaches. Ultimately, he hopes to uncover and determine novel biomarkers related to antibiotic resistance that can be developed into new therapeutic strategies.",institutionString:"Higher Colleges of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Higher Colleges of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10020",title:"Operations Management",subtitle:"Emerging Trend in the Digital Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"526f0dbdc7e4d85b82ce8383ab894b4c",slug:"operations-management-emerging-trend-in-the-digital-era",bookSignature:"Antonella Petrillo, Fabio De Felice, Germano Lambert-Torres and Erik Bonaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10020.jpg",editors:[{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9560",title:"Creativity",subtitle:"A Force to Innovation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"58f740bc17807d5d88d647c525857b11",slug:"creativity-a-force-to-innovation",bookSignature:"Pooja Jain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9560.jpg",editors:[{id:"316765",title:"Dr.",name:"Pooja",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"pooja-jain",fullName:"Pooja Jain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10192",title:"Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca24028d89912b5efea56e179dff089",slug:"background-and-management-of-muscular-atrophy",bookSignature:"Julianna Cseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10192.jpg",editors:[{id:"135579",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianna",middleName:null,surname:"Cseri",slug:"julianna-cseri",fullName:"Julianna Cseri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9243",title:"Coastal Environments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e05e5f631e935eef366980f2e28295d",slug:"coastal-environments",bookSignature:"Yuanzhi Zhang and X. San Liang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9243.jpg",editors:[{id:"77597",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuanzhi-zhang",fullName:"Yuanzhi Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7847",title:"Medical Toxicology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db9b65bea093de17a0855a1b27046247",slug:"medical-toxicology",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Tomohisa Ogawa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7847.jpg",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoglu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8558",title:"Aerodynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db7263fc198dfb539073ba0260a7f1aa",slug:"aerodynamics",bookSignature:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy and Aly-Mousaad Aly",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8558.jpg",editors:[{id:"35542",title:"Prof.",name:"Mofid",middleName:null,surname:"Gorji-Bandpy",slug:"mofid-gorji-bandpy",fullName:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5252},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9521",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",subtitle:"A One Health Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30949e78832e1afba5606634b52056ab",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-one-health-perspective",bookSignature:"Mihai Mareș, Swee Hua Erin Lim, Kok-Song Lai and Romeo-Teodor Cristina",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9521.jpg",editors:[{id:"88785",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihai",middleName:null,surname:"Mares",slug:"mihai-mares",fullName:"Mihai Mares"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"190224",title:"Dr.",name:"Swee Hua Erin",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"swee-hua-erin-lim",fullName:"Swee Hua Erin Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190224/images/system/190224.png",biography:"Dr. Erin Lim is presently working as an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates and is affiliated as an Associate Professor to Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Selangor, Malaysia. She obtained her Ph.D. from Universiti Putra Malaysia in 2010 with a National Science Fellowship awarded from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia and has been actively involved in research ever since. Her main research interests include analysis of carriage and transmission of multidrug resistant bacteria in non-conventional settings, besides an interest in natural products for antimicrobial testing. She is heavily involved in the elucidation of mechanisms of reversal of resistance in bacteria in addition to investigating the immunological analyses of diseases, development of vaccination and treatment models in animals. She hopes her work will support the discovery of therapeutics in the clinical setting and assist in the combat against the burden of antibiotic resistance.",institutionString:"Abu Dhabi Women’s College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Perdana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"221544",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok-Song",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",slug:"kok-song-lai",fullName:"Kok-Song Lai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221544/images/system/221544.