Geographic coordinates and elevations of the sampling sites along the reservoir cascade.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5136",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Recent Progress in Some Aircraft Technologies",title:"Recent Progress in Some Aircraft Technologies",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The book describes the recent progress in some engine technologies and active flow control and morphing technologies and in topics related to aeroacoustics and aircraft controllers. Both the researchers and students should find the material useful in their work.",isbn:"978-953-51-2482-5",printIsbn:"978-953-51-2481-8",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6675-7",doi:"10.5772/61381",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"recent-progress-in-some-aircraft-technologies",numberOfPages:204,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"6855bfb94011b56313a07020fa05ead6",bookSignature:"Ramesh K. Agarwal",publishedDate:"September 8th 2016",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5136.jpg",numberOfDownloads:17075,numberOfWosCitations:16,numberOfCrossrefCitations:17,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:22,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:2,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:55,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 23rd 2015",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 31st 2015",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 31st 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 17th 2016",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"May 17th 2016",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"38519",title:"Prof.",name:"Ramesh K.",middleName:null,surname:"Agarwal",slug:"ramesh-k.-agarwal",fullName:"Ramesh K. Agarwal",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/38519/images/system/38519.jpg",biography:"Professor Ramesh K. Agarwal is William Palm Professor of Engineering at Washington University in St. Louis, USA. From 1994 to 2001, he was Sam Bloomfield Distinguished Professor and Executive Director of the National Institute for Aviation Research at Wichita State University in Kansas. From 1978 to 1994, he worked in various scientific and managerial positions at McDonnell Douglas Research Laboratories in St. Louis; he became the Program Director and McDonnell Douglas Fellow in 1990. Dr. Agarwal received a PhD in Aeronautical Sciences from Stanford University in 1975, an MS in Aeronautical Engineering from the University of Minnesota in 1969, and a BS in Mechanical Engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India in 1968. Dr. Agarwal has worked in computational fluid dynamics and its applications to problems in aerospace and mechanical engineering, and energy and the environment.",institutionString:"Washington University in St. Louis",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"5",institution:{name:"Washington University in St. Louis",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"683",title:"Aeronautics",slug:"aeronautics"}],chapters:[{id:"50737",title:"Progress in Experimental Research of Turbine Aeroacoustics",doi:"10.5772/62431",slug:"progress-in-experimental-research-of-turbine-aeroacoustics",totalDownloads:1940,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Modifications on the intermediate turbine duct in order to reduce noise emissions by changing interaction frequencies and/or modes capable to propagate are presented. Also different turbine exit casings are described that are optimised to reduce interaction noise that is propagating through the engine and is one of the major noise sources during landing (operating point approach). The most promising modifications to reduce sound power levels are described. Depending on different modifications at specific operating points, the reduction of sound power level is between 5 dB and 10 dB, which is a significant reduction. However, some of these measures show an increase in aerodynamic losses. Therefore, a compromise has to be found between higher losses during a short duration (e.g. landing) and significant noise reduction. The chapter focuses on experimental results obtained in the test facilities of the Institute for Thermal Turbomachinery and Machine Dynamics at Graz University of Technology.",signatures:"Andreas Marn, Christian Faustmann and Thorsten Selic",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50737",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50737",authors:[{id:"178221",title:"Dr.",name:"Andreas",surname:"Marn",slug:"andreas-marn",fullName:"Andreas Marn"},{id:"178535",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",surname:"Faustmann",slug:"christian-faustmann",fullName:"Christian Faustmann"},{id:"178536",title:"Dr.",name:"Thorsten",surname:"Selic",slug:"thorsten-selic",fullName:"Thorsten Selic"}],corrections:null},{id:"50064",title:"Lubricants for Turbine Engines",doi:"10.5772/62394",slug:"lubricants-for-turbine-engines",totalDownloads:2644,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The lubricant systems used in turbine engine applications are discussed with respect to the particular problems associated with aircraft applications. After initially describing the relevant specifications, the typical basestocks are described along with some common degradation schemes. The additive systems, including antioxidants, anti-foaming agents, and anti-wear additives needed to achieve the typical specifications, are described along with their mechanism of action and degradation mechanisms. The methods used for the monitoring of lubricant health, including in-line and offline methods, are also discussed. Finally, future changes in specifications, basestocks, and additives are discussed with respect to new, high-performance bearing materials.",signatures:"David W. Johnson",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50064",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50064",authors:[{id:"178441",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Johnson",slug:"david-johnson",fullName:"David Johnson"}],corrections:null},{id:"50409",title:"Active Flow Control by Using Plasma Actuators",doi:"10.5772/62720",slug:"active-flow-control-by-using-plasma-actuators",totalDownloads:2928,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:9,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Active flow control has recently received an increasing attention since it allows to directly manipulate the flow-field around a surface only when it is effectively requested. Aerodynamic plasma actuators supplied by a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) can be used for this purpose. Usually, sinusoidal voltages in the range 5–50 kV peak and frequencies between 1 and 100 kHz are utilized to ignite this plasma typology. The surface discharge produced by these devices is able to tangentially accelerate the flow field by means of the electrohydrodynamic (EHD) interaction. DBDs generate non-thermal plasmas characterized by low input energies and limited temperature increments. Plasma actuators can be easily designed by following the shape of the aerodynamic body and can be used over heat-sensitive surfaces. These aerodynamic devices have demonstrated to produce boundary layer modifications with induced speeds up to 10 m/s. Their use over airfoils, flaps, and blades have shown the possibility to delay the transition between laminar to turbulent regime, to prevent flow separation enhancing lift and reducing drag. Moreover, the adoption of these actuators over landing gears and trailing edges may induce a noise reduction effect. Dielectric materials, electrodes configuration, and supplying waveforms are most relevant parameters to be considered to enhance actuator performance. On a parallel plane, on/off actuation strategy is a key point in the use of these devices when utilized over aerodynamic surfaces impinged within an external flow.",signatures:"Gabriele Neretti",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50409",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50409",authors:[{id:"178403",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriele",surname:"Neretti",slug:"gabriele-neretti",fullName:"Gabriele Neretti"}],corrections:null},{id:"50414",title:"Loads Simulator System for Testing and Qualification of Flight Actuators",doi:"10.5772/62710",slug:"loads-simulator-system-for-testing-and-qualification-of-flight-actuators",totalDownloads:1795,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The flight actuation system plays important role in the accurate guidance of the flight vehicles. The actuators driving the control surfaces are aerodynamically loaded during flight. The design, testing and selection process of the flight actuators play important role to ensure the stable and safe flight. Since a reliable flight actuation system can ensure appropriate guidance, the importance of qualification process cannot be neglected. Qualification of the actuators through field trials is a very costly and time-consuming process. The testing process using real flights takes more time and is costly. For ground testing, aerodynamic loading systems are used. The aerodynamic loading system is ground-based hardware in the loop (HWIL) simulator that can be used for exerting aerodynamic loads on actuation system of flight vehicles in real-time experiment. The actuation system under test is directly connected to the loading motor through a stiff shaft and the aerodynamics loading is applied in real time according to the flight trajectory generated by a flight computer.",signatures:"Nasim Ullah",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50414",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50414",authors:[{id:"179559",title:"Dr.",name:"Nasim",surname:"Ullah",slug:"nasim-ullah",fullName:"Nasim Ullah"}],corrections:null},{id:"50748",title:"Morphing Technologies: Adaptive Ailerons",doi:"10.5772/63645",slug:"morphing-technologies-adaptive-ailerons",totalDownloads:2101,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"European Union is involving increasing amount of resources on research projects that will dramatically change the costs of building and operating aircraft in the near future. Morphing structures are a key to turn current airplanes to more efficient and versatile means of transport, operating into a wider range of flight conditions.",signatures:"Ignazio Dimino, Gianluca Amendola, Francesco Amoroso, Rosario\nPecora and Antonio Concilio",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50748",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50748",authors:[{id:"178973",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ignazio",surname:"Dimino",slug:"ignazio-dimino",fullName:"Ignazio Dimino"},{id:"182346",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosario",surname:"Pecora",slug:"rosario-pecora",fullName:"Rosario Pecora"},{id:"182347",title:"Mr.",name:"Gianluca",surname:"Amendola",slug:"gianluca-amendola",fullName:"Gianluca Amendola"},{id:"182348",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",surname:"Concilio",slug:"antonio-concilio",fullName:"Antonio Concilio"},{id:"182349",title:"Dr.",name:"Francesco",surname:"Amoroso",slug:"francesco-amoroso",fullName:"Francesco Amoroso"}],corrections:null},{id:"50553",title:"Self-Healing Control Framework Against Actuator Fault of Single-Rotor Unmanned Helicopters",doi:"10.5772/62480",slug:"self-healing-control-framework-against-actuator-fault-of-single-rotor-unmanned-helicopters",totalDownloads:1137,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Unmanned helicopters (UHs) develop quickly because of their ability to hover and low speed flight. Facing different work conditions, UHs require the ability to safely operate under both external environment constraints, such as obstacles, and their own dynamic limits, especially after faults occurrence. To guarantee the postfault UH system safety and maximum ability, a self‐healing control (SHC) framework is presented in this chapter which is composed of fault detection and diagnosis (FDD), fault‐tolerant control (FTC), trajectory (re‐)planning, and evaluation strategy. More specifically, actuator faults and saturation constraints are considered at the same time. Because of the existence of actuator constraints, usable actuator efficiency would be reduced after actuator fault occurrence. Thus, the performance of the postfault UH system should be evaluated to judge whether the original trajectory and reference is reachable, and the SHC would plan a new trajectory to guarantee the safety of the postfault system under environment constraints. At last, the effectiveness of proposed SHC framework is illustrated by numerical simulations.",signatures:"Xin Qi, Zhong Liu, Yuqing He, Liying Yang, Yuqing He and Jianda\nHan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50553",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50553",authors:[{id:"9884",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuqing",surname:"He",slug:"yuqing-he",fullName:"Yuqing He"},{id:"9921",title:"Prof.",name:"Jianda",surname:"Han",slug:"jianda-han",fullName:"Jianda Han"},{id:"29225",title:"Dr.",name:"Dalei",surname:"Song",slug:"dalei-song",fullName:"Dalei Song"},{id:"71619",title:"Dr.",name:"Liying",surname:"Yang",slug:"liying-yang",fullName:"Liying Yang"},{id:"179295",title:"Dr.",name:"Xin",surname:"Qi",slug:"xin-qi",fullName:"Xin Qi"},{id:"185017",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhong",surname:"Liu",slug:"zhong-liu",fullName:"Zhong Liu"}],corrections:null},{id:"51026",title:"A Hierarchical Tracking Controller for Quadrotor Without Linear Velocity Measurements",doi:"10.5772/62442",slug:"a-hierarchical-tracking-controller-for-quadrotor-without-linear-velocity-measurements",totalDownloads:1649,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter deals with