Influence of dopants on the thermal decomposition of strontium carbonate.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 179 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 252 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-authors-included-in-the-highly-cited-researchers-list-for-2020-20210121",title:"IntechOpen Authors Included in the Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020"},{slug:"intechopen-maintains-position-as-the-world-s-largest-oa-book-publisher-20201218",title:"IntechOpen Maintains Position as the World’s Largest OA Book Publisher"},{slug:"all-intechopen-books-available-on-perlego-20201215",title:"All IntechOpen Books Available on Perlego"},{slug:"oiv-awards-recognizes-intechopen-s-editors-20201127",title:"OIV Awards Recognizes IntechOpen's Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-crossref-s-initiative-for-open-abstracts-i4oa-to-boost-the-discovery-of-research-20201005",title:"IntechOpen joins Crossref's Initiative for Open Abstracts (I4OA) to Boost the Discovery of Research"},{slug:"intechopen-hits-milestone-5-000-open-access-books-published-20200908",title:"IntechOpen hits milestone: 5,000 Open Access books published!"},{slug:"intechopen-books-hosted-on-the-mathworks-book-program-20200819",title:"IntechOpen Books Hosted on the MathWorks Book Program"},{slug:"intechopen-s-chapter-awarded-the-guenther-von-pannewitz-preis-2020-20200715",title:"IntechOpen's Chapter Awarded the Günther-von-Pannewitz-Preis 2020"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"7928",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Maxillofacial Surgery and Craniofacial Deformity - Practices and Updates",title:"Maxillofacial Surgery and Craniofacial Deformity",subtitle:"Practices and Updates",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The aim of the book “Maxillofacial Surgery and Craniofacial Deformity - Practices and Updates” was to collect various aspects of facial and cranial deformities in one single textbook in order to have a systematic way of thinking when approaching these interconnected manifestations. Furthermore, other associated social aspects of health care are integrated to give a wider view of the problem and some important considerations of care.",isbn:"978-1-78985-412-1",printIsbn:"978-1-78985-411-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-852-5",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77758",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"maxillofacial-surgery-and-craniofacial-deformity-practices-and-updates",numberOfPages:178,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,hash:"734c4a37da9817d5c3aa68c8f15a0d93",bookSignature:"Mazen Ahmad Almasri and Raja Kummoona",publishedDate:"July 22nd 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7928.jpg",numberOfDownloads:3337,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"January 24th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 11th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 10th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 29th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 27th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"150413",title:"Dr.",name:"Mazen Ahmad",middleName:null,surname:"Almasri",slug:"mazen-ahmad-almasri",fullName:"Mazen Ahmad Almasri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/150413/images/system/150413.jpeg",biography:"Dr Mazen AJ Almasri is an Associate Professor of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery at the King Abdulaiz University, Faculty of Dentistry, Saudi Arabia. He graduated from KAU in 2002 with an honors degree, then pursued his clinical training of OMFS at McGill University, (Montreal, Quebec, Canada) where he became an active fellow of the Royal College of Canada in 2009, achieved his Masters degree (2010), the Implantology and Reconstruction Fellowship (2010), and was an active diplomate of the American Board of OMFS (2011). Dr Almasri\\'s passion toward advancing the health care and medical education continued through teaching undergraduate and postgraduate trainees, and pursuing publication of papers and text books.",institutionString:"King Abdulaziz University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"4",institution:{name:"King Abdulaziz University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"93854",title:"Prof.",name:"Raja",middleName:"K",surname:"Kummoona",slug:"raja-kummoona",fullName:"Raja Kummoona",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93854/images/system/93854.jpeg",biography:"Professor Raja Kummoona is a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of England (FDSRCS), Emeritus professor of Maxillofacial Surgery of Iraqi Board for Medical Specializations, Fellow Royal Society of Medicine, Research Fellow Royal College of Surgeons of England from 1975 to 1977, President of Iraqi Dental Society (1977-1985), Registrar of Primary FDSRCS in Iraq (1985-1990), the most distinguished professor of the University of Baghdad (1991-1992), one of 40 top scientist in Iraq awarded a gold medal for 3 years (2000-2002) by presidential celebration. He has had many publications and contribution to science by advocating many surgical procedures and research in cancer surgery and flap reconstruction, TMJ surgery and maxillofacial injuries, orbit tumors and injuries, missile war injuries of the face with advancing surgery of war injuries of the face worldwide. He has contributed to research in cancer and has developed post graduate studies in maxillofacial surgery in Iraq. He is the Editor of Neck Dissection, Clinical Application and Recent Advances (February, 2012, IntechOpen), Surgical Reconstruction of the Temporomandibular Joint (2013), Germany, Disease of the TMJ, Surgical reconstruction, clinical & experimental studies (April, 2014, Science PG), Missile war injuries of the face, maxillofacial injuries in road traffic (book published by Science PG, 2014), and Jaw lymphoma and orofacial tumors (2015, published by Science PG), Bone grafting, recent advances with special reference to craniomaxillofacial surgery (December, 2018, IntechOpen), Craniofacial deformity and normal variations of jaws relationship (OMICS International). He is a member of the editorial board of 15 international distinguished journals, President of Society of Iraqi Maxillofacial Surgery, a Founder member of the International Society of Head Neck Trauma, 2015, London, and Chairman of the Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad 1982-2000. He is a member of the Council of College of Dentistry (1975-2000), Founder and Chairman council of Maxillofacial Surgery, Iraqi Board for Medical Specializations (1993-2010). He has about 129 papers published and is an eminent figure in craniofacial surgery in the Middle East.",institutionString:"Prof. Emeritus Iraqi Board for Medical Specializations",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:null},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1149",title:"Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery",slug:"oral-and-maxillofacial-surgery"}],chapters:[{id:"71078",title:"Prologue: Foundation and Progress of Craniofacial Surgery of Deformity and Malformation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90278",slug:"prologue-foundation-and-progress-of-craniofacial-surgery-of-deformity-and-malformation",totalDownloads:165,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Raja Kummoona",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71078",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71078",authors:[{id:"93854",title:"Prof.",name:"Raja",surname:"Kummoona",slug:"raja-kummoona",fullName:"Raja Kummoona"}],corrections:null},{id:"68974",title:"Surgical Approach of Cleft Lip/Palate Patients: The Brazilian Experience",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88403",slug:"surgical-approach-of-cleft-lip-palate-patients-the-brazilian-experience",totalDownloads:125,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Henrique Cabrini Moreira and Wilber Bernaola-Paredes",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68974",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68974",authors:[{id:"306017",title:"Dr.",name:"Henrique",surname:"Cabrini Moreira",slug:"henrique-cabrini-moreira",fullName:"Henrique Cabrini Moreira"},{id:"308963",title:"Dr.",name:"Wilber",surname:"Bernaola-Paredes",slug:"wilber-bernaola-paredes",fullName:"Wilber Bernaola-Paredes"}],corrections:null},{id:"71240",title:"Deformity of Craniofacial Skeleton by Traumatic Injuries",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91353",slug:"deformity-of-craniofacial-skeleton-by-traumatic-injuries",totalDownloads:180,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Raja Kummoona",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71240",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71240",authors:[{id:"93854",title:"Prof.",name:"Raja",surname:"Kummoona",slug:"raja-kummoona",fullName:"Raja Kummoona"}],corrections:null},{id:"68203",title:"The Basics of Splinting in Dentoalveolar Traumatology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88061",slug:"the-basics-of-splinting-in-dentoalveolar-traumatology",totalDownloads:595,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Naida Hadziabdic",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68203",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68203",authors:[{id:"256275",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Naida",surname:"Hadziabdic",slug:"naida-hadziabdic",fullName:"Naida Hadziabdic"}],corrections:null},{id:"67413",title:"Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw: An Overview",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86241",slug:"medication-related-osteonecrosis-of-the-jaw-an-overview",totalDownloads:250,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Marko Blašković and Dorotea Blašković",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67413",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67413",authors:[{id:"172169",title:"Dr.",name:"Marko",surname:"Blašković",slug:"marko-blaskovic",fullName:"Marko Blašković"},{id:"272364",title:"Dr.",name:"Dorotea",surname:"Blaskovic",slug:"dorotea-blaskovic",fullName:"Dorotea Blaskovic"}],corrections:null},{id:"70154",title:"Nasal Cavity Hemangiomas",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90137",slug:"nasal-cavity-hemangiomas",totalDownloads:241,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Ahmet Baki",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70154",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70154",authors:[{id:"301026",title:"M.D.",name:"Ahmet",surname:"Baki",slug:"ahmet-baki",fullName:"Ahmet Baki"}],corrections:null},{id:"64254",title:"Structural and Functional Disorders of the Temporomandibular Joint (Internal Disorders)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81937",slug:"structural-and-functional-disorders-of-the-temporomandibular-joint-internal-disorders",totalDownloads:685,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Nedeljka Ivkovic and Maja Racic",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64254",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64254",authors:[{id:"266706",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Nedeljka",surname:"Ivkovic",slug:"nedeljka-ivkovic",fullName:"Nedeljka Ivkovic"},{id:"275618",title:"Prof.",name:"Maja",surname:"Racic",slug:"maja-racic",fullName:"Maja Racic"}],corrections:null},{id:"66792",title:"Oral Parafunction - Aetiology, Implications and Relation to Orthodontic Treatment",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85267",slug:"oral-parafunction-aetiology-implications-and-relation-to-orthodontic-treatment",totalDownloads:495,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Luciene Menrique Corradi and Luiz Eduardo Toledo Avelar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66792",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66792",authors:[{id:"290859",title:"Dr.",name:"Luiz",surname:"Avelar",slug:"luiz-avelar",fullName:"Luiz Avelar"},{id:"292703",title:"MSc.",name:"Luciene",surname:"Menrique Corradi",slug:"luciene-menrique-corradi",fullName:"Luciene Menrique Corradi"}],corrections:null},{id:"69231",title:"The Effects of Maxillomandibular Advancement and Genioglossus Advancement on Sleep Quality",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89296",slug:"the-effects-of-maxillomandibular-advancement-and-genioglossus-advancement-on-sleep-quality",totalDownloads:200,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Takako Sato, Ryota Nakamura, Akio Himejima, Akemi Kusano, Serim Kang, Saori Ohtani, Kentarou Yamada, Kanako Yamagata, Hiroaki Azaki, Junya Aoki, Keiichi Yanagawa, Keiji Shinozuka, Takeya Yamada and Morio Tonogi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69231",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69231",authors:[{id:"296945",title:"Dr.",name:"Takako",surname:"Sato",slug:"takako-sato",fullName:"Takako Sato"},{id:"309257",title:"Dr.",name:"Ryota",surname:"Nakamura",slug:"ryota-nakamura",fullName:"Ryota Nakamura"},{id:"309258",title:"Dr.",name:"Akio",surname:"Himejima",slug:"akio-himejima",fullName:"Akio Himejima"},{id:"309259",title:"Dr.",name:"Akemi",surname:"Kusano",slug:"akemi-kusano",fullName:"Akemi Kusano"},{id:"309260",title:"Dr.",name:"Serim",surname:"Kang",slug:"serim-kang",fullName:"Serim Kang"},{id:"309261",title:"Dr.",name:"Saori",surname:"Ohtani",slug:"saori-ohtani",fullName:"Saori Ohtani"},{id:"309262",title:"Dr.",name:"Kentarou",surname:"Yamada",slug:"kentarou-yamada",fullName:"Kentarou Yamada"},{id:"309265",title:"Dr.",name:"Junya",surname:"Aoki",slug:"junya-aoki",fullName:"Junya Aoki"},{id:"309268",title:"Dr.",name:"Takeya",surname:"Yamada",slug:"takeya-yamada",fullName:"Takeya Yamada"},{id:"309269",title:"Dr.",name:"Morio",surname:"Tonogi",slug:"morio-tonogi",fullName:"Morio Tonogi"}],corrections:null},{id:"70490",title:"Body Dysmorphic Disorder in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90541",slug:"body-dysmorphic-disorder-in-oral-and-maxillofacial-surgery",totalDownloads:201,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Türker Yücesoy",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70490",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70490",authors:[{id:"240680",title:"Dr.",name:"Turker",surname:"Yucesoy",slug:"turker-yucesoy",fullName:"Turker Yucesoy"}],corrections:null},{id:"67643",title:"Psychosocial and Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) Aspect of Oral and Maxillofacial Trauma",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86875",slug:"psychosocial-and-health-related-quality-of-life-hrqol-aspect-of-oral-and-maxillofacial-trauma",totalDownloads:207,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Ramat Oyebunmi Braimah, Dominic Ignatius Ukpong and Kizito Chioma Ndukwe",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67643",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67643",authors:[{id:"295562",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramat",surname:"Braimah",slug:"ramat-braimah",fullName:"Ramat Braimah"},{id:"301083",title:"Dr.",name:"Dominic",surname:"Ukpong",slug:"dominic-ukpong",fullName:"Dominic Ukpong"},{id:"301084",title:"Prof.",name:"Kizito",surname:"Ndukwe",slug:"kizito-ndukwe",fullName:"Kizito Ndukwe"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5185",title:"Dental Implantology and Biomaterial",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b6bdd65b23207e491dd8a3c1edc41dc",slug:"dental-implantology-and-biomaterial",bookSignature:"Mazen Ahmad Jawad Amin Almasri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5185.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"150413",title:"Dr.",name:"Mazen Ahmad",surname:"Almasri",slug:"mazen-ahmad-almasri",fullName:"Mazen Ahmad Almasri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5428",title:"Designing Strategies for Cleft Lip and Palate Care",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"20bcf2aa877c04447d31d6e0db2e437e",slug:"designing-strategies-for-cleft-lip-and-palate-care",bookSignature:"Mazen Ahmad Almasri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5428.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"150413",title:"Dr.",name:"Mazen Ahmad",surname:"Almasri",slug:"mazen-ahmad-almasri",fullName:"Mazen Ahmad Almasri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7056",title:"An Update of Dental Implantology and Biomaterial",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fab27916553ca6427ec1be823a6d81f2",slug:"an-update-of-dental-implantology-and-biomaterial",bookSignature:"Mazen Ahmad Almasri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7056.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"150413",title:"Dr.",name:"Mazen Ahmad",surname:"Almasri",slug:"mazen-ahmad-almasri",fullName:"Mazen Ahmad Almasri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2988",title:"A Textbook of Advanced Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b5d9f2be309d43646fca5ce2cd1e3d19",slug:"a-textbook-of-advanced-oral-and-maxillofacial-surgery",bookSignature:"Mohammad Hosein Kalantar Motamedi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2988.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"90148",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad Hosein",surname:"Motamedi",slug:"mohammad-hosein-motamedi",fullName:"Mohammad Hosein Motamedi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4553",title:"A Textbook of Advanced Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery",subtitle:"Volume 2",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af81386d06d6e1495f564629f833620",slug:"a-textbook-of-advanced-oral-and-maxillofacial-surgery-volume-2",bookSignature:"Mohammad Hosein Kalantar Motamedi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4553.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"90148",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad Hosein",surname:"Motamedi",slug:"mohammad-hosein-motamedi",fullName:"Mohammad Hosein Motamedi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5927",title:"Issues in Flap Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"001d81ef8d1213b428ef9da8e29fb5e7",slug:"issues-in-flap-surgery",bookSignature:"Sherif Amr",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5927.