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Lai Kok Song is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. He obtained his Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan in 2012. Prior to his academic appointment, Dr. Lai worked as a Senior Scientist at the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia. His current research areas include antimicrobial resistance and plant-pathogen interaction. His particular interest lies in the study of the antimicrobial mechanism via membrane disruption of essential oils against multi-drug resistance bacteria through various biochemical, molecular and proteomic approaches. Ultimately, he hopes to uncover and determine novel biomarkers related to antibiotic resistance that can be developed into new therapeutic strategies.",institutionString:"Higher Colleges of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Higher Colleges of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10020",title:"Operations Management",subtitle:"Emerging Trend in the Digital Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"526f0dbdc7e4d85b82ce8383ab894b4c",slug:"operations-management-emerging-trend-in-the-digital-era",bookSignature:"Antonella Petrillo, Fabio De Felice, Germano Lambert-Torres and Erik Bonaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10020.jpg",editors:[{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9560",title:"Creativity",subtitle:"A Force to Innovation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"58f740bc17807d5d88d647c525857b11",slug:"creativity-a-force-to-innovation",bookSignature:"Pooja Jain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9560.jpg",editors:[{id:"316765",title:"Dr.",name:"Pooja",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"pooja-jain",fullName:"Pooja Jain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10192",title:"Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca24028d89912b5efea56e179dff089",slug:"background-and-management-of-muscular-atrophy",bookSignature:"Julianna Cseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10192.jpg",editors:[{id:"135579",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianna",middleName:null,surname:"Cseri",slug:"julianna-cseri",fullName:"Julianna Cseri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9243",title:"Coastal Environments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e05e5f631e935eef366980f2e28295d",slug:"coastal-environments",bookSignature:"Yuanzhi Zhang and X. San Liang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9243.jpg",editors:[{id:"77597",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuanzhi-zhang",fullName:"Yuanzhi Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7847",title:"Medical Toxicology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db9b65bea093de17a0855a1b27046247",slug:"medical-toxicology",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Tomohisa Ogawa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7847.jpg",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoglu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9243",title:"Coastal Environments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e05e5f631e935eef366980f2e28295d",slug:"coastal-environments",bookSignature:"Yuanzhi Zhang and X. San Liang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9243.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"77597",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuanzhi-zhang",fullName:"Yuanzhi Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10020",title:"Operations Management",subtitle:"Emerging Trend in the Digital Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"526f0dbdc7e4d85b82ce8383ab894b4c",slug:"operations-management-emerging-trend-in-the-digital-era",bookSignature:"Antonella Petrillo, Fabio De Felice, Germano Lambert-Torres and Erik Bonaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10020.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9521",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",subtitle:"A One Health Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30949e78832e1afba5606634b52056ab",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-one-health-perspective",bookSignature:"Mihai Mareș, Swee Hua Erin Lim, Kok-Song Lai and Romeo-Teodor Cristina",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9521.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88785",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihai",middleName:null,surname:"Mares",slug:"mihai-mares",fullName:"Mihai Mares"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"190224",title:"Dr.",name:"Swee Hua Erin",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"swee-hua-erin-lim",fullName:"Swee Hua Erin Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190224/images/system/190224.png",biography:"Dr. Erin Lim is presently working as an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates and is affiliated as an Associate Professor to Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Selangor, Malaysia. She obtained her Ph.D. from Universiti Putra Malaysia in 2010 with a National Science Fellowship awarded from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia and has been actively involved in research ever since. Her main research interests include analysis of carriage and transmission of multidrug resistant bacteria in non-conventional settings, besides an interest in natural products for antimicrobial testing. She is heavily involved in the elucidation of mechanisms of reversal of resistance in bacteria in addition to investigating the immunological analyses of diseases, development of vaccination and treatment models in animals. She hopes her work will support the discovery of therapeutics in the clinical setting and assist in the combat against the burden of antibiotic resistance.",institutionString:"Abu Dhabi Women’s College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Perdana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"221544",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok-Song",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",slug:"kok-song-lai",fullName:"Kok-Song Lai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221544/images/system/221544.