Types of nanoparticles [15].
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5979",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Solid Waste Management in Rural Areas",title:"Solid Waste Management in Rural Areas",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The book points out that rural regions need proper attention at the global level concerning solid waste management sector where bad practices and public health threats could be avoided through traditional and integrated waste management routes. Solid waste management in rural areas is a key issue in developing and transitioning countries due to the lack of proper waste management facilities and services. The book further examines, on the one hand, the main challenges in the development of reliable waste management practices across rural regions and, on the other hand, the concrete solutions and the new opportunities across the world in dealing with municipal and agricultural wastes. The book provides useful information for academics, various professionals, the members of civil society, and national and local authorities.",isbn:"978-953-51-3486-2",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3485-5",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4667-4",doi:"10.5772/66551",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"solid-waste-management-in-rural-areas",numberOfPages:202,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"d64034d3934894e61dc6e29437feb55d",bookSignature:"Florin-Constantin Mihai",publishedDate:"September 6th 2017",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5979.jpg",numberOfDownloads:18177,numberOfWosCitations:30,numberOfCrossrefCitations:35,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:47,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:112,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 15th 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"January 10th 2017",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"April 8th 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 7th 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 5th 2017",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"175726",title:"Dr.",name:"Florin-Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Mihai",slug:"florin-constantin-mihai",fullName:"Florin-Constantin Mihai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175726/images/system/175726.jpg",biography:"Florin-Constantin Mihai holds a PhD degree in Geography (2013)\nwith maximum distinction from the Department of Geography,\n“Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iasi (Romania), and BSc and\nMSc degrees in Environmental Science. He has published papers\nin international peer-reviewed journals, conference proceedings,\nand book chapters on various topics regarding environmental and\nwaste management issues. His research aims to develop new methods and indicators to assess key environmental issues across various geographical\nscales. His research interests include environmental geography, waste management,\npollution, sanitation, sustainability, circular economy, public and environmental\npolicies, spatial analysis, and rural and regional development. He has previously edited the following books: “E-waste in Transition: from Pollution to Resource”, “Solid\nWaste Management in Rural Areas”, and “Environmental Risks”. These are available at\nhttps://www.intechopen.com/.",institutionString:'"Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University of Iasi',position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"Alexandru Ioan Cuza University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"891",title:"Solid Waste",slug:"solid-waste"}],chapters:[{id:"56491",title:"Introductory Chapter: Rural Waste Management Issues at Global Level",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70268",slug:"introductory-chapter-rural-waste-management-issues-at-global-level",totalDownloads:2287,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:12,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Florin-Constantin Mihai and Mohammad J. Taherzadeh",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56491",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56491",authors:[{id:"175726",title:"Dr.",name:"Florin-Constantin",surname:"Mihai",slug:"florin-constantin-mihai",fullName:"Florin-Constantin Mihai"},{id:"215386",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad",surname:"Taherzadeh",slug:"mohammad-taherzadeh",fullName:"Mohammad Taherzadeh"}],corrections:null},{id:"55775",title:"Household’s Willingness to Accept Waste Separation for Improvement of Rural Waste Bank’s Effectivity",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69428",slug:"household-s-willingness-to-accept-waste-separation-for-improvement-of-rural-waste-bank-s-effectivity",totalDownloads:1776,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Waste Bank, a form of public-community participation (PCP) system in managing the households’ solid waste problems, becomes popular in Indonesia. Waste Bank program involves community and provision of incentives to them and requires public acceptance measured through willingness to accept (WTA). Therefore, this study aims to estimate households’ WTA compensation in terms of inorganic waste separation adopting the contingent valuation method. It measures also the effectiveness of waste bank (WB) and community adaptability on WB in Gili Trawangan Island (GTI), Indonesia. The community acceptance is measured using Willingness to Accept (WTA) the obligation to separate waste. Fully structured questionnaires are filled in by 94 respondents through random sampling to evaluate the current WB. The result shows that the score for overall equipment effectiveness (OEE), adaptability and acceptance of waste bank is 12.67%, 1.50, and 37.5% respectively. It indicates that waste bank is relatively difficult to be developed, people and waste institution has low adaptability with current waste bank system and only some people want to participate in waste bank. Based on this result, WTA is measured to determine the optimum price of recyclable waste sold to waste bank to improve the WB’s performance and to increase community acceptance.",signatures:"Christia Meidiana, Harnenti Afni Yakin and Wawargita Permata\nWijayanti",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55775",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55775",authors:[{id:"197631",title:"Dr.",name:"Christia",surname:"Meidiana",slug:"christia-meidiana",fullName:"Christia Meidiana"},{id:"201747",title:"BSc.",name:"Harnenti",surname:"Afni Yakin",slug:"harnenti-afni-yakin",fullName:"Harnenti Afni Yakin"},{id:"201749",title:"MSc.",name:"Wawargita",surname:"Permata Wijayanti",slug:"wawargita-permata-wijayanti",fullName:"Wawargita Permata Wijayanti"}],corrections:null},{id:"56524",title:"The Role of the Informal Sector in a Rurbanised Environment",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70169",slug:"the-role-of-the-informal-sector-in-a-rurbanised-environment",totalDownloads:1984,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Economic activities performed by rural populations linked to informal trading and markets have not received a broad attention in the literature. Thus, the question of the present investigation is the role of the informal sector in a rurbanised environment, and if there are differences in the waste management activities of the informal sector in cities and in an urbanised rural environment. To obtain information about the informal waste pickers in the rural areas, data were collected directly through a questionnaire from the following countries (sorting in alphabetic order): Austria, the Czech Republic, Germany, Jordan, Mexico, Nepal, South Africa and Vietnam. The methodology used for the data collection consisted of a background analysis (with a literature review), complemented with the collection of empirical evidence, field interviews and partially local field analysis. The informal collection of waste is a phenomenon that results in principle from social differences within society and the population. Therefore, it is not surprising that the perception of the activities of informal waste collectors in the scientific literature refers to developing and emerging countries, since social differences are more pronounced. These informal waste management systems in low- and middle-income countries exist usually in parallel with formal waste management systems, a fact that applies for urban as well as rural areas, and might be considered as a result of rurbanisation. The case studies show the development of the informal sector as an important part of the waste management activities, when a country evolves. With increasing economic development, the importance of the informal sector is shrinking step by step in relation with the improvement of the formal activities. Even this development goes faster in urban areas; the conclusion applies also to rural areas.",signatures:"Petra Schneider, Le Hung Anh, Jan Sembera and Rodolfo Silva",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56524",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56524",authors:[{id:"201731",title:"Prof.",name:"Petra",surname:"Schneider",slug:"petra-schneider",fullName:"Petra Schneider"},{id:"209668",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Anh",surname:"Le",slug:"anh-le",fullName:"Anh Le"},{id:"209669",title:"Dr.",name:"Jan",surname:"Šembera",slug:"jan-sembera",fullName:"Jan Šembera"},{id:"209670",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Rodolfo",surname:"Silva-Martínez",slug:"rodolfo-silva-martinez",fullName:"Rodolfo Silva-Martínez"}],corrections:null},{id:"55974",title:"Decentralized Composting of Organic Waste in a European Rural Region: A Case Study in Allariz (Galicia, Spain)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69555",slug:"decentralized-composting-of-organic-waste-in-a-european-rural-region-a-case-study-in-allariz-galicia",totalDownloads:2e3,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The inclusion of sustainability and circular economy principles, as well as the compliance of the European requirements in municipal waste management, involves improving the waste separation, recovery and valorization. The current municipal solid waste management system of Galicia (Northwestern Spain) that includes most of the municipalities involves the treatment of biowaste (mixed in the same container with the nonorganic rest fraction) in a single management facility. This biodegradable fraction, which accounts for 