Crystallite size, lattice constant, strain, X-ray density, magnetic hoping length data of Mn1-xBixFe2O4 (where x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2) nanoparticles.
\\n\\n
Dr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\\n\\nSeeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\\n\\nOver these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\\n\\nWe are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\\n\\nThank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\\n\\nNow with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
\\n\\nRead, share and download for free: https://www.intechopen.com/books
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Preparation of Space Experiments edited by international leading expert Dr. Vladimir Pletser, Director of Space Training Operations at Blue Abyss is the 5,000th Open Access book published by IntechOpen and our milestone publication!
\n\n"This book presents some of the current trends in space microgravity research. The eleven chapters introduce various facets of space research in physical sciences, human physiology and technology developed using the microgravity environment not only to improve our fundamental understanding in these domains but also to adapt this new knowledge for application on earth." says the editor. Listen what else Dr. Pletser has to say...
\n\n\n\nDr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\n\nSeeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\n\nOver these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\n\nWe are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\n\nThank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\n\nNow with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
\n\nRead, share and download for free: https://www.intechopen.com/books
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"stanford-university-identifies-top-2-scientists-over-1-000-are-intechopen-authors-and-editors-20210122",title:"Stanford University Identifies Top 2% Scientists, Over 1,000 are IntechOpen Authors and Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-authors-included-in-the-highly-cited-researchers-list-for-2020-20210121",title:"IntechOpen Authors Included in the Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020"},{slug:"intechopen-maintains-position-as-the-world-s-largest-oa-book-publisher-20201218",title:"IntechOpen Maintains Position as the World’s Largest OA Book Publisher"},{slug:"all-intechopen-books-available-on-perlego-20201215",title:"All IntechOpen Books Available on Perlego"},{slug:"oiv-awards-recognizes-intechopen-s-editors-20201127",title:"OIV Awards Recognizes IntechOpen's Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-crossref-s-initiative-for-open-abstracts-i4oa-to-boost-the-discovery-of-research-20201005",title:"IntechOpen joins Crossref's Initiative for Open Abstracts (I4OA) to Boost the Discovery of Research"},{slug:"intechopen-hits-milestone-5-000-open-access-books-published-20200908",title:"IntechOpen hits milestone: 5,000 Open Access books published!"},{slug:"intechopen-books-hosted-on-the-mathworks-book-program-20200819",title:"IntechOpen Books Hosted on the MathWorks Book Program"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"2060",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Liver Transplantation - Technical Issues and Complications",title:"Liver Transplantation",subtitle:"Technical Issues and Complications",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book covers a wide spectrum of topics including, but not limited to, the technical issues in living and deceased donor liver transplant procedures, cell and experimental liver transplantation, and the complications of liver transplantation. 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Skevaki, Elpida Charalampaki, Georgia Pinna, Michail Pararas, Athanassios Tsakris and Dimitrios A. Kafetzis",authors:[{id:"55081",title:"Dr.",name:"Chrysanthi",middleName:null,surname:"Skevaki",fullName:"Chrysanthi Skevaki",slug:"chrysanthi-skevaki"},{id:"137800",title:"Prof.",name:"Elpida",middleName:null,surname:"Charalampaki",fullName:"Elpida Charalampaki",slug:"elpida-charalampaki"},{id:"137801",title:"Dr.",name:"Georgia",middleName:null,surname:"Pinna",fullName:"Georgia Pinna",slug:"georgia-pinna"}]},{id:"22444",title:"Neurological Manifestations in Behcet Disease",slug:"neurological-manifestations-in-behcet-disease",signatures:"E. Ait Ben Haddou, A. Benomar, W. Regragui and M. Yahyaoui",authors:[{id:"48520",title:"Prof.",name:"Ait Ben Haddoou",middleName:null,surname:"Elhachmia",fullName:"Ait Ben Haddoou Elhachmia",slug:"ait-ben-haddoou-elhachmia"},{id:"54350",title:"Prof.