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"179930",title:"Prof.",name:"Sherif",surname:"Amr",slug:"sherif-amr",fullName:"Sherif Amr"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1170",title:"Maxillofacial Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6925aedd650ca3255c43d0215a6eb837",slug:"maxillofacial-surgery",bookSignature:"Leon Assael",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1170.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"100926",title:"Prof.",name:"Leon",surname:"Assael",slug:"leon-assael",fullName:"Leon Assael"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7973",title:"Current Treatment of Cleft Lip and Palate",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1ea8bb8925e069ffefa169997727a53f",slug:"current-treatment-of-cleft-lip-and-palate",bookSignature:"Ayşe Gülşen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7973.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"256851",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayşe",surname:"Gülşen",slug:"ayse-gulsen",fullName:"Ayşe Gülşen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7157",title:"Bone Grafting",subtitle:"Recent Advances with Special References to Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"536ef0d393c2af079dcc8b90dae0e68c",slug:"bone-grafting-recent-advances-with-special-references-to-cranio-maxillofacial-surgery",bookSignature:"Raja Kummoona",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7157.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"93854",title:"Prof.",name:"Raja",surname:"Kummoona",slug:"raja-kummoona",fullName:"Raja Kummoona"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5112",title:"A Textbook of Advanced Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery",subtitle:"Volume 3",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9155af3479cbb41b2af5fc7e333d238f",slug:"a-textbook-of-advanced-oral-and-maxillofacial-surgery-volume-3",bookSignature:"Mohammad Hosein Kalantar Motamedi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5112.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"90148",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad Hosein",surname:"Motamedi",slug:"mohammad-hosein-motamedi",fullName:"Mohammad Hosein Motamedi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"74026",slug:"corrigendum-to-calf-sex-influence-in-bovine-milk-production",title:"Corrigendum to: Calf-Sex Influence in Bovine Milk Production",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/74026.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74026",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74026",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/74026",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/74026",chapter:{id:"73504",slug:"calf-sex-influence-in-bovine-milk-production",signatures:"Miguel Quaresma and R. Payan-Carreira",dateSubmitted:"April 21st 2020",dateReviewed:"September 10th 2020",datePrePublished:"October 8th 2020",datePublished:"January 20th 2021",book:{id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",publishedDate:"January 20th 2021",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"38652",title:"Dr.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",email:"rtpayan@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"309250",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Quaresma",fullName:"Miguel Quaresma",slug:"miguel-quaresma",email:"miguelq@utad.pt",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"73504",slug:"calf-sex-influence-in-bovine-milk-production",signatures:"Miguel Quaresma and R. Payan-Carreira",dateSubmitted:"April 21st 2020",dateReviewed:"September 10th 2020",datePrePublished:"October 8th 2020",datePublished:"January 20th 2021",book:{id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",publishedDate:"January 20th 2021",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"38652",title:"Dr.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",email:"rtpayan@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"309250",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Quaresma",fullName:"Miguel Quaresma",slug:"miguel-quaresma",email:"miguelq@utad.pt",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}]},book:{id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",publishedDate:"January 20th 2021",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"9108",leadTitle:null,title:"Medicinal Plants",subtitle:"Use in Prevention and Treatment of Diseases",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book is focused on clarifying the anticancer effects (i.e., apoptotic, antiproliferative, antimetastatic, antiangiogenic) and mechanisms of most of the medicinal plants found in the world against solid and/or hematological cancers.",isbn:"978-1-78985-888-4",printIsbn:"978-1-78985-887-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-78985-312-4",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83104",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"medicinal-plants-use-in-prevention-and-treatment-of-diseases",numberOfPages:192,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d0c52af195da3322be63610d6567019",bookSignature:"Bassam Abdul Rasool Hassan",publishedDate:"March 25th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9108.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:5676,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:4,numberOfDimensionsCitations:8,numberOfTotalCitations:12,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 15th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 30th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"June 29th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 17th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 16th 2019",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 years",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"155124",title:"Dr.",name:"Bassam",middleName:"Abdul Rasool",surname:"Hassan",slug:"bassam-hassan",fullName:"Bassam Hassan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/155124/images/system/155124.jpeg",biography:"Bassam Abdul Rasool Hassan, Ph.D., is a Senior Lecturer at Department of Pharmacy, Alrafidain University College, Baghdad, Iraq.\r\nHis areas of expertise include: Clinical Pharmacy, Genomics, Chemotherapy and Cancer Treatment, and Supportive and Palliative Care in Cancer Patients.",institutionString:"Alrafidain University College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Alrafidain University College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iraq"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"991",title:"Herbalism",slug:"herbalism"}],chapters:[{id:"70896",title:"Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Ghanaian Medicinal Plants",slug:"analgesic-and-anti-inflammatory-effect-of-ghanaian-medicinal-plants",totalDownloads:391,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"303360",title:"Dr.",name:"Evelyn",surname:"Asante-Kwatia",slug:"evelyn-asante-kwatia",fullName:"Evelyn Asante-Kwatia"},{id:"309974",title:"Prof.",name:"Abraham Yeboah",surname:"Mensah",slug:"abraham-yeboah-mensah",fullName:"Abraham Yeboah Mensah"},{id:"309975",title:"Mr.",name:"Michael Frimpong",surname:"Baidoo",slug:"michael-frimpong-baidoo",fullName:"Michael Frimpong Baidoo"}]},{id:"65205",title:"Antimicrobial Potential of Genes from Garlic (Allium sativum L.)",slug:"antimicrobial-potential-of-genes-from-garlic-em-allium-sativum-em-l-",totalDownloads:565,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"282622",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Hafiz",surname:"Abbas",slug:"hafiz-abbas",fullName:"Hafiz Abbas"},{id:"282977",title:"Prof.",name:"Wubei",surname:"Dong",slug:"wubei-dong",fullName:"Wubei Dong"},{id:"288307",title:"Ms.",name:"Xi",surname:"Kong",slug:"xi-kong",fullName:"Xi Kong"},{id:"288326",title:"Ms.",name:"Jia",surname:"Wu",slug:"jia-wu",fullName:"Jia Wu"},{id:"288327",title:"Mr.",name:"Mohsin",surname:"Ali",slug:"mohsin-ali",fullName:"Mohsin Ali"}]},{id:"69941",title:"Medicinal Plants Used for Treatment of Prevalent Diseases in Northern Pakistan of Western Himalayas",slug:"medicinal-plants-used-for-treatment-of-prevalent-diseases-in-northern-pakistan-of-western-himalayas",totalDownloads:306,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"58916",title:"Prof.",name:"Dr. Mushtaq",surname:"Ahmad",slug:"dr.-mushtaq-ahmad",fullName:"Dr. Mushtaq Ahmad"},{id:"172202",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Zafar",slug:"muhammad-zafar",fullName:"Muhammad Zafar"},{id:"172203",title:"Dr.",name:"Shazia",surname:"Sultana",slug:"shazia-sultana",fullName:"Shazia Sultana"},{id:"309152",title:"Dr.",name:"Khafsa",surname:"Maliq",slug:"khafsa-maliq",fullName:"Khafsa Maliq"},{id:"309153",title:"Dr.",name:"Neelam",surname:"Rashid",slug:"neelam-rashid",fullName:"Neelam Rashid"}]},{id:"70140",title:"Bioinorganic Chemistry and Computational Study of Herbal Medicine to Treatment of Tuberculosis",slug:"bioinorganic-chemistry-and-computational-study-of-herbal-medicine-to-treatment-of-tuberculosis",totalDownloads:397,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"301111",title:"Dr.",name:"Sutiman",surname:"Sumitro",slug:"sutiman-sumitro",fullName:"Sutiman Sumitro"},{id:"301650",title:"Dr.",name:"Sri",surname:"Widyarti",slug:"sri-widyarti",fullName:"Sri Widyarti"},{id:"301651",title:"Dr.",name:"Mudyawati",surname:"Kamaruddin",slug:"mudyawati-kamaruddin",fullName:"Mudyawati Kamaruddin"},{id:"301653",title:"MSc.",name:"Sherry",surname:"Aristyani",slug:"sherry-aristyani",fullName:"Sherry Aristyani"},{id:"301657",title:"Dr.",name:"Meity",surname:"Elvina",slug:"meity-elvina",fullName:"Meity Elvina"},{id:"301681",title:"MSc.",name:"Saraswati",surname:"Subagyo",slug:"saraswati-subagyo",fullName:"Saraswati Subagyo"},{id:"301682",title:"MSc.",name:"Tintrim",surname:"Rahayu",slug:"tintrim-rahayu",fullName:"Tintrim Rahayu"}]},{id:"66448",title:"Black Garlic and Its Therapeutic Benefits",slug:"black-garlic-and-its-therapeutic-benefits",totalDownloads:1553,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"282896",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Gia-Buu",surname:"Tran",slug:"gia-buu-tran",fullName:"Gia-Buu Tran"},{id:"291361",title:"Dr.",name:"Tan-Viet",surname:"Pham",slug:"tan-viet-pham",fullName:"Tan-Viet Pham"},{id:"291363",title:"Dr.",name:"Ngoc-Nam",surname:"Trinh",slug:"ngoc-nam-trinh",fullName:"Ngoc-Nam Trinh"}]},{id:"70638",title:"Medicinal Plants Having Antifungal Properties",slug:"medicinal-plants-having-antifungal-properties",totalDownloads:532,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",surname:"Sahu",slug:"anil-sahu",fullName:"Anil Sahu"},{id:"211230",title:"Mr.",name:"Pankaj",surname:"Kashyap",slug:"pankaj-kashyap",fullName:"Pankaj Kashyap"},{id:"221419",title:"Mr.",name:"Koushlesh",surname:"Mishra",slug:"koushlesh-mishra",fullName:"Koushlesh Mishra"},{id:"221420",title:"Mr.",name:"Sarawati Prasad",surname:"Mishra",slug:"sarawati-prasad-mishra",fullName:"Sarawati Prasad Mishra"},{id:"270359",title:"Dr.",name:"Chanchal Deep",surname:"Kaur",slug:"chanchal-deep-kaur",fullName:"Chanchal Deep Kaur"},{id:"314683",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajnikant",surname:"Panik",slug:"rajnikant-panik",fullName:"Rajnikant Panik"},{id:"314684",title:"Ms.",name:"Shweta",surname:"Dutta",slug:"shweta-dutta",fullName:"Shweta Dutta"}]},{id:"68812",title:"The Utilization of Traditional Herbal Medicine for Treatment in Traditional Korean Medicine Clinics",slug:"the-utilization-of-traditional-herbal-medicine-for-treatment-in-traditional-korean-medicine-clinics",totalDownloads:309,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"252495",title:"Dr.",name:"Soo Hyun",surname:"Sung",slug:"soo-hyun-sung",fullName:"Soo Hyun Sung"},{id:"307288",title:"Ms.",name:"Ji Yeon",surname:"Ryu",slug:"ji-yeon-ryu",fullName:"Ji Yeon Ryu"},{id:"307289",title:"Prof.",name:"Jung Youn",surname:"Park",slug:"jung-youn-park",fullName:"Jung Youn Park"},{id:"307290",title:"Dr.",name:"Dongmin Angela",surname:"Sung",slug:"dongmin-angela-sung",fullName:"Dongmin Angela Sung"}]},{id:"69213",title:"Pharmacological Activities and Phytochemicals of Etlingera pavieana (Pierre ex Gagnep) R.M.Sm",slug:"pharmacological-activities-and-phytochemicals-of-em-etlingera-pavieana-em-pierre-ex-gagnep-r-m-sm",totalDownloads:248,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"288342",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Klaokwan",surname:"Srisook",slug:"klaokwan-srisook",fullName:"Klaokwan Srisook"},{id:"309965",title:"Dr.",name:"Ekaruth",surname:"Srisook",slug:"ekaruth-srisook",fullName:"Ekaruth Srisook"}]},{id:"70522",title:"Plants and Cancer Treatment",slug:"plants-and-cancer-treatment",totalDownloads:496,totalCrossrefCites:2,authors:[{id:"155124",title:"Dr.",name:"Bassam",surname:"Hassan",slug:"bassam-hassan",fullName:"Bassam Hassan"}]},{id:"70593",title:"Herbal Remedies for Breast Cancer Prevention and Treatment",slug:"herbal-remedies-for-breast-cancer-prevention-and-treatment",totalDownloads:624,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"304193",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Yahyea",surname:"Laskar",slug:"yahyea-laskar",fullName:"Yahyea Laskar"},{id:"309357",title:"Prof.",name:"Pranab Behari",surname:"Mazumder",slug:"pranab-behari-mazumder",fullName:"Pranab Behari Mazumder"}]},{id:"70094",title:"Chinese Herbal Medicine and Its Application for Female Cancer",slug:"chinese-herbal-medicine-and-its-application-for-female-cancer",totalDownloads:260,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"301490",title:"Dr.",name:"Lu",surname:"Li",slug:"lu-li",fullName:"Lu Li"}]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"297737",firstName:"Mateo",lastName:"Pulko",middleName:null,title:"Mr.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/297737/images/8492_n.png",email:"mateo.p@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"542",title:"A Compendium of Essays on Alternative Therapy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a805c1d2d8449dcecd52eb7a48d2e6b1",slug:"a-compendium-of-essays-on-alternative-therapy",bookSignature:"Arup Bhattacharya",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/542.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"66982",title:"Dr.",name:"Arup",surname:"Bhattacharya",slug:"arup-bhattacharya",fullName:"Arup Bhattacharya"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"631",title:"Quality Control of Herbal Medicines and Related Areas",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5ced81d454b4a5ded2a0aa02e0d7621d",slug:"quality-control-of-herbal-medicines-and-related-areas",bookSignature:"Yukihiro Shoyama",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/631.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"35812",title:"Prof.",name:"Yukihiro",surname:"Shoyama",slug:"yukihiro-shoyama",fullName:"Yukihiro Shoyama"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"643",title:"Recent Advances in Theories and Practice of Chinese Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"499a7fabf489d2502de4616a4c7f3da0",slug:"recent-advances-in-theories-and-practice-of-chinese-medicine",bookSignature:"Haixue Kuang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/643.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"44740",title:"Prof.",name:"Haixue",surname:"Kuang",slug:"haixue-kuang",fullName:"Haixue Kuang"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2975",title:"Complementary Therapies for the Contemporary Healthcare",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"604c4ba43197c3ba1506c55c763d4ca7",slug:"complementary-therapies-for-the-contemporary-healthcare",bookSignature:"Marcelo Saad and Roberta de Medeiros",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2975.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51991",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcelo",surname:"Saad",slug:"marcelo-saad",fullName:"Marcelo Saad"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5612",title:"Aromatic and Medicinal Plants",subtitle:"Back to Nature",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ccf7987200bfc541e2e56bb138de86f3",slug:"aromatic-and-medicinal-plants-back-to-nature",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5612.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6302",title:"Herbal Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b70a98c6748d0449a6288de73da7b8d9",slug:"herbal-medicine",bookSignature:"Philip F. Builders",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6302.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"182744",title:"Dr.",name:"Philip",surname:"Builders",slug:"philip-builders",fullName:"Philip Builders"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5494",title:"Chinese Medical Therapies for Diabetes, Infertility, Silicosis and the Theoretical Basis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7b3b6a2700d7fd0511770bf77290a422",slug:"chinese-medical-therapies-for-diabetes-infertility-silicosis-and-the-theoretical-basis",bookSignature:"Xing-Tai Li",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5494.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73821",title:"Dr.",name:"Xing-Tai",surname:"Li",slug:"xing-tai-li",fullName:"Xing-Tai Li"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6994",title:"Tea",subtitle:"Chemistry and Pharmacology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e6241cd52834161ac64d4a7b2a812796",slug:"tea-chemistry-and-pharmacology",bookSignature:"Gonçalo Justino",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6994.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"76687",title:"Dr.",name:"Gonçalo",surname:"Justino",slug:"goncalo-justino",fullName:"Gonçalo Justino"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"46707",title:"Blended and Multicomponent Cements Based on Strontium Aluminate",doi:"10.5772/58617",slug:"blended-and-multicomponent-cements-based-on-strontium-aluminate",body:'The term blended cement (multicomponent cement) is usually used to denote inorganic binder that contains a mineral additions in combination with Portland cement and often also with calcium sulfate. Blended cements usually contain single blending component as an addition, in the case that two or more blending component are applied, the term multicomponent cement is used. A variety of industrial by-products and natural materials quantify as mineral additions, and may be used as constituents of inorganic binders of cementitious systems. These materials may possess their own cementitious properties, or they may be latent hydraulic, pozzolanic, or even non-reactive [12,387,599-601].