42% of the total amount of household waste, is treated by incineration for energy recovery. The local government of Allariz (Galicia) undertook a project to implement a management model decentralized for biowaste separation and treatment through composting. Municipality structure (type of housing, urban and rural areas, etc.) made it necessary to implement different composting systems: home composters, community composting islands and a dynamic composter. During the first year of start-up of the management model, the level of citizen acceptance was adequate, biowaste was correctly segregated and good quality compost for soil fertilizer was obtained. So, a reduction of around 8% of the mixed waste sent to the centralized treatment facility was observed. The biowaste recovery had also resulted in a recycling improvement of all remainder fractions.",signatures:"Iria Villar Comesaña, David Alves, Salustiano Mato, Xosé Manuel\nRomero and Bernardo Varela",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55974",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55974",authors:[{id:"202091",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Iria",surname:"Villar",slug:"iria-villar",fullName:"Iria Villar"},{id:"209148",title:"Mr.",name:"David",surname:"Alves",slug:"david-alves",fullName:"David Alves"},{id:"209149",title:"Prof.",name:"Salustiano",surname:"Mato",slug:"salustiano-mato",fullName:"Salustiano Mato"},{id:"209157",title:"Mr.",name:"Bernardo",surname:"Varela",slug:"bernardo-varela",fullName:"Bernardo Varela"},{id:"210090",title:"Mr.",name:"Xosé Manuel",surname:"Romero",slug:"xose-manuel-romero",fullName:"Xosé Manuel Romero"}],corrections:null},{id:"56026",title:"Solid Waste in Agricultural Soils: An Approach Based on Environmental Principles, Human Health, and Food Security",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69701",slug:"solid-waste-in-agricultural-soils-an-approach-based-on-environmental-principles-human-health-and-foo",totalDownloads:2243,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In recent decades, projections involving population growth, changes in consumption patterns, modifications of the wastes produced, and a significant increase in resource extraction have caused concern in the scientific world, in treatment companies, and in environmental and governmental agencies throughout the world, regarding the destination of the large volume of solid wastes generated, the relatively high contents of potentially toxic, carcinogenic and mutagenic substances and pathogenic microorganisms. Waste management has become very important to ensure elementary resources such as water, phosphorus, and food in the future. The recycling policy thus requires that wastes be classified in terms of their appropriateness for new uses and also based on their origins and hazardousness of handling. These classifications are essential in order to allow a minimum of rationality in their new destinations. Currently, several studies have been performed to use solid wastes from human activities as soil conditioners and/or fertilizers for increasing crop productivity. Therefore, studies that monitor organic waste effects on agricultural soils deserve the attention of the international scientific community, as it enables increases in the productivity of agricultural crops, fiber, and biomass energy combined to reduce risks to human, plant, and animal health and environment.",signatures:"Cácio Luiz Boechat, Adriana Miranda de Santana Arauco, Rose\nMaria Duda, Antonny Francisco Sampaio de Sena, Manoel Emiliano\nLopes de Souza and Ana Clecia Campos Brito",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56026",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56026",authors:[{id:"201868",title:"D.Sc.",name:"Cácio",surname:"Boechat",slug:"cacio-boechat",fullName:"Cácio Boechat"},{id:"203333",title:"Dr.",name:"Adriana",surname:"Arauco",slug:"adriana-arauco",fullName:"Adriana Arauco"},{id:"203334",title:"Dr.",name:"Rose",surname:"Duda",slug:"rose-duda",fullName:"Rose Duda"},{id:"203335",title:"MSc.",name:"Antonny",surname:"Sena",slug:"antonny-sena",fullName:"Antonny Sena"},{id:"203336",title:"MSc.",name:"Manoel",surname:"Souza",slug:"manoel-souza",fullName:"Manoel Souza"},{id:"207598",title:"MSc.",name:"Ana",surname:"Brito",slug:"ana-brito",fullName:"Ana Brito"}],corrections:null},{id:"55828",title:"Home Composting Using Facultative Reactor",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69429",slug:"home-composting-using-facultative-reactor",totalDownloads:1644,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Concerns with the final destination of organic solid waste (OSW) generated in rural areas originate from the possibility of this waste harming the environment, in addition to producing bad smell and attracting pests, when improperly disposed of in the soil. In this sense, composting might be a suitable way of dealing with this residue. This chapter presents the advantage of treating rural OSW through composting in reactors. Facultative reactors present the advantage of not requiring handling or large areas for the waste processing, and they do not generate bad smell and do not attract pests, which represent common drawbacks of the conventional windrow composting process. The final product of this composting process can be used as fertilizer for crops, resulting in the economy, since commercial fertilizers do not have to be bought. Works carried out by the Analytical and Environmental Chemistry Research Group at the State University of Ponta Grossa—Brazil have reported important results regarding the use of facultative reactors with different OSW mixtures. From the monitoring of physical, chemical, biological and spectroscopic parameters, it was seen that composting in facultative reactors produced stable compost matured in a short period of time.",signatures:"Sandro Xavier de Campos, Rosimara Zittel, Karine Marcondes da\nCunha and Luciléia Granhern Tavares Colares",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55828",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55828",authors:[{id:"202191",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandro",surname:"Campos",slug:"sandro-campos",fullName:"Sandro Campos"},{id:"203293",title:"MSc.",name:"Rosimara",surname:"Zittel",slug:"rosimara-zittel",fullName:"Rosimara Zittel"},{id:"203294",title:"Prof.",name:"Luciléia",surname:"Granhen Tavares Colares",slug:"lucileia-granhen-tavares-colares",fullName:"Luciléia Granhen Tavares Colares"},{id:"203295",title:"Prof.",name:"Karine",surname:"Marcondes Da Cunha",slug:"karine-marcondes-da-cunha",fullName:"Karine Marcondes Da Cunha"}],corrections:null},{id:"56438",title:"Enhanced Anaerobic Digestion of Organic Waste",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70148",slug:"enhanced-anaerobic-digestion-of-organic-waste",totalDownloads:2417,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:10,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Anaerobic digestion (AD) of organic municipal solid waste (OMSW) is considered as a key element in sustainable municipal waste management due to its benefits for energy, environment, and economy. This process reduces emission of greenhouse gases, generates renewable natural gas, and produces fertilizers and soil amendments. Due to its advantages over other treatment methods and waste-to-energy technologies, anaerobic digestion has attracted more attention so that numerous research works in this area are performed. In this chapter, an overview of previous studies on anaerobic digestion using OMSW as the feedstock is presented. First, the principals of anaerobic digestion including chemical and biological pathways and microorganisms responsible for different steps of the process are discussed. Factors influencing the efficiency of the process such as temperature, pH, moisture content, retention time, organic loading rate and C/N ratio are also presented in this chapter. Different methods of pretreatment applied to enhance biogas production from anaerobic digestion of municipal solid waste are also discussed.",signatures:"Abbass Jafari Kang and Qiuyan Yuan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56438",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56438",authors:[{id:"173704",title:"Dr.",name:"Qiuyan",surname:"Yuan",slug:"qiuyan-yuan",fullName:"Qiuyan Yuan"}],corrections:null},{id:"56487",title:"Palm Oil Mill Solid Waste Generation and Uses in Rural Area in Benin Republic: Retrospection and Future Outlook",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70033",slug:"palm-oil-mill-solid-waste-generation-and-uses-in-rural-area-in-benin-republic-retrospection-and-futu",totalDownloads:1692,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Palm oil is one of the major oil crops in the world, producing important vegetable oils in the world oil and fats market. Its production generates solid wastes whose sustainable management is crucial for the oil chain development in oil palm producing countries. Benin Republic is a small oil palm producing country where oil palm plays social, cultural, and economic roles for farmers. This chapter analyzes the linkage between improvement of palm oil process extraction and palm oil mill solid waste (POMSW) management for sustainable palm oil production. Composed mainly of fibers, the two kinds of POMSW are empty fruit bunches (EFBs) and press mesocarp fibers (PMFs), which are rich in units’ fertilizers and are renewable energy. POMSW in Benin Republic is used in agriculture, in cosmetic, or as energy. The upgrade of traditional mills generates POMSW use as a boiler fuel to reducing wood necessity and increasing farm profit. As this use is not sustainable, research must be made to generate electricity with POMSW and its use for crop fertilization, to ensure environment protection, enhance contribution to food security, restore degraded soils, and increase earnings of producers of rural areas.",signatures:"Tatiana W. Koura, Gustave D. Dagbenonbakin, Valentin M.