That table contains various properties of nanoporous.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\\n\\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\\n\\nLaunching 2021
\\n\\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\\n\\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\\n\\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\\n\\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\\n\\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\\n\\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\\n\\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/132"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'With the desire to make book publishing more relevant for the digital age and offer innovative Open Access publishing options, we are thrilled to announce the launch of our new publishing format: IntechOpen Book Series.
\n\nDesigned to cover fast-moving research fields in rapidly expanding areas, our Book Series feature a Topic structure allowing us to present the most relevant sub-disciplines. Book Series are headed by Series Editors, and a team of Topic Editors supported by international Editorial Board members. Topics are always open for submissions, with an Annual Volume published each calendar year.
\n\nAfter a robust peer-review process, accepted works are published quickly, thanks to Online First, ensuring research is made available to the scientific community without delay.
\n\nOur innovative Book Series format brings you:
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\n\nLaunching 2021
\n\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\n\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\n\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\n\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\n\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\n\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\n\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\n\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\n\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"},{slug:"intechopen-identified-as-one-of-the-most-significant-contributor-to-oa-book-growth-in-doab-20210809",title:"IntechOpen Identified as One of the Most Significant Contributors to OA Book Growth in DOAB"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"3213",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Renewable Energy",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Renewable Energy is energy generated from natural resources - such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides and geothermal heat - which are naturally replenished. 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The topics deal with new devices and circuits for energy systems, photovoltaic and solar thermal, wind energy systems, tidal and wave energy, fuel cell systems, bio energy and geo-energy, sustainable energy resources and systems, energy storage systems, energy market management and economics, off-grid isolated energy systems, energy in transportation systems, energy resources for portable electronics, intelligent energy power transmission, distribution and inter - connectors, energy efficient utilization, environmental issues, energy harvesting, nanotechnology in energy, policy issues on renewable energy, building design, power electronics in energy conversion, new materials for energy resources, and RF and magnetic field energy devices.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-7619-52-7",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6416-6",doi:"10.5772/45752",price:159,priceEur:175,priceUsd:205,slug:"renewable-energy",numberOfPages:590,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!1,hash:"38822c606b4c5ff67461c8b2ecf1e8bb",bookSignature:"T J Hammons",publishedDate:"December 1st 2009",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3213.jpg",numberOfDownloads:154061,numberOfWosCitations:33,numberOfCrossrefCitations:47,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:2,numberOfDimensionsCitations:96,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:4,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:176,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"January 1st 2009",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"January 22nd 2009",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"April 28th 2009",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 27th 2009",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"August 26th 2009",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"2422",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas",middleName:null,surname:"Hammons",slug:"thomas-hammons",fullName:"Thomas Hammons",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/2422/images/1796_n.jpg",biography:"Thomas James Hammons (Fellow IEEE 1996) received the B.Sc. degree in Engineering (1st Class Honors), and the DIC, and Ph.D. degrees from Imperial College, London, UK He was Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada in 1978-1979. 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The pores found in nanoporous material contain either gas or liquid filled in it. A Nanoporous material is used recently in novel medical devices, implants or making bioartificial organs and biosensing. Advancement in the field of nanofabrication made it possible to produce nanoporous material with desired size of pores, distribution of pores in the nanoporous material as well as their porosity and chemical nature. Eventually it made the nanoporous material more attractive to carry out process of regulation and transportation at the molecular level. Basically nanoporous material is used for size sorting; antibiofouling behavior along with it is used in medical devices as mentioned above. In near future it is possible that nanoporous material can be functionalized with smart polymers that can initiate or modulate transportation at bio-molecular level in response to different kind of stimuli such as ion, change in pH or temperature [1]. This can eventually help in development of such medical device that can act in accordance to the changing physiological needs. The body cells naturally have proteins of nano-size that helps in regulating movement of biomolecules across the membranes. In similar way nanoporous material functionalized with smart polymer will differentiate between the biomolecules that has to be transported from the biomolecules that are not to be transported. As nanoporous material have small pore size but contains a larger surface porosity it becomes ideal to be used in activities like ion exchange, catalysis, sensing [2, 3, 4]. Nanoporous material has an important role to play diagnostic field as it is used in combinatorial biochemistry on-a-chip, in analysis of DNA, in activity like cell manipulation and chromatography as well [5, 6]. Moreover it can also be used in boosting devices that are used to store energy as nanoporous material shows a greater conductivity to electrolytes. The present chapter explains about the nanoporous materials, their relevance in present day as well as their future prospects and their classification. The chapter also elaborates about the fabrication methods, nanopores techniques along with the characterization of nanoporous material and their applications [7, 8, 9, 10].
Nanoporous material are generally grouped into two class i.e. bulk material and membranes. Under bulk material activated carbon and zeolites are the examples whereas when membranes are concerned then cell membrane is an example of nanoporous membrane. Nanoporous materials are made using a chemical reagent that is basically inorganic and a structure is provided by using the organic templates. It can be said that nanoporous material is made by polymerization of inorganic monomers that are assiated by the templates of organic molecules. Many nanoporous material are also made by using minerals instead of chemicals reagent as inorganic source. In case of mineral nanoporous material templating is based on the initial structure of the mineral itself [11, 12].