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Benomar",fullName:"Ali Benomar",slug:"ali-benomar"},{id:"55179",title:"Prof.",name:"Regragui",middleName:null,surname:"Wafae",fullName:"Regragui Wafae",slug:"regragui-wafae"},{id:"55180",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Yahyaoui",fullName:"Mohammed Yahyaoui",slug:"mohammed-yahyaoui"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"72254",title:"Investigation of Structural, Microstructural, Dielectrical and Magnetic Properties of Bi3+ Doped Manganese Spinel Ferrite Nanoparticles for Photonic Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92430",slug:"investigation-of-structural-microstructural-dielectrical-and-magnetic-properties-of-bi3-doped-mangan",body:'Nowadays, manganese (Mn) ferrite nanoparticles have been used for great potential applications such as absorbing electromagnetic waves, storage media, and water treatment catalysts [1, 2, 3, 4]. Many researchers focused on the fabrication of spinel ferrite nanoparticles due to their exceptional electrical and magnetic properties [5, 6, 7, 8, 9]. To a progressively essential degree, the expanded scaling down and data storage devices of new devices require the utilization of nanosized magnetic attractive particles [10, 11]. Manganese spinel ferrite nanoparticles have gotten expanding consideration for their surprising magnetic properties, such as moderate saturation magnetization (Ms) and low coercivity with a mechanical hardness, high permeability, and good chemical stability [12, 13]. The significance of thick manganese (Mn) spinel ferrites additionally lies in their potential application, for example, transformers, core materials for coils, information and communication devices, and so forth. The MnFe2O4 nanoparticles have a spinel cubic structure having the general formula AB2O4, where the A sites are occupied by the Mn2+ ions and B sites by the Fe3+ ions. In a unit cell of manganese ferrites, there are 8 divalent Mn2+ ions, 16 trivalent Fe3+ ions, and 32 oxygen ions [14].
The spinel MnFe2O4 nanoparticles were prepared by synthesis methods such as sonochemical technique, co-precipitation, sol-gel method, and solution combustion method [15, 16, 17]. In the current work, the solution combustion method is often chosen because it is safe, cheap, and easy and it requires less time and energy for the preparation of nanoparticles. It also produces a high-purity product. In this method, the crystallite size, particle size, purity, surface area, degree of nature, and porosity can be influenced by the fuel (F) type [18]. However, for the preparation of nanoparticles, there is no requirement for complex tools, high-temperature furnaces, and reaction chambers in the synthesis process.
In the present work, the Bi3+-substituted MnFe2O4 spinel nanoparticles were prepared by a solution combustion method using a mixture of fuels such as glucose and urea. The structural, microstructural, dielectrical, and magnetic properties of Bi-doped manganese spinel ferrite nanoparticles were synthesized and investigated through XRD, SEM, EDS, and dielectric and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) for photonic applications.
For the preparation of Mn1-xBixFe2O4 (x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2) nanoparticles, Mn(NO3)2.4H2O (manganese nitrate) (Sigma-Aldrich; molecular weight 251.01 g/mol, purity 99.0%), Bi(NO3)3·5H2O (bismuth nitrate) (Leica, Sigma-Aldrich; purity 98 + %, molecular weight 485.07 g/mol), and Fe(NO3)2.9H2O (ferric nitrate) (Merck; purity 99.0%, molecular weight 404 g/mol) are used as oxidizers (O) and NH2CONH2 (carbamide) (Fisher Scientific; purity 99.0%, molecular weight 60.06 g/mol) and C6H12O6 (glucose) (Glucomin-D; purity 99.4%, molecular weight 180.156 g/mol) as fuels. Further based on the oxidizer’s and fuel’s valences of the compounds, the oxidizer-and-fuel ratio is maintained to unity.
The Mn1-xBixFe2O4 (x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2) spinel nanoparticles were prepared by the solution combustion method using a stoichiometric amount of O and a mixture of F proportions taken as one. Stoichiometric amounts of manganese nitrate (Mn(NO3)2·4H2O), bismuth nitrate (Bi(NO3)3·5H2O), ferric nitrate (Fe(NO3)3·9H2O), carbamide (NH2CONH2), and glucose (C6H12O6) are carried and put in a 500-ml Borosil glass beaker, which is then diluted with a double distilled water. The mixture solution was kept on magnetic stirrer about 60 min to get a homogeneous solution. This homogeneous solution was kept in a pre-warmed suppress heater at 450°C. Within 20 min, the burning process was finished. Then, the obtained powder was grained about 30 min using agate mortar and pestle. The flow chart of the Mn1-xBixFe2O4 (where x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2) solution combustion is shown in Figure 1.
The flow chart of the solution combustion method for Mn1-xBixFe2O4 (where x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2) nanoparticles.