\nKindomihou and Brice A. Sinsin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56487",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56487",authors:[{id:"192100",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentin Missiakô",surname:"Kindomihou",slug:"valentin-missiako-kindomihou",fullName:"Valentin Missiakô Kindomihou"},{id:"204068",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatiana Windékpè",surname:"KOURA",slug:"tatiana-windekpe-koura",fullName:"Tatiana Windékpè KOURA"},{id:"209348",title:"Dr.",name:"Gustave Dieudonné",surname:"DABENONBAKIN",slug:"gustave-dieudonne-dabenonbakin",fullName:"Gustave Dieudonné DABENONBAKIN"},{id:"209358",title:"Prof.",name:"Brice Augustin",surname:"Sinsin",slug:"brice-augustin-sinsin",fullName:"Brice Augustin Sinsin"}],corrections:null},{id:"55866",title:"The Solid Wastes of Coffee Production and of Olive Oil Extraction: Management Perspectives in Rural Areas",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69427",slug:"the-solid-wastes-of-coffee-production-and-of-olive-oil-extraction-management-perspectives-in-rural-a",totalDownloads:2134,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"There are two problematic solid residues from agriculture and agro‐industry, produced in vast amounts in rural areas: those from coffee bean production and processing and those deriving from the extraction process of olive oil. Notwithstanding these residues originating in different geographical areas, they have striking similarities. They both derive from traditional, conventional and organic agriculture; they have a high content in lignins, celluloses and (poly)phenols; they are produced in million tonnes annually; they pose relevant environmental problems for disposal; they contain bioactive compounds; and the approach for their re‐use is often similar, sometimes overlapping. The most promising re‐uses in rural areas are for agriculture, as animal feed and for energy production. There are also minor uses, suitable for the production of added‐value commodities. The re‐use will be dependent on a variety of factors according to the diversity of (a) pedoclimatic areas that include altitude and latitude, soil texture and organic matter content, water regime and availability, (b) level of expertise of the small farmers, (c) social environment that includes training opportunities and availability to create associative forms among producers, (d) access to trade and communication networks and (e) easy access to community‐level processing installations. The perspectives of agronomic management and valorization are compatible with the objectives of a regenerative, sustainable agriculture.",signatures:"Maria Cristina Echeverria, Elisa Pellegrino and Marco Nuti",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55866",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55866",authors:[{id:"201563",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Marco",surname:"Nuti",slug:"marco-nuti",fullName:"Marco Nuti"},{id:"204216",title:"Dr.",name:"María",surname:"Echeverria",slug:"maria-echeverria",fullName:"María Echeverria"},{id:"204217",title:"Dr.",name:"Elisa",surname:"Pellegrino",slug:"elisa-pellegrino",fullName:"Elisa Pellegrino"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5068",title:"E-Waste in Transition",subtitle:"From Pollution to Resource",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"056946672954b31e98e6981e74ae36fc",slug:"e-waste-in-transition-from-pollution-to-resource",bookSignature:"Florin-Constantin Mihai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5068.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"175726",title:"Dr.",name:"Florin-Constantin",surname:"Mihai",slug:"florin-constantin-mihai",fullName:"Florin-Constantin Mihai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6706",title:"Environmental Risks",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea444f5d9f74628b340b2d9514bca236",slug:"environmental-risks",bookSignature:"Florin-Constantin Mihai and Adrian Grozavu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6706.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"175726",title:"Dr.",name:"Florin-Constantin",surname:"Mihai",slug:"florin-constantin-mihai",fullName:"Florin-Constantin Mihai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2781",title:"Waste Management",subtitle:"An Integrated Vision",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"757e7d80a747b79fc5578261f37357a4",slug:"waste-management-an-integrated-vision",bookSignature:"Luis Fernando Marmolejo Rebellon",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2781.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"136115",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis Fernando",surname:"Marmolejo Rebellon",slug:"luis-fernando-marmolejo-rebellon",fullName:"Luis Fernando Marmolejo Rebellon"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8580",title:"Municipal Solid Waste Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e3554c02569fe3ac8afa79cb02daae97",slug:"municipal-solid-waste-management",bookSignature:"Hosam El-Din Mostafa Saleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8580.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. 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He has eight patents and sixteen copyrights registered. In 2015, he was the Expert Staff of the Desk for National Information Resilience and Security, and then in 2016, he was the Division Head of Information Resilience of the National Cyberspace Desk. He is also a Senior Electrical Engineer Officer of the Indonesian Air Force.",coeditorOneBiosketch:"Dr. Rosiani is a researcher in Computer vision and artificial intelligence, head of the computer vision laboratory, and member of the IEEE. 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He received Sarjana Teknik (S.T.) or Bachelor in Engineering degree in Electronics Engineering focused on Artificial Neural Networks with Cum Laude, Magister Teknik (M.T.) or Master in Engineering degree in Computer Engineering focused on Multi-Agent System with Cum Laude, and Doctor (Dr.) in Electrical Engineering and Informatics also focused on Cognitive Artificial Intelligence with Cum Laude from Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB), Bandung, Indonesia in April 1996, March 2008, and July 2010 respectively. 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He joined with Indonesian Defense University (IDU) in 2013 as a Principal Lecturer in the Asymmetric Warfare Study Program of the Faculty of Defense Strategy and became Assistant Professor on Asymmetric Warfare in 2014. He was then promoted to become Policy Analyst for Economics Contingency Plan, the Deputy of Politics and Strategy, National Resilience Council (NRC). In 2015, he was part of the Expert Staff of the Desk for National Information Resilience and Security, and then in 2016, he was part of the Division Head of Information Resilience of the National Cyberspace Desk. The two Desks were under the Coordinating Ministry for Political, Legal, and Security Affairs. One task of the Desk was to prepare the formation of the National Cyber and Crypto Agency (BSSN).\n\nColonel Dr. Arwin Sumari\\'s research interests are Cognitive Artificial Intelligence, multiagent-based systems, cyberspace operations, social media operations, and military decision-making systems. 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She holds a bachelor’s degree in Electronics Engineering focused on Computer Network (2001) and holds a master’s degree in Informatics and Electrical System focused on Searching Method (2010) from Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia. She holds a doctoral\\'s degree in Intelligent Electrical and Informatics Technology focused on Micro-Expression Recognition (2021) from Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Surabaya, Indonesia. Her research and development are centered on Computer Vision, AI, Decision Support Systems, and IoT. 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Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"872",title:"Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention",subtitle:"Environmental and Analytical Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f01dc7077e1d23f3d8f5454985cafa0a",slug:"organic-pollutants-ten-years-after-the-stockholm-convention-environmental-and-analytical-update",bookSignature:"Tomasz Puzyn and Aleksandra Mostrag-Szlichtyng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/872.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"84887",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomasz",surname:"Puzyn",slug:"tomasz-puzyn",fullName:"Tomasz Puzyn"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"16078",title:"Fractional Operators Approach and Fractional Boundary Conditions",doi:"10.5772/16300",slug:"fractional-operators-approach-and-fractional-boundary-conditions",body:'Tools of fractional calculus including fractional operators and transforms have been utilized in physics by many authors (Hilfer, 2000). Fractional operators defined as fractionalizations of some commonly used operators allow describing of intermediate states. For example, fractional derivatives and integrals (Oldham & Spanier, 1974; Samko et al., 1993) are generalizations of derivative and integral. Fractional curl operator defined in (Engheta, 1998) is a fractionalized analogue of conventional curl operator used in many equations of mathematical physics. A fractionalized operator generalizes the original operator. The idea to use fractional operators in electromagnetic problems was formulated by N. Engheta (Engheta, 2000) and named “fractional paradigm in electromagnetic theory”.
Our purpose is to find possible applications of the use of fractional operators in the problems of electromagnetic wave diffraction. In this paper two-dimensional problems of diffraction by infinitely thin surfaces are considered: a strip, a half-plane and a strip resonator (Fig.1). Assume that an incident field is an E-polarized plane wave, described by the function
Geometry of the diffraction problems: a) strip, b) half-plane, c) two parallel strips.
where
a strip located in the plane
a half-plane (
two parallel strips infinite along the axis z (a strip resonator). The first strip is located at
One may ask what new features are that the fractional operators can bring to the theory of diffraction. The concept of intermediate states, obtained with the aid of fractional
derivatives and integrals, yields to various generalizations of commonly used models in electrodynamics such as:
Intermediate waves. For instance, intermediate waves between plane and cylindrical waves (Engheta, 1996, 1999) can be obtained using fractional integral of scalar Green’s function:
where
This function consists of two waves: a cylindrical wave and a non-uniform plane wave propagating in the
Fractional Green’s function
Fractional Green’s theorem which involves fractional derivatives of ordinary Green’s function and fractional derivatives of the considered function on a boundary of a domain (Veliev & Engheta, 2003). The corresponding equations will be presented later in this paper.