Nanoporous materials can be of different types as discussed above. Below are classification of nanoporous material based on pore size and the network material used.
The pores of nanoporous material vary from 1 nm to 1000 nm. In accordance to IUPAC there are following class of nanoporous material [11, 12, 13].
Comparison between these three pore systems is given in Figure 1. There is no order found between above mentioned pore materials, mostly they are random in nature (Table 1) [14, 15, 16, 17].
Biomedical applications of nanoporous materials.
CONTENT | POLYMERIC | CARBON | GLASS | ALUMINOSILICATE | OXIDASE | METAL |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Meso-macro | Micro-meso | Meso-macro | Micro-meso | Micro-meso | Meso-macro | |
Low 0.6 | High-0.3–0.6 | Low-0.3–0.6 | High0.3–0.6 | Medium 0.3–0.6 | Low 0.1–0.7 | |
Low- medium | Low- medium | High | Low | Low- medium | High | |
Medium | Low | Strong | Weak | Weak- medium | Strong | |
Low | High | Good | Medium- high | Medium- high | High | |
Low –medium | High | High | High | Very high | High | |
Low | High | High | Low medium | Medium | Medium | |
Short | Long | Long | Medium long | Long | Long |
That table contains various properties of nanoporous.
In the field of nanoporous material one of the most important thing is to have network material of desired chemical composition. These network materials can be classed into two categories
Organic material
Inorganic material
One of the most important goals in the field of nanoporous materials is to achieve any possible chemical composition in the network materials “hosting” the pores. It makes sense to divide the materials into two categories:
Organic materials
Inorganic materials.
Organic material:
As organic material act as template for the inorganic material to form the structure so it is the smaller group used nanoporous material. Different kinds of polymers are used under this category [18, 19].
Inorganic Material: Inorganic material are the main group in nanoporous material. Following nanoporous materials are used [20].
Inorganic oxide type materials such as porous silica or porous titania or porpous material of zirconia is used.
Nanoporous carbon materials are also used where active carbons are used. Mesoporous carbon materials are example under these groups.
Sulphide and nitrites are also used under inorganic material. An AlPO4 material also comes under this.
The area of fabrication in materials of nanostructure is ever improving area with involvement of innovative techniques that helpful to different field of research and development [21]. Improvement seen in the field of nanofabrication and the growing interest in the domain of nano-manufacturing can help in the enhancement in methods of ultrafiltration [22]. Ideal properties of a protein sieve or a molecular membrane is that it contains uniformly distributed pores on an ultrathin membrane and that is fabricated in such a way that can be used in scalable and robust manner. It should be cleanable and reusable after sterilization. In this fabrication method, nanoporous membrane are made with ratio of pore size to thickness is around one. The said ratio between pore size to thickness helps in effective mass transportation due to enhanced selectivity and permeability. Fabrication of membrane is done at very lost cost so that it is scalable enough to have manufacturing at large scale. The defects that are seen during fabrication of membrane are pore size variation and absence of pores in membrane. As far as ultrafiltration is concerned absence of pore size is not that important and optimization of variation in pore size can be performed to have better functioning of membrane and optimum efficiency.
Nanopores are nothing but pores having size in nanometer. They can be made either by using proteins that can form pores or by creating pores of nanosize in molecules. When nanopores are coated with iron and are present in a membrane which is electrically insulating act as single molecule identifier. Additionally it also acts as network of biological protein in bilayer of phospholipid. Nanopore technology is used as a detector for detecting the biological and chemical agent in nanoscale at molecular level. By the use of principle of electrophoresis a device based on nanopores pulls the molecules through nanopores into the solution and detect the molecule and ascertain their competence at analytically. Characterization of nucleic acid polymer is done in narrow and confined space in the nanopores. Nanopore sequencing technique has made DNA sequencing inexpensive and fast as characterization of single stranded DNA and RNA without labelling and amplification of it [23]. As nanopores are highly sensitive that lead to many research that helps in analyzing nucleic acid [24, 25].
Proteins are also capable of forming nanopores [26]. This kind of protein are typically have a structure like mushroom and the core of the mushroom shaped structure has hollow in it. Examples of some proteins capable of pores are α hemolysin, Phi 29 connector and MspA porin. The most initial biological nanopore is α hemolysin (α -HL) which is used in the area DNA sequencing. α-HL is produced from bacterium
These kinds of nanopores are made from silicon film, mostly silicon nitride. Various techniques are employed for solid state nanopores manufacturing which involves “fabrication by electron beam” and “Deploying and sculpting with ion beam” [29]. Solid nanopores have diameter ranging from sub nanometers to nanometers in hundreds and the change in diameter is based on the requirement of experimental parameter. SiN used in manufacturing of solid state nanopores shows better chemical and thermal stability as compared to lipid membrane [30]. Nanopores made of graphene expressed chemical properties that are unique and shows btter gains over the biological complements [31]. Solid state nanopores created many paths for research especially in DNA sequencing. Identifications of protein interaction nanofluidic device assembly. Solid state nanopores are suitable substitute for biological nanopores due to the unique chemical properties. Various measurement technique such as electronic and optical measurement are compatible with solid state nanopores. Reecent nanopores fabrication techniques are membrane technology for ion tracking [32, 33]. Production of metallic surfaced oxidative film ionic beam sculpting.