the position control of quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) when quadrotor’s linear velocity is unavailable. We propose a hierarchical tracking controller for quadrotor UAV. The proposed controller does not require measurements of linear velocity of quadrotor. A nonlinear filter that avoids the need for measurements of linear velocity has proposed such that a global stability result is obtained for the position tracking error. However, backstepping based on barrier Lyapunov function has been used for the attitude controller. The control design is achieved by means of the hierarchical control, that is, design the position controller and attitude controller separately. This allows us to choose different nonlinear techniques for each controller.",signatures:"Yassine Jmili, Nuradeen Fethalla, Jawhar Ghomam and Maarouf\nSaad",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51026",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51026",authors:[{id:"179087",title:"Prof.",name:"Jawhar",surname:"Ghommam",slug:"jawhar-ghommam",fullName:"Jawhar Ghommam"},{id:"179582",title:"MSc.",name:"Yassine",surname:"Jimli",slug:"yassine-jimli",fullName:"Yassine Jimli"},{id:"179583",title:"Dr.",name:"Nurradeen",surname:"Fathallah",slug:"nurradeen-fathallah",fullName:"Nurradeen Fathallah"}],corrections:null},{id:"50173",title:"Studies on Effects of Aircraft Noise on Behavior of Rats, Their Plasma Norepinephrine Levels and Cell Morphology of the Temporal Lobe",doi:"10.5772/62586",slug:"studies-on-effects-of-aircraft-noise-on-behavior-of-rats-their-plasma-norepinephrine-levels-and-cell",totalDownloads:1352,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"To study the physiological effects of airport noise exposure on organisms, Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were exposed in soundproof chambers to previously recorded aircraft-related noise for 65 d. As a comparison, unexposed control rats were also used. According to aircraft flight schedules, aircraft noise was replayed and its weighted equivalent continuous perceived noise levels (LWECPN) were adjusted to 75 and 80 dB for the two experimental groups. Rat behaviors were observed through an open field test and the concentrations of plasma norepinephrine (NE) were tested by high-performance liquid chromatography-fluorimetric detection (HPLC-FLD). The morphologies of neurons and synapses in the temporal lobe were also examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Our results indicated that SD rats of experiment group exposed to airport noise of 80 dB had significantly lower line crossing number (P < 0.05) and significantly longer center area duration (P < 0.05) compared with that of control group. After 29 d of airport noise exposure, the concentrations of plasma NE of experiment group were significantly higher than that of control group (P < 0.05). It was determined that the neuron and synapsis of the temporal lobe of experiment group exposed to 80 dB for 65 d showed signs of damage. In conclusion, exposing rats to long-term aircraft noise affects their behaviors, plasma NE levels, and cell morphology of the temporal lobe. Of course, the differences in the hearing sensitivity to different sound frequencies and circadian rhythms between rats and humans can bring variances in physiological effects under the same noise exposure. Therefore, if this study results are applied into humans, it should be further confirmed.",signatures:"Guo-qing Di",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50173",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50173",authors:[{id:"179520",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Di",surname:"Guoqing",slug:"di-guoqing",fullName:"Di Guoqing"}],corrections:null},{id:"50209",title:"Numerical Study of Support Interferences on the SOAR Separation Wind Tunnel Test",doi:"10.5772/62241",slug:"numerical-study-of-support-interferences-on-the-soar-separation-wind-tunnel-test",totalDownloads:1532,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"A process of support design for wind tunnel models and the evaluation of interferences effect are described in this chapter. The work was performed at the Von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics (VKI; Sint-Genesius-Rode, Belgium), and it was commissioned by the S3-Swiss Space System company. The work concerns the separation wind tunnel test of the Suborbital Aircraft Reusable (SOAR) vehicle from an Airbus commercial plane carrier. The supports are designed for future separation wind tunnel test of the SOAR version V10 in the VKI-S1 wind tunnel. They are designed in scale 1:180 for the test of the SOAR in the presence of the Airbus and in scale 1:80 for the SOAR alone test. Two different shapes of support (circular and elliptic) are tested in each case. First there are the supports designed, then the results of the finite element method (FEM) static structural analysis and vibrational analysis, and finally the result of the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) campaign. The flow and the force interferences caused by the support are investigated by comparing simulations with and without support. The behavior of the two shapes and of the dimensional variations are investigated at an angle of attack between 0° and 15° and at Mach 0.7.",signatures:"Alberto Ghiraldo, Sebastien Paris and Ernesto Benini",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50209",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50209",authors:[{id:"11393",title:"Dr.",name:"Ernesto",surname:"Benini",slug:"ernesto-benini",fullName:"Ernesto Benini"},{id:"178175",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Alberto",surname:"Ghiraldo",slug:"alberto-ghiraldo",fullName:"Alberto Ghiraldo"},{id:"183603",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastien",surname:"Paris",slug:"sebastien-paris",fullName:"Sebastien Paris"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1992",title:"Recent Advances in Aircraft Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"67fa903d68a094013f66d01b38882107",slug:"recent-advances-in-aircraft-technology",bookSignature:"Ramesh K. 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In these first decades of the twenty-first century, the construction of 3700 dams is expected, increasing the global hydropower production by 73%. This would correspond to an intensification in the exploitation of the technically feasible hydropower potential from 22 to 39% [1].
\nHydropower is crucial in Brazil, representing the main source of electric generation, 107,601 MW of a total of 166.872 MW, according to the database of the Brazilian National Agency of Electric Energy (http://www.aneel.gov.br). The production is distributed in 1321 reservoirs, 220 large ones (>30 MW) and 1101 smaller ones (<30 MW).
\nHydroelectric dams are an integrated and complex generation system that provides relatively clean and renewable energy. However, independent of the reservoir design and operation, they promote substantial interference on the ecological structure and functioning of river basins [2] and permanent loss of the regional geodiversity [3, 4].
\nClassical studies on reservoirs [5, 6] distinguish at least three limnological zones in large reservoirs: the region with strong influence of the incoming river—lotic region; an intermediate transition region; and finally a region similar to lakes, near the dam. However, it is known that in large tropical reservoirs, this multidimensional zonation is greatly influenced by the input of secondary tributaries and by the differential water retention time of each reservoir arm [7, 8, 9, 10]. These distinctive areas or compartments in reservoir ecosystems may also change seasonally, in a complex dynamic [5, 7, 11, 12].
\nThe large-scale variability of reservoirs along the main axis is determined by longitudinal gradients of flow velocity, depth, width, particle sedimentation, transparency and light penetration, and thermal stratification [11, 12, 13]. Compared to lakes, reservoirs exhibit high watershed area/water body area, shorter but varying retentions times, a rapid aging process related to watershed uses, and high capability to retain organic and inorganic matter [14, 15].
\nAn integrated approach, including continuous monitoring and innovative researches, is required for the understanding of the reservoir ecosystems, giving their inherent complexity, with many components and subsystems that interact intensively in space and time [16].
\nThe present study was planned to discriminate the main limnological patterns of a tropical/subtropical reservoir cascade aiming to provide scientific support for management purposes. We analyzed the morphometric characteristics; operation type; water retention time; physical, chemical, and biological variables as well as the trophic status. The acquired experience served as the base for the establishing of methodological protocols that have been employed in the long-term (permanent) limnological and water quality monitoring program (8 years now) in the Paranapanema River reservoir cascade (southeast Brazil). The two most important premises are: (1) the reservoir operation (run-of-river or storage systems) is determinant for the establishing of distinct limnological patterns and (2) the Paranapanema River reservoir cascade is influenced by the intensification of the agriculture in the watershed.
\nThe Paranapanema River is one of the main tributaries of the Paraná River (La Plata Basin), located between the coordinates 22–26° S and 47–54° W, on the tropical/subtropical boundary. The river, with a length of 929 km, is under federal jurisdiction, because it is the natural border between the states of São Paulo and Paraná.
\nSince the 1950s, 11 hydropower plants were constructed in the main river course. In last two decades, these reservoirs (eight larger ones) have been intensively studied by researchers of the São Paulo State University, Campus of Botucatu, São Paulo [17, 18].
\nThe reservoirs selected for the study are Jurumirim (JR), Chavantes (CH), Salto Grande (SG), Canoas II (CII), Canoas I (CI), Capivara (CP), Taquaruçu (TQ), and Rosana (RS), arranged in a cascade (upstream → downstream) system. Three of the them, Jurumirim, Chavantes, and Capivara, are storage systems (i.e., with high water retention times), whereas the others are run-of-river systems. The total installed potential is 2241 MW.
\nFor the development of the study, information was obtained at 37 sampling sites (Figure 1), whose distribution intended to cover the entire river’s continuous (inter-reservoir) variability as well as the internal (intra-reservoir) longitudinal gradient established between the lotic (Paranapanema River entrance) and lentic (dam) areas of each reservoir. Additionally, the influence of important secondary tributaries (river mouths) was also considered. At least three to six sampling sites were selected in each reservoir. Table 1 presents the geographic coordinates as well as the altitude data of the sampling sites, obtained with a Garmin Etrex Vista H GPS.
\nGeographic location of Paranapanema River reservoir cascade and the selected sampling sites.
Reservoir | \nSampling site | \nCoordinates | \nAltitude (m) (a.s.l.) | \n|
---|---|---|---|---|
Jurumirim | \nJR1 | \n23°24\'39.40"S | \n48°41\'53.80"W | \n565 | \n
\n | JRUp | \n23°19\'21.90"S | \n48°43\'19.00"W | \n568 | \n
\n | JR2 | \n23°22\'20.80"S | \n49°0\'7.80"W | \n567 | \n
\n | JR3 | \n23°15\'55.40"S | \n49°0\'1.10"W | \n560 | \n
\n | JR4 | \n23°17\'1.90"S | \n49°11\'56.80"W | \n570 | \n
\n | JRDam | \n23°13\'44.80"S | \n49°13\'29.20"W | \n563 | \n
Chavantes | \nCH1 | \n23°31\'29.50"S | \n49°29\'29.30"W | \n469 | \n
\n | CH2 | \n23°21\'58.90"S | \n49°37\'37.90"W | \n471 | \n
\n | CH3 | \n23°14\'15.00"S | \n49°39\'48.60"W | \n467 | \n
\n | CHUp | \n23°7\'46.20"S | \n49°27\'2.30"W | \n468 | \n
\n | CH4 | \n23°7\'55.10"S | \n49°37\'47.30"W | \n477 | \n
\n | CHDam | \n23°8\'41.70"S | \n49°42\'32.40"W | \n473 | \n
Salto Grande | \nSGUp | \n22°58\'52.60"S | \n49°56\'22.10"W | \n383 | \n
\n | SG1 | \n22°54\'43.60"S | \n49°57\'57.20"W | \n383 | \n
\n | SG2 | \n22°54\'49.60"S | \n49°58\'0.30"W | \n389 | \n
\n | SG3 | \n22°53\'3.20"S | \n49°59\'40.40"W | \n385 | \n
\n | SGDam | \n22°53\'56.00"S | \n49°59\'27.00"W | \n389 | \n
Canoas II | \nCIIUp | \n22°55\'5.50"S | \n49°59\'31.50"W | \n368 | \n
\n | CII1 | \n22°55\'42.50"S | \n50°6\'24.00"W | \n364 | \n
\n | CIIDam | \n22°56\'36.80"S | \n50°14\'42.80"W | \n367 | \n
Canoas I | \nCIUp | \n22°56\'8.60"S | \n50°15\'19.70"W | \n348 | \n
\n | CI1 | \n22°54\'44.40"S | \n50°25\'5.40"W | \n348 | \n
\n | CIDam | \n22°56\'35.90"S | \n50°30\'43.10"W | \n354 | \n
Capivara | \nCPUp | \n22°55\'49.30"S | \n50°31\'38.90"W | \n329 | \n
\n | CP1 | \n22°54\'52.60"S | \n50°41\'22.10"W | \n326 | \n
\n | CP2 | \n22°54\'4.50"S | \n50°47\'24.50"W | \n322 | \n
\n | CP3 | \n22°51\'26.80"S | \n51°0\'22.00"W | \n335 | \n
\n | CP4 | \n22°45\'45.80"S | \n51°13\'10.40"W | \n332 | \n
\n | CPDam | \n22°39\'27.90"S | \n51°20\'49.80"W | \n325 | \n
Taquaruçu | \nTQUp | \n22°39\'27.00"S | \n51°37\'46.00"W | \n277 | \n
\n | TQ1 | \n22°37\'36.20"S | \n51°44\'27.00"W | \n273 | \n
\n | TQ2 | \n22°37\'28.00"S | \n51°52\'46.60"W | \n273 | \n
\n | TQDam | \n22°33\'19.80"S | \n51°59\'7.90"W | \n271 | \n
Rosana | \nRSUp | \n22°33\'27.50"S | \n52° 8\'59.90"W | \n260 | \n
\n | RS1 | \n22°40\'20.30"S | \n52°13\'32.80"W | \n268 | \n
\n | RS2 | \n22°34\'1.10"S | \n52°35\'38.60"W | \n251 | \n
\n | RSDam | \n22°36\'14.30"S | \n52°51\'42.10"W | \n241 | \n
Geographic coordinates and elevations of the sampling sites along the reservoir cascade.
The sampling campaigns for physical, chemical, and biological measurements were carried out in two periods of the year: March—wet season (late summer)—and October—dry season (spring) of 2011. All sites of each reservoir/period were sampled in the same or in two consecutive days.