\n\t\t\t\t\t\tHydraulically reactive materials: these materials exhibit the cementing properties when mixed with water, without the presence of any other constituent acting as activator. Some fluidized-bed ashes or industrial slags are the examples of such materials [602-604].
\n\t\t\t\t\t\tLatent hydraulic materials: are also able to react hydraulically, but only in the presence of at least small amounts of suitable activator (Ca(OH)2, NaOH or CaSO4). They are usually glassy or amorphous and contain significant amount of CaO, SiO2 and Al2O3. Blast furnace slag (Fig.1(c)) is the most widely used latent hydraulic material [505,506].
\n\t\t\t\t\t\tPozzolanic materials or pozzolans: when mixed only with water, they do not exhibit cementing properties. These materials can react with calcium hydroxide in the presence of water at ambient temperatures, to form calcium silicate/aluminate hydrates. Variety of materials of natural or artificial origin, such as fly ash, microsilica (Fig.1(a)), calcined clays (b) and shales, diatomaceous earth, etc.have these properties [3,607-610].
\n\t\t\t\t\t\tNon-reactive constituents of inorganic cements: do not react chemically, but modify the rheology of fresh paste and some properties of hardened material.
SEM image of microsilica (a), calcined kaolin (b) and blast furnace slag (c).
ASTM C2 19 defines blended hydraulic cement as hydraulic cement consisting of two or more inorganic constituents (at least one of which is not Portland cement or Portland cement clinker) which separately or in combination contribute to the strength gaining properties of cement (made with or without other blendings constituents, processing additions and functional additionsadded during grinding) and are added by intergrinding or blending.
The types of blended cements covered by this specification are divided as follows [611]:
Portland blast-furnace slag cement;
Portland-pozzolan cement;
Slag cement;
Pozzolan-modified Portland cement;
Slag modified Portland cement.
The effect of calcium aluminate onto the hydration of strontium aluminate was investigated by the calorimetric experiment (Fig.2) using the blend of both constituents. Isothermal calorimetric measurement shows that the main hydration effect of calcium aluminate cement[1] - is delayed in time, the peak height decreases while the peak width increases with increasing content of strontium aluminate in the mixture. The effect of fast evolution of heat after mixing strontium aluminate cement with water (Chapter 5.2) increases with the content of it the sample. After the first 95 hours of hydration the hydration curves of all samples drop down to the baseline, but the cements still produces the heat flow of 0.09 (Secar 51), 0.11 (20:1), 0.09 (10:1), 0,20 (5:1), 0.08 J⋅g-1 (1:1).
Heat flow (a) and heat of hydration (b) for the blend of strontium aluminate and calcium aluminate cement.
Therefore, increasing amount of SrAC in CAC increases instantaneous heat released immediately after mixing with water and also increases the length of induction period and the width of the main hydration effect.
Hexagonal CAH10 hydrate as the main product of hydration was recognized by powder XRD analysis of the product of hydration (Fig.3). Furthermore, the diffraction lines of the rest of unhydrated calcium aluminate (CaAl2O4) and minor constituents of applied AC such as tetragonal gehlenite (Ca2Al2SiO7) and calcium titanium iron oxide (Ca3TiFe2O8), appeared.
X-ray diffraction analysis of cement stone of SrAC and CAC blend in the mass ratio of 10:1.
The scanning electron microscopy of hydrated cement stone (Fig.4) shows the formation of well crystallized hexagonal product of CAH10 (Table 6.1). The hydrates of acicular crystal character composed of radiating mass of slender, needle-like crystals with the hexagonal base were formed. These crystals are the main product of hydration in multicomponent AC cement as well (Chapter 7.4).
SEM image of hydrated cement stone of AC and SrA blend in the mass ratio of 10:1.
Thermal analysis (a) and infrared spectroscopy (b) of hydrated cement stone.
Thermal analysis of hydrated sample (Fig.5(a)) shows huge endothermic peak at 120 °C and smaller endothermic peat at 250 °C. The first effect is caused by the loss of molecular water of CAH10. Since much water is bound very weakly, the water loss starts with drying. The peak intensity and its shape are then affected by initial drying of the specimen as well. The dehydration of crystalline CAH10 takes place in two steps. Firstly, interlaminar water is released and subsequent loss of water leads to the collapse of the structure. In the case that water cannot evaporate easily, the thermal decomposition of monocalcium aluminate hydrate leads to the tricalcium aluminate hexahydrate (C3AH6, hydrogarnet) and cubic phase of gibbsite (AH3):
\n\t\t\t\tThe second small peak is attributed to the dehydration of AH3, C3AH6 [7,12,269,612] and Sr3AH6 (please see Chapter 6.5). The dehydration of hydrogarnet leads to the mayenite (dodeca-calcium heptaaluminate, C12A7) and Ca(OH)2 [613]:
\n\t\t\t\tThe thermal decomposition of calcium hydroxide takes place within the temperature range from 350 to 450 °C [613]. As the consequence of gradual dehydration of C12A7 (mayenite contains 1.3 % of water which corresponds to the formula C12A7H [12,613]), the mass of sample decreases to the temperature of 900 °C. The effect on the right shoulder of DTA and DTG peak that appears near to the temperature of 170 °C indicates the presence of C2AH8 in the hydrated sample [483].
Infrared spectrum of hydrated cement stone is shown in Fig.5(b). In general the strong and broad band observed around 3400–3000 cm-1 corresponds to the OH stretching vibration of adsorbed water and water in formed hydrates. The maximum located at 3505 cm-1 belongs to the hydroxyl stretching vibration of hexagonal CAH10. Water bending mode is placed at the wavenumber of about 1650 cm-1. The band ν3(CO32-) around 1410 cm-1 indicates the presence of both, calcium and strontium carbonate. The ν2(CO32-) is very weak, but still recognizable part of the complex region below 1200 cm-1. These features are located at 878 (CaCO3) and 855 cm-1 (SrCO3). The band at 1008 cm-1 was assigned to the stretching of Al-O bond.
The low-frequency rotational modes of hydroxyl groups (=Al-OH) of C2AH8 (920 and 705 cm-1) and CAH10 (970 and 795 cm-1) confirm the presence the both hydrates in the sample which were implied from the results of thermal analysis. The doublet band, that reaches the maximum at the wavenumber of 570 and 525 cm-1 is placed in the spectral region of characteristic frequency of the Al-O-Al stretching of AlO6 octahedra [483,614].
Calorimetric data for the hydration of blend of strontium aluminate and Portland cement is shown in Fig.6.
Heat flow (a) and heat of hydration (b) for the first 50 h of hydration of the mixture of strontium aluminate cement with Portland cement.
The heat on hydration decreases with increasing content of Portland cement in the blend. The heat flow released after mixing with water decreases more rapidly for the mixtures with higher content of Portland cement. Moreover, the comparison of calorimetric data measured for pure PC with the results of blended cement shows, that there areno measured features related to the original Portland cement.
Influence of PC on hydration heat released by SrAC during the first 48 h of hydration.
The hydration heat released during the first 48 hours of hydration shows the highest value for strontium aluminate clinker which decreases with decreasing content of strontium aluminate clinker according to the exponential law (Fig.7). After the first 48 hour of hydration allcurves already drop down to the baseline, but the cements still produce heat flows of 0.28 (SrAC), 0.28 (3:1), 0.20 (1:1), 0.18 (1:3) and 0.50 mW⋅g-1 (PC). Thus the value of heat flow decreases with the content of Portland cement in the blend.
Observed decrease of heat released during the hydration of blends with increasing content of the Portland cement should be explained by the layer of hydration product of PC and ettringite formed on the surface of SrAC grains. Higher content of Portland cement also means increasing amount of gypsum in the sample and hence higher amount of ettringite, which can be formed. That often pronounces the possibility to use strontium aluminate cement as the expansion or shrinkage compensation additive as is discussed in Chapter 8.
After the calorimetric experiment, the hydration was stopped by the same way as was described in Chapter 8.3 in order to carry out the XRD, TG-DTA and IR analyses of hydrated cement stone.The SEM analysis of cement stone after the first 48 h of hydration shows the effect of Portland cement on the morphology of hydrated cement stone. The most significant features are higher amount of formed ettringite in the blends with higher content of Portland cement, i.e. higher amount of gypsum (Fig.10 and Fig.11), while only rare AFt crystals can be found in SEM images of the sample with only 25 % of Portland cement (Fig.8).
The hydrated cement stone prepared from the mixture of SrAC and PC (3:1).
X-ray diffraction analysis of the blend of strontium aluminate cement with Portland cement.
Large amount of formed ettringite in the blend with the highest content of Portland cement was also recognized in XRD pattern of hydrated cement stone (Fig.9). It is an interesting fact, that the features of ettringite not only disappear from the diffraction pattern, but are substituted by growing diffraction lines (18.35, 17.43, 15.43, 25.04 and 22.34° on 2Θ scale) of new phase. It could be supposed, that is formed with increasing content of strontium aluminate cement in the blend.
The hydrated cement stone prepared from the mixture of SrAC and PC (1:1).
The hydrated cement stone prepared from the mixture of SrAC and PC (1:3).
Thermal analysis (a-c) and infrared spectroscopy (d) of hydrated SrA – PC blend.
Infrared spectrum of hydrated cement stone shows that the intensity of band related to the stretching of OH groups of tri-strontium aluminate hexahydrate decreases with decreasing content of strontium aluminate clinker in the blend. On the contrary the features of hydration products of Portland cement such as the amounts of portlandite, ettringite and CSH gel increase. These results are in agreement with X-ray diffraction analysis (Fig.9), electron microscopy (Figs.8-11) as well as thermal analysis (Fig.12).
Increasing intensity of endothermic effect related to the thermal decomposition of hydrogarnet (Sr3AH6, please compare with Fig.5(a) in Chapter 5) at 275 °C and decreasing intensity of the first endothermic peak and its shift to lower temperatures are one of the most expressive features of increasing content of hydration products of PC. The blend of strontium aluminate and Portland cement in the mass ratio of 1:1 shows the highest carbonation as well as portlandite.
The infrared spectrum and thermal analysis show the features of both, calcium carbonate and strontium carbonate. The intensity of DTG peak of calcium (680°C) and strontium carbonate (855 °C) reflects the composition of the blend. The solid state synthesis of strontium aluminate (Eq.43 in Chapter 4) turns the effect on DTA to exothermic, while sole thermal decomposition of calcite is naturally the endothermic process.
The addition of strontium aluminate cement into calcium aluminate cement increases the time of hydration period and slows-down the rate of heat release (Chapter 7.1.1). It may be useful in order to avoid possible overheating of large constructions caused by setting calcium aluminate cement. The possibility of the preparation of multicomponent cements with admixtures (Fig.1) of pozzolanic materials (microsilica (MS) and metakaolinite (MK)) and latent hydraulic materials such as blast furnace slag (BS) are discussed in this chapter.
Heat flow (a) and heat of hydration (b) released from the multicomponent cement during the first 128 h of hydration from the blend of CAC and SrC (1:10) with microsilica (MS), metakaolinite (MK) and blast furnace slag (BS).
SEM images of hydrated cement stones consisting of CAC+SrA blend (10:1) with 10 % of microsilica (MS), metakaolinite (MK) and blast furnace slag (BS).
Isothermal calorimetry performed with the blends of strontium-, calcium aluminate cement containing the materials mentioned above is shown in Fig.13. The main hydration effect of the mixture SrAC and CAC without mineral admixture (NA) started after 50 hours from mixing with water, the heat flow from hydrated sample reached the maximum after 78 hours and was asymptotically falling to the baseline till the 110th hour of hydration. The heat flow from hydrated sample was 0.11 mW g-1 after the 115th hour of hydration.
The highest heat flow was measured for microsilica. Microsilica also significantly accelerated the occurrence of the main hydration effect, which began at 7.5 h after mixing with water. The main hydration effect reached the maximum at the time of 15 h and was falling down to the baseline till the 40th hour of hydration. The heat flow from hydrated sample was 0.04 mW g-1 after the 115th hour of hydration.
Metakaolinite also increased the heat flow release from the sample and the maximum rate of hydration (64 h). Although the main hydration effect started almost at the same temperature as for the mixture without mineral admixture, it was dropping down to the baseline much faster. Total hydration heat was almost the same for all multicomponent cements (Fig.13 (b)), however, metakaolinite accelerated the hydration of the SrAC-CAC blend. The heat flow from hydrated sample was 0.02 mW g-1 after the 115th hour of hydration.
The main hydration effect of multicomponent cement with blast furnace slag arises 60 hours after mixing with water. The maximum of the heat flow peak was slightly higher, but it was delayed in comparison with the blend without mineral admixture. The peak was dropping to the baseline till the time of 115 hours after mixing with water. The heat flow from hydrated sample was of 0.27 mW g-1 after the 115th hour of hydration.
The effect of mineral admixture on the hydration of multicomponent cements should be expressed as follows:
Heat flow peak height: MS >> MK >> BS > NA.
Length of induction period: BS > NA > MK >> MS.