When electrochemistry and electrophysiology of anodic oxidation of metals was observed it resulted in fabrication of nanoporous oxides of metals that are self-ordering. Metals included are anodized form of aluminum oxide, nanotubular titania oxide and silicon [34]. The reasons due to which the anodic alumina oxide stands out are its hardness, high surface area and stability it shows chemically and thermally [35]. Selective metals such as Al, Nb, Ti, are studied for ordering behavior during the process of anodic oxidation. These metals are known as valve element [36]. Factors responsible for enhancement of the process are electrolyte type, its pH as well as concentration, temperature, surface and the voltage and current applied [37, 38].
This technology is used for generation of pore in materials that are insulating in nature. Several polymers are used to produce filtration films. The underlying principle is that when a material comes in the path of straight ion, due to penetration by high energy heavy ion a pore is seen in the material. By the help of appropriate reagent etching is done to enlarge the pores. Pore size can be made of dimension of nanometers to micrometers and cylindrical pores as well [39, 40].
To have a uniform etching surfactant are added during the process of ion track etching [41].
While using surfactants following few things are to be taken into consideration.
When surfactant used gets adsorbed on the surface it tends to change susceptibility to chemical attack.
Size of surfactant molecule is quite small in nanometer range [42].
Ion beam sculpting has been matter of interest for the researchers for the meeting the challenges of nanopores. As it has low rate of shattering of ions, it gives better firmness and patterning of substrate which makes it crucial in meeting nanopore challenges High resolution of focused ion beam offers nanometer based sculpting [43].
Specific kind of transportation effect has been seen in nanocapillaries or nanopores having uneven shape and the reason being the nanosize of the opening. It is seen that there is rectification of ion current in this kind of nanopores whereas pH of electrolyte and the concentration remains the same. For the purpose of observation of rectification current voltage curves are used [44, 45]. Ion current rectification is behavior seen in many nanoporous system. A biological nanopore as well as artificial nanopores shows rectifying behavior [46, 47].
Fabrication of solid state nanopore with small diameter is difficult. It is almost impossible to fabricate the nanopores which are less than 30 nm in terms of shape and size. By use of FIB nanopres can be etched but due to low etch rate limitation on film thicknesss can be seen [48, 49, 50]. Nanopores can be significantly condensed to almost 10 nanometer from 50 to 100 nanometrs by use of ion beam or electron beam having high energy. Solid state nanopores are very effective in detection of single molecule when pore diameter is as equal as molecule diameter [51, 52].
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is a type of spectroscopy that concerned with the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that helps in identifying a compound by investigating the composition of a sample. Specific frequencies of Infra-red (IR) radiation is absorbed by molecule based the functional group present in it [53].
It is a type of vibrational spectroscopy at molecular level which originated as inelastic light scattering process. In this spectroscopy sample molecules scatters a laser photon and there will be gain or loss of energy. Energy lost is indicator of change in energy or wavelength of the laser photon. Energy lost is characteristic to a specific bond in molecule. With Raman spectroscopy an exact spectral fingerprint can be obtained specific to molecule or any molecular structure [54].
UV–Vis spectroscopy is different from earlier two as it is concerned with electronic transition occurring within a molecule. When a continuous striking of radiation is done on a molecule then some portion of the radiation get absorbed and the remaining radiation is passed across a prism it gives spectrum that has gap in between. This spectrum is called as absorption spectrum and due to absorption of energy there is transition of molecule from low energy to higher energy state [55].
These spectroscopies are used for analysis of element and determine the characteristics of chemical aspect of sample. X-ray is a form of energy released when sample is being bombared with high energy beam that leads to ejection of excited electron from inner shelf creating a hole and the hole formed is filled by electron from a high energy outer cell and during this energy. To measure the X-ray in terms of number and energy the instrument used is energy-dispersive spectrometer. X-ray helps in determining composition of element in a specimen [56].
X-ray Diffraction (XRD) is a technique which studies the diffraction produced by X-ray through the lattice and determines the characteristics of lattice. It helps in determine structure of zeolite. The sample preparation for this technique is easy and the pace of the test is quick [57].
Scanning electron microscope (SEM) is an instrument that is different from normal microscope as it makes image by using electrons rather than light. In SEM when scanning of sample is done by the beam of primary electron, the surface electrons get excited and that leads to release or emission secondary electron from the surface that results in formation of image. SEM is capable of producing images having high resolution that enablkes the observer to examine the close features with higher magnification. The images formed from SEM gives details about particle size and surface of sample [58].
In TEM utilizes the electron beam that has transmitted partially across a very thin specimen. This beam helps in getting the image. TEM helps in determining or acquiring information about structure and particle size of the sample under study. TEM is slightly better in magnitude than SEM [59].
This technique is used for determination of characteristics of surface zeolite. It provides information related to the entire surface such as internal, external along with the diameters of mesopores [60].