Fractional boundary conditions (FBC) defined via fractional derivatives of the tangential electric field components
The order of the fractional derivative
We will use the symbol
where
This paper is devoted to the problems of diffraction by a strip, a strip resonator and a half-plane characterized with fractional boundary conditions with
where
In case of a strip resonator we have two equations to impose fractional boundary conditions:
From the one hand, introduction of new boundary conditions should describe a new physical boundary world, and from the other hand they must allow to build an effective computational algorithm to solve the stated problems with a desired accuracy. Simple mathematical description of the scattering properties of surfaces is a common problem in modeling in diffraction theory.
One of the well-studied boundaries, which can be treated as an intermediate state between PEC and PMC, is an impedance boundary defined by the equation
where
There are many papers devoted to diffraction by impedance boundaries. Impedance boundary conditions (IBC) have been used for the modeling of the scattering properties of good conductors, gratings, etc. In each case there are formulas to define the value of the impedance as a function of material parameters. IBC are approximate BC and therefore they have limitations in usage and cannot describe all diversity of boundaries.
Further approximation of IBC can be made with the aid of derivatives of higher but integer orders or generalized boundary conditions (Hope & Rahmat-Samii, 1995; Senior & Volakis, 1995). A general methodology to obtain exact IBC of higher order in spectral domain is presented in (Hope & Rahmat-Samii, 1995), where flat covers (and also surfaces with curvature) consisting of homogeneous materials with an arbitrary (linear, bi-anisotropic) constitutive equations. It is possible to obtain exact IBC in the spectral domain that can be often done in an analytical form very often. However, it is not always possible to get IBC in the spatial domain in an exact form. That is why it is necessary to approximate IBC in the spectral domain in order to apply inverse Fourier transform.
Another boundary condition that generalizes the perfect boundaries like PEC and PMC was introduced in (Lindell & Sihvola, 2005a). The corresponding surface was named perfect electromagnetic conductor (PEMC) and the mentioned condition is defined as
For
where
Fractional boundary conditions (FBC) can be compared with impedance boundary conditions (IBC). First of all FBC are intermediate between PEC and PMC as well as IBC. The value of fractional order
Physical analysis of the strip with FBC shows that the induced surface currents behave similarly to the currents on an impedance strip. Due to specific properties the strip with FBC is compared with the well-known impedance strip. It can be shown that for a wide range of input parameters the “fractional strip” behaves similarly to the impedance strip if the fractional order is chosen appropriately (Veliev et al., 2008b). The proposed method used for a “fractional strip” has some advantages over the known methods applied to the analysis of the wave scattering by an impedance strip.
The purpose of this work is to build an effective analytic-numerical method to solve two-dimensional diffraction problems for the boundaries described by fractional boundary conditions with α ∈ [0,1]. The method will be applied to two canonical scattering objects: a strip and a half plane. The method is based on presenting the scattered field via fractional Green’s function,
where
where
In the case of a strip resonator, we obtain more complicated set of integral equations which will be presented later in this paper.
The method generalizes the known method used for the PEC and PMC strip and half plane. As will be shown later, this method allows obtaining a solution for the value
Assume that an E-polarized plane wave is characterized with the function
where
The total field
The scattered field
The total field
The total field
The method is based on representation of the scattered field with the aid of the fractional derivative of the Green’s function:
In (6), the function
For the limit cases of the fractional order with
More general representations (6) can be derived from the fractional Green’s theorem (Veliev & Engheta, 2003) which generalizes the ordinary Green’s theorem.
Consider a function
Besides, define
Here,
where
We use the uniform symbol
Equation (9) is a generalization of well-known Green’s theorem for the case of fractional derivatives.
Consider some important particular cases, which can be obtained from (9).
In the case of excitation in a free space so that the volume
Originally function
Assuming
From this representation we see that the fractional derivative of function
If
This expression means that the function
Substituting the expression (6) for
It is convenient to use the Fourier transform of the fractional potential density
where a new function
Then the scattered field is expressed via the Fourier transform
where the upper (lower) sign is chosen for
It can be shown that the equation (14) can be reduced to dual integral equations (DIE)
For the limit cases of the fractional order
DIE (17) can be solved analytically for one special case of
In the case of arbitrary
In order to discretize this equation, we present the unknown function
where
The Fourier transform
where
It must be noted that the edge conditions are chosen in the following form
For special cases of
These are well-known Meixner edge conditions in diffraction problems (Honl et al., 1961).
Substituting (22) into (17) and taking into account the properties of discontinuous integrals of Weber-Shafheitlin (Bateman & Erdelyi, 1953) and the following formula (Prudnikov et al., 1986)
one can show that the homogenous equation in the set (17) is satisfied identically.
The first equation of (17) written in the form (20) can be reduced to an infinite system of linear algebraic equations (SLAE) with respect to the unknown coefficients
where the matrix coefficients are expressed as
It can be shown that the SLAE (26) can be reduced to SLAE of the Fredholm type of the second kind (Veliev et al., 2008a). Then the coefficients
In order to solve the diffraction problem on a plane screen with fractional boundary conditions and obtain a convenient SLAE we applied several techniques. First of all, the fractional Green’s theorem presented above allowed searching the unknown scattered field as a potential with the fractional Green’s function. The order of the fractional Green’s function is defined from the fractional order of the boundary conditions. In general, the fractional derivative of Green’s function may have a complicated form, but we used the Fourier transform where application of the fractional derivative maps to a simple multiplication by
We consider such electrodynamic characteristics of the scattered field as the radiation pattern (RP), monostatic radar cross-section (MRCS) and surface current densities depending on the coefficients
where the upper sign is chosen for
where
The function
In physical optics (PO) approximation (
in IE (20) we get the following expressions for
In the special case of
Bi-static radar cross section (BRCS) is expressed from RP
We have the following representations in PO approximation
It must be noted that the density function
For the limit cases of
In order to obtain physical surface currents from
The detailed analysis of the scattering properties of the strip with fractional boundary conditions one can find in papers (Veliev et al., 2008a; Veliev et al., 2008b).
In the case of the
The case of
After substituting (18) into fractional boundary conditions (19) we get the equation
This equation can be solved by repeating all steps of the
Another problem studied in this paper is the diffraction by a half-plane with fractional boundary conditions. The method introduced to solve the dual integral equation (DIE) for a finite object (a strip) will be modified to solve DIE for semi-infinite scatterers such as half-plane. There are many papers devoted to the classical problem of diffraction by a half-plane. The method to solve the scattering problem for a perfectly conducting half-plane is presented in (Honl et al., 1961). Usually, it is solved using Wiener-Hopf method. The first application of the method to a PEC half-plane can be referred to the papers of Copson (Copson, 1946) and independently to papers of Carlson and Heins (Carlson & Heins, 1947). In 1952 Senior first applied Wiener-Hopf method to the diffraction by an impedance half-plane (Senior, 1952) and later oblique incidence was considered (Senior, 1959). Diffraction by a resistive and conductive half-plane and also by various types of junctions is analyzed in details in (Senior & Volakis, 1995). We propose a new approach for the rigorous analysis of the considered problem which generalizes the results of (Veliev, 1999) obtained for the PEC boundaries and includes them as special cases.