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Lai Kok Song is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. He obtained his Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan in 2012. Prior to his academic appointment, Dr. Lai worked as a Senior Scientist at the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia. His current research areas include antimicrobial resistance and plant-pathogen interaction. His particular interest lies in the study of the antimicrobial mechanism via membrane disruption of essential oils against multi-drug resistance bacteria through various biochemical, molecular and proteomic approaches. Ultimately, he hopes to uncover and determine novel biomarkers related to antibiotic resistance that can be developed into new therapeutic strategies.",institutionString:"Higher Colleges of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Higher Colleges of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9560",title:"Creativity",subtitle:"A Force to Innovation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"58f740bc17807d5d88d647c525857b11",slug:"creativity-a-force-to-innovation",bookSignature:"Pooja Jain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9560.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"316765",title:"Dr.",name:"Pooja",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"pooja-jain",fullName:"Pooja Jain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9669",title:"Recent Advances in Rice Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"12b06cc73e89af1e104399321cc16a75",slug:"recent-advances-in-rice-research",bookSignature:"Mahmood-ur- Rahman Ansari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-Ur-",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-Ur- Rahman Ansari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10192",title:"Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca24028d89912b5efea56e179dff089",slug:"background-and-management-of-muscular-atrophy",bookSignature:"Julianna Cseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10192.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"135579",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianna",middleName:null,surname:"Cseri",slug:"julianna-cseri",fullName:"Julianna Cseri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9550",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Contemporary Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b4ac1ee5b743abf6f88495452b1e5e7",slug:"entrepreneurship-contemporary-issues",bookSignature:"Mladen Turuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"319755",title:"Prof.",name:"Mladen",middleName:null,surname:"Turuk",slug:"mladen-turuk",fullName:"Mladen Turuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"627",title:"Hazards",slug:"hazards",parent:{title:"Atmospheric Sciences",slug:"atmospheric-sciences"},numberOfBooks:1,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:15,numberOfWosCitations:3,numberOfCrossrefCitations:4,numberOfDimensionsCitations:8,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"hazards",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"5158",title:"Atmospheric Hazards",subtitle:"Case Studies in Modeling, Communication, and Societal Impacts",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cac6bf5060cc9353746f808a3f7ec19f",slug:"atmospheric-hazards-case-studies-in-modeling-communication-and-societal-impacts",bookSignature:"Jill S. M. Coleman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5158.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"99313",title:"Dr.",name:"Jill",middleName:"S. M.",surname:"Coleman",slug:"jill-coleman",fullName:"Jill Coleman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:1,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"50772",doi:"10.5772/63001",title:"Lightning Occurrence and Social Vulnerability",slug:"lightning-occurrence-and-social-vulnerability",totalDownloads:1078,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"atmospheric-hazards-case-studies-in-modeling-communication-and-societal-impacts",title:"Atmospheric Hazards",fullTitle:"Atmospheric Hazards - Case Studies in Modeling, Communication, and Societal Impacts"},signatures:"Ronald L. Holle and Mary Ann Cooper",authors:[{id:"179023",title:"Mr.",name:"Ronald",middleName:null,surname:"Holle",slug:"ronald-holle",fullName:"Ronald Holle"},{id:"183336",title:"Dr.",name:"Mary Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Cooper",slug:"mary-ann-cooper",fullName:"Mary Ann Cooper"}]},{id:"50497",doi:"10.5772/62996",title:"Extreme Precipitation Events over East Asia: Evaluating the CMIP5 Model",slug:"extreme-precipitation-events-over-east-asia-evaluating-the-cmip5-model",totalDownloads:1019,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"atmospheric-hazards-case-studies-in-modeling-communication-and-societal-impacts",title:"Atmospheric Hazards",fullTitle:"Atmospheric Hazards - Case Studies in Modeling, Communication, and Societal Impacts"},signatures:"Nicolas Freychet, Huang-Hsiung Hsu and Chi-Hua Wu",authors:[{id:"179232",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicolas",middleName:null,surname:"Freychet",slug:"nicolas-freychet",fullName:"Nicolas Freychet"},{id:"184846",title:"Prof.",name:"Huang-Hsiung",middleName:null,surname:"Hsu",slug:"huang-hsiung-hsu",fullName:"Huang-Hsiung Hsu"},{id:"184847",title:"Dr.",name:"Chi-Hua",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",slug:"chi-hua-wu",fullName:"Chi-Hua Wu"}]},{id:"51374",doi:"10.5772/63552",title:"Computational Tools for the Simulation of Atmospheric Pollution Transport During a Severe Wind Event in Argentina",slug:"computational-tools-for-the-simulation-of-atmospheric-pollution-transport-during-a-severe-wind-event",totalDownloads:998,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"atmospheric-hazards-case-studies-in-modeling-communication-and-societal-impacts",title:"Atmospheric Hazards",fullTitle:"Atmospheric Hazards - Case Studies in