Applications of nanoporous materials in biomedical field has been explored and discovered and there are many more under exploration still to be discovered. Nnaoporous membranes act as semipermeable membrane or compartment in many implantable devices that keep the drug or the implant and allow the passage of desired molecule. Moreover nanoporous material has application in variety of biomolecular application. It is also used in field of diagnosis and separation of protein [61].
Sorting or separation is essential to purify and isolate the molecules from the stream of biological feed. This application has a huge importance in the industry like pharmaceutical manufacturing, biotechnology and food industry. Currently techniques like gel electrophoresis or size exclusion chromatography are relevant and used in separation science [62, 63]. Examination of biomolecular separation in pores which are more ordered has been done recently. Synthetic nanoporous membrane has been used as support system for the cells of kidney as they filter blood and retain proteins present in serum and filter out the waste materials [64]. The material that flow through the nanoporous material can be regulated externally [65].
Proteins pores that are membrane bound are used by sensory system as a detector of stimuli and facilitate the cells to respond accordingly. Biosensing has its application in fields like pharmaceutical industry, in the sector of medical diagnosis and it is also used for detecting of hazardous biomolecules. In these applications there is combination of physiochemical detection component with biological component for detection of analytes in stream of biological feed. Sensory systems use a variety of membrane-bound protein pores to detect molecules and facilitate cells to respond to stimuli. Such biosensing is also important in many technological areas including pharmaceutical industry, medical diagnosis, and detection of hazardous biomolecules. In a majority of these applications the biosensing device combines a biological component with a physiochemical detection component to detect analytes in biological feed streams [66].
Nanoporous materials are also used probing of biomacromolecules such as DNA, RNA, and proteins one by one for single-molecule analysis. Information of biomacromolecules such as concentration, sequence, size or structure can be accessed by measurement of magnitude, frequency and blockage duration of ion current when the biomolecules are passed through the nanopore which is embedded in insulating membrane [67]. Earlier research in the field of single molecule analysis had utilized lipid membrane that had been incorporated in polymeric films like Teflon having aperture of microsize. The only drawback with micro-sized pores having polymeric support is rupture of lipid membrane after a small period of use and this technique has to be improved to have better durability. But nanoporous membrane shows better result in supporting protein pores in the process of single molecule analysis [68].
Immunoisolation means to protect implanted cells or the drug release systems from any kind of an immune reaction. It is done by encapsulating the implanted cell or drug in a nanoporous semipermeable membrane. This nanoporous material isolate the encapsulated drug or cell from the immune system of body. The pores allows entry of glucose, insulin and oxygen to pass through but it is impearmable to immunoglobulins. Only requirement for nanoporous material to use in immunoisolation is that it should be compatible foul resistant for
Nanoporous gold (NPG) being a good conductor and having suitable pore-size distribution with large surface area, and can enhance the electrochemical response to the enzymatic substrates namely NADH and H2O2 depending on their low coordinated Au atoms. All said advantages make it perfect for construction of dehydrogenase- and oxidase-based biosensors which will show improved sensitivity and anti-interference ability. DNA sensor which is based on an NPG electrode and is prepared by the process of dealloying Ag from Au/Ag alloy and multifunctional encoded AuNP. The active surface area of the NPG electrode is 9.2 times larger as compared to bare flat as characterized by CVs. Fabrication of DNA biosensor was done by immobilizing capture-probe DNA on the NPG electrode and hybridization with target DNA, which further hybridized with the reporter DNA loaded on the AuNP. The AuNP contained two kinds of bio bar-code DNA, one complementary to the target DNA, while the other was not, reducing the cross reaction between the targets and reporter DNA on the same AuNP. Besides DNA detection, NPG is also used in making an amperometric immunosensor [71, 72, 73].
Nanoporous materials can enhance the performance devices used in biomedical field such as immunoisolation devices, devices used for dialysis, targeted drug delivery systems, bioanalytical devices, and biosensors. The main properties that nanoporous membranes should have so that it can be used in biomedical applications are having a pore size of a few tens of nanometers or below it and the pore size distribution should be in order that help us to achieve high biomolecule selectivity; high porosity as well as low thickness in order to enable high analyte flux; mechanical stability; and chemical stability [74]. The central issue of membrane is Pore geometry, biofouling resistance, and biocompatibility so that it can be used like interfaces in implantable devices. Porous material has become a potential drug delivery system for lots of biomedical application. They can be modified internally as well as externally to load the required molecule efficiently. Moreover outer layer can acts as a barrier and help in delaying the release of drug. Porous material has many advantages over the prominently used organic material for the drug delivery. They show better stability, better loading capacity, and provide better protection to the loaded material from degradation. Although porous material has potential to used but the obstacle is how it can be transferred to the clinic successfully [75].
Porous materials are the materials of future as they show many advantages over the prominent materials used in recent times. They provide versatile porosity and the pore size can be tailored according to the need. It also has better drug loading capacity. With all the said advanatges nanopores material can be in demand in future in many fields.