\nThe limnological variables measured
Variable | \nMethodology | \n
---|---|
Water transparency (Transp) | \nSecchi disk depth | \n
Water temperature (Temp) | \nEureka multi-parameter probe—vertical profile | \n
Dissolved oxygen (DO) | \nEureka multi-parameter probe—vertical profile | \n
pH | \nEureka multi-parameter probe—vertical profile | \n
Conductivity (Cond) | \nEureka multi-parameter probe—vertical profile | \n
Turbidity (Turb) | \nEureka multi-parameter probe—vertical profile | \n
Limnological variables measured
Water samples were collected with a Van Dorn bottle at three depths along the water column, corresponding to the surface, middle, and bottom (about 0.5–1.0 m above sediments), for the analyses of nutrient (total nitrogen and phosphorus), total solids, suspended solids, chlorophyll
Variable | \nMethodology | \n
---|---|
Total nitrogen (TN) | \nSpectrophotometry [19, 20] | \n
Total phosphorus (TP) | \nSpectrophotometry [19, 21] | \n
Total solids (TS) | \nEvaporation/gravimetry (100°C) [22] | \n
Suspended solids (SS) | \nGravimetry [23] | \n
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) | \nIncubation 20°C/5 days [22] | \n
Chlorophyll | \nSpectrophotometry [24, 25] | \n
Thermotolerant coliforms (Coli) | \nMultiple tube MPN [22] | \n
Limnological variables measured in the water samples—laboratory analyses.
The shore line development index was calculated according to [26]. The theoretical residence time (days) was defined as the ratio of reservoir volume and the flow calculated using the formula: TRT = V/(Q × 86,400), where V = reservoir volume (m3); Q = mean flow (m3 s−1); and 86,400 = number of seconds contained in a day. Input data for each reservoir are available at the National Water Agency (Agência Nacional de Águas, in Portuguese) (http://sar.ana.gov.br).
\nThe trophic state index was determined in accordance with [27] for tropical/subtropical reservoirs (TSItsr), which includes six categories: (U) ultraoligotrophic (≤51.1), (O) oligotrophic (51.2–53.1), (M) mesotrophic (53.2–55.7), (E) eutrophic (55.8–58.1), (S) supereutrophic (58.2–59), and (H) hypereutrophic (≥59.1), respectively.
\nThe studied parameters (when applicable) were compared with the standard references (Table 4) established by the federal framework directive for Class 1 waters—the best possible condition (after the Special Class), with no human use restriction and appropriated for communities’ protection (http://www.mma.gov.br/port/conama/res/res05/res35705).
\nVariable | \nStandard reference | \n
---|---|
pH | \n6–9 | \n
Turbidity | \n>40 NTU | \n
Dissolved oxygen | \n>6 mg L−1 O2 | \n
Biochemical oxygen demand | \n>3 mg L−1 O2 | \n
Total solids | \n>500 mg L−1 | \n
Total nitrogen | \n>1.27 mg L−1 lentic systems | \n
>2.18 mg L−1 lotic systems | \n|
Total phosphorus | \n>0.020 mg L−1 lentic systems | \n
>0.025 mg L−1 intermediate systems* | \n|
Chlorophyll | \n>10 μg L−1 | \n
Thermo tolerant coliforms | \n>200 NMP 100 mL−1 | \n
Standard references established by CONAMA Resolution 357/2005 (conditions for water quality categories for Brazilian aquatic ecosystems) for Class 1 waters.
Water retention time between 2 and 40 days.
A principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to summarize variation tendencies or patterns for limnological variables during both sampling periods, using the PRIMER v6 statistics package for Windows (Plymouth Routines in Multivariate Ecological Research, www.primer-e.com).
\nThe general characteristics of the studied reservoirs (morphometry, operation, trophy, etc.) are compiled in Table 5 and the wide spectrum of conditions certainly influence not only the structure but also the limnological functioning of these ecosystems, as pointed out earlier.
\nVariable | \nJR | \nCH | \nSG | \nCII | \nCI | \nCP | \nTQ | \nRS | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type ( | \nS | \nS | \nR | \nR | \nR | \nS | \nR | \nR | \n
Area (km2) | \n449 | \n400 | \n12 | \n22.5 | \n30.85 | \n576 | \n80.1 | \n220 | \n
Perimeter (km) | \n1286 | \n1085 | \n81 | \n103 | \n120 | \n1550 | \n301 | \n433 | \n
Volume (hm3) | \n7702 | \n9410 | \n63.2 | \n158 | \n220 | \n11,743 | \n754.2 | \n1942 | \n
Shore line development index | \n17.1 | \n15.3 | \n6.6 | \n6.1 | \n6.1 | \n18.2 | \n9.5 | \n8.2 | \n
Water retention time (days) | \n400 | \n335 | \n2 | \n4 | \n6 | \n115 | \n7 | \n17 | \n
Maximum measured depth (m) | \n32 | \n79 | \n10 | \n15 | \n25 | \n40 | \n26 | \n27 | \n
Altitude (m) (a.s.l.) | \n563 | \n473 | \n389 | \n367 | \n354 | \n325 | \n271 | \n241 | \n
Age (year) | \n56 | \n47 | \n60 | \n19 | \n19 | \n40 | \n29 | \n31 | \n
T.S.I. tsr** | \nU | \nU | \nU | \nU | \nO | \nU | \nU | \nU | \n
General characteristics of the study reservoirs.
Reservoir operation S—Storage; R—Run-of-River.
Trophic State Index tropical/subtropical reservoir (U = ultraoligotrophic; O = oligotrophic).
Minimum (dark gray) and maximum (light gray) values are highlighted.
The obtained results,
Variation of water level and flow (monthly averages) and transparency (wet and dry seasons) in Jurumirim reservoir.
Temperature profiles in Jurumirim reservoir sampling sites during wet and dry seasons.
Dissolved oxygen profiles in Jurumirim reservoir sampling sites during wet and dry seasons.
Mean values (+S.D.) of conductivity, pH, turbidity, total and suspended solids, biochemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, thermo tolerant coliforms and chlorophyll
Variation of water level and flow (monthly averages) and transparency (wet and dry seasons) in Chavantes reservoir.
Temperature profiles in Chavantes reservoir sampling sites during wet and dry seasons.
Dissolved oxygen profiles in Chavantes reservoir sampling sites during wet and dry seasons.
Mean values (+S.D.) of conductivity, pH, turbidity, total and suspended solids, biochemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, thermotolerant coliforms and chlorophyll
Variation of water level and flow (monthly averages) and transparency (wet and dry seasons) in Salto Grande reservoir.
Temperature profiles in Salto Grande reservoir sampling sites during wet and dry seasons.
Dissolved oxygen profiles in Salto Grande reservoir sampling sites during wet and dry seasons.
Mean values (+S.D.) of conductivity, pH, turbidity, total and suspended solids, biochemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, thermotolerant coliforms and chlorophyll
Variation of water level and flow (monthly averages) and transparency (wet and dry seasons) in Canoas II reservoir.
Temperature profiles in Canoas II reservoir sampling sites during wet and dry seasons.
Dissolved oxygen profiles in Canoas II reservoir sampling sites during wet and dry seasons.
Mean values (+S.D.) of conductivity, pH, turbidity, total and suspended solids, biochemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, thermotolerant coliforms and chlorophyll
Reservoir level and flow variation throughout the year (monthly average) and water transparency at the Canoas I reservoir sampling sites in the 2011 wet and dry seasons.
Temperature profiles in Canoas I reservoir sampling sites during wet and dry seasons.
Dissolved oxygen profiles in Canoas I reservoir sampling sites during wet and dry seasons.
Mean values (mean, +S.D.) of conductivity, pH, turbidity, total and suspended solids, biochemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, thermo tolerant coliforms and chlorophyll
Variation of water level and flow (monthly averages) and transparency (wet and dry seasons) in Capivara reservoir.
Temperature profiles in Capivara reservoir sampling sites during wet and dry seasons.
Dissolved oxygen profiles in Capivara reservoir sampling sites during wet and dry seasons.
Mean values (+S.D.) of conductivity, pH, turbidity, total and suspended solids, biochemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, thermotolerant coliforms and chlorophyll
Variation of water level and flow (monthly averages) and transparency (wet and dry seasons) in Taquaruçu reservoir.
Temperature profiles in Taquaruçu reservoir sampling sites during wet and dry seasons.
Dissolved oxygen profiles in Taquaruçu reservoir sampling sites during wet and dry seasons.
Mean values (mean, +S.D.) of conductivity, pH, turbidity, total and suspended solids, biochemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, thermo tolerant coliforms and chlorophyll
Variation of water level and flow (monthly averages) and transparency (wet and dry seasons) in Rosana reservoir.
Temperature profiles in Rosana reservoir sampling sites during wet and dry seasons.
Dissolved oxygen profiles in Rosana reservoir sampling sites during wet and dry seasons.
Mean values (mean, + S.D.) of conductivity, pH, turbidity, total and suspended solids, biochemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, thermotolerant coliforms and chlorophyll
The Paranapanema River reservoir cascade exhibits a wide variability of conditions, when compared the distinct physical dimensions. Salto Grande, the oldest reservoir (60 years), is smaller, with area of 12 km2; perimeter of 81 km; volume of 63 hm3; and a very low water retention time, only 2 days. Conversely, the Capivara reservoir (40 years) has the highest area, perimeter, and volume—576 km2, 1550 km, and 11,743 hm3, respectively. Capivara is also the most dendritic reservoir, with a shore line development index of 18.2. The two newer (19 years) reservoirs, Canoas I and Canoas II, have the lowest shore line development index, 6.1. The first reservoir in the series, Jurumirim, has the highest water retention time, annual mean of 400 days, followed by the second, Chavantes, with 335 days. The water accumulated in these two upstream reservoirs is fundamental for the flow control along the entire cascade. For both, there was an increase in water release at the end of the dry season (September and October) to supply bellow hydropower plants and, consequently, a decrease in water retention time. In these two storage reservoirs, as well as in Capivara (retention time of 115 days), there is an accentuated fluctuation in the water level, between 2 and 4 m along the studied year. This annual amplitude can be even higher, depending on the year, up to 9 m in Capivara, but not necessarily coupled to the rain/dry regime [17]. In the other reservoirs, operated as run-of-river systems (retention time between 2 and 17 days), the level fluctuation is minimum (<0.5 m). Data show that flow is intensively manipulated in order to keep the best condition for hydroelectric generation. The absolute flow values tend to increase along the river, as expected, from 181 m3 s−1registered in Jurumirim (August—dry season) to 1679 m3 s−1 in Rosana (February—rainy season). Ref. [19] analyzed bellow dam releases of Capivara and Taquaruçu reservoirs (ninth and tenth in the cascade) in short periods of time (24 h cycles), showing that differences between flow peaks reached impressive 1500 m3 s−1. The authors demonstrated that the effects of these hourly discharge variations are significant on the limnological variables’ dynamics, especially when intake to the turbines comes from hypolimnion (bottom layers) such as in Capivara dam. In this case, there is a transference of low oxygenated waters, disturbing the limnological and biota rehabilitation of bellow dam river stretches, whose importance has already been evidenced [29, 30, 31, 32]. However, this recovery process may not be effective in reservoir cascades, where the distance between consecutive reservoirs is too short. In case of Paranapanema, the longest inter-dam stretch is about 110 km, between Canoas I and Capivara.
\nThe heat accumulation in the reservoir’s water mass contributes to an increase of temperature along the cascade. Mean values for the water column varied from 21.4°C (sampling site 12) to 26.9°C (sampling site 33) in wet-summer and from 19.7°C (sampling site 12) to 24.6°C (sampling site 36) in dry-spring. The first corresponds to Chavantes dam, the deepest site in the cascade, and the other value to the two last reservoirs, Taquaruçu and Rosana, respectively.
\nPrincipal component analysis, performed to provide an ordination and synthesis of the data set, evidenced the main spatial and temporal trends (Table 6; Figure 34). The organization during the dry period was mainly represented by Component 1 (explaining 30.7% of data variability) and the wet season by Component 2 (17.6% of data variability). The first component was negatively correlated with transparency and depth, grouping sampling sites (dam zones and central channel sites) of the storage reservoirs: Jurumirim and Chavantes. Sampling stations of Salto Grande, Capivara and Rosana, were associated to the positive side of Component 1, determined by suspended solids, nutrients, and chlorophyll (more eutrophic conditions). During the wet season, most sampling stations were associated to the negative side of Component 2, correlated with higher values of temperature, pH, nutrients, and lower concentrations of dissolved oxygen.