Let an
and Meixner’s edge conditions must be satisfied for
Following the idea used for the analysis of diffraction by a strip we represent the scattered field using the fractional Green’s function
where
After substituting the representation (31) into fractional boundary conditions (30) we get the equation
The Fourier transform of
where
Then the scattered field will be expressed via the Fourier transform
Using the Fourier transform the equation (32) is reduced to the DIE with respect to
The kernels in integrals (34) are similar to the ones in DIE (17) obtained for a strip if the constant
For the limit cases of the fractional order
DIE allows an analytical solution in the special case of
The scattered field can be found in the following form:
In the general case of
Laguerre polynomials are orthogonal polynomials on the interval
For the special cases of
After substituting (35) into the first equation of (34) we get an integral equation (IE)
where
Using the representation for Fourier transform of Laguerre polynomials (Prudnikov et al., 1986) we can evaluate the integral over
After some transformations IE (37) is reduced to
Then we integrate both sides of equation (38) with appropriate weight functions, as
with matrix coefficients
It can be shown that the coefficients
The proposed method to solve diffraction problems on surfaces described by fractional boundary conditions can be applied to more complicated structures. The interest to such structures is related to the resonance properties of scattering if the distance between the strips varies. Two strips of the width
and Meixner’s edge conditions must be satisfied on the edges of both strips (
The scattered field
where
Here,
Using Fourier transforms, defined as
the scattered field is expressed as
Fractional boundary conditions (30) correspond to two equations
After substituting expressions (41) and (42) into the equations (43) and (44) we obtain
Multiplying both equations with
Similarly to the method described for the diffraction by one strip, the set (47) can be reduced to a SLAE by presenting the unknown functions
For the Fourier transforms
where the matrix coefficients are defined as
Consider the case of the physical optics approximation, where
Finally, we obtain the solution as
Having expressions for
where
The problems of diffraction by flat screens characterized by the fractional boundary conditions have been considered. Fractional boundary conditions involve fractional derivative of tangential field components. The order of fractional derivative is chosen between 0 and 1. Fractional boundary conditions can be treated as intermediate case between well known boundary conditions for the perfect electric conductor (PEC) and perfect magnetic conductor (PMC). A method to solve two-dimensional problems of scattering of the E-polarized plane wave by a strip and a half-plane with fractional boundary conditions has been proposed. The considered problems have been reduced to dual integral equations discretized using orthogonal polynomials. The method allowed obtaining the physical characteristics with a desired accuracy. One important feature of the considered integral equations has been noted: these equations can be solved analytically for one special value of the fractional order equal to 0.5 for any value of frequency. In that case the solution to diffraction problem has an analytical form. The developed method has been also applied to the analysis of a more complicated structure: two parallel strips. Introducing of fractional derivative in boundary conditions and the developed method of solving such diffraction problems can be a promising technique in modeling of scattering properties of complicated surfaces when the order of fractional derivative is defined from physical parameters of a surface.
Nanotechnology, the fourth wave of the industrial revolution, is one of the new technologies that is developing rapidly [1]. In the last decade, nanotechnology has been considered as an important tool to increase agricultural production. Nanotechnology has the potential to transform the agricultural industry through the development of new formulations for pesticides and fertilizers, the identification and diagnosis of plant diseases, water supply for agriculture, and soil management [2]. The agricultural industry is considered as one of the important economic pillars of developed countries. As the world’s population grows, the need for food and agricultural products is increasing. Factors such as climate change, limited soil and water resources, increased environmental pollution, and plant diseases create problems in agriculture and the production of sufficient and healthy food [3]. In general, nanotechnology can make a significant contribution to the growing prosperity of the industry by optimizing the consumption of agricultural inputs such as water, fertilizers, and pesticides and reducing effluents and pollution [4]. Nanotechnology can improve the overall use efficiency of agricultural inputs such as water, light, and chemicals. Health and functions of both soil and plant improve through microbiome enhancement and decreasing losses by managing crop disease better, which leads to less collateral damage to the environment. Therefore, nanotechnology has a promising potential to develop sustainable agriculture [5].
The environmental factors that restrict plant growth, vitality, and fertility are known as abiotic stresses. Plants are naturally exposed to a variety of abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, heavy metals, chilling, and heat [6]. Plants as sessile organisms have numerous mechanisms to cope with changes in their growth conditions to show the necessary flexibility in responding to environmental stresses, without affecting cellular, physiological and developmental processes [7]. One of the main concerns in sustainable agriculture is increasing tolerance to abiotic stresses. Based on this, researchers have been able to take a big step in global sustainable agriculture by reducing the harmful effects of abiotic stresses [8]. When plants are exposed to abiotic stresses, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulate at the toxicity level in the cell. Overproduction of ROS causes the degradation of membrane lipids and proteins, cell toxicity, and reduction of plant growth. The antioxidant defense system scavenges ROS to alleviate oxidative stress [9]. In the last years, the use of nanoparticles in technology has been considered due to their properties such as small size, high surface area, higher solubility, and reactivity compared to bulk materials [10]. Metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) including Zn, Fe, Ti, Ag, Mn, Cu, and Mo NPs have earned significant attention due to their environmentally friendly implementations in the agricultural sector [11]. They have recently been used for seed germination, plant growth, and stress tolerance of a number of plants [12, 13]. The goal of this review was to better understand the stress resistance mechanisms and MNP-mediated plant tolerance increase via antioxidant activity regulation.
Nanoparticles (NPs) have dimensions between 1 and 100 nm. They have unique physical and chemical properties such as high surface vitality, large surface-to-volume ratio, and high reactivity [14]. NPs are generally classified into different groups: metal-based NPs, metalloid NPs, metal magnetic NPs, metal oxide NPs, dendrimers, and carbon-based NPs (Table 1). In the last decade, metal and metal oxide-based NPs are comprehensively studied in agriculture fields for the improvement of crop productivity and increasing the plant flexibility and tolerance under abiotic stress conditions [16]. Metal-based NPs and their oxides including nanomaterials of gold, silver, copper, aluminum, iron, titanium dioxide (TiO2), cerium oxide (CeO2), iron oxide (FeO), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), and zinc oxide (ZnO) are gaining so much attention of scientists to modulate abiotic stress [12, 13, 17].
Types of Nanoparticles | Example |
---|---|
Metal-based NPs | Gold, copper, aluminum, iron, silver, platinum, palladium |
Metalloid NPs | Selenium, silicon, boron, arsenic, tellurium |
Metal magnetic NPs | Cobalt, manganese, nickel, iron |
Metal oxide NPs | Titanium dioxide, cerium oxide, iron oxide, aluminum oxide, zinc oxide, copper oxide |
Dendrimers | Hybrid, tecto, micellar, chiral, liquid crystalline, triazine |
Carbon-based NPs | Carbon nanotubes, carbon nanohorn, nanodiamond, fullerene, graphite, graphene, graphene oxide, carbon dot |
Types of nanoparticles [15].
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated in various plant cell compartments such as plasma membranes, endoplasmic reticulum, peroxisomes, chloroplasts, mitochondria, and cell wall in natural and stress conditions [18]. ROS such as singlet oxygen (1O2), superoxide (O2−), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals (OH.) are accumulated in all the abiotic stresses that result in oxidative stress. Increased ROS act as a signal, and ROS scavengers are one of the defense mechanisms in plants [8]. As the level of ROS is elevated in plants in response to abiotic stress exposure, an antioxidant defense system that is capable of scavenging ROS is activated [19]. Antioxidant defense system of plants includes a number of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), glutathione reductase (GR), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and non-enzyme antioxidant compounds such as proline, glycine betaein, anthocyanins, flavonoids, carotenoids, glutathione, and ascorbate [20, 21, 22]. As shown in Figure 1, MNPs enter the plant cell through penetration or transportation via specific channels in the plasma membrane. Then, as stress signaling molecules, by inducing the expression of regulatory factors in the activation of the defense system, they result in stress tolerance.