The XRD patterns were gotten by using CuKα radiation having a wavelength (λ) = 1.5406 Å, and the 2θ values run from 10° to 80° under the step size of 0.02°. The crystalline nature and phase structure can be understood from the XRD patterns. The SEM and EDS micrographs were collected by using JEOL (model JSM-840) to obtain the surface morphology and elemental composition of the samples. To study the electrical properties, the samples are made into pellets using a hydraulic press under the 5-ton pressure using an 11-mm die set. The prepared pellets are sintered at 650°C for 3 h. The sintered pellets are silver coated for a good electrical contact. The electrical properties of all samples are tested at room temperature in the frequency up to 20 MHz using the Wayne Kerr 6500B Series Impedance Analyzer. The magnetic properties were measured at room temperature using a physical properties measurement system (PPMS; Quantum Design, Inc.) up to a field of 20 kOe.
Figure 2 depicts the refined XRD patterns of Mn1-xBixFe2O4 (where x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2) as synthesized ferrite samples were plotted using a WinPLOTR program. The Bragg diffraction peaks corresponding to angular positions were indexed as (220) (311) (222) (400) (331) (422) (511) (440). Rietveld refinement was employed using a FullProf program for structural refinements. The parameters obtained from refinement, such as weighted (Rp) and unweighted (Rwp) profile factor ratio (Rwp/Rp), which is less than one, and goodness-of-fit factor (χ2), which is low, are given in Table 1. The refined XRD patterns confirm the single phase with a spinel cubic structure having a space further without any additional impurity peaks. The indexed (hkl) values are well matched with the Joint Committee of Powder Diffraction Standards (JCPDS) card number 74-2400. Figure 3 clearly shows that the lattice parameters increase with the increase of Bi3+ concentration due to the difference in ionic radius of Mn2+ and Bi3+ ions. The ionic radius of Mn2+ (0.83 Å) is less than the ionic radius of Bi3+ (1.03 Å). The average crystallite size was calculated by using the equation below [19]:
Rietveld-refined XRD patterns of Mn1-xBixFe2O4 (where x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2) nanoparticles.
Bi3+ content | Lattice parameters (Å) | Crystallite size D in (nm) | Volume (Å3) | Internal strain Є 10−2 (%) | X-ray density (Δ) g/cm3 | Hoping length (Å) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LA | LB | |||||||
0.0 | 8.3612 | 13.7 | 584.52 | 88 | 5.2406 | 3.6025 | 2.9561 | |
0.05 | 8.3658 | 11.9 | 585.49 | 95 | 5.4068 | 3.6225 | 2.9577 | |
0.10 | 8.3845 | 10.8 | 589.42 | 96 | 5.5443 | 3.6306 | 2.9643 | |
0.15 | 8.3874 | 10.6 | 590.04 | 105 | 5.7117 | 3.6319 | 2.9654 | |
0.20 | 8.3932 | 9.2 | 591.26 | 131 | 5.8731 | 3.6343 | 2.9674 |
Crystallite size, lattice constant, strain, X-ray density, magnetic hoping length data of Mn1-xBixFe2O4 (where x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2) nanoparticles.
Variation of crystallite size (nm) and lattice parameter (a°) with Bi3+ doping concentration of Mn1-xBixFe2O4 (where x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2) nanoparticles.
where k is the Scherrer constant (k = 0.9), λ is the wavelength of Cu-kα radiation, β is the full width half maximum, and θ is the angle of diffraction. The estimated crystallite size decreases with the increase of Bi3+ concentration (Figure 3). Further internal strain, X-ray density, and hopping length were increased with Bi3+ concentration increasing (Figure 4). The lattice parameters, average crystallite size, internal strain, X-ray density, and hopping lengths were tabulated in Table 1.
Variation of internal strain (%) and density (gm/cm3) of (where x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2) nanoparticles with Bi3+ doping concentration.
Figures 5 and 6 show the SEM and EDS of Bi3+-doped MnFe2O4 (where x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2) ferrite samples synthesized, respectively. All SEM micrographs reveal the highly porous nature of the samples [20]. All the samples show the dry foamy powder due to the combustion. The average grain size cannot be observed due to the high porous nature of the sample. The density of samples increases with Bi3+ concentration. The EDS images clearly reveal that Mn, Fe, and O peaks are clearly visible in all samples. The Bi3+ peak is visible in all samples except at 0 mol % Bi3+ sample. The stoichiometry of constituent elements present in the Mn1-xBixFe2O4 with x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2 ferrite nanoparticles estimated from EDS spectrum is shown in Table 2. The estimated stoichiometry as listed in Table 3 is very near to the composition of theoretical values.