\nLimnological variables | \nPC1 (30.7%) | \nPC2 (17.6%) | \n
---|---|---|
Transparency | \n−0.405 | \n−0.020 | \n
Depth | \n−0.125 | \n0.052 | \n
Temperature | \n0.061 | \n−0.545 | \n
pH | \n0.022 | \n−0.420 | \n
Conductivity | \n0.100 | \n−0.184 | \n
Turbidity | \n0.403 | \n0.095 | \n
Dissolved oxygen | \n−0.048 | \n0.251 | \n
Biochemical oxygen demand | \n0.143 | \n0.124 | \n
Total solids | \n0.199 | \n0.061 | \n
Inorganic suspended solids | \n0.415 | \n0.191 | \n
Organic suspended solids | \n0.390 | \n0.165 | \n
Total nitrogen | \n0.225 | \n−0.372 | \n
Total phosphorus | \n0.284 | \n−0.381 | \n
Chlorophyll | \n0.343 | \n0.184 | \n
Thermotolerant coliforms | \n0.089 | \n−0.130 | \n
Principal component analysis scores (PC1 and PC2) based on the limnological characteristics of the Paranapanema River reservoir cascade.
Graphical results of the principal component analysis (PC1 and PC2) of Paranapanema River reservoir cascade based on the limnological variables and using the seasonality as the factor or ordination. For abbreviations see
The predominant trophic state classification for the studied reservoirs was ultraoligotrophic, except for Canoas I, which was oligotrophic. A few results, from a total of 74 individual samples or mean values in case of vertical profiles, were not in conformity with the standard references of the federal legislation for Class 1 waters [28]: 2 values of pH, 6 of turbidity, 1 of chlorophyll, 6 of thermotolerant coliforms, and 19 of total phosphorus. This indicates punctual and isolated sources of degradation. The only exception is phosphorus, above the limit in 25.6% of the measurements. A detailed comparison of the Paranapanema River reservoirs based on distinct water quality and trophic indices is presented by [18]. The study corroborates the good environmental condition of the river but also evidences some negative effects (e.g., phosphorus) associated to the land use intensification—boom of the agrobusiness, especially for the reservoirs in the middle river basin during the wet season [17].
\nAnother potential eutrophication problem is the expansion of cage-aquaculture [33]. This activity has been intensified in the recent years, mainly in Canoas I and Canoas I reservoirs.
\nConspicuous longitudinal gradients (upstream lotic zone → lacustrine dam zone) were observed in the studied reservoirs, especially for the larger storage ones. Classical studies pointed out that compartmentalization enhances the spatial and temporal complexity of reservoirs [5, 13, 34]. This structural characteristic has been verified for several Brazilian reservoirs [7, 10, 11, 12, 35, 36].
\nThe Secchi disk transparency, a very simple (easy and cheap) measurement, but limnologically not trivial, is a robust indicator of the presence of distinct water masses along the main axis of a reservoir. In Jurumirim, we registered a clear increasing of transparency toward the dam, about five times in wet season and nine times in dry season. The opposite trend, a longitudinal decrease, occurred for turbidity and suspended solids.
\nOther variables that indicate well-defined longitudinal gradients were nitrogen, phosphorus, and chlorophyll, whose concentrations reduce toward the dam.
\nThe Chavantes reservoir exhibits an additional spatial complexity due to the existence of “two longitudinal axes,” instead of one. An axis corresponds to the former Itararé River Valley (stations CH1, CH2, and CH3), laterally inserted into the Paranapanema River, the other axis (stations CHUp, CH4, and CHDam). In general, variables such as turbidity, suspended solids, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus (in this case only for wet season) exhibited lower values in the Paranapanema axis, compared to the Itararé axis. In both spatial axes, there was a transparency increase toward the dam, with higher values in the Paranapanema, 6.9 and 8.7 times in wet and dry seasons, respectively.
\nDifferent from the previously mentioned reservoirs, in Canoas I, Canoas II, Taquaruçu, and Rosana, all run-of-river systems (retention time between 4 and 17 days), the longitudinal gradient was moderate or even a relative homogeneous condition was found. For instance, in Taquaruçu during both campaigns and in Canoas II and Rosana during the wet campaign, the maximum difference along the reservoirs’ main axes was only 0.4 m, despite the distance of tens of kilometers between sampling points. For these reservoirs, the magnitude of changes seems to be more relevant on the temporal scale—alternating between dry (winter/early spring) and rainy (late spring/summer) periods. Nutrient concentrations (nitrogen and total phosphorus), for instance, are clearly higher in the wet season.
\nVery low, and probably transient, transparency in some sampling sites of Rosana and Capivara during the dry season can be attributed to atypical rain events in the upstream areas of both reservoirs immediately (2 days) before sampling. The sediment loads introduced by tributaries (Cinzas River in Capivara and Pirapó River in Rosana) resulted in a remarkable local increase in mineral turbidity (~155 NTU).
\nThe results of Capivara, whose water retention time of 115 days is higher than in run-of-river and lower than in upstream storage reservoirs, demonstrate the importance of both spatial compartmentalization and seasonal variation on the physical and chemical characteristics. The spatial variability is determined by longitudinal gradient and tributary rivers’ (more eutrophic waters’) contributions. The concentrations of nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) varied widely among the different compartments of the reservoir. The main tributary of the Capivara reservoir is the Tibagi River (its mouth corresponds to the sampling site CP3), which drains agricultural areas intensively cultivated and is the second largest river in the whole basin, after the Paranapanema.
\nIn the Salto Grande reservoir, despite its small size, the spatial complexity is high, due to the influence of a large reservoir (Chavantes) located upstream and the entrance of secondary tributary river (Pardo River), which introduces high loads of nutrients and suspended solids [1, 17, 37]. The transparency of water, for example, is higher in the upstream region (SGUp and SG2) and lower at the mouth of the Pardo River (SG1), with a difference of 3.3 m and 2.9 in wet and dry season, respectively. The opposite pattern of variation, as expected, was verified for turbidity and suspended solids, with values lower than 5 NTU at SGUp and SG2 (wet and dry seasons) and higher than 80 NTU in SG1 (wet season).
\nIn addition to the river’s prevalent longitudinal pattern of physical, chemical, and biotic organization [38], the results of Capivara and Salto Grande are very important to show that the lateral dimension, mostly the effects of tributaries’ entrance, should not be neglected if one aims to understand the spatial structure and functional processes of large rivers and reservoir ecosystems.
\nThe development of thermal stratification, commonly followed by chemical differences, is a profound modification in riverine ecosystems after damming. Interactions with the atmosphere are enhanced due to the increase of the exposed surface area, higher water retention time, and reduction in advective transport of mass and energy. In the Paranapanema reservoir cascade, we observed a strong thermal stratification in Chavantes, the deepest reservoir, during summer. Maximum difference between epilimnion (25°C) and hypolimnion (18°C) layers, of 7°C, was verified at the sampling point near the dam (CH12). Other two sampling sites, CH3 and CH4, in the central channel also exhibited a well-defined thermal stratification. The oxygen along the water column decreased approximately from 3 to 4 mg L−1.
\nDuring summer, we also observed stratification at the dam zone of the other two storage reservoirs, Jurumirim and Capivara, with differences between layers of 3 and 2°C, respectively. In Jurumirim, particularly, there was a remarkable drop (about 5 mg L−1) of dissolved oxygen in deeper layers, certainly the effect of an extended period (late spring/summer) of stratification. The upstream compartments of these larger reservoirs (especially CHUp, CPUp) were characterized by homogeneous physical and chemical profiles, indicating a continuous mixture regime.
\nSurficial stratification, probably ephemeral, due to intense solar heating in summer was observed in some sampling sites (e.g., SGDam, SG3, CP3, CP4).
\nFor the other reservoirs, run-of-river systems, isothermal conditions or a slightly gradual decrease of temperature with depth was observed, resulting in a homogeneous or relatively homogeneous distribution of the other variables measured along the water column.
\nAs previously mentioned, this study has a “historical” importance, because since then it was established a permanent limnological and water quality monitoring program in the Paranapanema River reservoir cascade. Eight consecutive years of continuous and standardized evaluation produced valuable information, which has subsidized important management actions in this large water basin of southeast Brazil.
\nThe larger (and dendritic) storage reservoirs exhibit a well-marked longitudinal compartmentalization, considerable water level fluctuation as well as summer thermal stratification in the central channel and lacustrine zones toward the dam, followed by oxygen decrease in bottom layers. Conversely, run-of-river reservoirs are morphometrically simpler, the spatial complexity is moderate with minor variation in the water level and a continuous mixing regime. Nevertheless, the second kind of reservoirs is less resilient to seasonal changes (dry-wet periods).
\nIn addition to the expected upstream-dam gradients, the lateral component of the spatial heterogeneity was very important for some reservoirs, determined basically by the entrance of tributary rivers which transport considerable loads of nutrients and sediments from intensively cultivated lands.
\nFinally, it is important to highlight that most measurements were in conformity with the federal standard references for Class 1 waters (good water quality). Exceptions are locally restricted. This fact is corroborated by the predominant low trophic state (77% of ultraoligotrophic determinations). The Paranapanema River reservoir cascade is a strategic regional hydric resource. This is particularly important for the state of São Paulo, the most populous and industrialized state of the country, where important fluvial systems are hypereutrophic and heavily polluted [39] and the metropolitan area of São Paulo city is already facing recurrent water crises, in quantity and quality.
\nThe authors are grateful to Dr. Norberto Castro Vianna, from Duke Energy, Geração Paranapanema, the company in charge of hydropower generation in the Paranapanema reservoir cascade (presently China Three Gorges, Brazil) that provides financial support and technical partnership. We also thank the graduate and undergraduate students that kindly helped during field work expeditions and laboratory analyses and the Foundation of the Biosciences Institute—State University of São Paulo (FUNDIBIO) for administrative support (contract 0100015003).
\nNone.