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He is an editor and reviewer for more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and was a recipient of the “Publons Peer Review Award” in 2017, 2018, and 2019. He has been honored by different authorities for his outstanding performance in various fields like research and education, and he has received the World Academy of Science Young Scientist Award (2014) and the University Grants Commission (UGC) Award 2018. He is a fellow of the Bangladesh Academy of Sciences (BAS) and the Royal Society of Biology.",institutionString:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",institution:{name:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",country:{name:"Bangladesh"}}},{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBDeQAO/Profile_Picture_1623411145568",biography:"Kusal K. Das is a Distinguished Chair Professor of Physiology, Shri B. M. Patil Medical College and Director, Centre for Advanced Medical Research (CAMR), BLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapur, Karnataka, India. Dr. Das did his M.S. and Ph.D. in Human Physiology from the University of Calcutta, Kolkata. His area of research is focused on understanding of molecular mechanisms of heavy metal activated low oxygen sensing pathways in vascular pathophysiology. He has invented a new method of estimation of serum vitamin E. His expertise in critical experimental protocols on vascular functions in experimental animals was well documented by his quality of publications. He was a Visiting Professor of Medicine at University of Leeds, United Kingdom (2014-2016) and Tulane University, New Orleans, USA (2017). For his immense contribution in medical research Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India conferred him 'G.P. Chatterjee Memorial Research Prize-2019” and he is also the recipient of 'Dr.Raja Ramanna State Scientist Award 2015” by Government of Karnataka. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Biology (FRSB), London and Honorary Fellow of Karnataka Science and Technology Academy, Department of Science and Technology, Government of Karnataka.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University), India",institution:null},{id:"243660",title:"Dr.",name:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda",middleName:null,surname:"Biradar",slug:"mallanagouda-shivanagouda-biradar",fullName:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda Biradar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243660/images/system/243660.jpeg",biography:"M. S. Biradar is Vice Chancellor and Professor of Medicine of\nBLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India.\nHe obtained his MD with a gold medal in General Medicine and\nhas devoted himself to medical teaching, research, and administrations. He has also immensely contributed to medical research\non vascular medicine, which is reflected by his numerous publications including books and book chapters. Professor Biradar was\nalso Visiting Professor at Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University)",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"289796",title:"Dr.",name:"Swastika",middleName:null,surname:"Das",slug:"swastika-das",fullName:"Swastika Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/289796/images/system/289796.jpeg",biography:"Swastika N. Das is Professor of Chemistry at the V. P. Dr. P. G.\nHalakatti College of Engineering and Technology, BLDE (Deemed\nto be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India. She obtained an\nMSc, MPhil, and PhD in Chemistry from Sambalpur University,\nOdisha, India. Her areas of research interest are medicinal chemistry, chemical kinetics, and free radical chemistry. She is a member\nof the investigators who invented a new modified method of estimation of serum vitamin E. She has authored numerous publications including book\nchapters and is a mentor of doctoral curriculum at her university.",institutionString:"BLDEA’s V.P.Dr.P.G.Halakatti College of Engineering & Technology",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248459/images/system/248459.png",biography:"Akikazu Takada was born in Japan, 1935. After graduation from\nKeio University School of Medicine and finishing his post-graduate studies, he worked at Roswell Park Memorial Institute NY,\nUSA. He then took a professorship at Hamamatsu University\nSchool of Medicine. In thrombosis studies, he found the SK\npotentiator that enhances plasminogen activation by streptokinase. He is very much interested in simultaneous measurements\nof fatty acids, amino acids, and tryptophan degradation products. By using fatty\nacid analyses, he indicated that plasma levels of trans-fatty acids of old men were\nfar higher in the US than Japanese men. . He also showed that eicosapentaenoic acid\n(EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels are higher, and arachidonic acid\nlevels are lower in Japanese than US people. By using simultaneous LC/MS analyses\nof plasma levels of tryptophan metabolites, he recently found that plasma levels of\nserotonin, kynurenine, or 5-HIAA were higher in patients of mono- and bipolar\ndepression, which are significantly different from observations reported before. In\nview of recent reports that plasma tryptophan metabolites are mainly produced by\nmicrobiota. He is now working on the relationships between microbiota and depression or autism.",institutionString:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",institution:{name:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"137240",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"mohammed-khalid",fullName:"Mohammed Khalid",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/137240/images/system/137240.png",biography:"Mohammed Khalid received his B.S. degree in chemistry in 2000 and Ph.D. degree in physical chemistry in 2007 from the University of Khartoum, Sudan. He moved to School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Australia in 2009 and joined Dr. Ron Clarke as a postdoctoral fellow where he worked on the interaction of ATP with the phosphoenzyme of the Na+/K+-ATPase and dual mechanisms of allosteric acceleration of the Na+/K+-ATPase by ATP; then he went back to Department of Chemistry, University of Khartoum as an assistant professor, and in 2014 he was promoted as an associate professor. In 2011, he joined the staff of Department of Chemistry at Taif University, Saudi Arabia, where he is currently an assistant professor. His research interests include the following: P-Type ATPase enzyme kinetics and mechanisms, kinetics and mechanisms of redox reactions, autocatalytic reactions, computational enzyme kinetics, allosteric acceleration of P-type ATPases by ATP, exploring of allosteric sites of ATPases, and interaction of ATP with ATPases located in cell membranes.",institutionString:"Taif University",institution:{name:"Taif University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"63810",title:"Prof.