Modeling, Communication, and Societal Impacts"},signatures:"César Augusto Aguirre and Armando Benito Brizuela",authors:[{id:"179132",title:"Dr.",name:"César",middleName:"Augusto",surname:"Aguirre",slug:"cesar-aguirre",fullName:"César Aguirre"},{id:"185180",title:"Prof.",name:"Armando Benito",middleName:null,surname:"Brizuela",slug:"armando-benito-brizuela",fullName:"Armando Benito Brizuela"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"50497",title:"Extreme Precipitation Events over East Asia: Evaluating the CMIP5 Model",slug:"extreme-precipitation-events-over-east-asia-evaluating-the-cmip5-model",totalDownloads:1016,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"atmospheric-hazards-case-studies-in-modeling-communication-and-societal-impacts",title:"Atmospheric Hazards",fullTitle:"Atmospheric Hazards - Case Studies in Modeling, Communication, and Societal Impacts"},signatures:"Nicolas Freychet, Huang-Hsiung Hsu and Chi-Hua Wu",authors:[{id:"179232",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicolas",middleName:null,surname:"Freychet",slug:"nicolas-freychet",fullName:"Nicolas Freychet"},{id:"184846",title:"Prof.",name:"Huang-Hsiung",middleName:null,surname:"Hsu",slug:"huang-hsiung-hsu",fullName:"Huang-Hsiung Hsu"},{id:"184847",title:"Dr.",name:"Chi-Hua",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",slug:"chi-hua-wu",fullName:"Chi-Hua Wu"}]},{id:"50772",title:"Lightning Occurrence and Social Vulnerability",slug:"lightning-occurrence-and-social-vulnerability",totalDownloads:1077,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"atmospheric-hazards-case-studies-in-modeling-communication-and-societal-impacts",title:"Atmospheric Hazards",fullTitle:"Atmospheric Hazards - Case Studies in Modeling, Communication, and Societal Impacts"},signatures:"Ronald L. Holle and Mary Ann Cooper",authors:[{id:"179023",title:"Mr.",name:"Ronald",middleName:null,surname:"Holle",slug:"ronald-holle",fullName:"Ronald Holle"},{id:"183336",title:"Dr.",name:"Mary Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Cooper",slug:"mary-ann-cooper",fullName:"Mary Ann Cooper"}]},{id:"51374",title:"Computational Tools for the Simulation of Atmospheric Pollution Transport During a Severe Wind Event in Argentina",slug:"computational-tools-for-the-simulation-of-atmospheric-pollution-transport-during-a-severe-wind-event",totalDownloads:997,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"atmospheric-hazards-case-studies-in-modeling-communication-and-societal-impacts",title:"Atmospheric Hazards",fullTitle:"Atmospheric Hazards - Case Studies in Modeling, Communication, and Societal Impacts"},signatures:"César Augusto Aguirre and Armando Benito Brizuela",authors:[{id:"179132",title:"Dr.",name:"César",middleName:"Augusto",surname:"Aguirre",slug:"cesar-aguirre",fullName:"César Aguirre"},{id:"185180",title:"Prof.",name:"Armando Benito",middleName:null,surname:"Brizuela",slug:"armando-benito-brizuela",fullName:"Armando Benito Brizuela"}]},{id:"51134",title:"Communication and Preparedness Issues on Various Scales from Extreme Atmospheric Hazards",slug:"communication-and-preparedness-issues-on-various-scales-from-extreme-atmospheric-hazards",totalDownloads:1085,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"atmospheric-hazards-case-studies-in-modeling-communication-and-societal-impacts",title:"Atmospheric Hazards",fullTitle:"Atmospheric Hazards - Case Studies in Modeling, Communication, and Societal Impacts"},signatures:"Robert M. Schwartz",authors:[{id:"184116",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Schwartz",slug:"robert-schwartz",fullName:"Robert Schwartz"}]},{id:"51345",title:"Analysis of the Twitter Response to Superstorm Sandy: Public Perceptions, Misconceptions, and Reconceptions of an Extreme Atmospheric Hazard",slug:"analysis-of-the-twitter-response-to-superstorm-sandy-public-perceptions-misconceptions-and-reconcept",totalDownloads:929,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"atmospheric-hazards-case-studies-in-modeling-communication-and-societal-impacts",title:"Atmospheric Hazards",fullTitle:"Atmospheric Hazards - Case Studies in Modeling, Communication, and Societal Impacts"},signatures:"John A. Knox, Brendan Mazanec, Emily Sullivan, Spencer Hall and\nJared A. Rackley",authors:[{id:"179985",title:"Dr.",name:"John",middleName:"A.",surname:"Knox",slug:"john-knox",fullName:"John Knox"},{id:"180238",title:"Mr.",name:"Brendan",middleName:null,surname:"Mazanec",slug:"brendan-mazanec",fullName:"Brendan Mazanec"},{id:"180239",title:"Ms.",name:"Emily",middleName:null,surname:"Sullivan",slug:"emily-sullivan",fullName:"Emily Sullivan"},{id:"180240",title:"Mr.",name:"Spencer",middleName:null,surname:"Hall",slug:"spencer-hall",fullName:"Spencer Hall"},{id:"180241",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Jared",middleName:null,surname:"Rackley",slug:"jared-rackley",fullName:"Jared Rackley"}]},{id:"50596",title:"A Case Study of Atmospheric Dynamics and Thermodynamics in Derechos and the Societal Impacts",slug:"a-case-study-of-atmospheric-dynamics-and-thermodynamics-in-derechos-and-the-societal-impacts",totalDownloads:723,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"atmospheric-hazards-case-studies-in-modeling-communication-and-societal-impacts",title:"Atmospheric Hazards",fullTitle:"Atmospheric Hazards - Case Studies in Modeling, Communication, and Societal Impacts"},signatures:"Kevin Law",authors:[{id:"15961",title:"Dr.",name:"Kevin",middleName:null,surname:"Law",slug:"kevin-law",fullName:"Kevin Law"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"hazards",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/153720/jozef-luston",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"153720",slug:"jozef-luston"},fullPath:"/profiles/153720/jozef-luston",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()