Wet season | \nSecchi (m) | \nDeph (m) | \nTemp. (°C) | \npH | \nCond. (μS cm−1) | \nTurb. (NTU) | \nDO (mg L−1) | \nBOD (mg L−1 O2) | \nTS (mg L−1) | \nInorg. SS. (mg L−1) | \nOrg. SS (mg L−1) | \nTN (μg L−1) | \nTP (μg L−1) | \nChl. | \nThermo Coli (NMP/100 mL) | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
JR1 | \n0.6 | \n5.1 | \n24.1 | \n7.1 | \n45.5 | \n26.0 | \n9.1 | \n1.3 | \n53.3 | \n8.5 | \n2.6 | \n382.7 | \n20.7 | \n2.6 | \n93 | \n
JRUp | \n0.6 | \n15.0 | \n23.7 | \n7.2 | \n44.4 | \n43.0 | \n8.7 | \n1.0 | \n75.0 | \n6.9 | \n1.7 | \n424.5 | \n24.1 | \n2.6 | \n4 | \n
JR2 | \n0.9 | \n18.0 | \n24.1 | \n7.4 | \n60.6 | \n25.5 | \n9.4 | \n1.2 | \n97.0 | \n4.6 | \n1.6 | \n288.9 | \n17.0 | \n2.9 | \n4 | \n
JR3 | \n1.0 | \n23.3 | \n23.5 | \n7.4 | \n49.8 | \n17.3 | \n8.8 | \n1.6 | \n89.7 | \n3.3 | \n1.0 | \n349.4 | \n13.3 | \n2.3 | \n4 | \n
JR4 | \n2.3 | \n28.8 | \n24.3 | \n7.3 | \n53.6 | \n3.7 | \n8.7 | \n0.2 | \n71.0 | \n0.7 | \n0.9 | \n304.6 | \n11.2 | \n0.8 | \n15 | \n
JRDam | \n3.0 | \n32.0 | \n24.8 | \n7.6 | \n52.3 | \n1.7 | \n8.6 | \n0.8 | \n68.3 | \n0.7 | \n1.2 | \n283.2 | \n13.6 | \n1.0 | \n11 | \n
CH1 | \n0.8 | \n17.8 | \n23.7 | \n7.2 | \n54.9 | \n28.5 | \n8.7 | \n0.9 | \n36.0 | \n4.4 | \n1.3 | \n382.6 | \n19.0 | \n1.1 | \n<3 | \n
CH2 | \n1.7 | \n24.0 | \n24.3 | \n7.6 | \n53.2 | \n14.8 | \n9.2 | \n1.2 | \n46.0 | \n1.5 | \n1.0 | \n406.0 | \n16.6 | \n1.0 | \n<3 | \n
CH3 | \n3.8 | \n48.0 | \n22.6 | \n7.4 | \n54.1 | \n7.0 | \n8.3 | \n1.3 | \n56.3 | \n1.0 | \n0.7 | \n393.0 | \n17.5 | \n0.4 | \n4 | \n
CHUp | \n2.7 | \n10.0 | \n25.4 | \n7.6 | \n50.7 | \n2.0 | \n10.1 | \n0.5 | \n32.7 | \n1.0 | \n0.8 | \n303.3 | \n14.2 | \n0.9 | \n43 | \n
CH4 | \n3.7 | \n45.0 | \n22.3 | \n7.2 | \n51.0 | \n2.5 | \n9.6 | \n0.8 | \n11.3 | \n0.4 | \n0.5 | \n301.9 | \n12.8 | \n0.5 | \n4 | \n
CHDam | \n5.5 | \n74.4 | \n21.4 | \n7.2 | \n51.6 | \n5.4 | \n7.7 | \n1.2 | \n35.3 | \n0.6 | \n0.9 | \n372.2 | \n39.8 | \n0.5 | \n4 | \n
SGUp | \n3.5 | \n3.5 | \n25.5 | \n7.4 | \n54.2 | \n2.3 | \n9.4 | \n0.9 | \n55.3 | \n1.6 | \n0.7 | \n349.9 | \n21.6 | \n1.1 | \n>1100 | \n
SG1 | \n0.2 | \n4.4 | \n24.2 | \n7.4 | \n62.7 | \n85.4 | \n10.2 | \n1.2 | \n42.3 | \n32.5 | \n7.1 | \n480.5 | \n36.9 | \n10.3 | \n>1100 | \n
SG2 | \n3.5 | \n6.4 | \n25.7 | \n7.4 | \n53.3 | \n1.4 | \n9.2 | \n2.8 | \n51.3 | \n0.5 | \n0.6 | \n367.0 | \n17.7 | \n1.8 | \n>1100 | \n
SG3 | \n0.8 | \n4.9 | \n25.0 | \n7.2 | \n47.9 | \n16.7 | \n9.2 | \n1.2 | \n57.0 | \n2.7 | \n1.3 | \n263.4 | \n20.9 | \n0.6 | \n93 | \n
SGDam | \n1.6 | \n10.2 | \n25.1 | \n7.4 | \n57.1 | \n19.6 | \n9.4 | \n0.8 | \n73.0 | \n5.0 | \n1.3 | \n418.8 | \n22.4 | \n0.7 | \n43 | \n
CIIUp | \n1.3 | \n8.0 | \n25.5 | \n7.4 | \n56.2 | \n10.7 | \n9.0 | \n1.0 | \n44.7 | \n2.7 | \n1.1 | \n414.4 | \n21.8 | \n0.9 | \n93 | \n
CII1 | \n1.5 | \n12.4 | \n25.1 | \n7.4 | \n56.5 | \n8.8 | \n9.0 | \n0.6 | \n23.0 | \n2.4 | \n0.9 | \n432.2 | \n21.7 | \n0.7 | \n93 | \n
CIIDam | \n1.7 | \n13.0 | \n25.2 | \n7.5 | \n57.4 | \n7.6 | \n9.1 | \n0.8 | \n110.7 | \n1.8 | \n1.0 | \n418.5 | \n21.7 | \n1.8 | \n>1100 | \n
CIUp | \n1.6 | \n4.0 | \n24.9 | \n7.3 | \n57.3 | \n6.7 | \n9.3 | \n0.3 | \n57.0 | \n1.7 | \n0.6 | \n434.0 | \n27.1 | \n0.6 | \n>1100 | \n
CI1 | \n2.3 | \n9.0 | \n25.4 | \n7.3 | \n56.1 | \n5.2 | \n8.8 | \n0.8 | \n61.0 | \n0.8 | \n0.6 | \n463.8 | \n23.9 | \n1.3 | \n>1100 | \n
CIDam | \n1.4 | \n14.2 | \n25.5 | \n7.4 | \n55.5 | \n11.2 | \n8.6 | \n2.0 | \n74.7 | \n0.7 | \n0.5 | \n485.0 | \n26.1 | \n0.5 | \n93 | \n
CPUp | \n1.4 | \n3.0 | \n25.2 | \n7.3 | \n55.3 | \n9.8 | \n10.0 | \n1.2 | \n69.7 | \n0.4 | \n0.5 | \n468.5 | \n25.5 | \n0.6 | \n21 | \n
CP1 | \n1.3 | \n16.0 | \n25.6 | \n7.1 | \n63.9 | \n14.2 | \n8.0 | \n1.2 | \n81.7 | \n3.0 | \n1.0 | \n602.2 | \n29.3 | \n1.5 | \n<3 | \n
CP2 | \n0.8 | \n33.0 | \n25.9 | \n7.4 | \n65.2 | \n25.2 | \n8.2 | \n1.3 | \n79.7 | \n3.4 | \n0.9 | \n626.1 | \n40.2 | \n0.8 | \n7 | \n
CP3 | \n0.9 | \n26.0 | \n25.9 | \n7.0 | \n48.2 | \n18.8 | \n8.1 | \n0.6 | \n94.3 | \n2.9 | \n1.3 | \n834.7 | \n31.9 | \n1.4 | \n23 | \n
CP4 | \n1.2 | \n20.0 | \n26.4 | \n7.3 | \n56.1 | \n12.6 | \n8.3 | \n0.4 | \n104.3 | \n4.2 | \n1.2 | \n638.7 | \n27.7 | \n2.6 | \n43 | \n
CPDam | \n2.7 | \n40 | \n26.6 | \n7.2 | \n55.5 | \n8.9 | \n8.9 | \n0.8 | \n92.0 | \n1.1 | \n0.6 | \n592.9 | \n21.1 | \n1.2 | \n<3 | \n
TQUp | \n1.8 | \n9.5 | \n26.8 | \n7.1 | \n56.4 | \n9.8 | \n8.1 | \n0.6 | \n37.7 | \n0.9 | \n0.6 | \n686.3 | \n25.3 | \n0.3 | \n9 | \n
TQ1 | \n2.1 | \n13.0 | \n26.9 | \n7.1 | \n56.9 | \n7.7 | \n8.6 | \n0.4 | \n58.3 | \n0.7 | \n0.6 | \n551.9 | \n25.2 | \n0.6 | \n4 | \n
TQ2 | \n1.8 | \n18.0 | \n24.4 | \n7.2 | \n57.0 | \n6.6 | \n10.3 | \n1.2 | \n36.0 | \n0.3 | \n0.5 | \n624.3 | \n23.0 | \n0.7 | \n15 | \n
TQDam | \n1.9 | \n26 | \n26.3 | \n7.2 | \n56.9 | \n6.4 | \n8.6 | \n1.0 | \n38.0 | \n0.5 | \n0.5 | \n634.4 | \n22.4 | \n0.7 | \n4 | \n
RSUp | \n1.6 | \n11.0 | \n26.4 | \n7.3 | \n60.0 | \n13.7 | \n8.6 | \n0.8 | \n65.3 | \n4.6 | \n1.4 | \n696.4 | \n25.2 | \n1.4 | \n15 | \n
RS1 | \n1.6 | \n8.5 | \n26.5 | \n7.2 | \n57.6 | \n9.4 | \n8.7 | \n0.8 | \n78.7 | \n2.2 | \n0.6 | \n683.1 | \n25.3 | \n1.0 | \n21 | \n
RS2 | \n1.3 | \n27.0 | \n25.6 | \n7.3 | \n55.4 | \n14.0 | \n9.2 | \n0.9 | \n64.0 | \n2.0 | \n0.6 | \n716.0 | \n24.9 | \n1.1 | \n21 | \n
RSDam | \n1.5 | \n18.0 | \n26.5 | \n7.6 | \n57.7 | \n9.0 | \n9.6 | \n1.3 | \n74.0 | \n0.5 | \n0.9 | \n707.2 | \n20.3 | \n1.5 | \n<3 | \n
Values not in conformity with the Class 1 standard references in gray.
Dry season | \nSecchi (m) | \nDeph (m) | \nTemp. (°C) | \npH | \nCond. (μS cm−1) | \nTurb. (NTU) | \nDO (mg L−1) | \nBOD (mg L−1 O2) | \nTS. (mg L−1) | \nInorg. SS (mg L−1) | \nOrg. SS (mg L−1) | \nTN (μg L−1) | \nTP (μg L−1) | \nChl. | \nThermo Coli (NMP/100 mL) | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
JR1 | \n0.4 | \n4.7 | \n20.8 | \n5.1 | \n51.2 | \n3.8 | \n11.3 | \n1.6 | \n67.3 | \n8.2 | \n1.6 | \n404.3 | \n17.3 | \n1.6 | \n9 | \n
JRUp | \n0.5 | \n13.0 | \n21.5 | \n6.5 | \n57.3 | \n33.1 | \n11.4 | \n1.6 | \n85.7 | \n5.7 | \n1.2 | \n604.6 | \n17.6 | \n2.6 | \n15 | \n
JR2 | \n0.6 | \n18.0 | \n21.5 | \n6.4 | \n50.4 | \n36.3 | \n10.9 | \n0.8 | \n89.3 | \n5.7 | \n1.6 | \n404.8 | \n17.6 | \n3.5 | \n11 | \n
JR3 | \n2.4 | \n25.0 | \n21.2 | \n6.0 | \n53.9 | \n32.1 | \n11.3 | \n0.8 | \n78.3 | \n1.0 | \n0.6 | \n217.3 | \n4.1 | \n0.7 | \n23 | \n
JR4 | \n3.4 | \n25.0 | \n21.1 | \n4.6 | \n56.3 | \n5.1 | \n10.3 | \n0.6 | \n51.7 | \n0.9 | \n0.9 | \n259.4 | \n6.5 | \n0.9 | \n23 | \n
JRDam | \n3.5 | \n29.0 | \n21.3 | \n6.1 | \n51.9 | \n3.7 | \n11.2 | \n1.1 | \n62.7 | \n0.7 | \n0.6 | \n214.7 | \n3.1 | \n1.4 | \n43 | \n
CH1 | \n0.9 | \n15.0 | \n21.0 | \n6.6 | \n55.3 | \n21.6 | \n9.8 | \n1.2 | \n77.3 | \n3.7 | \n0.9 | \n302.0 | \n9.0 | \n1.2 | \n15 | \n
CH2 | \n3.2 | \n23.0 | \n21.0 | \n6.6 | \n56.1 | \n5.4 | \n10.8 | \n0.6 | \n61.3 | \n0.9 | \n0.6 | \n271.7 | \n6.2 | \n1.3 | \n21 | \n
CH3 | \n4.1 | \n40.0 | \n20.5 | \n7.1 | \n55.6 | \n5.4 | \n7.8 | \n1.6 | \n66.7 | \n1.2 | \n0.5 | \n264.1 | \n6.0 | \n0.7 | \n9 | \n
CHUp | \n2.6 | \n16.0 | \n22.0 | \n6.7 | \n50.8 | \n7.2 | \n10.2 | \n0.8 | \n63.3 | \n2.4 | \n1.0 | \n249.4 | \n5.9 | \n1.3 | \n23 | \n
CH4 | \n1.4 | \n37.8 | \n20.9 | \n7.1 | \n51.1 | \n13.6 | \n7.5 | \n1.1 | \n68.3 | \n2.3 | \n0.5 | \n197.9 | \n8.8 | \n0.5 | \n3 | \n
CHDam | \n4.2 | \n79.2 | \n19.7 | \n6.9 | \n54.1 | \n5.6 | \n7.5 | \n1.5 | \n78.7 | \n12.7 | \n3.1 | \n264.0 | \n5.3 | \n2.0 | \n4 | \n
SGUp | \n2.3 | \n2.3 | \n22.4 | \n6.8 | \n54.8 | \n3.1 | \n8.8 | \n0.6 | \n60.7 | \n0.6 | \n0.5 | \n254.2 | \n5.2 | \n1.0 | \n9 | \n
SG1 | \n0.5 | \n4.0 | \n24.2 | \n7.1 | \n67.9 | \n53.2 | \n7.8 | \n1.9 | \n90.3 | \n20.5 | \n5.7 | \n428.0 | \n27.2 | \n2.3 | \n23 | \n
SG2 | \n3.4 | \n5.8 | \n22.7 | \n7.1 | \n54.6 | \n3.9 | \n9.9 | \n1.5 | \n43.7 | \n1.0 | \n0.5 | \n190.8 | \n5.2 | \n1.5 | \n9 | \n
SG3 | \n0.4 | \n2.7 | \n23.9 | \n7.0 | \n52.9 | \n33.6 | \n8.5 | \n1.4 | \n76.0 | \n10.1 | \n2.5 | \n206.9 | \n11.8 | \n6.1 | \n23 | \n
SGDam | \n2.4 | \n10.7 | \n23.3 | \n7.1 | \n55.8 | \n7.7 | \n8.7 | \n1.2 | \n57.7 | \n2.0 | \n0.8 | \n283.1 | \n8.5 | \n1.6 | \n<3 | \n
CIIUp | \n1.7 | \n9.5 | \n23.0 | \n7.1 | \n56.2 | \n9.2 | \n9.1 | \n0.8 | \n58.7 | \n3.7 | \n1.4 | \n308.8 | \n14.1 | \n1.0 | \n<3 | \n
CII1 | \n2.1 | \n12.6 | \n22.5 | \n7.0 | \n57.4 | \n7.4 | \n8.3 | \n0.9 | \n24.7 | \n2.5 | \n1.1 | \n310.0 | \n15.3 | \n0.7 | \n<3 | \n
CIIDam | \n3.2 | \n15.5 | \n23.2 | \n7.3 | \n56.4 | \n3.0 | \n8.8 | \n0.8 | \n61.7 | \n0.4 | \n0.8 | \n346.8 | \n12.1 | \n1.0 | \n<3 | \n
CIUp | \n2.0 | \n2.0 | \n23.2 | \n7.2 | \n56.3 | \n2.4 | \n8.9 | \n0.6 | \n23.7 | \n0.4 | \n0.7 | \n278.6 | \n8.6 | \n1.4 | \n9 | \n
CI1 | \n3.6 | \n14.9 | \n23.2 | \n7.0 | \n56.6 | \n3.1 | \n8.5 | \n0.8 | \n52.7 | \n1.0 | \n0.8 | \n279.0 | \n8.2 | \n1.8 | \n4 | \n