Electron microscopy of hydrated cement stones shows the formation of CSH10, the shape of which is well developed in the sample containing blast furnace slag (BS) and in the blend of calcium-and strontium aluminate cement without mineral admixture (NA).
The ionic substitutions in the structure of strontium aluminate as the main hydraulic phase of SrAC can induce some modifications in the structure, reactions and properties. As was mentioned in Chapter 1, Sr can partially replace Ca in numerous metal oxides. Therefore, it is often possible to synthesize single-phase mixed oxides, which change the reactivity with water and the setting behaviour of clinker phases or can be used for the preparation of multicomponent cements (described in Chapter 7.2).
There is a complex distribution of Ca and Sr over available sites in Ca3xSrxAl2O6 (where 0 ≤ x≤ 3), but this distribution is not present in hydrated materials where only single Ca/Sr site exists. Therefore, the reaction proceeds by the dissolution of oxide and by the precipitation of corresponding hydroxide at crucial concentration. Since the solubilities of Ca and Sr compounds are likely to be different (in general Ca salts are more soluble), the precipitation of Sr hydroxide will commence prior to that of Ca hydroxide. In the other words, the hydration reaction is not a topotactic reaction. Alternatively, since Ca and Sr occupy different positions in the Ca3xSrxAl2O6 lattice, it is possible that the reaction at Sr-rich phase is favored, preferentially leaching this phase into the solution and favoring the precipitation of Sr-rich hydroxide [8,615].
The investigation of deuterated samples shows that the hydration of mixed calcium-strontium aluminates of the Ca3xSrxAl2O6 type produces a mixture of isostructural (space group of) cubic hydrogarnet phases. The hydrogarnet structure consists of four asymmetric units with the disordered Ca/Sr cations occupying one site within a distorted cube. These cations are displaced so that there are four short and four somewhat longer M-O distances. Al has approximately octahedral environment. In general, the Al-O distance (and the lattice size) increases slightly as the Sr content increases. The difference is however relatively small, the distance increases from 1.910 to 1.945 Å [8].
Structure of AlO6 octahedra and dodecahedra according to Prodjosantoso [8].
The formation of two or three new phases from the initial single-phase oxides, suggests that these new phases may be a miscibility gap in the Ca3Al2(O4H4)3-Sr3Al2(O4H4)3 series. Once formed, mixed metal hydroxides seem to be stable and there is no suggestion of Ca2+/Sr2+ions exchange [8,416,615].
Strontium can also replace calcium in the tetra-calcium aluminoferrite (Ca4Fe2Al2O10, C4AF), which is one of the five major components (~10 %) of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and Calcium Aluminate Cement (CAC). The compound is commonly named according to naturally occurring mineral brownmillerite of similar composition or as ferrite. However, a continuous solid solution Ca2AlxFex-1O5 exists, where 0 ≤ ≤ 0.7 and both Al3+and Fe3+cations occupy the tetrahedral and octahedral sites. Therefore C4AF is only a point in this series of solid solution for x=0.5. The end member C2A, where x=1, can be prepared only at increased pressures of 2500 MPa. The series x < 0.7 is not quite isostructural, and the space group changes from to near to x > 0.33 [7,12,616-618].
Ordered vacancy perovskite-related type materials such as brownmillerites can be expressed by a general formula A2B2O5 or A2BB´X5 (Fig.16(a)), where B=transition metal cations with octahedral co-ordination and B´=transition metal cations with tetrahedral coordination. The materials adopting the brownmillerite structure consist of a single B cations or of two different B cations, which are commonly disordered over both octahedral and tetrahedral sites or may be ordered according to the preference of transition metal cations for a particular co-ordination environment [619]. The oxygen nonstoichiometry of brownmillerite also changes with the oxygen partial pressure and the temperature [618,620-622].
The conventional chain-ordered Ibm2 structure (a) and the Pbma supercell (b) of Sr2Fe2O5 [622].
The brownmillerite structure can be explained by removing ½ of the oxygen atoms from the layer of the cubic perovskite-type structure, consisting of octahedra, creating vacancies along the [110] direction. Corner-sharing BO6 octahedra alternates with layers of B´O4 tetrahedra arranged in chains parallel to (100) direction. The crystal structure can be described as a sequence of B´–BB´–B–B´–B parallel to (010) direction. Cations A are required for the charge compensation and they occupy voids between BO6-and B´O4-polyhedra. Cations A are coordinated by 8 oxygen neighbours forming a distorted bicapped trigonal prism. The presence of ‘channels’ of oxygen vacancies between these chains allows some brownmillerites and their derivatives to display ionic conductivities comparable to the stabilized zirconia systems [618,622,623].
The displacement of tetrahedral B and O ions from their ideal positions upon the formation of brownmillerite from the parent perovskite gives rise to two opposite orientations for the tetrahedral chains, which can be assigned ‘left’ (L) and ‘right’ (R) [621,624].
The symmetry of brownmillerite is thus determined by the distribution of L-and R-chains in the structure, with three commonly recognized configurations [622]:
Pure L (or R), resulting in the Ibm2 space group (Fig.16(a));
Complete L/R disorder (Icmm);
Strict alternation of L and R layers along b direction (Pcmn).
Cooperative twist yields to left or right-handed chains [624].
The brownmillerite structure type of mixed ionic/electronic conductor Sr2Fe2O5 has been well-established since 1970s [625]. Although the diffraction studies of Sr2Fe2O5 have clearly established a body-centered unit cell, the assignment of either the Icmm or models to describe the tetrahedral chain arrangement has varied among experiments [626]. Electron diffraction (ED) images revealed the evidence for short-range Sr2Fe2O5 superstructures defined by complex ordering patterns of L and R chains (Fig.17) both within and between the tetrahedral layers [627]. Single crystal neutron diffraction revealed a supercell (Fig.16(b)) with a doubled axis (space group), compared to the conventional model containing disordered left-and right-handed tetrahedral chains. Therefore, the model conventionally used to describe the local chain order of Sr2Fe2O5 is incorrect [622].
Transition brownmillerite phases Ca1-xSrxFe2.5+δ where 0.3 ≤ x ≤ 0.7 are studied predominantly due to their promising applications in electrochemical devices at high temperature such as ceramic membranes for oxygen separation, electrodes of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), electro- and photocatalysts, battery electrodes and sensor materials, etc. [620,622,628,629,630]. The transition brownmillerite phases with the composition of La1-xSrxCo0.8Fe0.2O3-δ can be prepared under low partial pressures of oxygen, where the value of > 0.7 [629].
The LaACuGaO5, where A=Ca, Sr, brownmillerite system consists of alternating layers of corner-sharing CuO6 octahedra and GaO4 tetrahedra stacked along the long axis, with La and A cations statistically occupying the 10-fold cavities within the structure [619,631,632]. Anion-vacancy ordered ‘triple layer’ structure, related to the brownmillerite structure by the insertion of an additional layer of octahedra has the composition LaCa2Fe2GaO8 [633].
Mn-containing brownmillerites (A2MnBO5+δ, where A=Ca, Sr and B=Ga, Al) may be perspective compounds as low-field CMR materials. The system Sr2MnGaO5+δ (Fig.18) consists of alternating MnO2 and GaO1+δ layers (–MnO2–AO–GaO–AO–MnO2–AO–GaO–MnO2–) [619,634-638].
Crystal structure of Sr2MnGaO5 brownmillerites with Ibm2 (a) and Pnma (b) space symmetry. Cations are drawn as spheres [638].
Perovskite oxide with the general formula of ABO3 is a kind of frequently encountered structure in inorganic chemistry. Its cubic crystal structure is composed of a three-dimensional framework of corner-sharing BO6 octahedra. SrFeOx (SFO), where 2.5 ≤ x ≤ 3.0, were extensively studied as ferromagnet and antiferromagnet and due to their photocatalytic activity [620,639-641].
Brownmillerite-and perovskite-type compounds exhibit also some serious disadvantages including the thermodynamic instability under large oxygen chemical potential gradients, poor thermomechanical properties associated with very high chemical and thermal expansion and the reactivity with CO2 [642].The relation between the orthorhombic brownmillerite and the cubic perovskite-type structure is given as: a ~ √aper, b ~ 4aper, c ~ √aper, where aper is the cell dimension of the cubic perovskite [618].
The protonic conduction was discovered for the brownmillerite-type Ba2In2O5 in 1995 by Zhang and Smyth [643] that is related to the formation of Ba2In2O5 H2O hydrate in a humidified atmosphere. Protons bound to oxygen in hydrate cross-links between oxygen [644-646]. In order to improve the proton conductivity it is necessary to stabilize the hydrate compound at high temperature (573 K). The dehydration temperature increases∼50 K due to the substitution of In by Sc, Lu and Y. Since the substitution of In by M3+was not possible for x > 0.3 in Ba2(In1-xMx3+)2O5 H2O, further increase in the thermal stability of the hydrate compound by the substitution of In cannot be expected. Tetragonal Ba2Sc2O5 and cubic BaScO3-δ also form hydrates Ba2Sc2O5⋅0.60H2O and BaScO3-δ⋅0.37H2O, but the dehydration temperatures are even lower than that for Ba2In2O5 [647,648].
Cr2O3 and Al2O3 are sesquioxides having the same corundum crystal structure, which is approximately hexagonal, involving close-packed oxide ions with Cr3+and Al3+ions occupying two thirds of available octahedral sites [649,650]. The solid solution ((Al1-xCrx)2O3) obeying Vegard’s law[1] - [651] is formed over the entire range of compositions[1] - in Al2O3 – Cr2O3 system. With regard to the positive influence of chromia (Cr2O3) on the sintration as well as physical and refractory properties of Al2O3 ceramics [652-656], the effect of substitution of alumina by chromia in the strontium aluminate cement was investigated.Cr-doped structures have been widely studied as ceramic pigments [649] and catalyzers [657-659].
Cr2O3 is not stable and changes to CrO3 in an atmosphere in which the oxygen partial pressure is relatively high such as air. CrO3 exhibits high vapor pressure, so it is difficult to obtain a dense sintered body of Cr2O3 in an air atmosphere. In order to obtain a dense sintered body of Cr2O3, the sintering should be performed in an atmosphere with low oxygen partial pressure in which Cr2O3 remains stable [653].
Thermal analysis of clinker prepared with 5 % (a) and 10 % Cr2O3 (b).
The toxicity and the transport behaviour of Cr depend strongly on its valence. The most stable oxidation states in the environment are hexavalent and trivalent. Cr(VI) exists primarily in the form of HCrO4-(bichromate) and CrO42-(chromate), which are strong oxidants and can cause kidney tubule necrosis and, by inhalation, lung cancer. Cr(VI) compounds are typically soluble in groundwater, and thus mobile and bioaccessible. Where the intermediates to low redox potentials exist, Cr(VI) can be reduced to Cr(III) which usually forms insoluble oxides and oxyhydroxides being less bioaccessible [660].
Thermal analysis of raw materials with the substitution of 5 and 10 % Al2O3 by Cr2O3 (Fig.19) shows increased intensity and peak temperature (from 735 to 785 °C) of endothermic process, which is probably related to the formation of chromia spinel phase. To compare with raw material without chromia (Fig.23 in Chapter 4), there is sharp transformation effect of α-SrCO3 to β-SrCO3 (please compare with Fig.12 in Chapter 4). It is possible to use the thermolysis of mixed alums in order to prepare mesoporous chromia-alumina [661] as pure and high reactive precursor for the synthesis. That may lead to the assumption that the addition of Cr2O3 into the raw meal suppresses the decomposition of strontium carbonate and leads to less reactive clinker containing the sintering additive (similarly to the effect described in Chapter 6.1.4).
Scanning electron microscopy of clinker prepared with 5 % (a) and 10 % Cr2O3 (b).
The addition of Cr2O3 in to the raw meal leads to the formation of tetragonal strontium oxide chromate (3SrO⋅3Al2O3⋅SrCrO4) [662] and strontium hexaaluminate causing the detriment of strontium aluminate as the main clinker phase (Fig.21). This endothermic process should be described by the following reaction:
\n\t\t\t\tThe lack of SrO supports the formation of strontium hexaaluminate.
That behaviour also enables to explain the missing effect related to the formation of strontium aluminate, which is formed at higher temperature probably via the diffusion of Al3+ions through Cr2O3-Al2O3 layer of formed solid solution. The opposite model, in which the spinel layer would be formed on Cr2O3 particles cannot explain the suppression of the formation of strontium aluminate revealed from the TG-DTA experiment.
3SrO⋅3Al2O3⋅SrCrO4 is a pigment with hexavalent chromium and provides prepared clinker with yellow-greenish color. Since the transformation temperatures and the temperatures of endothermic effect are the same for both samples, increasing content of Cr2O3 seems to have no influence on the thermal decomposition of strontium carbonate (after the formation of layer on the surface of SrCO3 grains the increasing abundance of Cr2O3 doesn’t have any effect).
XRD analysis of strontium aluminate clinker doped by chromia.
The raw meal was treated to the temperature of 1500 °C under static air and ground after cooling. Scanning electron microscopy of ground clinker shows the formation of globular aggregates of rounded particles with the surface showing intersections of spherical shapes, which are better developed in the sample prepared with 10 % of Cr2O3 (Fig.20). Ground particles show brittle fracture through the glassy-like phase of clinker particles.
The diffraction lines of strontium oxide chromate ground clinker prepared with 10 % of chromia reaches even higher intensity than strontium aluminate. The amount of formed SrA6 phase seems to be decreasing with increasing content of Cr2O3 in the raw meal. Considerable amount of formed phases without hydraulic activity leads to the conclusion that the raw meal containing chromia should be prepared in slightly reducing atmosphere.
Heat flow (a) and heat of hydration (b) for the samples doped with chromia.
XRD analysis of strontium aluminate clinker after hydration.
The influence of the substitution of Al2O3 by Cr2O3 on the properties of strontium aluminate cement was investigated by isothermal calorimetric measurement of hydration at 25 °C (Fig.22).
SEM images of hydrated cement stone for the sample prepared with 5% of Cr2O3.
The results show that the introduction of Cr2O3 into the structure of SrA significantly reduces the hydraulic activity and leads to the appearance of induction period. That behaviour is probably caused by the formation of chromium spinel (please see Chapter 10.12).
SEM images of hydrated cement stone for the sample prepared with 10 % of Cr2O3.
This behaviour results from decreasing content of strontium aluminate in the clinker with increased amount of added chromia. That means that newly formed phase of strontium aluminium oxide chromate has no hydraulic activity. X-ray diffraction analysis of hydrated cement stone supports the conclusion that strontium oxide chromate does not show significant hydraulic activity, if any. The main product of hydration remains tri-strontium aluminate hexahydrate as for the clinker prepared without chromia and the intensity of diffraction lines of strontium oxide chromate is not changed.