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Morales-Montor",slug:"jorge-morales-montor",fullName:"Jorge Morales-Montor",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63810/images/system/63810.png",biography:"Dr. Jorge Morales-Montor was recognized with the Lola and Igo Flisser PUIS Award for best graduate thesis at the national level in the field of parasitology. He received a fellowship from the Fogarty Foundation to perform postdoctoral research stay at the University of Georgia. He has 153 journal articles to his credit. He has also edited several books and published more than fifty-five book chapters. He is a member of the Mexican Academy of Sciences, Latin American Academy of Sciences, and the National Academy of Medicine. He has received more than thirty-five awards and has supervised numerous bachelor’s, master’s, and Ph.D. students. Dr. Morales-Montor is the past president of the Mexican Society of Parasitology.",institutionString:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"217215",title:"Dr.",name:"Palash",middleName:null,surname:"Mandal",slug:"palash-mandal",fullName:"Palash Mandal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217215/images/system/217215.jpeg",biography:null,institutionString:"Charusat University",institution:null},{id:"49739",title:"Dr.",name:"Leszek",middleName:null,surname:"Szablewski",slug:"leszek-szablewski",fullName:"Leszek Szablewski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49739/images/system/49739.jpg",biography:"Leszek Szablewski is a professor of medical sciences. He received his M.S. in the Faculty of Biology from the University of Warsaw and his PhD degree from the Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences. He habilitated in the Medical University of Warsaw, and he obtained his degree of Professor from the President of Poland. Professor Szablewski is the Head of Chair and Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw. Professor Szablewski has published over 80 peer-reviewed papers in journals such as Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, Biochim. Biophys. Acta Reviews of Cancer, Biol. Chem., J. Biomed. Sci., and Diabetes/Metabol. Res. Rev, Endocrine. He is the author of two books and four book chapters. He has edited four books, written 15 scripts for students, is the ad hoc reviewer of over 30 peer-reviewed journals, and editorial member of peer-reviewed journals. Prof. Szablewski’s research focuses on cell physiology, genetics, and pathophysiology. He works on the damage caused by lack of glucose homeostasis and changes in the expression and/or function of glucose transporters due to various diseases. He has given lectures, seminars, and exercises for students at the Medical University.",institutionString:"Medical University of Warsaw",institution:{name:"Medical University of Warsaw",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"173123",title:"Dr.",name:"Maitham",middleName:null,surname:"Khajah",slug:"maitham-khajah",fullName:"Maitham Khajah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/173123/images/system/173123.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Maitham A. Khajah received his degree in Pharmacy from Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, in 2003 and obtained his PhD degree in December 2009 from the University of Calgary, Canada (Gastrointestinal Science and Immunology). Since January 2010 he has been assistant professor in Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics. His research interest are molecular targets for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and the mechanisms responsible for immune cell chemotaxis. He cosupervised many students for the MSc Molecular Biology Program, College of Graduate Studies, Kuwait University. Ever since joining Kuwait University in 2010, he got various grants as PI and Co-I. He was awarded the Best Young Researcher Award by Kuwait University, Research Sector, for the Year 2013–2014. He was a member in the organizing committee for three conferences organized by Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, as cochair and a member in the scientific committee (the 3rd, 4th, and 5th Kuwait International Pharmacy Conference).",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"195136",title:"Dr.",name:"Aya",middleName:null,surname:"Adel",slug:"aya-adel",fullName:"Aya Adel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195136/images/system/195136.jpg",biography:"Dr. Adel works as an Assistant Lecturer in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. Dr. Adel is especially interested in joint attention and its impairment in autism spectrum disorder",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"94911",title:"Dr.",name:"Boulenouar",middleName:null,surname:"Mesraoua",slug:"boulenouar-mesraoua",fullName:"Boulenouar Mesraoua",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94911/images/system/94911.png",biography:"Dr Boulenouar Mesraoua is the Associate Professor of Clinical Neurology at Weill Cornell Medical College-Qatar and a Consultant Neurologist at Hamad Medical Corporation at the Neuroscience Department; He graduated as a Medical Doctor from the University of Oran, Algeria; he then moved to Belgium, the City of Liege, for a Residency in Internal Medicine and Neurology at Liege University; after getting the Belgian Board of Neurology (with high marks), he went to the National Hospital for Nervous Diseases, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom for a fellowship in Clinical Neurophysiology, under Pr Willison ; Dr Mesraoua had also further training in Epilepsy and Continuous EEG Monitoring for two years (from 2001-2003) in the Neurophysiology department of Zurich University, Switzerland, under late Pr Hans Gregor Wieser ,an internationally known epileptologist expert. \n\nDr B. Mesraoua is the Director of the Neurology Fellowship Program at the Neurology Section and an active member of the newly created Comprehensive Epilepsy Program at Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar; he is also Assistant Director of the Residency Program at the Qatar Medical School. \nDr B. Mesraoua's main interests are Epilepsy, Multiple Sclerosis, and Clinical Neurology; He is the Chairman and the Organizer of the well known Qatar Epilepsy Symposium, he is running yearly for the past 14 years and which is considered a landmark in the Gulf region; He has also started last year , together with other epileptologists from Qatar, the region and elsewhere, a yearly International Epilepsy School Course, which was attended by many neurologists from the Area.\n\nInternationally, Dr Mesraoua is an active and elected member of the Commission on Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR ) , a regional branch of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE), where he represents the Middle East and North Africa(MENA ) and where he holds the position of chief of the Epilepsy Epidemiology Section; Dr Mesraoua is a member of the American Academy of Neurology, the Europeen Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society.