CIDam | \n3.5 | \n25.2 | \n23.2 | \n7.4 | \n57.5 | \n1.7 | \n8.3 | \n0.8 | \n37.7 | \n0.5 | \n0.7 | \n306.9 | \n9.7 | \n2.2 | \n<3 | \n
CPUp | \n2.7 | \n2.7 | \n23.5 | \n7.1 | \n57.3 | \n2.8 | \n8.0 | \n1.2 | \n56.0 | \n0.2 | \n0.9 | \n371.4 | \n12.9 | \n1.0 | \n<3 | \n
CP1 | \n0.2 | \n12.5 | \n22.1 | \n7.0 | \n55.0 | \n144.5 | \n8.4 | \n1.9 | \n113.7 | \n39.7 | \n4.5 | \n760.7 | \n42.4 | \n7.0 | \n4 | \n
CP2 | \n0.2 | \n27.3 | \n21.3 | \n6.8 | \n58.3 | \n88.7 | \n8.1 | \n1.6 | \n113.7 | \n17.3 | \n2.6 | \n640.7 | \n67.2 | \n5.0 | \n20 | \n
CP3 | \n1.9 | \n16.5 | \n23.8 | \n7.1 | \n48.3 | \n11.0 | \n8.5 | \n0.5 | \n74.0 | \n1.7 | \n0.9 | \n818.7 | \n15.6 | \n1.4 | \n9 | \n
CP4 | \n3.1 | \n16.8 | \n23.2 | \n7.3 | \n54.0 | \n3.2 | \n8.4 | \n0.8 | \n57.3 | \n0.5 | \n0.6 | \n413.8 | \n9.8 | \n2.2 | \n<3 | \n
CPDam | \n3.3 | \n29.5 | \n23.3 | \n7.2 | \n53.1 | \n2.8 | \n9.6 | \n0.4 | \n174.7 | \n0.3 | \n0.8 | \n343.2 | \n9.8 | \n1.3 | \n<3 | \n
TQUp | \n2.1 | \n9.5 | \n23.1 | \n7.2 | \n53.8 | \n7.9 | \n11.3 | \n1.2 | \n67.0 | \n3.7 | \n1.3 | \n494.8 | \n8.0 | \n1.5 | \n4 | \n
TQ1 | \n2.1 | \n12.8 | \n23.0 | \n7.3 | \n51.7 | \n53.0 | \n8.5 | \n0.8 | \n58.7 | \n6.5 | \n1.4 | \n450.0 | \n9.9 | \n1.7 | \n4 | \n
TQ2 | \n1.9 | \n15.0 | \n22.6 | \n7.2 | \n54.8 | \n9.5 | \n9.4 | \n1.3 | \n92.7 | \n2.4 | \n0.8 | \n403.9 | \n10.8 | \n0.6 | \n4 | \n
TQDam | \n2.2 | \n16.0 | \n23.0 | \n6.8 | \n55.5 | \n8.3 | \n11.1 | \n1.2 | \n19.7 | \n1.5 | \n0.9 | \n395.3 | \n8.5 | \n1.1 | \n<3 | \n
RSUp | \n1.7 | \n11.9 | \n23.6 | \n7.2 | \n55.3 | \n13.9 | \n11.1 | \n1.0 | \n64.3 | \n5.1 | \n1.4 | \n498.6 | \n9.3 | \n1.7 | \n9 | \n
RS1 | \n0.3 | \n7.0 | \n23.7 | \n7.0 | \n56.3 | \n154.8 | \n8.9 | \n0.8 | \n87.3 | \n49.5 | \n9.4 | \n521.8 | \n22.2 | \n7.5 | \n21 | \n
RS2 | \n2.8 | \n13.4 | \n24.6 | \n7.7 | \n57.0 | \n4.0 | \n8.7 | \n1.6 | \n99.3 | \n0.6 | \n0.8 | \n429.2 | \n9.5 | \n2.7 | \n<3 | \n
RSDam | \n2.6 | \n25.9 | \n24.4 | \n8.1 | \n57.7 | \n3.9 | \n8.7 | \n1.9 | \n67.7 | \n0.4 | \n1.6 | \n443.6 | \n6.8 | \n4.0 | \n9 | \n
Values not in conformity with the Class 1 standard references in gray.
In the past, curing illness was taken to be the highest priority and surgeons did not pay equal regard to patients’ quality of life (QOL). Recently, however, as medical technology has progressed, equal importance can be given to both. Minimally invasive treatment has been introduced in various medical fields to reduce the patient’s psychic and physical burden. For example, intravascular treatment with a catheter has been used in cerebrovascular, cardiovascular and peripheral artery surgeries, etc., and the patient’s burden is drastically decreased [1]. Particle radiotherapy and advanced radiotherapy can lessen the side effects and emphasize the therapeutic effects more than conventional radiation therapy [2]. Laparoscopic surgery is a kind of minimally invasive endoscopic surgery that targets the digestive organs and requires multiple small ports to insert long surgical instruments and a cylindrical camera called a ‘laparoscope’. Laparoscopic techniques bring many benefits to patients, such as smaller scars, fewer complications, and shorter hospitalization than conventional open surgery [3, 4]. To achieve less invasiveness, a new surgical method—single‐incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS)—has been developed. In this method, surgical instruments, including a laparoscope, are inserted through a single opening. SILS is more cosmetic than general laparoscopic surgery since the number of ports is reduced from many to one. It is sometimes called “scar‐less surgery” because the scar is invisible when the port is made at navel [5–7]. However, SILS requires high levels of skill for operating surgeons due to physical challenges such as collisions between instruments and visual defects caused by the single opening [8–10].
\nMinimally invasive surgery places a large burden on operating surgeons but brings great benefits for patients and preserves their QOL. To address this matter, various systems for minimally invasive surgery have been developed. The da Vinci (Intuitive Surgical Inc., CA, USA) is one of the most famous master‐slave surgical robot systems in the world and can conduct laparoscopic surgery remotely with the operability close to that of open surgery by offering a 3D visual field, precise manipulation, and hand tremor cancellation. Although this robot was originally developed to support conventional multi‐port laparoscopic surgery, it has also been used in single‐port surgery due to its high functionality [11, 1]. Yet, it has mechanical problems such as arm collision and takes a long time to learn, even for skilled surgeons [13].
\nTo achieve SILS that satisfies both patients and surgeons, we propose a new surgical concept called “virtual incision” and have evaluated the effectiveness of our concept by two types of master‐slave robot systems for SILS.
\nIn SILS, the same surgical instruments and laparoscope are used as in conventional laparoscopic surgery, and the number of surgical incisions is the only difference between these operating methods. The fact that the number of surgical incisions has decreased from 3 to 1, as shown in \nFigure 1(a)\n and \n(b)\n, is one cause of the technical problems in SILS such as instruments collisions and visual defects. Thus, we propose a new surgical approach entitled “virtual incision” in which the number of ports is increased not physically but virtually. This concept provides SILS the operability close to that of multi‐port surgery.
\nThe number of surgical incisions required; (a) conventional multi‐incision surgery, (b) single‐incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS), and (c) SILS with two virtual incisions.
Making a “virtual incision” requires two conditions: (1) internal surgical instruments must behave the same as conventional laparoscopic surgery within the range of a laparoscopic view as shown in \nFigures 1(c)\n and (2) the operator must hold other external instruments to control the internal surgical instruments and manipulate them in the same way as conventional laparoscopic surgery. Please note that the operators normally look not at their hands but at a laparoscopic view displayed on a monitor during surgery. If these two conditions are satisfied, two virtual incisions are created on the abdominal wall in the direction of the long axis of the internal surgical instruments seen on the laparoscopic view. Therefore, surgeons can conduct SILS as if they were operating multi‐port surgery even though there is only a single real port in the abdominal wall.
\nCorrespondence between master instruments and flexible slave instruments.
We have developed two types of master‐slave robot systems using our proposed “virtual incision” approach: a remote‐operated system which requires two virtual incisions, achieving three‐incision surgery [14] and a local‐operated system which requires one virtual incision, achieving two‐incision surgery [15].
\nA remote‐operated master‐slave robot system is mainly composed of two master instruments, two slave bending instruments and a control PC. We use two normal surgical instruments as master, which are inserted through two incisions at the tip of two holding arms set on a table as shown in \nFigure 2\n. A small magnetic sensor (3D‐Guidance, Ascension Technology Corporation, VT, USA) is attached to each tip of the master instrument to measure the tip’s position and posture. On the slave side, the two flexible instruments and a laparoscope are attached to commercial robotic arms (slave part of ZEUS surgical robot system, Computer Motion Inc., CA, USA), and they are all inserted into a real single opening in the patient’s abdominal wall. The two slave instruments are crossed through the port and the tip of these instruments can be bent with a wire‐driven mechanism. Each master instrument corresponds to the opposite slave instrument; that is, the left‐side master instrument controls the slave instrument attached to right‐side robotic arm; thus, the instrument tip of master behaves in the same way as that of slave in the area of the dashed square in \nFigure 2\n. Although the motion ratio between master and slave is adjustable (e.g., 5:1 to achieve a precise motion on the slave side), in our robot system we set the motion ratio of 1:1 to provide the surgeons the same operability as conventional laparoscopic surgery.
\nIn this case, our proposed remote‐operated master‐slave robot system meets the requirements for the concept of virtual incision, then two virtual incisions are created in the abdominal wall in the long axis direction of the distal part of the slave instruments, which means that the operating surgeon can conduct SILS with three ports (one real and two virtual).