Electron microscopy shows that the morphology of hydration product is different from strontium aluminate cement without the addition of Cr2O3 into the raw meal (Fig.6 in Chapter 5). Moreover, the external appearance of hydrates changes with the amount of added chromia. Long columnar crystals, typical for the sample prepared with 5 % of Cr2O3 (Fig.24) are not present in the hydrated cement stone prepared from ground clinker with 10 % Cr2O3 (Fig.25). With increasing content of Cr2O3 the size of spheres was also significantly reduced.
Strontium aluminate cements with the substitution of 5 % of Al2O3 by Fe2O3, B2O3, Y2O3, V2O5, ZrO2, MnO2 and ZnO were prepared in order to evaluate the influence of these compounds on the behaviour during hydration. The samples were pelletized and thermally treated to the temperature of 1500 °C (1 hour). The thermal analysis of raw materials upon thermal treatment is shown in Fig.26.
Thermal analysis of raw meals heated at the rate of 10 °C min-1: DTA (a) and TG (b).
All investigated samples show almost the same mass loss of 8 %. The major part of mass loss is caused by the thermal decomposition of strontium carbonate that takes place within the temperature range from 700 to 1 000 °C.
\n\t\t\t\tDopant element\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\tMechanism\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tR2\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t Ea\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tA\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t|
\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tg(α) = kt\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\tAbr.\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t[kJ⋅mol-1]\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t[s-1]\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t||
Fe | \n\t\t\t-ln (1-α)3\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tA3\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t0.9925 | \n\t\t\t583.06 | \n\t\t\t3.04·1023\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t
B | \n\t\t\t1-(2α/3)-(1-α)2/3\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tD4\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t0.9996 | \n\t\t\t379.56 | \n\t\t\t3.79·1012\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t
V | \n\t\t\t-ln (1-α)3\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tA3\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t0.9911 | \n\t\t\t664.46 | \n\t\t\t7.07·1026\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t
Y | \n\t\t\tA3\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t0.9941 | \n\t\t\t613.93 | \n\t\t\t1.54·1024\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t|
Zr | \n\t\t\tA3\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t0.9976 | \n\t\t\t611.70 | \n\t\t\t5.28·1024\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t|
Mn | \n\t\t\t1-(1-α)2/3\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tF1/3\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t0.9977 | \n\t\t\t169.61 | \n\t\t\t8.13·103\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t
Zn | \n\t\t\t-ln (1-α)3\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tA3\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t0.9922 | \n\t\t\t613.93 | \n\t\t\t3.74·1024\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t
Influence of dopants on the thermal decomposition of strontium carbonate.
There is a significant difference compared to the sample prepared with the addition of chromia (Chapter 7.3.1) since the intensive exothermic peak related to the synthesis of strontium aluminate arises for all samples. On the contrary, this peak is smaller for the sample prepared with B2O3.
The model fitting method (Chapter 1.6.1) applied to the TG results provides the kinetic data listed in Table 1. The kinetics of thermal decomposition of strontium carbonate is changed by the presence of dopants (please consult with the results in Chapter 4.2). It can be seen that Fe, V, Y, Zr and Mn have similar effect on the mechanism (random nucleation) and kinetics of thermal decomposition of SrCO3. The addition of B2O3 changes the mechanism to the non-steady state 3D diffusion and MnO2 leads to the process driven by the rate of chemical reaction of one-third order.
X-ray analysis of strontium aluminate clinker prepared with dopants before hydration.
The admixtures lead to the decreasing intensity of strontium aluminate diffractions (Fig.27(a)) in the clinker after the thermal treatment. Based on this effect, they can be ordered as follows:
\n\t\t\t\t\t
The shift of the most intensive diffraction lines of SrAl2O4([-211], [220] and [211], Fig.27) for the samples prepared with ZnO and Fe2O3 indicate the substitution of Zn2+↔ Sr2+and Fe3+↔ Al3+, respectively. While, the clinker prepared with ZnO shows well developed SrAH6 crystals in hydrated cement stone (Fig.29), the clinker doped with Fe2O3 exhibits the highest heat released upon hydration (Fig.28).
Observed influence of B2O3 on the synthesis and hydration (Fig.28) of strontium aluminate clinker is caused by the ability to incorporate BO4 unit into the framework of SrAl2O4 instead of AlO4 tetrahedra [663]. (BO)4 tetrahedra are of more ionic nature than (AlO)4 due to smaller size (rB3+< rAl3+) and higher electronegativity (XB=2 and XAl=1.6, Pauling´s scale) of boron [377,664]. B2O3 is also known as a glass former, which has low melting point around 460 ◦C. It is regarded as an excellent flux to facilitate the material diffusion (pleasse see Table 1). Thus, B2O3 is usually added in the preparations of SrAl2O4 in order to reach lower forming temperature [663].
Hydration of clinker prepared with dopants.
The hydration of prepared samples was investigated by isothermal calorimetry at the temperature of 25 for the first 72 h of hydration (Fig.28). Since there is no induction period and large amount of heat is released immediately after mixing with water, the course of hydration of clinkers doped with ZnO and MnO2 is similar to that of pure strontium aluminate. The heat flow then asymptotically decreases to the baseline. According to the decreasing heat of wetting, the samples can be ordered as follows:
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Other clinkers show the induction periods the lengths of which decrease with following dopants applied:
\n\t\t\t\t\t
According to the time of maximum of main hydration peak and its height, the samples should be ordered as follows:
Time: V2O5>>ZrO2 ≈ Y2O3 ≈ B2O3> Fe2O3.
Intensity: Y2O3 ≈ ZrO2 ≈ Fe2O3> V2O3> B2O3.
Electron microscopy of hydrated cement stone (Fig.29) shows the formation of globular (grape-like) aggregates. But also the formation long columns of layered aggregates (a, b and c), long needle-like crystals (b) and well developed SrAH6 crystal (g, h) can be observed. The stacked columnar structure of gibbsite aggregate indicates the option to use doped strontium aluminate cement for the preparation of iron-and aluminium based double layered hydroxides (LDH [665-672]).
Figure 30(a) describes typical Raman spectrum of pure monoclinic SrAl2O4, where the main peak at 467 cm-1 belongs to bending of O-Al-O in [AlO4] tetrahedra [795,1009]. The partial substitutions of Al2O3 and SrCO3, as the reactants in solid state reaction with different metal oxides lead to theformation of new phases as is indicated by the shifts of the main peak of [AlO4] tetrahedral (Fig.30(b)).
The significant shifting was observed for the structure doped with MnO2 and should be described as the distortion of monoclinic lattice structure. The experimentally determined influence of various metal oxides in lattice shift is ordered as follows:
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Increasing content of boron in prepared clinker leads to the formation of large hexagonal plates during hydration (Fig.31). According to EDX (Energy Dispersion Spectroscopy), the composition of these crystals corresponds to Sr2AHx. The formation of well developed crystals of Sr-analogue of C2AH8was observed only for the samples doped by high amount of boron.
Electron microscopy of hydrated cement stone of clinker prepared with 5 % of B2O3(a), Fe2O3 (b) Y2O3(c), V2O3 (d), ZrO2 (e), MnO (f) and ZnO (g) with well developed crystal of Sr3AH6 (h).
Raman spectra of SrAl2O4 phase (a) and doped Sr Al O4 structures (b) (where=Ca, Zn, Mn and=B, Fe, V, Y, Zr in substitution of 5 wt.%).
Large hexagonal plates of Sr2AHxof hydrated cement stone with 10 % of boron.
The substitution of Sr2+in the structure of strontium aluminate by Ca2+ (1, 5 and 10 %) introduced as CaCO3 into the raw meal leads to the substitutions in the Sr3A during thermal processing of clinker. The content of calcium in formed solid solution of (Sr3-xCax)A (where=0.34 (1%), 1.02 (5%) and 1.12 (10%)) increases with the extent of substitution, whereas the content of the (Sr3-xCax)A phase decreases (Fig.32(a)). In other words, the introduction of CaCO3 into the raw meal suppresses the formation of tristrontium aluminate phase during the thermal processing of clinker.
XRD analysis of strontium aluminate clinker doped by calcium.
The main diffraction lines of strontium aluminate (-211, 220 and 211) are shifted to the higher position on the °2Θ scale with increasing amount of Sr2+cations substituted by Ca2+ (Fig.32(b)). Therefore the introduction of smaller ions (Table 1 in Chapter 8) of higher electronegativity leads to the decrease of volume of basic cell unit of strontium aluminate. That leads to lower reactivity with water (Fig.33, please refer to the discussion in Chapter 5.6 related to the size of opened channels in the structure of SrA and their influence on the reactivity with water).
Heat flow (a) and heat of hydration (b) for the samples doped with calcium.
The hydration of prepared samples was investigated by isothermal calorimetry at the temperature of 25°C for the first 72 h of hydration (Fig.33). The decrease of hydration heat (b) for the sample prepared with 5 and 10 % of calcium can be observed as the consequence of higher thermodynamic stability (please see the discussion in Chapter 1.2.4) as well as decreasing amount of formed (Sr3-xCax)A solid solution.
Electron microscopy of hydrated cement stone of clinker prepared with 1, 5 and 10% of Sr2+substituted by Ca2+.
The course of hydration of the sample prepared with 1% of calcium supports the results of X-ray diffraction analysis (Fig.32) indicating that the substitution in the Sr3A structure proceeds prior to the substitution in the structure of SrA. That can be also explained via the mechanism of formation of SrA phase (please reffer to Fig.24 and the corresponding discussion in Chapter 4). The highest content of formed solid solution of (Sr2.66Ca0.34)A[1] - (Fig.32a) which has lower reactivity with water than SrA provides the explanation for the heat flow released from the sample upon hydration (please compare the heat released from SrA and Sr3A, Fig.12 in Chapter 5).
WDX analysis of hydrogarnet crystal formed during the hydration of strontium aluminate clinker prepared with 10 % of Ca2+.
The maximum of main hydration effect, which appearsat 1.5 h for the sample prepared with 10% of calcium indicates, that the hydration properties are more similar to those of CAC as the content of Ca2+ions in formed solid solution increases.
The hydrogarnet phase (Sr3-xCax)AH6 and AH3 are recognized as the main products of hydration of prepared clinker. Electron microscopy (Fig.34) shows the formation of well developed crystals of hydrogarnet phase in the samples prepared with 5 and 10% of Sr2+ substituted by Ca2+. Combining these results with previously described influence of Ca2+ ions on the formation of Sr3A phase, the crucial role of lack of tristrontium aluminate and lower reactivity of Ca-substituted SrA in the nucleation and growth of large hydrogarnet crystals at the beginning of hydration process can be supposed.
Fig.35shows the composition of hydration product of strontium aluminate clinker prepared with 10% of Ca2+. The (Sr+Ca):Al atomic ratio ~3:2 corresponds to the formation of Ca-substituted tristrontium aluminate hexahydrate with the composition given by the formula (Sr2.7Ca0.3)AH6. Therefore, Ca2+ ions substitute Sr2+ in the hydrogarnet phase in the ratio corresponding to the amount of cations substituted in the original clinker (10 %).
With a chapter focusing on affective issues relating to dyslexia, it is necessary to begin by considering how dyslexia has been constructed. The author adopts the view that dyslexia is socially constructed and the impairments experienced by students results in disabling children, due to a lack of teacher understanding and environmental issues [1]. This disabling may result in children having a lower sense of identity, particularly in terms of self-esteem and self-concept. If dyslexia is socially constructed, then these constructs may need to be identified in order to address the socio-emotional issues impacting young people. These issues, as they relate to dyslexia, are discussed in detail. It is argued throughout that teacher understanding of dyslexia is a critical consideration when aiming to support all children, including those with dyslexia. Listening to the views of children is considered important in this regard. The author concludes by providing the reader with some key insights in improving support in the inclusive classroom, with a focus on the imperative of a multi-sensory approach to teaching and learning.
\nWhile the term dyslexia emphasises literacy difficulties, there is little consensus on a definition, with some favouring that the term should no longer be used and even argue against the very existence of dyslexia [2]. Although controversy surrounds the word and differing views exist, it is contended that dyslexia does exist, although it is socially constructed [3]. The identification of dyslexia along with labelling, assessments and interventions have all been a result of powerful social forces at particular times in history [4]. These forces which have helped to shape dyslexia have emanated from political, cultural and social pressures to adapt to what society considers important [5]. Often catering for the needs of the masses [4], those who do not conform to certain standards, including literacy, are particularly disadvantaged or “disabled”. Children with dyslexia are one such group. It is not argued that these children do not face challenges as a result of their impairments in literacy but this impairment is often regarded as a disability due to society’s lack of understanding of difference and of the full human experience [1]. This human experience is central to the lives of all children with dyslexia, particularly regarding how they perceive themselves as young people [4]. When children begin to view themselves as “lesser” as a result of their impairments and their self-esteem and self- concept are impacted, it may be timely to identify the factors which contribute to this and to seek to improve the outcomes for a group which have already become marginalised.
\nIt is fortunate that the social model of disability has replaced the medical, within child, model as the latter often serves to reinforce negative views of self-worth and self-esteem, resulting in a decreased sense of wellbeing [4]. This model which is tied up with assessments and specialist intervention often ignores the inclusive approach which is about viewing children’s difficulties as differences between individuals. That is not to say that specialist intervention is not necessary at certain times but perhaps the focus should shift to exploring ways to serve the needs of all children where possible, including those with dyslexia [6]. Moreover, the move away from the deficit model to an inclusive model allows more for the possibility of change as educational experiences are often determined by proactive and well planned interactions by adults [7].
\nThe cultural influence in terms of how dyslexia is understood and contextualised is important and some studies have demonstrated how these cultural and structural biases, which focus on children’s difficulties rather than differences, may result in “othering” young people, causing a reduction in self-esteem and self-worth [8, 9]. Understanding how dyslexia has evolved and is indeed a product of social construction [3] may assist practitioners and policy makers to fully comprehend the implications of these social pressures. In a literacy dominated society which, since the Industrial Revolution, has been closely linked to productivity and worth [4], it is clear that those with differences in these key areas would be at a disadvantage [3]. Therefore, the argument can be made that it is only when the construction of dyslexia and all it entails are interrogated, can we reach a point where all children’s needs are met resulting with an increase in self-concept and self-esteem. Socio-cultural theory suggests that a person’s identity and how they view themselves strongly depends on what society deems to be important [8] so, perhaps, it is indeed important to view difference and diversity as critical, which will have an impact on strategies and interventions which can be best used to serve the needs of a range of children in schools.
\nIn this section affective factors such as self-esteem and self-concept, as they relate to dyslexia, are discussed. In order to examine the relationship between dyslexia and socio emotional issues, the terms need to be defined. Burden defines self-efficacy as the level of confidence one experiences when completing a particular task [8] whereas self- esteem may be regarded as “a measure of how far an individual’s perceived self-image lives up to their ideal self” ([7], p. 37). While the two are often considered synonymous, there are differences which need to be clarified.