SEM micrograph images of Mn1-xBixFe2O4 ferrite nanoparticles with x = 0.0 (MnFe2O4), x = 0.05 (Mn0.95Bi0.05Fe2O4), x = 0.1 (Mn0.9Bi0.1Fe2O4), x = 0.15 (Mn0.85Bi0.15Fe2O4), and x = 0.2 (Mn0.8Bi0.2Fe2O4).
EDS patterns of Mn1-xBixFe2O4 ferrite nanoparticles with x = 0.0 (MnFe2O4), x = 0.05 (Mn0.95Bi0.05Fe2O4), x = 0.1 (Mn0.9Bi0.1Fe2O4), 0.15 (Mn0.85Bi0.15Fe2O4), and x = 0.2 (Mn0.8Bi0.2Fe2O4).
x | Atomic abundance of elements (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mn | Bi | Fe | O | Total | |
0.0 | 17.92 | 0.0 | 32.13 | 49.96 | 100 |
0.05 | 20.45 | 0.96 | 29.07 | 49.52 | 100 |
0.1 | 18.59 | 1.75 | 30.53 | 49.12 | 100 |
0.15 | 19.37 | 3.11 | 29.08 | 48.44 | 100 |
0.2 | 20.02 | 4.30 | 27.83 | 47.85 | 100 |
The stoichiometry of constituent elements present in the Mn1-xBixFe2O4 (where x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2) nanoparticles estimated from EDS spectrum.
Bi3+ concentration (x) | Element | Composition of theoretical values | Composition from EDX analysis |
---|---|---|---|
Mn | 1 | 0.99 | |
0 | Bi | 0 | 0 |
Fe | 1 | 1 | |
Mn | 0.95 | 0.955 | |
0.05 | Bi | 0.05 | 0.045 |
Fe | 1 | 1 | |
Mn | 0.9 | 0.914 | |
0.1 | Bi | 0.1 | 0.086 |
Fe | 1 | 1 | |
Mn | 0.85 | 0.862 | |
0.15 | Bi | 0.15 | 0.138 |
Fe | 1 | 1 | |
Mn | 0.8 | 0.823 | |
0.2 | Bi | 0.2 | 0.177 |
Fe | 1 | 1 |
Summary of EDS analysis of Mn1-xBixFe2O4 (where x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2) nanoparticles.
The real (ε′) and imaginary (ε′′) parts of the dielectric constant as a function of frequency at room temperature for Mn1-xBixFe2O4 (where x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2) nanoparticles are depicted in Figure 7(a) and Figure 7(b), respectively. At low frequency, the real and imaginary parts of dielectric constants show the dispersion for all samples. The dielectric constant values sharply decrease with increasing in frequency, and it is due to Maxwell-Wagner interfacial-type polarization according to Koop’s phenomenological theory [21]. At the lower-frequency region, the interfacial polarization contributes to the dispersion. A systematic variation is observed due to the dispersion of dielectric constant with substitution. At the higher-frequency region, it cannot follow the alternating electric field, so real and imaginary parts of dielectric constants are independent of frequency at that region. In ferrites, the maximum dielectric constant is observed in samples having higher Fe2+ content. At the lower-frequency region, the hopping (exchange of electron) between Fe2+ and Fe3+ at octahedral sites follows the alternating electric field. Many literatures on AB2O4 ferrites indicate that high-temperature sintering leads to the exchange of the Fe3+ ions to Fe2+ ions at octahedral sites to some degree [22]. However, the hopping process, involving between the Fe3+ and Fe2+ ions, is attributed to the dielectric properties of the samples. Thus, the increase of Bi3+ concentration results in the increase of dielectric constant. The grain size also influences the dielectric properties, since, in ferrite samples, the dielectric constant of the poorly conducting grain boundary is less than the dielectric constant of highly conducting grains. Thus, size reduction introduces more grain boundaries and hence increases changes in electron polarization at the grain boundaries. Since the size decreases with bismuth substitution increasing, it also increases the dielectric constant.
(a) The real (ε′) and (b) imaginary (ε′′) parts of the dielectric constant as a function of frequency at room temperature, respectively, for Mn1-xBixFe2O4 (where x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2) nanoparticles.
The dielectric loss tangent as a function of frequency at room temperature for Mn1-xBixFe2O4 (where x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2) nanoparticles is shown in Figure 8. The figure shows the dielectric loss tangent decreases with the increase of the frequency. The dielectric loss tangent is a result of the string in polarization in accordance with the applied external electric field. The materials with high dielectric loss tangent are engaged for manufacturing high-frequency heating devices. The tan δ was calculated using the relation tan δ = ε′/ε″, where ε′ and ε″ are the real and imaginary parts of the dielectric constant, respectively [23].