\nPrior to system evaluation, we prepared an imitation of conventional operating conditions (multi‐port and single‐port surgery) by adjusting the set‐up of master and slave, such as the number of ports and the shape of instruments, to compare our proposed method with conventional methods, as shown in \nFigure 3\n. In imitated multi‐port surgery (iMPS), there are two surgical ports on the master and slave sides, and the distal part of the two slave bending instruments is set linear shape. Each master instrument corresponds to the slave instrument on the same side; thus, the same operability as in conventional multi‐port surgery can be achieved. In imitated single‐port surgery (iSPS), the distal parts of the two holding arms are moved close to each other on the master side, and the two slave instruments are crossed and pass through one incision, and the distal part of these is set linear shape on slave side. The master instruments correspond to the slave instruments as in the operating condition of iMPS, providing almost the same operability as conventional single‐port surgery. In the proposed SILS, the configuration of and correspondence between the master and slave instruments are set as described in Section 3.1.1.
\nMaster and slave configuration of three operating conditions: imitated multi‐port surgery (iMPS), imitated single‐port surgery (iSPS), and SILS with proposed remote‐operated system (proposed SILS).
In the remote‐operated master‐slave robot system, we conducted two experiments using (1) a simulated slave robot and (2) a real slave robot.
\nExperiment (1): a monitor is set behind the master, displaying an imaginary laparoscopic view as shown in \nFigure 4(a)\n. Using this system, four gastral surgeons conducted an object‐moving task, in which the operator moves a series of balls around two boxes to each box by manipulating two master instruments, as indicated in \nFigure 4(b)\n. One trial is set as moving a ball 40 times, and the surgeons implemented two trials each in three operating conditions (iMPS, iSPS, and proposed SILS).
\nObject‐moving task: (a) experimental set‐up during the task in iMPS and (b) task detail; black port for iMPS and white port for iSPS and proposed SILS.
Experiment (2): two robotic arms are mounted on a surgical bed and two bending slave instruments are attached to each arm. A box is placed on the surgical bed, and the two slave instruments and a laparoscope are inserted into the box, as shown in \nFigure 5\n. A monitor is set as well as in Experiment (1) and a real laparoscopic view is displayed. Under this experimental environment, another gastral surgeon conducted an object‐touching task, in which the operator touches a cylindroid object in the box using the two slave instruments by manipulating the two master instruments. He conducted seven trials in each of the two operating conditions (iSPS and proposed SILS).
\nObject‐touching task during the task in iSPS: (a) master set‐up and (b) slave set‐up.
Experiment (1): average object‐moving times among the four surgeons for each trial were 251 ± 61 s (iMPS), 310 ± 52 s (iSPS), and 247 ± 67 s (proposed SILS) in trial 1, and 182 ± 29 s (iMPS), 248 ± 77 s (iSPS), and 178 ± 15 s (proposed SILS) in trial 2. There was no significant difference between iMPS and proposed SILS (
Experiment (2): average object‐touching times were 25 ± 7 s (iSPS) and 11 ± 4 s (proposed SILS).
\nA local‐operated master‐slave robot consists of a master device, a slave robotic instrument, and a control PC. The master device is placed above the patient’s abdominal wall and can be fixed to a surgical table using a conventional passive grasping holder. The slave robotic instrument is also attached to the surgical table with another grasping arm, and the robotic instrument can change between the two states of straight or bent; it is straight when passing through an incision and then is bent and set in alignment with the master device in the body as indicated in \nFigure 6(a)\n. The master device and slave robotic instrument have five‐DOF motion as in conventional laparoscopic surgery, including a grip/tip opening and closing (OC), spherical motion around the base point (pitch and yaw), axial rotation (roll), and extraction and contraction (EC) along the longitudinal axis. The posture and tip opening and closing of the slave robotic instrument have a point‐symmetrical relationship with those of the master device, and the length of the slave instrument is inversely proportional to that of the master device. The master device and slave robotic instrument are moved simultaneously through the abdominal wall with a motion ratio of 1:1, thus they behave like a normal commercial surgical instrument inserted into a port. Our proposed system could be used as a substitute for the left‐sided surgical instrument in SILS, especially in single‐incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy as shown in \nFigure 6(b)\n since the left‐sided surgical instrument is often used for grasping tissue.
\nLocal‐operated master‐slave robot system: (a) concept of proposed system and (b) surgical instrumental set‐up for single‐incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
In this case, our proposed local‐operated master‐slave robot system meets the requirements of virtual incision, and one virtual incision is created in the abdominal wall between the master device and the slave robotic instrument as illustrated in \nFigure 6(a)\n. This means that the operating surgeon can conduct SILS with two ports (one real and one virtual).
\nIn the local‐operated master‐slave robot system, we conducted two experiments: (1) a basic experiment and (2) an
Experiment (1): a training box is placed on a surgical table, and a master device is set above the box as a left‐side surgical instrument as shown in \nFigure 7(a)\n. A right‐sided normal surgical instrument, a laparoscope, and a slave robotic instrument are all inserted into the single real opening. The operator moves a series of rings placed on a peg board in the box from left to right using the surgical instruments with both hands while observing the laparoscopic view on a monitor. The ring is lifted from the left‐side peg by the left‐side instrument in the laparoscopic view, transferred to the opposite‐sided instrument, and placed on the right‐side peg, as illustrated in \nFigure 7(b)\n. To evaluate the operability of our proposed SILS, we prepared two conventional SILS operating conditions—SILSc and SILSp—in which two normal surgical instruments are inserted through a single port and are manipulated with crossed and parallel set‐ups, respectively. One trial is set as moving three rings three times, and three gastral surgeons (Surgeon A, B, and C) conducted three trials each under three operating conditions (SILSc, SILSp, and proposed SILS).
\nEvaluation experiment of local‐operated master‐slave robot system: (a) object‐moving task in the operating condition of our proposed SILS, (b) peg board detail, and (c)
Experiment (2): the operating condition of proposed SILS is set as in Experiment (1), and a normal resection instrument is used as a right‐sided instrument. As shown in \nFigure 7(c)\n, a porcine liver with a gallbladder is fixed to a board in the training box, and the cystic duct has previously been clipped. In this experiment, we simulate a single‐port laparoscopic cholecystectomy, and an operator separates the gallbladder from the liver by manipulating the surgical instruments with both hands while watching the laparoscopic view.
\nExperiment (1): average switching time between the instruments and standard deviation of Surgeon A were 11.65 ± 14.97 s (SILSc), 21.64 ± 33.85 s (SILSp), and 7.03 ± 2.49 s (proposed SILS); those of Surgeon B were 6.82 ± 4.51 s (SILSc), 13.82 ± 29.40 s (SILSp), and 8.48 ± 3.58 s (proposed SILS); and those of Surgeon C were 10.04 ± 5.07 s (SILSc), 35.82 ± 34.66 s (SILSp), and 6.48 ± 2.25 s (proposed SILS). The average switching times among the three surgeons were 9.50 ± 9.70 s (SILSc), 22.25 ± 33.57 s (SILSp), and 7.23 ± 2.87 s (proposed SILS).
\nThe number of collisions between the instruments in the box during the task of Surgeon A was 7 times (SILSc), 15 times (SILSp), and 0 times (proposed SILS); those of Surgeon B were 3 times (SILSc), 9 times (SILSp), and 1 time (proposed SILS); and those of Surgeon C were 1 time (SILSc), 18 times (SILSp), and 0 times (proposed SILS). The average number of collisions of all surgeons was 3.67 times (SILSc), 14 times (SILSp), and 0.33 times (proposed SILS). Meanwhile, the collision between the instrument and laparoscope occurred frequently outside the box under two conventional SILS operating conditions; however, the master device did not conflict with the laparoscope or the other instrument in our proposed SILS.
\nExperiment (2): the operator separated the gallbladder from the liver without instrument collision, grasping it using the slave robotic instrument by manipulating the master device with the left hand and cutting it using the resection instrument with the right hand.
\nLaparoscopic views during Experiments (1) and (2) are presented in \nFigure 8\n.
\nLaparoscopic view during the task; object‐moving task in the operating condition of (a) SILSc, (b) SILSp, (c) proposed SILS, and (d)
As for the remote‐operated master‐slave robot system, from Experiment (1), we confirmed that the average object‐moving time and standard deviation in the proposed SILS were significantly shorter than in iSPS, representing conventional single‐port surgery, and were almost the same as those in iMPS, representing conventional multi‐port surgery. From the subjective evaluations, all surgeons commented that the operability in the proposed SILS was little differentiated from that in iMPS. In Experiment (2), the object‐touching task in the proposed SILS was accomplished in shorter time than iSPS, and there was less interference between the instruments in the proposed SILS than in iSPS. These results indicate that our proposed remote‐operated system could improve the operability of SILS and achieve operability close to conventional multi‐port surgery by adding two virtual incisions.
\nIn regard to the local‐operated master‐slave robot system, in Experiment (1), the average switching time and standard deviation for proposed SILS were shorter than those for two conventional SILS operating conditions (SILSc and SILSp). Instances of interference between the surgical instruments were drastically decreased in the proposed SILS as compared with SILSc and SILSp. Focusing on the left‐side surgical instrument, its location in the laparoscopic view in our proposed SILS differed from that of conventional SILS methods, as shown in \nFigure 8(a)\n–\n(c)\n. The left‐side and right‐side instruments were inserted from the same direction on the laparoscopic view and were close together in SILSc and SILSp, and the left‐side instrument was inserted from left side on the laparoscopic view as in conventional multi‐port laparoscopic surgery in proposed SILS. The subjective evaluations from the surgeons also indicated that they were able to conduct SILS more easily using our proposed system than conventional SILS. In Experiment (2), the operator performed single‐port laparoscopic cholecystectomy without any problems, and a laparoscopic view close to that in multi‐port surgery was observed as shown in \nFigure 8(d)\n. The operator also reported that it was like performing laparoscopic surgery though there was only one port. From these results, we confirmed that the local‐operated master‐slave robot system could improve the operability of SILS, providing greater efficiency and stability, and offering the operability and a surgical view similar to those of multi‐port laparoscopic surgery by introducing one virtual incision.
\nFrom the above results of the two master‐slave robot systems, we have confirmed the usefulness of our proposed new “virtual incision” surgical approach, since it brings the operability and surgical view similar to multi‐port laparoscopic surgery even though only one port is opened in the abdominal wall. The operational procedure of our proposed surgical robot systems is close to the conventional surgical method, and thus does not require extra training for surgeons who are used to conventional multi‐port laparoscopic surgery.
\nAlthough the initial motivation for proposing the “virtual incision” concept is to overcome the difficulties of SILS, such as instrument collision and visual defects, this concept can be used not only for single‐port surgery but also for conventional multi‐port surgery. For example, three‐port surgery could be conducted with two real openings by adding one “virtual incision”. In thoracoscopic surgery, the surgical port position is limited by the alignment of the limb, and is not as flexible as in laparoscopic surgery. By introducing the concept of “virtual incision” to thoracoscopic surgery, it is expected that surgeons can make a surgical port at an appropriate position without worrying about the limb, and the operating area can expand with fewer ports. We plan to develop a surgical device introducing our concept for thoracoscopic surgery [16].
\nNeedlescopic surgery, another form of minimally invasive surgery, has been utilized in various surgical fields and brings cosmetic benefits for patients since it uses surgical instruments with very small diameter [17, 18]; however, it also has problems as it is difficult to keep the stiffness of the surgical instrument while including adequate functionality in a small‐diameter instrument. We believe that our new surgical concept of “virtual incision” is one way to achieve more minimally invasive surgery by reducing the number of real ports through a virtual incision.
\nAs for master‐slave surgical robot systems, many surgical robot systems have been developed to support surgery, but a master can control only a slave of the same system. For future robotic surgery, we think that collaboration among various master‐slave surgical robot systems will become increasingly important. Operating surgeons have different preferences for the master controller of a system, and it is difficult to decide on one master. Robotic surgery could become more flexible if multiple masters can control the same slave or one slave can be easily exchanged for another. We are also working on another project in which multi‐master and multi‐slave options could be selected flexibly using an industrial middleware ORiN for a next‐generation surgical‐assisted robot system [19].