\nMuch of the research in special education highlights the fact that children with special needs often view themselves in a negative way, resulting in lower levels of self-esteem and self- concept [10]. In fact, strong evidence has emerged that these affective factors are relevant to children with dyslexia and often impact students’ wellbeing [7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15]. In a study by Polychroni et al. [16], it was also found that children with dyslexia demonstrated lower levels of self-concept in literacy and mathematics compared with other children without dyslexia. The children (n32) in the research completed self-reported measures, which showed lower self-confidence in these areas and also the fact that students were less likely to read for enjoyment. This is hardly surprising if the specific impairments associated with dyslexia are not fully understood or addressed. In other studies, it is reported that children with dyslexia in mainstream schools had significantly lower self- esteem compared with those without dyslexia and, interestingly, children with dyslexia in a special setting had higher self-esteem that those with dyslexia in a mainstream setting [10]. These findings are congruent with more recent studies ([14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21]). If socio-emotional elements are lower in mainstream settings, it can be argued that it is the contextual and environmental domains which are responsible for this and not the specific impairments associated with dyslexia. However, if socio-emotional issues as they relate to dyslexia are contextual, then it cannot be assumed that all children with dyslexia will have lower self-esteem than their typically developing peers at all times. It may indeed depend on the quality of support they are provided with, including the use of appropriate resources and teacher understanding at a particular time. There may now be an opportunity for practitioners to consider the socio-emotional benefits of special settings in order to provide an appropriate and educationally rewarding experience for all children, including those with dyslexia [14, 15]. Novita [22] examined the impact of dyslexia on wellbeing and also found that there was indeed a correlation between lower levels of self- esteem and self-concept in the group as compared with classmates without dyslexia. These are referred to as the “secondary symptoms” of dyslexia. Children also exhibited higher levels of general anxiety and lower self-esteem in certain school contexts but not in the general living environment [22]. Novita argues that it is indeed the context or the setting that cause these secondary symptoms, which again raises an important issue for practitioners both in terms of understanding and provision.
\nWhile the research has shown that many children with dyslexia have a negative experience in school, questions need to be asked why this is the case. It has already been argued that these experiences are often impacted by external factors, such as the way teachers understand dyslexia. While a simplistic approach cannot be applied to a complex issue, there is a growing body of research which highlights the positive effect of teacher understanding and positive student-teacher relationships on children’s self-confidence [8, 12, 14, 15, 23]. While this may be the case, the opposite is also true. Children’s self-esteem may be negatively impacted when they are treated unfairly by teachers or when they are bullied by teachers or other children [12, 14, 15]. In fact, the critical role of teachers is highlighted in much of literature [12, 14, 15, 24]. The European Agency for Development in Special Needs Education [24] note the imperative of teacher understanding in meeting the needs of all learners. The agency contends that it is vital to view learner difference as normal and that all teachers need to be able to listen to views of children in order to appreciate learner diversity. It also acknowledges the pivotal role teachers play in fostering self-esteem in young people by understanding their key challenges and, it is only when learner diversity is fully understood, can teachers appropriately plan and execute interventions and strategies which may benefit all children. The impact of teacher understanding of difference has the potential to include all children and assist them in reaching their potential. The opposite is also true; when children are unfairly treated and ostracised due to learner differences, this may cause a reduction in self-esteem and feelings of disconnectedness.
\nIn Glazzard [12] study, children reported feeling humiliated and ostracised when unfairly treated and reported that certain teachers did not really understand them. Incidents of teachers bullying children were provided, where teachers used to shout at children and use names such as “stupid”. There were also accounts of teachers encouraging class mates to laugh at a particular child. This lack of understanding, on the teachers part, of the difficulties associated with dyslexia, is noteworthy. In the same study, it was reported that the exclusion felt by some children severely impacted their self-esteem as teachers refused to accept their spelling difficulties. Many children with dyslexia will have difficulties with tasks which contain too many words and the speed it takes to process information. Teacher understanding of these issues is imperative and one needs to be mindful of the anxiety it may cause a child when they are unable to access a particular task. A teacher in this study used the word “rubbish” in relation to the child’s efforts, which undoubtedly had a negative impact on their self-esteem and self-concept [12].
\nAnother study which highlighted the importance of teacher understanding when working with children with dyslexia is that of O′ Brien [14, 15]. Children reported being told to sit at the back of the class when they were unable to attempt a particular task and being quite upset. In this study, the students highlighted the school context which impacted their self- esteem and wellbeing, with one student commenting that they liked attending a special school because, unlike in the former, mainstream school, they did not get stressed due to the teachers’ understanding of their impairments. It is important to note, that while students self-worth was negatively impacted by negative experiences, they were also able to identify positive contributions from teachers, which contributed to their sense of well-being. This support and understanding was welcomed by the children who needed additional assistance. Children made reference to increased self-esteem, self-confidence and the fact that teachers gave freely of their time when striving to support children in accessing tasks [12, 14, 15]. In the case of O′ Brien [14, 15] study, the children mentioned the lack of pressure applied by the teachers in the special setting. This pressure to keep up is often cited as a difficulty for children with dyslexia. If learner difference and learner diversity are understood, it is probable that children’s educational experiences would be improved and that, consequently, their levels of self-concept and self-esteem may increase. The important and positive attitudes of teachers cannot be underestimated and these attitudes have the potential to include, affirm and motivate children.
\nTeachers who understand dyslexia are cognisant of the challenges with phonological awareness, working memory and rapid naming. It appears that students appreciate the use of explicit teaching techniques, the slower pacing of work and re-teaching of certain concepts [3]. The importance of direct and explicit teaching is highlighted by some authors as key when striving to meet the needs of children with dyslexia [25]. However, it must be stated that strategies which could be employed to support the needs of children with dyslexia could indeed be used to support all children [6, 26]. In other words, evidence based strategies used to work with students with dyslexia could be utilised with all students, thereby fostering self-esteem. Understanding the differences in way children learn is a key principle in effective pedagogy and understanding the different ways children with dyslexia learn is no exception.
\nAccording to some studies, it is noteworthy that the words teachers use are considered important and impact self-esteem and self-concept [7, 12, 14, 15]. Therefore, the language of inclusion is also worth noting as words matter and have the power to include or, indeed, exclude [27]. Adopting a person first approach (eg person with dyslexia as opposed to a dyslexic person) may appear trivial but educators have the power to communicate messages though language which may impact feelings of self-worth and self- concept. These messages may be communicated without teachers being aware of them so perhaps there may be an opportunity for educators to reflect on the language used when aiming to support the needs of all children.
\nWhile it is not intended to address the contested and topical issue of labelling in detail in this chapter, it should be noted that many children value the label as it helps them and their teachers to understand the associated challenges. The label of dyslexia has drawn much debate in recent times [2] but it is clear that children have reported that having such a label may impact how they view themselves. Riddick [7] asked children how they felt about having dyslexia and some of the responses included the ways it helped them to understand why they could not keep up with their peers and also that they no longer considered themselves “thick” having received the diagnosis.
\nRiddick’s findings are in line with Glazzard [12] who reported that most students in the study stated that their self-esteem had increased when they received an official diagnosis of dyslexia. This may also have aided teachers’ understanding of the students’ related impairments.
\nLike in Riddick’s study, the students no longer perceived themselves as “thick” with responses involving issues of bullying and feelings of alienation before the diagnosis. Children were in agreement that the label changed the way they viewed themselves and they considered the label as almost empowering. These children’s views regarding the label is a useful way for teachers to understand the students’ perspective, even if teachers are not in agreement with labelling in general. Children’s views highlight the importance of teacher understanding, the relationships between children and teachers and how these have the potential to affect how children view themselves. Children’s wellbeing appears to be positively impacted by having the label of dyslexia. However, as mentioned, the general issue of labelling is contested and not clear-cut so perhaps a robust discussion on this should be left for another time.
\nFinally, in a section on teacher understanding, it is important to note that teachers are well educated professionals who perform an exemplary job in often difficult conditions. Therefore, the differences associated with dyslexia can often be addressed by adopting interventions which are evidence based and are informed by the views of children. In doing so, the psychological harm to children with dyslexia may be reduced and the deficiencies in self-esteem and self-concept may be addressed [4]. This leads to the next section which interrogates the issue of student voice in education.
\nThere has been a growing body of research in special education which focuses on eliciting the views of children on issues which matter to them [28]. It is argued that this process of listening to students should aim to transform practice or impact change in some way [29] as without change, there may no point in the process to begin with. Moreover, promising to listening to children without actually hearing what they have said has the potential to further increase isolation and disconnection [23]. It should also be acknowledged that the invitation to children to speak about topics which are important to them is now a fundamental human right and not just something considered commendable [14, 15, 30].
\nEliciting the views of students may be regarded as a powerful way to include students in decision making processes [31] and to ultimately improve outcomes for all children. Inviting children’ participation may provide an opportunity to give ownership to participants and to increase children’s sense of worth [28]. Researchers and practitioners do, however, need to be mindful of avoiding over interpretation of children’s words or “adulterating” what they have said [32]. Are these really the child’s views or is this what I have interpreted as their views? This process requires careful consideration of the sensitive power dynamics which exist between children and adults, particularly when discussing topics which may be of a highly personal or sensitive nature. When formulating questions, it may be beneficial to consider “how do I listen to children?” and “how do I speak to children?” [33, 34]. These reflections may help researchers to be aware of their own biases and their potential to lead questions. As children with dyslexia may already be considered part of a marginalised group, it is especially important to be aware of how I position myself in relation to children and how they position themselves in relation to me. Children’s wellbeing needs to be a critical consideration, especially when they are speaking about affective issues such as self-esteem and self-concept. Much of the research regarding dyslexia and socio emotional issues is conducted from purposefully listening to children’s stories and experiences [7, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15]. However, some studies have examined the relationship between groups of children with reading difficulties and those without such difficulties, ignoring “within group” issues. In doing so, the differences between the children in the group is not always clear [7]. Although commonalities exist between children with dyslexia, there must be a continued effort to listen to individual voices, which will more accurately inform policy and practice.
\nThis section will focus on the importance of creating a dyslexia friendly classroom by adopting a multi-sensory approach to teaching and learning. The benefits of such an approach have been documented in the literature and may serve to address affective factors associated with disabilities, including dyslexia [25, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40]. While it is not contended that this is a panacea for all children with dyslexia, a multi-sensory approach may alleviate some negative feelings associated with dyslexia and may indeed improve the sense of connection with peers. As children learn in different ways depending on the context as well as individual learning profiles [40], resources should be presented in a multi modal manner where children choose ways to access particular tasks. The adoption of a Universal for Design for Learning (UDL) approach gives children this flexibility when attending to tasks.
\nGiving the child a level of autonomy may reduce anxiety and enable them to understand and process the task in hand in their own way and in their own time. This element of choice is critical to support children who may have difficulty with print rich resources, as an accompanying visual representation may help them to scaffold the task (or make connections) with prior knowledge. Children with dyslexia are able to access tasks more effectively if the task is multi-sensory [41] and Smith and Barr [39] recommend using a “connective pedagogy” which helps students to make connections between what is presented in school and what they have experienced in their outside environment. While a multi-sensory approach is advised for students with dyslexia, this should not be confused with the promotion of various learning styles, which have largely been discredited.
\nWhile educational research does not support the idea of learning styles [38], there is still overwhelming support among teachers that teaching to a child’s learning style improves learning [37]. However, it appears that the opposite may actually be the case. As it has no basis in educational research, teaching to a child’s dominant learning style could lead to a decrease in effort and performance [38]. Although Reid [42] emphasises that children with dyslexia should be aware of their own style of learning, perhaps a broader understanding is required; that children are aware of the various ways they learn in different situations and at different times [36, 37, 38, 43]. As mentioned, it may be preferable to provide opportunities where children are able to make sense of various tasks presented to them in a multi-modal manner [40].
\nReid [42, 43, 44] asserts that all learners with dyslexia can be taught to read initially through their learning style and maintains that children construct knowledge in their own ways according to the dominant style of learning. It should be acknowledged that children do indeed learn in different ways but perhaps this could be attributed more to their interests, backgrounds and abilities rather than to learning styles [43]. There is also a contention that children with dyslexia may learn better when their learning style is understood [42, 43, 44, 45, 46]. As there is significant research addressing specific differences associated with dyslexia, what is needed is attention to the differences associated with dyslexia rather than a blanket approach to learning styles, which is in effect placing children in categories [43]. Also, there may be a danger that children who are labelled as having one dominant style may be reluctant to take on tasks which they may perceive to include other learning styles, which may result in a loss of self-esteem and self-efficacy [37].
\nEven a proponent of learning styles such as Mortimore [46] offers a word of caution when it comes to matching learning styles to teaching methods as there are so many constructs of learning styles and “very little agreement” (p. 145). What does seem to be agreed upon is that all children learn differently and external factors may account for this. There is also the belief that if one does not agree with learning styles theories, then they are propagating that all children are the same, which is not true [43]. It is not disputed that children do learn differently at particular times [35, 36, 37, 38, 43]. However, this is determined by other factors such as the environment, interest, subject and previous knowledge rather than an innate learning style [36]. Some children may learn visually in one context while kinesthetically in another [36, 43]. This learning “preference”, rather than style may be understood by identifying the actual differences between children [36, 37, 38, 43] and this preference for learning should not be confused with a learning style [35]. The strategies which teachers use may indeed influence how a child engages with the subject and Reid [42] considers it “logical” to appreciate individual learning styles when planning these strategies. However, others have put this logic to the test and have been unable to find any support for the connection between learning styles and effective teaching [35, 36, 37, 38, 43]. In fact, there does not appear to be any evidence to prove that teaching tailored to individual learning styles improves learning [38]. What is important, however, is that practitioners understand how all children learn in different ways and in different contexts, which may require a return to the originators of educational theory, such as Piaget and Rousseau [36, 38].
\nIt is considered necessary to find effective teaching and learning strategies for students with dyslexia who experience such a complex variety of learning differences [47]. However, rather than focusing on one mode of learning for each child, it may be beneficial to consider their prior knowledge and issues from the environment as these may be more indicative of how new information should be presented [38]. Furthermore, to incorporate a multi-sensory approach for all children may be more effective in terms of including all children [40]. This may be more appropriate, as meaning and understanding are constructed in different ways and not as a consequence of teaching to one sensory domain [37]. When this multi-sensory approach is used, children may be more likely to access tasks presented to them, which may result in improved self- esteem and self-efficacy.
\nIn this chapter, the social construction of dyslexia has been briefly discussed as it is important to appreciate the origin of disability and how it has evolved over time. It has been argued that this construction has, in some way, contributed to negative self-perceptions that children with dyslexia have reported. The key topics of self-esteem and self-efficacy have been considered, with an acknowledgement of the lower levels of these affective factors for children with dyslexia compared with their peers without dyslexia. It has also been acknowledged that children who attended special settings were happier and felt more included than they had in mainstream schools. This presents teachers and researchers with an opportunity to explore the key benefits of specialised settings when planning effective provision. The centrality of teacher understanding, as discussed in the literature, provides the reader with some insights when reflecting on the important nature of student-teacher relationships. It is contended that listening to children on matters which impact them is a useful way to support this understanding and to increase children’s feelings of self-worth. While there are several evidence based interventions which could be used to support children with dyslexia, the chapter concludes with a section on the cruciality of a multi-sensory approach to teaching. This may help children to benefit from tasks, ultimately leading to a more rewarding and fulfilling experience for all children, including those with dyslexia.