\n\nDr Mesraoua's main objectives are to encourage frequent gathering of the epileptologists/neurologists from the MENA region and the rest of the world, promote Epilepsy Teaching in the MENA Region, and encourage multicenter studies involving neurologists and epileptologists in the MENA region, particularly epilepsy epidemiological studies. \n\nDr. Mesraoua is the recipient of two research Grants, as the Lead Principal Investigator (750.000 USD and 250.000 USD) from the Qatar National Research Fund (QNRF) and the Hamad Hospital Internal Research Grant (IRGC), on the following topics : “Continuous EEG Monitoring in the ICU “ and on “Alpha-lactoalbumin , proof of concept in the treatment of epilepsy” .Dr Mesraoua is a reviewer for the journal \"seizures\" (Europeen Epilepsy Journal ) as well as dove journals ; Dr Mesraoua is the author and co-author of many peer reviewed publications and four book chapters in the field of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurology",institutionString:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",institution:{name:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",country:{name:"Qatar"}}},{id:"282429",title:"Prof.",name:"Covanis",middleName:null,surname:"Athanasios",slug:"covanis-athanasios",fullName:"Covanis Athanasios",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/282429/images/system/282429.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"Neurology-Neurophysiology Department of the Children Hospital Agia Sophia",institution:null},{id:"190980",title:"Prof.",name:"Marwa",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoud Saleh",slug:"marwa-mahmoud-saleh",fullName:"Marwa Mahmoud Saleh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190980/images/system/190980.jpg",biography:"Professor Marwa Mahmoud Saleh is a doctor of medicine and currently works in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. She got her doctoral degree in 1991 and her doctoral thesis was accomplished in the University of Iowa, United States. Her publications covered a multitude of topics as videokymography, cochlear implants, stuttering, and dysphagia. She has lectured Egyptian phonology for many years. Her recent research interest is joint attention in autism.",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259190/images/system/259190.png",biography:"Dr. Naqvi is a radioanalytical chemist and is working as an associate professor of analytical chemistry in the Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Advance separation techniques, nuclear analytical techniques and radiopharmaceutical analysis are the main courses that he is teaching to graduate and post-graduate students. In the research area, he is focusing on the development of organic- and biomolecule-based radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis and therapy of infectious and cancerous diseases. Under the supervision of Dr. Naqvi, three students have completed their Ph.D. degrees and 41 students have completed their MS degrees. He has completed three research projects and is currently working on 2 projects entitled “Radiolabeling of fluoroquinolone derivatives for the diagnosis of deep-seated bacterial infections” and “Radiolabeled minigastrin peptides for diagnosis and therapy of NETs”. He has published about 100 research articles in international reputed journals and 7 book chapters. Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology (PINSTECH) Islamabad, Punjab Institute of Nuclear Medicine (PINM), Faisalabad and Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology (INOR) Abbottabad are the main collaborating institutes.",institutionString:"Government College University",institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"58390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyula",middleName:null,surname:"Mozsik",slug:"gyula-mozsik",fullName:"Gyula Mozsik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58390/images/system/58390.png",biography:"Gyula Mózsik MD, Ph.D., ScD (med), is an emeritus professor of Medicine at the First Department of Medicine, Univesity of Pécs, Hungary. He was head of this department from 1993 to 2003. His specializations are medicine, gastroenterology, clinical pharmacology, clinical nutrition, and dietetics. His research fields are biochemical pharmacological examinations in the human gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa, mechanisms of retinoids, drugs, capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves, and innovative pharmacological, pharmaceutical, and nutritional (dietary) research in humans. He has published about 360 peer-reviewed papers, 197 book chapters, 692 abstracts, 19 monographs, and has edited 37 books. He has given about 1120 regular and review lectures. He has organized thirty-eight national and international congresses and symposia. He is the founder of the International Conference on Ulcer Research (ICUR); International Union of Pharmacology, Gastrointestinal Section (IUPHAR-GI); Brain-Gut Society symposiums, and gastrointestinal cytoprotective symposiums. He received the Andre Robert Award from IUPHAR-GI in 2014. Fifteen of his students have been appointed as full professors in Egypt, Cuba, and Hungary.",institutionString:"University of Pécs",institution:{name:"University of Pecs",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"277367",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Daniel",middleName:"Martin",surname:"Márquez López",slug:"daniel-marquez-lopez",fullName:"Daniel Márquez López",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/277367/images/7909_n.jpg",biography:"Msc Daniel Martin Márquez López has a bachelor degree in Industrial Chemical Engineering, a Master of science degree in the same área and he is a PhD candidate for the Instituto Politécnico Nacional. His Works are realted to the Green chemistry field, biolubricants, biodiesel, transesterification reactions for biodiesel production and the manipulation of oils for therapeutic purposes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196544/images/system/196544.jpg",biography:"Angel Catalá studied chemistry at Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where he received a Ph.D. in Chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From 1964 to 1974, he worked as an Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of Medicine at the same university. From 1974 to 1976, he was a fellow of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor of Biochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata. He is a member of the National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and the Argentine Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for many years in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Dr. Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, published more than 100 papers in peer-reviewed journals, several chapters in books, and edited twelve books. He received awards at the 40th International Conference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999 in Dijon, France. He is the winner of the Bimbo Pan-American Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South America, Human Nutrition, Professional Category. In 2006, he won the Bernardo Houssay award in pharmacology, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Dr. Catalá belongs to the editorial board of several journals including Journal of Lipids; International Review of Biophysical Chemistry; Frontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics; World Journal of Experimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International; World Journal of Biological Chemistry, Diabetes, and the Pancreas; International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy; and International Journal of Nutrition. He is the co-editor of The Open Biology Journal and associate editor for Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity.",institutionString:"Universidad Nacional de La Plata",institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",country:{name:"Argentina"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",slug:"francisco-javier-martin-romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",biography:"Francisco Javier Martín-Romero (Javier) is a Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the University of Extremadura, Spain. He is also a group leader at the Biomarkers Institute of Molecular Pathology. Javier received his Ph.D. in 1998 in Biochemistry and Biophysics. At the National Cancer Institute (National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD) he worked as a research associate on the molecular biology of selenium and its role in health and disease. After postdoctoral collaborations with Carlos Gutierrez-Merino (University of Extremadura, Spain) and Dario Alessi (University of Dundee, UK), he established his own laboratory in 2008. The interest of Javier's lab is the study of cell signaling with a special focus on Ca2+ signaling, and how Ca2+ transport modulates the cytoskeleton, migration, differentiation, cell death, etc. He is especially interested in the study of Ca2+ channels, and the role of STIM1 in the initiation of pathological events.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"217323",title:"Prof.",name:"Guang-Jer",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",slug:"guang-jer-wu",fullName:"Guang-Jer Wu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217323/images/8027_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"148546",title:"Dr.",name:"Norma Francenia",middleName:null,surname:"Santos-Sánchez",slug:"norma-francenia-santos-sanchez",fullName:"Norma Francenia Santos-Sánchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148546/images/4640_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272889",title:"Dr.",name:"Narendra",middleName:null,surname:"Maddu",slug:"narendra-maddu",fullName:"Narendra Maddu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272889/images/10758_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"242491",title:"Prof.",name:"Angelica",middleName:null,surname:"Rueda",slug:"angelica-rueda",fullName:"Angelica Rueda",position:"Investigador Cinvestav 3B",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242491/images/6765_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"88631",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Petyaev",slug:"ivan-petyaev",fullName:"Ivan Petyaev",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lycotec (United Kingdom)",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"423869",title:"Ms.",name:"Smita",middleName:null,surname:"Rai",slug:"smita-rai",fullName:"Smita Rai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"424024",title:"Prof.",name:"Swati",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"swati-sharma",fullName:"Swati Sharma",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"439112",title:"MSc.",name:"Touseef",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"touseef-fatima",fullName:"Touseef Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"424836",title:"Dr.",name:"Orsolya",middleName:null,surname:"Borsai",slug:"orsolya-borsai",fullName:"Orsolya Borsai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"422262",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Paola Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Palmeros-Suárez",slug:"paola-andrea-palmeros-suarez",fullName:"Paola Andrea Palmeros-Suárez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Guadalajara",country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"8",type:"subseries",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11404,editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",slug:"adriano-andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",biography:"Dr. Adriano de Oliveira Andrade graduated in Electrical Engineering at the Federal University of Goiás (Brazil) in 1997. He received his MSc and PhD in Biomedical Engineering respectively from the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU, Brazil) in 2000 and from the University of Reading (UK) in 2005. He completed a one-year Post-Doctoral Fellowship awarded by the DFAIT (Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada) at the Institute of Biomedical Engineering of the University of New Brunswick (Canada) in 2010. Currently, he is Professor in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering (UFU). He has authored and co-authored more than 200 peer-reviewed publications in Biomedical Engineering. He has been a researcher of The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq-Brazil) since 2009. He has served as an ad-hoc consultant for CNPq, CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), FINEP (Brazilian Innovation Agency), and other funding bodies on several occasions. He was the Secretary of the Brazilian Society of Biomedical Engineering (SBEB) from 2015 to 2016, President of SBEB (2017-2018) and Vice-President of SBEB (2019-2020). He was the head of the undergraduate program in Biomedical Engineering of the Federal University of Uberlândia (2015 - June/2019) and the head of the Centre for Innovation and Technology Assessment in Health (NIATS/UFU) since 2010. He is the head of the Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering (UFU, July/2019 - to date). He was the secretary of the Parkinson's Disease Association of Uberlândia (2018-2019). Dr. Andrade's primary area of research is focused towards getting information from the neuromuscular system to understand its strategies of organization, adaptation and controlling in the context of motor neuron diseases. 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Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. 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Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. 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