Antioxidative mechanism of action of MNPs in plants under abiotic stress (NPs: Nanoparticles; MDHAR: Monodehydroascorbate reductase; SOD: Superoxide dismutase; APOX: Ascorbate peroxidase; DHAR: Dehydroascorbate reductase; GR: Glutathione reductase; ROS: Reactive oxygen species) [
In addition, MNPs can activate the plant defense system under stress by maintaining ROS levels to induce the ROS signaling network. MNPs treatment alters biological pathways involved in defense mechanisms by upregulation of genes that encode proteins that play a key role in ROS balance such as peroxidases (POX), NADPH oxidase, glutathione S-transferase (GST), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) [23]. MNPs upregulate the genes responsible for the activation of antioxidant enzymes. For instance, Laware and Raskar experiments on onion seedlings showed that TiO2 NPs enhanced SOD enzyme’s activity in NP-supplemented plants [24]. Also, results from transcriptomic studies showed that the expression of Cu/Zn SOD, Fe/Mn SOD, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase in plants that were treated with ZnO NPs under drought was notably enhanced [25]. Concrete evidence provided by Thakur et al. showed that an increase in GPX and SOD activities in wheat plants treated with ZnO NPs under heat stress improved heat tolerance by further reducing H2O2 levels and establishing membrane stability [26]. Studies have also reported that MNPs participate in the induction of Ca2+-binding protein expression, resulted in stress tolerance by launching a cascade of intracellular signaling and upregulation of associated genes [27].
Metabolites are essential molecules for growth, adaptation to stress, and defense of a living organism. Metabolic pathways leading to the synthesis of molecules including carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, fatty acids, and nucleotides are considered as the primary metabolism, and the compounds produced in these pathways, which are necessary for plant survival, are called primary metabolites [28]. Primary metabolites are involved in various life functions in plants, such as cell division, growth and development, photosynthesis, respiration, and reproduction [29]. Plants produce a diverse group of organic compounds called secondary metabolites that do not have a role in processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, metabolism, protein synthesis, and nutrient accumulation directly [30]. A significant number of secondary metabolites, such as terpenoids, steroids, phenolics, flavonoids, and alkaloids, by the removal of ROS in cellular stress and defense response, function as an adaptation mechanism to stress conditions [31]. Evidence has shown that secondary metabolites are involved in the non-enzymatic defense of plants against stress [32]. The MNPs are commonly found in agrochemicals such as pesticides, fungicides, herbicides, and fertilizers [33]. A few studies have demonstrated that treatment of plants with MNPs resulted in increased production of secondary metabolites, which might act as antioxidants to scavenge the ROS [34, 35]. Several studies have shown that MNPs have the potential to induce plant secondary metabolites’ production (Table 2).
MNPs | Species | Concentration | Secondary metabolite | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|
CuNPs | 10 and 20 mg L−1 | Acetyl glucosamine, Phenyl lactate, 4-aminobutyrate | [36] | |
AgNPs | 900 mg L−1 | Artemisinin | [37] | |
0.2–25 μg mL−1 | Anthocyanin and Flavonoid | [38] | ||
0–10 mg L−1 | Taxol and Baccatin II | [39] | ||
CeNPs | 0–500 mg kg−1 | lycopene | [40] | |
ZnNPs | 100 and 150 mg L−1 | Thymol and Carvacrol | [41] | |
TiNPs | 0–1000 mg L−1 | Monoterpenes and Camphene | [42] | |
FeNPs | 0–150 mg L−1 | Hypericin and Hyperforin | [43] |
MNPs as an elicitor for secondary metabolites.
Abiotic stresses including drought, salinity, heat, chilling, heavy metal toxicities, etc. are major obstacles to plant growth and productivity [7]. Plants adapt to and alleviate abiotic stresses by alterations in morphological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular levels. Researchers have shown that MNPs help plants to overcome abiotic stresses by their concentration-dependent impact on plant growth and development [15]. MNPs can be supplied to plants in form of seed coating, soil, or foliar application according to their mode of action. Extensive researches have elucidated the positive effects of some MNPs on some plant species under different abiotic stress conditions (Table 3). For instance, MNPs were effective in ameliorating the detrimental effects of abiotic stresses by increasing flavonoid, anthocyanin, phenolic, and photosynthetic pigment contents, upregulating the antioxidant enzymes, reducing the stress markers (MDA and H2O2), water balance, ion accumulation, improvement of the nutrient absorption, and the Na+/K+ ratio [17, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60].
MNPs | Characters and Size (nm) | Species | Abiotic stress | Mode of application | Morphophysiological responses | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Silver NPs | Hexagonal and spherical (17–34) | Drought | Foliar spray | Upregulating the antioxidant enzymes | [17] | |
Spherical (27–33) | Triticum aestivum | Salinity | Foliar spray | Upregulating the antioxidant enzymes, proline metabolism, and ion accumulation | [44] | |
Cubic to rectangular (8–28) | Heat | Soil application | Balanced relative water content, and improved chlorophyll content | [45] | ||
Spherical (~10 nm) | Chilling | Seed treatment | Increased seedling height, fresh and dry weight, and net photosynthesis | [46] | ||
Mono nanopowder (15) | Flooding | Silica sand | Improve the growth by accumulation of calnexin/calreticulin and glycoproteins | [47] | ||
Zinc NPs | NR | Drought | Foliar application | Reduction in ROS accumulation and lipid peroxidation, improve antioxidant defense system, nutrient absorption, and osmolytes accumulation | [48] | |
Spherical and hexagonal (~20 nm) | Salinity | Seed treatment | Seedling development through the biosynthesis of pigments, osmotic protection, reduction of ROS accumulation, adjustment of antioxidant enzymes, and improvement of the nutrient absorption | [49] | ||
Spherical (80) | wheat cultivars | Heat | Foliar spray | Increasing antioxidant enzymes activities | [50] | |
Spherical (30) | Chilling | Foliar application | Upregulation of the chilling-induced gene expression of the antioxidant system and chilling response transcription factors | [51] | ||
Hexagonal, square and spherical (2–64) | Heavy metals | Hydroponic application | Reduced MDA content and the elevated level of antioxidant enzyme activities | [52] | ||
Copper NPs | Crystalline powder (30–40) | Drought | Seed treatment | Water balance, photosynthesis pigment, ROS-scavenging enzyme activities and anthocyanin biosynthesis | [53] | |
Spherical (20–50) | Salinity | Foliar application | Improving the Na+/K+ ratio and stimulates the plant’s antioxidant mechanism | [54] | ||
Iron NPs | Spherical (20–40) | Salinity | Foliar application | Increasing non-enzymatic system as phenolic compounds and flavonoid content | [55] | |
NR | Drought | Seed treatment | increases photosynthetic pigments, proline, reduced lipid peroxidation, electrolyte leakage, and improved antioxidative defense system | [56] | ||
Spherical (50) | wheat cultivars | Heat | Foliar spray | Increasing antioxiodant enzymes activities, appearance of new bands in some isozymes and decreasing of lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde | [50] | |
Spherical (16) | Heat | Foliar spray | enhanced photosynthesis by regulating energy dissipation, caused cooling of leaves through inducing stomatal opening | [57] | ||
Titanium NPs | Crystalline and nearly spherical (15–25) | Drought | Foliar application | Increased growth, yield, gluten, and starch content | [58] | |
Spherical (16) | Heat | Foliar spray | Enhanced photosynthesis by regulating energy dissipation, caused cooling of leaves through inducing stomatal opening | [57] | ||
Spherical-like shapes (70–90) | Salinity | Hydroponic application | Positive impact on agronomically important attributes by increased antioxidant enzyme activity | [59] | ||
Aluminum NPs | Crystalline powder (30–60) | Flooding | Upregulated the AsA/GSH pathway (ROS scavenger) and increased ribosomal proteins | [60] |
Application of some metal NPs induce abiotic stress tolerance in different plant species.
NR: not reported.
Plant production globally is subjected to various environmental stress challenges. Today, the application of nanotechnology in various scientific fields is expanding. Recent studies have highlighted the potential applications of nanotechnology in improving plant growth and performance. MNPs due to their small size and having large surface area, as compared to their bulk chemical forms penetrate and absorb in relatively shorter period of time into plant cells. It has been found that MNPs have a multitude of beneficial effects on morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics of plants and enhance their tolerance under a variety of abiotic stresses. Accordingly, the application of MNPs in abiotic stress improvement has been noticed by agricultural researchers. MNPs enhance ROS level in plants that is associated with the amplification of a stress signal that can efficiently activate defense systems of them. It may be concluded that MNPs alleviate the abiotic stress-caused damage by activating the defense system in plants. In addition to, MNPs can regulate photosynthetic efficiency, water balance, nutrient absorption, and osmolytes accumulation, thereby enhancing growth and productivity of plants. However, to investigate the exact action of MNPs in improve plant stress, further research is needed at molecular and subcellular levels. Although MNPs have many advantages that deserve to be explored for alleviation of abiotic stress in plants; it must be noticed that its application without care can lead to a series of issues to the plants, animals, and finally to humankind. The toxicity level of MNPs is related to their concentration, size, number, surface activity, modification, and aggregation. Thus, ambiguities about the risk of use and fate of MNPs in plants and soil, as well as their interaction with the environment, should not be overlooked. In addition, green synthesized MNPs in comparison with chemically synthesized MNPs can be efficiently used due to the lack of limitation of use and toxicity in modulating various abiotic stresses in plants. Finally, developing a comprehensive database, an alert system, as well as international cooperation in regulation and legislation is essential for the use of this technology.