\nAt IntechOpen, we not only specialize in the publication of Book Chapters as part of our Edited Volumes, but also the publication and dissemination of longer manuscripts, known as Long Form Monographs. Monographs allow Authors to focus on presenting a single subject or a specific aspect of that subject and publish their research in detail.
\n\nEven if you have an area of research that does not at first sight fit within a previously defined IntechOpen project, we can still offer support and help you in publishing your individual research. Publishing your IntechOpen book in the form of a Long Form Monograph is a viable alternative.
",metaTitle:"Publish a Whole Book",metaDescription:"At IntechOpen, we not only specialize in the publication of book chapters as part of our Edited Volumes, but also the publication and dissemination of long form manuscripts, known as monographs. Monographs allow authors to focus on presenting a single subject or a specific aspect of that subject and publish their research at length.\n\nPerhaps you have an area of research that does not fit within a previously defined IntechOpen project, but rather need help in publishing your individual research? Publishing your IntechOpen book in the form of a long form monograph is a great alternative.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/publish-a-whole-book",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"MONOGRAPH - LONG FORM MANUSCRIPT
\\n\\nFORMATS
\\n\\nCOST
\\n\\n10,000 GBP Monograph - Long Form
\\n\\nThe final price includes project management, editorial and peer-review services, technical editing, language copyediting, cover design, book layout, book promotion and ISBN assignment.
\\n\\n*The price does not include Value-Added Tax (VAT). Residents of European Union countries need to add VAT based on the specific rate applied in their country of residence. Institutions and companies registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state will not pay VAT by providing us with their VAT registration number. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\\n\\nOptional Services
\\n\\nIntechOpen has collaborated with Enago, through its sister brand, Ulatus, which is one of the world’s leading providers of book translation services. The services are designed to convey the essence of your work to readers from across the globe in a language they understand. Enago’s expert translators incorporate cultural nuances in translations to make the content relevant for local audiences while retaining the original meaning and style. Enago translators are equipped to handle all complex and multiple overlapping themes encompassed in a single book and their high degree of linguistic and subject expertise enables them to deliver a superior quality output.
\\n\\nIntechOpen Authors that wish to use this service will receive a 20% discount on all translation services. To find out more information or obtain a quote, please visit: https://www.enago.com/intech.
\\n\\nFUNDING
\\n\\nWe feel that financial barriers should never prevent researchers from publishing their work. Please consult our Open Access Funding page to explore funding opportunities and learn more about how you can finance your IntechOpen publication.
\\n\\nBENEFITS
\\n\\nPUBLISHING PROCESS STEPS
\\n\\nFor a complete overview of all publishing process steps and descriptions, go to How Open Access Publishing Works.
\\n\\nSEND YOUR PROPOSAL
\\n\\nIf you are interested in publishing your book with IntechOpen, please submit your book proposal by completing the Publishing Proposal Form.
\\n\\nNot sure if this is the right option for you? Please refer back to the main Publish with IntechOpen page or feel free to contact us directly at book.department@intechopen.com.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'MONOGRAPH - LONG FORM MANUSCRIPT
\n\nFORMATS
\n\nCOST
\n\n10,000 GBP Monograph - Long Form
\n\nThe final price includes project management, editorial and peer-review services, technical editing, language copyediting, cover design, book layout, book promotion and ISBN assignment.
\n\n*The price does not include Value-Added Tax (VAT). Residents of European Union countries need to add VAT based on the specific rate applied in their country of residence. Institutions and companies registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state will not pay VAT by providing us with their VAT registration number. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\n\nOptional Services
\n\nIntechOpen has collaborated with Enago, through its sister brand, Ulatus, which is one of the world’s leading providers of book translation services. The services are designed to convey the essence of your work to readers from across the globe in a language they understand. Enago’s expert translators incorporate cultural nuances in translations to make the content relevant for local audiences while retaining the original meaning and style. Enago translators are equipped to handle all complex and multiple overlapping themes encompassed in a single book and their high degree of linguistic and subject expertise enables them to deliver a superior quality output.
\n\nIntechOpen Authors that wish to use this service will receive a 20% discount on all translation services. To find out more information or obtain a quote, please visit: https://www.enago.com/intech.
\n\nFUNDING
\n\nWe feel that financial barriers should never prevent researchers from publishing their work. Please consult our Open Access Funding page to explore funding opportunities and learn more about how you can finance your IntechOpen publication.
\n\nBENEFITS
\n\nPUBLISHING PROCESS STEPS
\n\nFor a complete overview of all publishing process steps and descriptions, go to How Open Access Publishing Works.
\n\nSEND YOUR PROPOSAL
\n\nIf you are interested in publishing your book with IntechOpen, please submit your book proposal by completing the Publishing Proposal Form.
\n\nNot sure if this is the right option for you? Please refer back to the main Publish with IntechOpen page or feel free to contact us directly at book.department@intechopen.com.
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5698},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5172},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1689},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10243},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:888},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15647}],offset:12,limit:12,total:117315},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"12"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10590",title:"Humic Substance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"85786eb36b3e13979aae664a4e046625",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Abdelhadi Makan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10590.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"247727",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdelhadi",surname:"Makan",slug:"abdelhadi-makan",fullName:"Abdelhadi Makan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10765",title:"Environmental Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e5ba02fedd7c87f0ab66414f3b07de0c",slug:null,bookSignature:" John P. Tiefenbacher",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10765.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"73876",title:"Dr.",name:"John P.",surname:"Tiefenbacher",slug:"john-p.-tiefenbacher",fullName:"John P. Tiefenbacher"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:62},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:2},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7802",title:"Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"587a0b7fb765f31cc98de33c6c07c2e0",slug:"modern-slavery-and-human-trafficking",bookSignature:"Jane Reeves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7802.jpg",editors:[{id:"211328",title:"Prof.",name:"Jane",middleName:null,surname:"Reeves",slug:"jane-reeves",fullName:"Jane Reeves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9961",title:"Data Mining",subtitle:"Methods, Applications and Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ed79fb6364f2caf464079f94a0387146",slug:"data-mining-methods-applications-and-systems",bookSignature:"Derya Birant",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9961.jpg",editors:[{id:"15609",title:"Dr.",name:"Derya",middleName:null,surname:"Birant",slug:"derya-birant",fullName:"Derya Birant"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9157",title:"Neurodegenerative Diseases",subtitle:"Molecular Mechanisms and Current Therapeutic Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc8be577966ef88735677d7e1e92ed28",slug:"neurodegenerative-diseases-molecular-mechanisms-and-current-therapeutic-approaches",bookSignature:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9157.jpg",editors:[{id:"82778",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Nagehan",middleName:null,surname:"Ersoy Tunalı",slug:"nagehan-ersoy-tunali",fullName:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8686",title:"Direct Torque Control Strategies of Electrical Machines",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6ad22b14db2b8450228545d3d4f6b1a",slug:"direct-torque-control-strategies-of-electrical-machines",bookSignature:"Fatma Ben Salem",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8686.jpg",editors:[{id:"295623",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Fatma",middleName:null,surname:"Ben Salem",slug:"fatma-ben-salem",fullName:"Fatma Ben Salem"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7434",title:"Molecular Biotechnology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eceede809920e1ec7ecadd4691ede2ec",slug:"molecular-biotechnology",bookSignature:"Sergey Sedykh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7434.jpg",editors:[{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",slug:"sergey-sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9839",title:"Outdoor Recreation",subtitle:"Physiological and Psychological Effects on Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f5a0d64267e32567daffa5b0c6a6972",slug:"outdoor-recreation-physiological-and-psychological-effects-on-health",bookSignature:"Hilde G. Nielsen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9839.jpg",editors:[{id:"158692",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Hilde G.",middleName:null,surname:"Nielsen",slug:"hilde-g.-nielsen",fullName:"Hilde G. Nielsen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8697",title:"Virtual Reality and Its Application in Education",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ee01b5e387ba0062c6b0d1e9227bda05",slug:"virtual-reality-and-its-application-in-education",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8697.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5141},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8697",title:"Virtual Reality and Its Application in Education",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ee01b5e387ba0062c6b0d1e9227bda05",slug:"virtual-reality-and-its-application-in-education",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8697.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9785",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f457ca61f29cf7e8bc191732c50bb0ce",slug:"endometriosis",bookSignature:"Courtney Marsh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9785.jpg",editors:[{id:"255491",title:"Dr.",name:"Courtney",middleName:null,surname:"Marsh",slug:"courtney-marsh",fullName:"Courtney Marsh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9376",title:"Contemporary Developments and Perspectives in International Health Security",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9a00b84cd04aae458fb1d6c65795601",slug:"contemporary-developments-and-perspectives-in-international-health-security-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki, Michael S. Firstenberg, Sagar C. Galwankar, Ricardo Izurieta and Thomas Papadimos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9376.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7769",title:"Medical Isotopes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f8d3c5a6c9a42398e56b4e82264753f7",slug:"medical-isotopes",bookSignature:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi and Muhammad Babar Imrani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7769.jpg",editors:[{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9279",title:"Concepts, Applications and Emerging Opportunities in Industrial Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9bfa87f9b627a5468b7c1e30b0eea07a",slug:"concepts-applications-and-emerging-opportunities-in-industrial-engineering",bookSignature:"Gary Moynihan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9279.jpg",editors:[{id:"16974",title:"Dr.",name:"Gary",middleName:null,surname:"Moynihan",slug:"gary-moynihan",fullName:"Gary Moynihan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7807",title:"A Closer Look at Organizational Culture in Action",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"05c608b9271cc2bc711f4b28748b247b",slug:"a-closer-look-at-organizational-culture-in-action",bookSignature:"Süleyman Davut Göker",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7807.jpg",editors:[{id:"190035",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Süleyman Davut",middleName:null,surname:"Göker",slug:"suleyman-davut-goker",fullName:"Süleyman Davut Göker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7434",title:"Molecular Biotechnology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eceede809920e1ec7ecadd4691ede2ec",slug:"molecular-biotechnology",bookSignature:"Sergey Sedykh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7434.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",slug:"sergey-sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9569",title:"Methods in Molecular Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"691d3f3c4ac25a8093414e9b270d2843",slug:"methods-in-molecular-medicine",bookSignature:"Yusuf Tutar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9569.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9839",title:"Outdoor Recreation",subtitle:"Physiological and Psychological Effects on Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f5a0d64267e32567daffa5b0c6a6972",slug:"outdoor-recreation-physiological-and-psychological-effects-on-health",bookSignature:"Hilde G. Nielsen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9839.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"158692",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Hilde G.",middleName:null,surname:"Nielsen",slug:"hilde-g.-nielsen",fullName:"Hilde G. Nielsen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7802",title:"Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"587a0b7fb765f31cc98de33c6c07c2e0",slug:"modern-slavery-and-human-trafficking",bookSignature:"Jane Reeves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7802.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"211328",title:"Prof.",name:"Jane",middleName:null,surname:"Reeves",slug:"jane-reeves",fullName:"Jane Reeves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8063",title:"Food Security in Africa",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8cbf3d662b104d19db2efc9d59249efc",slug:"food-security-in-africa",bookSignature:"Barakat Mahmoud",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8063.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92016",title:"Dr.",name:"Barakat",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoud",slug:"barakat-mahmoud",fullName:"Barakat Mahmoud"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10118",title:"Plant Stress Physiology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c68b09d2d2634fc719ae3b9a64a27839",slug:"plant-stress-physiology",bookSignature:"Akbar Hossain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10118.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"280755",title:"Dr.",name:"Akbar",middleName:null,surname:"Hossain",slug:"akbar-hossain",fullName:"Akbar Hossain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9157",title:"Neurodegenerative Diseases",subtitle:"Molecular Mechanisms and Current Therapeutic Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc8be577966ef88735677d7e1e92ed28",slug:"neurodegenerative-diseases-molecular-mechanisms-and-current-therapeutic-approaches",bookSignature:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9157.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82778",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Nagehan",middleName:null,surname:"Ersoy Tunalı",slug:"nagehan-ersoy-tunali",fullName:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9961",title:"Data Mining",subtitle:"Methods, Applications and Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ed79fb6364f2caf464079f94a0387146",slug:"data-mining-methods-applications-and-systems",bookSignature:"Derya Birant",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9961.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"15609",title:"Dr.",name:"Derya",middleName:null,surname:"Birant",slug:"derya-birant",fullName:"Derya Birant"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8686",title:"Direct Torque Control Strategies of Electrical Machines",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6ad22b14db2b8450228545d3d4f6b1a",slug:"direct-torque-control-strategies-of-electrical-machines",bookSignature:"Fatma Ben Salem",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8686.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"295623",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Fatma",middleName:null,surname:"Ben Salem",slug:"fatma-ben-salem",fullName:"Fatma Ben Salem"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"88",title:"Communications and Security",slug:"communications-and-security",parent:{title:"Computer and Information Science",slug:"computer-and-information-science"},numberOfBooks:68,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:1576,numberOfWosCitations:1169,numberOfCrossrefCitations:1016,numberOfDimensionsCitations:1916,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"communications-and-security",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"9234",title:"Computer Security Threats",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"23d6de178880e547c39ec4e503777dcd",slug:"computer-security-threats",bookSignature:"Ciza Thomas, Paula Fraga-Lamas and Tiago M. Fernández-Caramés",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9234.