\nMinimally invasive approaches such as reduced port surgery have been introduced to various surgical fields to achieve more patient‐friendly surgery. Although single‐incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS) has cosmetic benefits for patients, such as less pain, smaller scar, and shorter hospitalization than conventional laparoscopic surgery due to its single opening, it has technical problems that increase the surgeon’s burden. Therefore, we have proposed a new surgical approach called a “virtual incision”, and have applied it to two types of master‐slave robot systems for assisting SILS. From the evaluation results of the two master‐slave robot systems, we have confirmed the effectiveness of “virtual incision” because the operability of SILS was improved by increasing the number of ports virtually. In this chapter, we have focused on SILS; however, our surgical approach could also be useful to multi‐port surgery. We believe that the concept of “virtual incision” is a promising surgical approach that preserves QOL for both patients and surgeons.
\nThis research was partly supported by MEXT KAKENHI Grant Number 15K16338 and 16H01 859.
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The task-focused leadership style is explored under the headings of transactional and autocratic leadership, laissez-faire leadership, and instrumental leadership.",book:{id:"9047",slug:"nursing-new-perspectives",title:"Nursing",fullTitle:"Nursing - New Perspectives"},signatures:"Serpil Çelik Durmuş and Kamile Kırca",authors:null},{id:"58916",title:"Factors Affecting the Attitudes of Women toward Family Planning",slug:"factors-affecting-the-attitudes-of-women-toward-family-planning",totalDownloads:8548,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:18,abstract:"Everyone has the right to decide on the number and timing of children without discrimination, violence and oppression, to have the necessary information and facilities for it, to access sexual and reproductive health services at the highest standard. Deficient or incorrect family planning methods, wrong attitudes and behaviors toward the methods and consequent unplanned pregnancies, increased maternal and infant mortality rates are the main health problems in most countries. Individuals’ learning modern family planning methods and having positive attitude for these methods may increase the usage of these methods and contributes the formation of healthy communities. It is considered important to examine the current attitudes and determinants in order to spread the choice of effective method.",book:{id:"6142",slug:"family-planning",title:"Family Planning",fullTitle:"Family Planning"},signatures:"Nazli Sensoy, Yasemin Korkut, Selcuk Akturan, Mehmet Yilmaz,\nCanan Tuz and Bilge Tuncel",authors:[{id:"216377",title:"Prof.",name:"Nazli",middleName:null,surname:"Sensoy",slug:"nazli-sensoy",fullName:"Nazli Sensoy"},{id:"216589",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasemin",middleName:null,surname:"Korkut",slug:"yasemin-korkut",fullName:"Yasemin Korkut"},{id:"216595",title:"Dr.",name:"Selcuk",middleName:null,surname:"Akturan",slug:"selcuk-akturan",fullName:"Selcuk Akturan"},{id:"216596",title:"Dr.",name:"Canan",middleName:null,surname:"Tuz",slug:"canan-tuz",fullName:"Canan Tuz"},{id:"216598",title:"Dr.",name:"Bilge",middleName:null,surname:"Tuncel",slug:"bilge-tuncel",fullName:"Bilge Tuncel"},{id:"216599",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Yilmaz",slug:"mehmet-yilmaz",fullName:"Mehmet Yilmaz"}]},{id:"69631",title:"Cultural Practices and Health Consequences: Health or Habits, the Choice Is Ours",slug:"cultural-practices-and-health-consequences-health-or-habits-the-choice-is-ours",totalDownloads:902,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Human beings are social animals with an innate desire to conform to socially accepted norms and values. Over periods of time, some of these norms become standards that all members of the community are expected to adhere to. Deviance from these standards is seen as absurd, wrong, or frankly abnormal. However, many of these cultural mores have no scientific basis and, some of them actually promote behaviors with negative health consequences. This chapter examines the cultural practices of some communities in Africa and their health consequences and, explores ways to address the challenges.",book:{id:"9138",slug:"public-health-in-developing-countries-challenges-and-opportunities",title:"Public Health in Developing Countries",fullTitle:"Public Health in Developing Countries - Challenges and Opportunities"},signatures:"Radiance Ogundipe",authors:[{id:"302308",title:"Dr.",name:"Radiance",middleName:null,surname:"Ogundipe",slug:"radiance-ogundipe",fullName:"Radiance Ogundipe"}]},{id:"55808",title:"The Role of Legumes in Human Nutrition",slug:"the-role-of-legumes-in-human-nutrition",totalDownloads:5433,totalCrossrefCites:63,totalDimensionsCites:109,abstract:"Legumes are valued worldwide as a sustainable and inexpensive meat alternative and are considered the second most important food source after cereals. Legumes are nutritionally valuable, providing proteins (20–45%) with essential amino acids, complex carbohydrates (±60%) and dietary fibre (5–37%). Legumes also have no cholesterol and are generally low in fat, with ±5% energy from fat, with the exception of peanuts (±45%), chickpeas (±15%) and soybeans (±47%) and provide essential minerals and vitamins. In addition to their nutritional superiority, legumes have also been ascribed economical, cultural, physiological and medicinal roles owing to their possession of beneficial bioactive compounds. Research has shown that most of the bioactive compounds in legumes possess antioxidant properties, which play a role in the prevention of some cancers, heart diseases, osteoporosis and other degenerative diseases. Because of their composition, legumes are attractive to health conscious consumers, celiac and diabetic patients as well as consumers concerned with weight management. The incorporation of legumes in diets, especially in developing countries, could play a major role in eradicating protein-energy malnutrition especially in developing Afro-Asian countries. Legumes could be a base for the development of many functional foods to promote human health.",book:{id:"5963",slug:"functional-food-improve-health-through-adequate-food",title:"Functional Food",fullTitle:"Functional Food - Improve Health through Adequate Food"},signatures:"Yvonne Maphosa and Victoria A. Jideani",authors:[{id:"201151",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Yvonne",middleName:null,surname:"Maphosa",slug:"yvonne-maphosa",fullName:"Yvonne Maphosa"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"200",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82616",title:"The Quantum Theory of Reproduction – How Unique is an Individual?",slug:"the-quantum-theory-of-reproduction-how-unique-is-an-individual",totalDownloads:12,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105769",abstract:"Our understanding of nature’s way is founded on quantum mechanics. In its existence of over 80 years, quantum theory has been describing the physical world. The attraction of studying quantum mechanics is the perception of the conceptual structure of nature. This is aided by the mathematical structure that exposes the internal logic of the subject by inventing a notation that embeds the philosophy of the question. To describe how unique each individual is. A calculation method was applied. The uniqueness of an individual is one in two nonillion, octillion, septillion, sextillion, quintillion, quadrillion, trillion, billion, million and thousand. Individuals are indefinitely unique.",book:{id:"11284",title:"Studies in Family Planning",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11284.jpg"},signatures:"Zouhair O. Amarin"},{id:"81930",title:"Smoking and Its Consequences on Male and Female Reproductive Health",slug:"smoking-and-its-consequences-on-male-and-female-reproductive-health",totalDownloads:14,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104941",abstract:"Smoking contributes to the death of around one in 10 adults worldwide. Specifically, cigarettes are known to contain around 4000 toxins and chemicals that are hazardous in nature. The negative effects of smoking on human health and interest in smoking-related diseases have a long history. Among these concerns are the harmful effects of smoking on reproductive health. Thirteen percent of female infertility is due to smoking. Female smoking can lead to gamete mutagenesis, early loss of reproductive function, and thus advance the time to menopause. It has been also associated with ectopic pregnancy and spontaneous abortion. Even when it comes to assisted reproductive technologies cycles, smokers require more cycles, almost double the number of cycles needed to conceive as non-smokers. Male smoking is shown to be correlated with poorer semen parameters and sperm DNA fragmentation. Not only active smokers but also passive smokers, when excessively exposed to smoking, can have reproductive problems comparable to those seen in smokers. In this book chapter, we will approach the effect of tobacco, especially tobacco smoking, on male and female reproductive health. This aims to take a preventive approach to infertility by discouraging smoking and helping to eliminate exposure to tobacco smoke in both women and men.",book:{id:"11284",title:"Studies in Family Planning",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11284.jpg"},signatures:"Amor Houda, Jankowski Peter Michael, Micu Romeo and Hammadeh Mohamad Eid"},{id:"81468",title:"The Knowledge and Use of Intra-Uterine Device by Women Attending Ante-Natal Clinic at Enugu State Teaching Hospital, Parklane",slug:"the-knowledge-and-use-of-intra-uterine-device-by-women-attending-ante-natal-clinic-at-enugu-state-te",totalDownloads:24,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104097",abstract:"Intrauterine contraception has been recognized globally as one of the modern long-term reversible contraceptive methods suitable for women of all reproductive ages. It represents the most cost-effective method for preventing unwanted pregnancies, scientifically proven for its safety, efficacy and cost-effectiveness and is known to last longer in preventing pregnancy than other methods. This study assessed the knowledge of mothers attending ESUT teaching hospital, Parklane on intrauterine contraceptive device, the use as well as the common side effects experienced by the users. A descriptive survey research design was used to sample 175 mothers. A structured researcher developed questionnaire was used for data collection. The findings revealed that more than half of the respondents have good knowledge of intrauterine device but only 23 (14%) respondents make use of it. The commonly experienced side effects identified were irregular bleeding (75%) and vaginal discharge (62.5%). Although, the respondents had good knowledge of intrauterine device, their uptake of the method was poor. Therefore, there is a need to improve contraceptive counseling to ensure that women understand the relative effectiveness of IUDS. The study also recommended the need for better education for both clients and providers to improve the accessibility and acceptability of intrauterine device.",book:{id:"11284",title:"Studies in Family Planning",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11284.jpg"},signatures:"Chukwuasokam Caleb Aniechi and Uloma Cynthia Ezuma"},{id:"81003",title:"Perspective Chapter: Modern Birth Control Methods",slug:"perspective-chapter-modern-birth-control-methods",totalDownloads:41,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103858",abstract:"This chapter focuses on various modern birth control methods, including combined oral contraceptives, progestogen-only pills, progestogen-only injectables, progestogen-only implants, intrauterine devices, barrier contraceptives, and emergency contraceptive pills. Each contraceptive method is covered in detail, including mechanism of action, effectiveness, health benefits, advantages, disadvantages, risks, and side-effects.",book:{id:"11284",title:"Studies in Family Planning",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11284.jpg"},signatures:"Rahma Al Kindi, Asma Al Salmani, Rahma Al Hadhrami, Sanaa Al Sumri and Hana Al Sumri"},{id:"80084",title:"Contraceptive Implants",slug:"contraceptive-implants",totalDownloads:174,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101999",abstract:"Contraceptive implants or implantable contraceptive are five subdermal implants, rods the size of pencil lead that are embedded just under the skin on the inside of the upper arm. The rods contain etonogestrel, the metabolite of desogestrel, an equivalent progestin. Implants are often used during breastfeeding without an impact on milk production. It was identified that age does not affect the use of contraceptive implants but educational status is significant to its usage; there is an association between the age at first birth and the use of contraceptive implants; the number of liveborn children has a significant impact or influence on the use of implants; etc. This chapter focuses on types of contraceptive implants and its mechanism of action; global statistics on contraceptive implants; side effects; health benefits and positive characteristics of contraceptive implants; those who can and cannot use contraceptive implants; reasons women are not interested in contraceptive implants and factors influencing its usage.",book:{id:"11284",title:"Studies in Family Planning",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11284.jpg"},signatures:"Paul Hassan Ilegbusi"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:5},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:140,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 2nd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:33,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. 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She is also the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI)",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:{name:"Kobe College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. 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Her research interests include microalgal biotechnology with an emphasis on microalgae-based products.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7953",title:"Bioluminescence",subtitle:"Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7953.jpg",slug:"bioluminescence-analytical-applications-and-basic-biology",publishedDate:"September 25th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hirobumi Suzuki",hash:"3a8efa00b71abea11bf01973dc589979",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Bioluminescence - Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",editors:[{id:"185746",title:"Dr.",name:"Hirobumi",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"hirobumi-suzuki",fullName:"Hirobumi Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185746/images/system/185746.png",biography:"Dr. Hirobumi Suzuki received his Ph.D. in 1997 from Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan, where he studied firefly phylogeny and the evolution of mating systems. He is especially interested in the genetic differentiation pattern and speciation process that correlate to the flashing pattern and mating behavior of some fireflies in Japan. He then worked for Olympus Corporation, a Japanese manufacturer of optics and imaging products, where he was involved in the development of luminescence technology and produced a bioluminescence microscope that is currently being used for gene expression analysis in chronobiology, neurobiology, and developmental biology. 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Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University Plovdiv",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. 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The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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