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\\n\\nAll Works published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported and Creative Commons 4.0 International License, a license which allows for the broadest possible reuse of published material.
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The CC BY 3.0 and CC BY 4.0 license permits Works to be freely shared in any medium or format, as well as the reuse and adaptation of the original contents of Works (e.g. figures and tables created by the Authors), as long as the source Work is cited and its Authors are acknowledged in the following manner:
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\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2016-06-08
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'Copyright is the term used to describe the rights related to the publication and distribution of original Works. Most importantly from a publisher's perspective, copyright governs how Authors, publishers and the general public can use, publish, and distribute publications.
\n\nIntechOpen only publishes manuscripts for which it has publishing rights. This is governed by a publication agreement between the Author and IntechOpen. This agreement is accepted by the Author when the manuscript is submitted and deals with both the rights of the publisher and Author, as well as any obligations concerning a particular manuscript. However, in accepting this agreement, Authors continue to retain significant rights to use and share their publications.
\n\nHOW COPYRIGHT WORKS WITH OPEN ACCESS LICENSES?
\n\nAgreement samples are listed here for the convenience of prospective Authors:
\n\nDEFINITIONS
\n\nThe following definitions apply in this Copyright Policy:
\n\nAuthor - in order to be identified as an Author, three criteria must be met: (i) Substantial contribution to the conception or design of the Work, or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the Work; (ii) Participation in drafting or revising the Work; (iii) Approval of the final version of the Work to be published.
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\n\nIntechOpen - Registered publisher with office at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, SW7 2QJ - UNITED KINGDOM
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\n\nVideo Lecture – an audiovisual recording of a lecture or a speech given by a Lecturer, recorded, edited, owned and published by IntechOpen.
\n\nTERMS
\n\nAll Works published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported and Creative Commons 4.0 International License, a license which allows for the broadest possible reuse of published material.
\n\nCopyright on the individual Works belongs to the specific Author, subject to an agreement with IntechOpen. The Creative Common license is granted to all others to:
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\n\n\n\n
LICENSE | \n\t\t\tUSED FROM - | \n\t\t\tUP TO - | \n\t\t
\n\t\t\t Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0) \n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t1 July 2005 (2005-07-01) | \n\t\t\t3 October 2011 (2011-10-03) | \n\t\t
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The CC BY 3.0 and CC BY 4.0 license permits Works to be freely shared in any medium or format, as well as the reuse and adaptation of the original contents of Works (e.g. figures and tables created by the Authors), as long as the source Work is cited and its Authors are acknowledged in the following manner:
\n\nContent reuse:
\n\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Originally published in {short citation} under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
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\n\nRepublishing – More about Attribution Policy can be found here.
\n\nThe same principles apply to Works published under the CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 license, with the caveats that (1) the content may not be used for commercial purposes, and (2) derivative works building on this content must be distributed under the same license. The restrictions contained in these license terms may, however, be waived by the copyright holder(s). Users wishing to circumvent any of the license terms are required to obtain explicit permission to do so from the copyright holder(s).
\n\nDISCLAIMER: Neither the CC BY 3.0 license, CC BY 4.0, nor any other license IntechOpen currently uses or has used before, applies to figures and tables reproduced from other works, as they may be subject to different terms of reuse. In such cases, if the copyright holder is not noted in the source of a figure or table, it is the responsibility of the User to investigate and determine the exact copyright status of any information utilised. Users requiring assistance in that regard are welcome to send an inquiry to permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nAll rights to Books and Journals and all other compilations published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are reserved by IntechOpen.
\n\nThe copyright to Books, Journals and other compilations is subject to separate copyright from those that exist in the included Works.
\n\nAll Long Form Monographs/Compacts are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license granted to all others.
\n\nCopyright to the individual Works (Chapters) belongs to their specific Authors, subject to an agreement with IntechOpen and the Creative Common license granted to all others to:
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\n\nContent reuse:
\n\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Originally published in {short citation} under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
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\n\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Adapted from {short citation}; originally published under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
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\n\nPolicy last updated: 2016-06-08
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On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. 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At the beginning of humification, the significant decrease in the intensity of the band located at 1735 cm–1 shows that lignin is affected at the first stage of the composting process. At the end of the humification, the band located toward 3450–3420 cm–1 at the beginning of the process undergoes a systematic shift (Δν of the order of 10 cm–1) toward lower wave numbers. The band located at 1660–1650 cm–1 on the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra before composting shifts systematically toward 1640 cm–1 at the end of humification. This phenomenon can be used as index of compost maturity. Measuring the band at 1035 cm–1 as an internal standard, it is possible to quantify the degradation rate of organic matter.",book:{id:"4645",slug:"biodegradation-and-bioremediation-of-polluted-systems-new-advances-and-technologies",title:"Biodegradation and Bioremediation of Polluted Systems",fullTitle:"Biodegradation and Bioremediation of Polluted Systems - New Advances and Technologies"},signatures:"Loubna El Fels, Mohamed Zamama and Mohamed Hafidi",authors:[{id:"164092",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Hafidi",slug:"mohamed-hafidi",fullName:"Mohamed Hafidi"},{id:"175610",title:"Dr.",name:"Loubna",middleName:null,surname:"El Fels",slug:"loubna-el-fels",fullName:"Loubna El Fels"},{id:"175611",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Zamama",slug:"mohamed-zamama",fullName:"Mohamed Zamama"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"42059",title:"Adsorption Technique for the Removal of Organic Pollutants from Water and Wastewater",slug:"adsorption-technique-for-the-removal-of-organic-pollutants-from-water-and-wastewater",totalDownloads:29962,totalCrossrefCites:51,totalDimensionsCites:210,abstract:null,book:{id:"3426",slug:"organic-pollutants-monitoring-risk-and-treatment",title:"Organic Pollutants",fullTitle:"Organic Pollutants - Monitoring, Risk and Treatment"},signatures:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",authors:[{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",middleName:null,surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed"}]},{id:"42294",title:"The Investigation and Assessment on Groundwater Organic Pollution",slug:"the-investigation-and-assessment-on-groundwater-organic-pollution",totalDownloads:4384,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:null,book:{id:"3426",slug:"organic-pollutants-monitoring-risk-and-treatment",title:"Organic Pollutants",fullTitle:"Organic Pollutants - Monitoring, Risk and Treatment"},signatures:"Hongqi Wang, Shuyuan Liu and Shasha Du",authors:[{id:"161340",title:"Prof.",name:"Hongqi",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"hongqi-wang",fullName:"Hongqi Wang"}]},{id:"77370",title:"Conventional and Contemporary Techniques for Removal of Heavy Metals from Soil",slug:"conventional-and-contemporary-techniques-for-removal-of-heavy-metals-from-soil",totalDownloads:213,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"One of the most important components of the natural environment is soil. Soil is a non-renewable natural resources on which the whole human society is dependent for various goods and services. The intensive, and unsustainable anthropogenic practices along with the rapid growth of the human population have led to continuous expansion and concern for the degradation of soil. The agricultural soil is exposed to a plethora of contaminants, the most significant contaminant among them is heavy metals. The major sources of heavy metal contamination are associated with agriculture, industries, and mining. The increase of heavy metal contents in the soil system affects all organisms via biomagnification. In this chapter, we will review various conventional and contemporary physical or chemical and biological techniques for remediation of contaminated soil. The advanced solution for degraded soil is integrating innovative technologies that will provide profitable and sustainable land-use strategies.",book:{id:"10681",slug:"biodegradation-technology-of-organic-and-inorganic-pollutants",title:"Biodegradation Technology of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants",fullTitle:"Biodegradation Technology of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants"},signatures:"Vaishali Arora and Babita Khosla",authors:[{id:"350638",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Vaishali",middleName:null,surname:"Arora",slug:"vaishali-arora",fullName:"Vaishali Arora"},{id:"351372",title:"Dr.",name:"Babita",middleName:null,surname:"Khosla",slug:"babita-khosla",fullName:"Babita Khosla"}]},{id:"42060",title:"Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutants in Water",slug:"photocatalytic-degradation-of-organic-pollutants-in-water",totalDownloads:11595,totalCrossrefCites:42,totalDimensionsCites:115,abstract:null,book:{id:"3426",slug:"organic-pollutants-monitoring-risk-and-treatment",title:"Organic Pollutants",fullTitle:"Organic Pollutants - Monitoring, Risk and Treatment"},signatures:"Muhammad Umar and Hamidi Abdul Aziz",authors:[{id:"160119",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamidi Abdul",middleName:null,surname:"Aziz",slug:"hamidi-abdul-aziz",fullName:"Hamidi Abdul Aziz"}]},{id:"48964",title:"Biodegradation of Aromatic Compounds",slug:"biodegradation-of-aromatic-compounds",totalDownloads:3243,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous persistent environmental contaminants generated by natural combustion processes and human activities. PAHs are considered hazardous because of cytotoxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic effects. Sixteen individual PAH compounds have been identified as priority pollutants by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). All substances originated in to the environment by either biogenic or anthropogenic sources. Anthropogenic compounds describe synthetic compounds, and compound classes as well as elements and naturally occurring chemical entities which are mobilized by man’s activities. In the marine environment, the fate of pollutants is largely determined by biogeochemical process. Some of these chemical changes enhance the toxicity of the pollutants. Other chemical changes cause the degradation or immobilization of pollutants and, as a result, act to purify the waters. Possible fates for PAHs, released into the environment, include volatilization, photo-oxidation, chemical oxidation, bioaccumulation and adsorption on soil particles, leaching, and microbial degradation. Elevated concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been found in mangrove sediments due to anthropogenic compounds.",book:{id:"4645",slug:"biodegradation-and-bioremediation-of-polluted-systems-new-advances-and-technologies",title:"Biodegradation and Bioremediation of Polluted Systems",fullTitle:"Biodegradation and Bioremediation of Polluted Systems - New Advances and Technologies"},signatures:"Mehdi Hassanshahian, Moslem Abarian and Simone Cappello",authors:[{id:"163666",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehdi",middleName:null,surname:"Hassanshahian",slug:"mehdi-hassanshahian",fullName:"Mehdi Hassanshahian"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"131",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:320,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:133,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:16,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. 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Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. 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He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:38,paginationItems:[{id:"82531",title:"Abnormal Iron Metabolism and Its Effect on Dentistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104502",signatures:"Chinmayee Dahihandekar and Sweta Kale Pisulkar",slug:"abnormal-iron-metabolism-and-its-effect-on-dentistry",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - Iron a Double‐Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82291",title:"The Role of Oxidative Stress in the Onset and Development of Age-Related Macular Degeneration",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105599",signatures:"Emina Čolak, Lepša Žorić, Miloš Mirković, Jana Mirković, Ilija Dragojević, Dijana Mirić, Bojana Kisić and Ljubinka Nikolić",slug:"the-role-of-oxidative-stress-in-the-onset-and-development-of-age-related-macular-degeneration",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Importance of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant System in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11671.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"82195",title:"Endoplasmic Reticulum: A Hub in Lipid Homeostasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105450",signatures:"Raúl Ventura and María Isabel Hernández-Alvarez",slug:"endoplasmic-reticulum-a-hub-in-lipid-homeostasis",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82409",title:"Purinergic Signaling in Covid-19 Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105008",signatures:"Hailian Shen",slug:"purinergic-signaling-in-covid-19-disease",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:32,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7006",title:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7006.jpg",slug:"biochemistry-and-health-benefits-of-fatty-acids",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Viduranga Waisundara",hash:"c93a00abd68b5eba67e5e719f67fd20b",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-y.-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Y. Waisundara",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194281/images/system/194281.jpg",biography:"Dr. Viduranga Waisundara obtained her Ph.D. in Food Science\nand Technology from the Department of Chemistry, National\nUniversity of Singapore, in 2010. She was a lecturer at Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore from July 2009 to March 2013.\nShe relocated to her motherland of Sri Lanka and spearheaded the Functional Food Product Development Project at the\nNational Institute of Fundamental Studies from April 2013 to\nOctober 2016. She was a senior lecturer on a temporary basis at the Department of\nFood Technology, Faculty of Technology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. She is\ncurrently Deputy Principal of the Australian College of Business and Technology –\nKandy Campus, Sri Lanka. 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He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. 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He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:null},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:"Manufacturing and Technology Integrated Campus – SENAI CIMATEC",institution:null},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"414880",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Vatankhah",slug:"maryam-vatankhah",fullName:"Maryam Vatankhah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Borough of Manhattan Community College",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"414879",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad-Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",slug:"mohammad-reza-akbarzadeh-totonchi",fullName:"Mohammad-Reza Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"414878",title:"Prof.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Public University System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"302698",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"yao-shan",fullName:"Yao Shan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"125911",title:"Prof.",name:"Jia-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"jia-ching-wang",fullName:"Jia-Ching Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Central University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"357085",title:"Mr.",name:"P. Mohan",middleName:null,surname:"Anand",slug:"p.-mohan-anand",fullName:"P. Mohan Anand",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356696",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"P.V.",middleName:null,surname:"Sai Charan",slug:"p.v.-sai-charan",fullName:"P.V. Sai Charan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"357086",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandeep K.",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",slug:"sandeep-k.-shukla",fullName:"Sandeep K. Shukla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356823",title:"MSc.",name:"Seonghee",middleName:null,surname:"Min",slug:"seonghee-min",fullName:"Seonghee Min",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Daegu University",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"353307",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoosoo",middleName:null,surname:"Oh",slug:"yoosoo-oh",fullName:"Yoosoo Oh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:"Yoosoo Oh received his Bachelor's degree in the Department of Electronics and Engineering from Kyungpook National University in 2002. He obtained his Master’s degree in the Department of Information and Communications from Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) in 2003. In 2010, he received his Ph.D. degree in the School of Information and Mechatronics from GIST. In the meantime, he was an executed team leader at Culture Technology Institute, GIST, 2010-2012. In 2011, he worked at Lancaster University, the UK as a visiting scholar. In September 2012, he joined Daegu University, where he is currently an associate professor in the School of ICT Conver, Daegu University. Also, he served as the Board of Directors of KSIIS since 2019, and HCI Korea since 2016. From 2017~2019, he worked as a center director of the Mixed Reality Convergence Research Center at Daegu University. From 2015-2017, He worked as a director in the Enterprise Supporting Office of LINC Project Group, Daegu University. His research interests include Activity Fusion & Reasoning, Machine Learning, Context-aware Middleware, Human-Computer Interaction, etc.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"262719",title:"Dr.",name:"Esma",middleName:null,surname:"Ergüner Özkoç",slug:"esma-erguner-ozkoc",fullName:"Esma Ergüner Özkoç",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Başkent University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"346530",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibrahim",middleName:null,surname:"Kaya",slug:"ibrahim-kaya",fullName:"Ibrahim Kaya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"419199",title:"Dr.",name:"Qun",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"qun-yang",fullName:"Qun Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Auckland",country:{name:"New Zealand"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"19",type:"subseries",title:"Animal Science",keywords:"Animal Science, Animal Biology, Wildlife Species, Domesticated Animals",scope:"The Animal Science topic welcomes research on captive and wildlife species, including domesticated animals. 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Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"July 5th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:320,numberOfPublishedBooks:32,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/81926/images/system/81926.png",institutionString:"Suez Canal University",institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/150980",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"150980"},fullPath:"/profiles/150980",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var m;(m=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(m)}()