The dielectric loss tangent as a function of frequency at room temperature for Mn1-xBixFe2O4 (where x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2) nanoparticles.
The tan δ decreases with the increase of the frequency, and then it becomes constant at higher frequencies for all samples. The dielectric loss tangent depends on a number of factors, such as homogeneity, stoichiometry, synthesis method, ferric content, and composition. The frequency increases with the decrease of the dielectric loss tangent; it may be characterized by the Maxwell-Wagner polarization and conduction mechanism in ferrites.
The variation of σac as a function of frequency at room temperature for Mn1-xBixFe2O4 (where x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2) nanoparticles is shown in Figure 9. From the figure, it may well be seen that at first the conductivity stays steady in the low frequencies, bit by bit increments in the middle of the road frequencies, and afterward shows scattering for high frequencies in consistence with the Jonscher power law. The AC conductivity was calculated by using the equation
The AC conductivity as a function of frequency at room temperature for Mn1-xBixFe2O4 (where x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2) nanoparticles.
Figure 10(a) and (b) shows the real and imaginary parts of complex impedance as a function of frequency at room temperature for Mn1-xBixFe2O4 (where x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2) nanoparticles, respectively. These types of frequency dependence complex impedance have been used for the study of the contribution of grains and grain boundaries on the electrical properties of nanoferrites. The obtained results showed the complex impedance versus frequency for the cobalt ferrites. Figure 10(a) indicates that the magnitude of the real part of dielectric constant Z′ decreased with the increase of frequency. The real part of dielectric constant curves tended to merge in the high-frequency region. Such behavior is related to the effect of space charge polarization in the material [25]. Figure 10(b) indicates that the imaginary part of dielectric constant Z′′ reached a maximum value at the low-frequency region and then decreased with further increasing of the frequency, approaching a small value at high-frequency region. Further, it was observed that the height of the peak curve decreased with the concentration increasing, indicating a decrease in the relaxation time. The observed relaxation peak in the magnitude of Z′′ demonstrated the existence of space charge relaxation.
(a) and (b) The real and imaginary parts of complex impedance as a function of frequency at room temperature for Mn1-xBixFe2O4 (where x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2) nanoparticles.
Figure 11 shows the Cole-Cole plots of Mn1-xBixFe2O4 (where x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2) nanoparticles at room temperature. Cole-Cole plot shows the real part complex impedance (Z′) and the imaginary part of complex impedance (Z′′) along x-axis and y-axis, respectively. Figure 11 clearly shows one semicircle was obtained for each of the samples, due to the grain boundary effect. The effects of grain boundary of the material are contributed by the parallel combination of grain boundary resistance and capacitance. However, the radius of curvature of each semicircular arc is reasonably shifted from the magnitude of Z′ when the concentration increased, which is attributed to the presence of a non-Debye type of relaxation phenomenon [26]. Further, the radius of curvature of each semicircular arc is indirectly proportional to the electrical conductance of the material and directly proportional to the electrical resistance. The position of the semicircular arc depends on its relaxation times.
The Cole-Cole plots of Mn1-xBixFe2O4 (where x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2) nanoparticles at room temperature.
Figure 12(a) and (b) shows the real (M′) and imaginary (M′′) parts of electric modulus as a function of frequency at room temperature for Mn1-xBixFe2O4 (where x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2) nanoparticles, respectively. M′ approaches zero in lower-frequency district and shows constant scattering moving in midfrequency area, while it displays a level sort conduct in higher frequency. This sort of conduct is emerged from the unimportant electrode polarization in lower frequencies and short-range and long-range versatility of charge transporters contributing for the conduction wonders in midfrequencies and recurrence-free electrical conduction in higher frequencies, individually [27]. Also, the focus increment M′′ shows the unwinding tops from lower-frequency area to higher-frequency area. The relaxation tops moving plainly demonstrate the spread of relaxation time of the material. The presence of relaxation tops at lower-, center-, and higher-frequency areas is ascribed to the commitment of capacitance to the grain limit, structural, and grain stage attributes, separately, which is very much concurred with the revealed writing.
(a) and (b) The real (M′) and imaginary (M′′) parts of electric modulus as a function of frequency at room temperature for Mn1-xBixFe2O4 (where x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2) nanoparticles.