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"43680",title:"Prof.",name:"Ciza",middleName:null,surname:"Thomas",slug:"ciza-thomas",fullName:"Ciza Thomas"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9219",title:"Recent Trends in Communication Networks",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"80b5339ac7ae4b7a91fd4e71b4d468e5",slug:"recent-trends-in-communication-networks",bookSignature:"Pinaki Mitra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9219.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"89103",title:"Prof.",name:"Pinaki",middleName:null,surname:"Mitra",slug:"pinaki-mitra",fullName:"Pinaki Mitra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8368",title:"Computer and Network Security",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"40b3cd1cd3de504736186805106eed6b",slug:"computer-and-network-security",bookSignature:"Jaydip Sen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8368.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8678",title:"Mobile Computing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3c2cf4e62010e495199b294278d852c4",slug:"mobile-computing",bookSignature:"Jesus Hamilton Ortiz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8678.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"283288",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus Hamilton",middleName:null,surname:"Ortiz",slug:"jesus-hamilton-ortiz",fullName:"Jesus Hamilton Ortiz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7322",title:"Wireless Mesh Networks",subtitle:"Security, Architectures and Protocols",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db5ab870ec11f9d4d1ebb54c7dd6e2bf",slug:"wireless-mesh-networks-security-architectures-and-protocols",bookSignature:"Mutamed Khatib and Samer Alsadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7322.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"22273",title:"Dr.",name:"Mutamed",middleName:null,surname:"Khatib",slug:"mutamed-khatib",fullName:"Mutamed Khatib"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9384",title:"Intelligent System and Computing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c4e591c1ee57d5c0bf5306010747e952",slug:"intelligent-system-and-computing",bookSignature:"Yang (Cindy) Yi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9384.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"239041",title:"Prof.",name:"Yang",middleName:null,surname:"Yi",slug:"yang-yi",fullName:"Yang Yi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7623",title:"Coding Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db1156342e3a1a46ff74cad035a3886b",slug:"coding-theory",bookSignature:"Sudhakar Radhakrishnan and Muhammad Sarfraz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7623.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"26327",title:"Dr.",name:"Sudhakar",middleName:null,surname:"Radhakrishnan",slug:"sudhakar-radhakrishnan",fullName:"Sudhakar Radhakrishnan"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a Professor and Director of MSIT in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker at various platforms around the globe. He has advised more than 85 students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. Prof. Sarfraz is a member of various professional societies. He is the Chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. He is also Editor-in-Chief and Editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8140",title:"Modern Cryptography",subtitle:"Current Challenges and Solutions",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a0278340394333d416e5860e5b1e1c69",slug:"modern-cryptography-current-challenges-and-solutions",bookSignature:"Menachem Domb",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8140.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"222778",title:"Prof.",name:"Menachem",middleName:null,surname:"Domb",slug:"menachem-domb",fullName:"Menachem Domb"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7602",title:"Internet of Things (IoT) for Automated and Smart Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"55ad7d0965cba5aebe448cb43766c45e",slug:"internet-of-things-iot-for-automated-and-smart-applications",bookSignature:"Yasser Ismail",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7602.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"255636",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasser",middleName:null,surname:"Ismail",slug:"yasser-ismail",fullName:"Yasser Ismail"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7376",title:"Quantum Cryptography in Advanced Networks",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2573ae2df9a0043aa7faca1ce4ed3fb7",slug:"quantum-cryptography-in-advanced-networks",bookSignature:"Oleg G. Morozov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7376.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"69648",title:"Prof.",name:"Oleg",middleName:null,surname:"Morozov",slug:"oleg-morozov",fullName:"Oleg Morozov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7336",title:"Digital Image and Video Watermarking and Steganography",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a622b7f900b7e54df46961cd20ac4d0c",slug:"digital-image-and-video-watermarking-and-steganography",bookSignature:"Sudhakar Ramakrishnan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7336.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"116136",title:"Dr.",name:"Srinivasan",middleName:null,surname:"Ramakrishnan",slug:"srinivasan-ramakrishnan",fullName:"Srinivasan Ramakrishnan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7294",title:"Fiber Optics",subtitle:"From Fundamentals to Industrial Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0323a38fa4ac1a4f7e90c886ee28e6fe",slug:"fiber-optics-from-fundamentals-to-industrial-applications",bookSignature:"Patrick Steglich and Fabio De Matteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7294.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"223128",title:"Dr.",name:"Patrick",middleName:null,surname:"Steglich",slug:"patrick-steglich",fullName:"Patrick Steglich"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:68,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"9002",doi:"10.5772/7698",title:"Terrestrial Free-Space Optical Communications",slug:"terrestrial-free-space-optical-communications",totalDownloads:7262,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:73,book:{slug:"mobile-and-wireless-communications-network-layer-and-circuit-level-design",title:"Mobile and Wireless Communications",fullTitle:"Mobile and Wireless Communications Network Layer and Circuit Level Design"},signatures:"Ghassemlooy Z. and Popoola W. O.",authors:null},{id:"12472",doi:"10.5772/13802",title:"Monitoring of Human Movements for Fall Detection and Activities Recognition in Elderly Care Using Wireless Sensor Network: a Survey",slug:"monitoring-of-human-movements-for-fall-detection-and-activities-recognition-in-elderly-care-using-wi",totalDownloads:14715,totalCrossrefCites:35,totalDimensionsCites:52,book:{slug:"wireless-sensor-networks-application-centric-design",title:"Wireless Sensor Networks",fullTitle:"Wireless Sensor Networks: Application - Centric Design"},signatures:"Stefano Abbate, Marco Avvenuti, Paolo Corsini, Janet Light and Alessio Vecchio",authors:[{id:"14025",title:"MSc.",name:"Stefano",middleName:null,surname:"Abbate",slug:"stefano-abbate",fullName:"Stefano Abbate"},{id:"15973",title:"Prof.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Avvenuti",slug:"marco-avvenuti",fullName:"Marco Avvenuti"},{id:"15974",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Corsini",slug:"paolo-corsini",fullName:"Paolo Corsini"},{id:"15975",title:"PhD.",name:"Alessio",middleName:null,surname:"Vecchio",slug:"alessio-vecchio",fullName:"Alessio Vecchio"},{id:"15976",title:"Prof.",name:"Janet",middleName:null,surname:"Light",slug:"janet-light",fullName:"Janet Light"}]},{id:"12418",doi:"10.5772/13062",title:"Review of Energy Harvesting Technologies for Sustainable WSN",slug:"review-of-energy-harvesting-technologies-for-sustainable-wsn",totalDownloads:3860,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:49,book:{slug:"sustainable-wireless-sensor-networks",title:"Sustainable Wireless Sensor Networks",fullTitle:"Sustainable Wireless Sensor Networks"},signatures:"Yen Kheng Tan and Sanjib Kumar Panda",authors:[{id:"15547",title:"Dr.",name:"Sanjib Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Panda",slug:"sanjib-kumar-panda",fullName:"Sanjib Kumar Panda"},{id:"78857",title:"Dr.",name:"Tan Yen",middleName:null,surname:"Kheng",slug:"tan-yen-kheng",fullName:"Tan Yen Kheng"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"38793",title:"Overview of Wireless Sensor Network",slug:"overview-of-wireless-sensor-network",totalDownloads:10177,totalCrossrefCites:29,totalDimensionsCites:41,book:{slug:"wireless-sensor-networks-technology-and-protocols",title:"Wireless Sensor Networks",fullTitle:"Wireless Sensor Networks - Technology and Protocols"},signatures:"M.A. Matin and M.M. Islam",authors:[{id:"12623",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad Abdul",middleName:"A",surname:"Matin",slug:"mohammad-abdul-matin",fullName:"Mohammad Abdul Matin"}]},{id:"65877",title:"Smart Home Systems Based on Internet of Things",slug:"smart-home-systems-based-on-internet-of-things",totalDownloads:3760,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:6,book:{slug:"internet-of-things-iot-for-automated-and-smart-applications",title:"Internet of Things (IoT) for Automated and Smart Applications",fullTitle:"Internet of Things (IoT) for Automated and Smart Applications"},signatures:"Menachem Domb",authors:[{id:"222778",title:"Prof.",name:"Menachem",middleName:null,surname:"Domb",slug:"menachem-domb",fullName:"Menachem Domb"}]},{id:"71876",title:"Introductory Chapter: Machine Learning in Misuse and Anomaly Detection",slug:"introductory-chapter-machine-learning-in-misuse-and-anomaly-detection",totalDownloads:271,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"computer-and-network-security",title:"Computer and Network Security",fullTitle:"Computer and Network Security"},signatures:"Jaydip Sen and Sidra Mehtab",authors:[{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen"},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab"}]},{id:"61410",title:"Advance Intelligent Video Surveillance System (AIVSS): A Future Aspect",slug:"advance-intelligent-video-surveillance-system-aivss-a-future-aspect",totalDownloads:2126,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"intelligent-video-surveillance",title:"Intelligent Video Surveillance",fullTitle:"Intelligent Video Surveillance"},signatures:"Mritunjay Rai, Agha Asim Husain, Tanmoy Maity and Ravindra\nKumar Yadav",authors:[{id:"229772",title:"Mr.",name:"Agha",middleName:null,surname:"Husain",slug:"agha-husain",fullName:"Agha Husain"},{id:"231155",title:"Mr.",name:"Mritunjay",middleName:null,surname:"Rai",slug:"mritunjay-rai",fullName:"Mritunjay Rai"},{id:"231197",title:"Dr.",name:"Ravindra Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Yadav",slug:"ravindra-kumar-yadav",fullName:"Ravindra Kumar Yadav"},{id:"231198",title:"Dr.",name:"Tanmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Maity",slug:"tanmoy-maity",fullName:"Tanmoy Maity"}]},{id:"72730",title:"Introductory Chapter: Computer Security Threats",slug:"introductory-chapter-computer-security-threats",totalDownloads:231,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"computer-security-threats",title:"Computer Security Threats",fullTitle:"Computer Security Threats"},signatures:"Ciza Thomas",authors:[{id:"43680",title:"Prof.",name:"Ciza",middleName:null,surname:"Thomas",slug:"ciza-thomas",fullName:"Ciza Thomas"}]},{id:"72470",title:"A Mobile Ad Hoc Network Routing Protocols: A Comparative Study",slug:"a-mobile-ad-hoc-network-routing-protocols-a-comparative-study",totalDownloads:310,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"recent-trends-in-communication-networks",title:"Recent Trends in Communication Networks",fullTitle:"Recent Trends in Communication Networks"},signatures:"Alagan Ramasamy Rajeswari",authors:[{id:"320070",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajeswari",middleName:null,surname:"Alagan Ramasamy",slug:"rajeswari-alagan-ramasamy",fullName:"Rajeswari Alagan Ramasamy"}]},{id:"69335",title:"From Pillars to AI Technology-Based Forest Fire Protection Systems",slug:"from-pillars-to-ai-technology-based-forest-fire-protection-systems",totalDownloads:1336,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"intelligent-system-and-computing",title:"Intelligent System and Computing",fullTitle:"Intelligent System and Computing"},signatures:"Nikos Aspragathos, Eleftherios Dogkas, Pavlos Konstantinidis, Panagiotis Koutmos, Nefeli Lamprinou, Vassilis C. Moulianitis, Georgios Paterakis, Emmanouil Ζ. Psarakis, Evangelos Sartinas, Konstantinos Souflas, Georgios Thanellas, Georgios Tsiourlis, Nikitas Xanthopoulos and Panteleimon Xofis",authors:[{id:"93308",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikos",middleName:null,surname:"Aspragathos",slug:"nikos-aspragathos",fullName:"Nikos Aspragathos"},{id:"290554",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanouil",middleName:null,surname:"Psarakis",slug:"emmanouil-psarakis",fullName:"Emmanouil Psarakis"},{id:"291501",title:"Prof.",name:"Panagiotis",middleName:null,surname:"Koutmos",slug:"panagiotis-koutmos",fullName:"Panagiotis Koutmos"},{id:"291502",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasileios",middleName:null,surname:"Moulianitis",slug:"vasileios-moulianitis",fullName:"Vasileios Moulianitis"},{id:"291503",title:"Dr.",name:"Georgios",middleName:null,surname:"Tsiourlis",slug:"georgios-tsiourlis",fullName:"Georgios Tsiourlis"},{id:"303830",title:"MSc.",name:"Eleftherios",middleName:null,surname:"Dogkas",slug:"eleftherios-dogkas",fullName:"Eleftherios Dogkas"},{id:"303831",title:"Dr.",name:"Pavlos",middleName:null,surname:"Konstantinidis",slug:"pavlos-konstantinidis",fullName:"Pavlos Konstantinidis"},{id:"303832",title:"MSc.",name:"Nefeli",middleName:null,surname:"Lamprinou",slug:"nefeli-lamprinou",fullName:"Nefeli Lamprinou"},{id:"303833",title:"MSc.",name:"Georgios",middleName:null,surname:"Paterakis",slug:"georgios-paterakis",fullName:"Georgios Paterakis"},{id:"303834",title:"MSc.",name:"Evangelos",middleName:null,surname:"Sartinas",slug:"evangelos-sartinas",fullName:"Evangelos Sartinas"},{id:"303835",title:"Dr.",name:"Konstantinos",middleName:null,surname:"Souflas",slug:"konstantinos-souflas",fullName:"Konstantinos Souflas"},{id:"303836",title:"Dr.",name:"Georgios",middleName:null,surname:"Thanellas",slug:"georgios-thanellas",fullName:"Georgios Thanellas"},{id:"303838",title:"MSc.",name:"Nikitas",middleName:null,surname:"Xanthopoulos",slug:"nikitas-xanthopoulos",fullName:"Nikitas Xanthopoulos"},{id:"303839",title:"Prof.",name:"Panteleimon",middleName:null,surname:"Xofis",slug:"panteleimon-xofis",fullName:"Panteleimon Xofis"}]},{id:"67035",title:"IOT Service Utilisation in Healthcare",slug:"iot-service-utilisation-in-healthcare",totalDownloads:990,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,book:{slug:"internet-of-things-iot-for-automated-and-smart-applications",title:"Internet of Things (IoT) for Automated and Smart Applications",fullTitle:"Internet of Things (IoT) for Automated and Smart Applications"},signatures:"Mohammed Dauwed and Ahmed Meri",authors:[{id:"248015",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Meri",slug:"ahmed-meri",fullName:"Ahmed Meri"},{id:"276426",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed Dauwed",slug:"mohammed-ahmed-dauwed",fullName:"Mohammed Ahmed Dauwed"}]},{id:"38790",title:"Asymmetric Encryption in Wireless Sensor Networks",slug:"asymmetric-encryption-in-wireless-sensor-networks",totalDownloads:3204,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:7,book:{slug:"wireless-sensor-networks-technology-and-protocols",title:"Wireless Sensor Networks",fullTitle:"Wireless Sensor Networks - Technology and Protocols"},signatures:"Gustavo S. Quirino, Admilson R. L. Ribeiro and Edward David Moreno",authors:[{id:"144506",title:"Dr.",name:"Admilson",middleName:null,surname:"Ribeiro",slug:"admilson-ribeiro",fullName:"Admilson Ribeiro"},{id:"145034",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:"Da Silva",surname:"Quirino",slug:"gustavo-quirino",fullName:"Gustavo Quirino"},{id:"145076",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward",middleName:null,surname:"Ordonez",slug:"edward-ordonez",fullName:"Edward Ordonez"}]},{id:"53178",title:"MANET Network in Internet of Things System",slug:"manet-network-in-internet-of-things-system",totalDownloads:2619,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:16,book:{slug:"ad-hoc-networks",title:"Ad Hoc Networks",fullTitle:"Ad Hoc Networks"},signatures:"Rasa Bruzgiene, Lina Narbutaite and Tomas Adomkus",authors:[{id:"188365",title:"Dr.",name:"Rasa",middleName:null,surname:"Bruzgiene",slug:"rasa-bruzgiene",fullName:"Rasa Bruzgiene"},{id:"189021",title:"Dr.",name:"Lina",middleName:null,surname:"Narbutaite",slug:"lina-narbutaite",fullName:"Lina Narbutaite"},{id:"189022",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomas",middleName:null,surname:"Adomkus",slug:"tomas-adomkus",fullName:"Tomas Adomkus"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"communications-and-security",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/153221/farzaneh-lotfipour",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"153221",slug:"farzaneh-lotfipour"},fullPath:"/profiles/153221/farzaneh-lotfipour",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()