Figure 13 gives out the variation of complex electric modulus spectrum (Nyquist plot) (M′ vs. M′′) at room temperature for Mn1-xBixFe2O4 (where x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2) nanoparticles, and it shows the single semicircular segment for all samples, which is beginning from the grain limit commitments of the material. The Nyquist plot reveals the presence of a non-Debye type of relaxation phenomenon, which is further validated from the electrical modulus analysis [28]. Also, each crescent bend is almost overlapped with each other and no variety is observed, which calls attention to the nearness of electrical unwinding process in the material.
Nyquist plot of Mn1-xBixFe2O4 (where x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2) nanoparticles at room temperature.
At room temperature, magnetic hysteresis (M-H) curves of Mn1-xBixFe2O4 (where x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2) nanoparticles show very narrow hysteresis loops, which confirms the soft magnetic material nature as depicted in Figure 14. The magnetization measurement was done by using VSM mounted with maximum applied field of 2 T at room temperature.
M-H loops measured at room temperature for Mn1-xBixFe2O4 (MBF) ferrite nanoparticles with x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2 nanoparticles.
The remanent magnetization (Mr) and Ms was estimated by the M-H loop of the y-axis (magnetization axis). The coercivity field (Hc) was estimated by the M-H loop of the x-axis (field axis). The remanence ratio (S) was calculated by using equation S =
Variation of MS and Mr of Mn1-xBixFe2O4 with x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2 ferrite nanoparticles with Bi3+ doping concentration.
Variation of HC and ηB of Mn1-xBixFe2O4 with x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2 ferrite nanoparticles with Bi3+ doping concentration.
Variation of KC and Ku of Mn1-xBixFe2O4 with x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2 ferrite nanoparticles with Bi3+ doping concentration.
Bi3+ concentration (x) | MS (emu/g) | Mr (emu/g) | Hc (Oe) | S = Mr/MS | Ku (erg/cm3) | Kc (erg/cm3) | ηB (μB) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.00 | 33.42 | 2.994 | 14.14 | 0.0896 | 472.55 | 738.37 | 1.4259 |
0.05 | 24.11 | 1.705 | 12.15 | 0.0707 | 297.93 | 457.71 | 1.0123 |
0.10 | 22.98 | 0.947 | 7.52 | 0.0412 | 172.80 | 270.02 | 0.9959 |
0.15 | 21.38 | 0.548 | 7.18 | 0.0256 | 155.84 | 239.86 | 0.9713 |
0.20 | 17.89 | 0.337 | 6.10 | 0.0189 | 110.79 | 170.49 | 0.8373 |
Room temperature magnetic parameters of Mn1-xBixFe2O4 (where x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2), i.e., MS, Mr, reduced S, (Hc), Ku, cubic anisotropy constant (Kc), and ηB.
The Mn1-xBixFe2O4 (where x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2) nanoparticles are synthesized by the solution combustion method using a mixture of fuels as carbamide and glucose. The crystallite sizes were found in nanometer, and the crystallite size decreases with the increase of Bi3+ concentration. The lattice parameter increases with the increase of Bi3+ concentration due to the difference in ionic radius of Mn2+ and Bi3+ ions. The porous nature of the samples was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. The elemental composition was analyzed by EDS composition. The dielectric parameters such as real part and imaginary parts of dielectric constant and dielectric loss tangent decrease with the increase of frequency, and this behavior could be explained by a Maxwell-Wagner interfacial-type polarization. All dielectric parameters increase with the increase of Bi3+ concentration. The AC conductivity increases with the increase of frequency according to the hopping model. The real part of complex impedance decreases with the increase of frequency. The observed relaxation peak in the magnitude of imaginary part of complex impedance Z′′ demonstrated the existence of space charge relaxation. The Cole-Cole plot reveals one semicircle was obtained for each of the samples, due to the grain boundary effect. It is attributed to the presence of a non-Debye type of relaxation phenomenon. The real and imaginary parts of electric modulus vary with frequency. The Nyquist plot reveals the presence of a non-Debye type of relaxation phenomenon, which is further validated from the electrical modulus analysis. The magnetic hysteresis curves of all samples reveal the soft magnetic material nature. The magnetic parameters such as remanent magnetization, saturation magnetization, and coercivity field were decreased with the increase of Bi3+ concentration. Mn1-xBixFe2O4 (where x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2) nanoparticles have great potential for photonic applications.
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