Propagation speed for a number of materials, liquid, and air (Verheij, 1992).
\r\n\t
",isbn:"978-1-80356-951-2",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-950-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-952-9",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"bb6fc82b35ad2c63618a9bc15aeb61ce",bookSignature:"Dr. Kim Ho Yeap and Dr. Magdalene Goh Wan Ching",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11948.jpg",keywords:"MOSFET, CMOS, OFET, JFET, FinFET, Integrated Circuit (IC), Oxidation, Metallization, Semiconductor, Silicon (Si), Gallium Arsenide (GaAs), Silicon Carbide (SiC)",numberOfDownloads:13,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 7th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 16th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 15th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 3rd 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 2nd 2023",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A researcher in the fields of microelectronics and electromagnetics. Member of IEEE, IET, IEM.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"24699",title:"Dr.",name:"Kim Ho",middleName:null,surname:"Yeap",slug:"kim-ho-yeap",fullName:"Kim Ho Yeap",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24699/images/system/24699.jpg",biography:"Kim Ho Yeap is an Associate Professor at Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia. He is an IEEE senior member, a Professional Engineer registered with the Board of Engineers, Malaysia,a Chartered Engineer registered with the UK Engineering Council, and an ASEAN Chartered Professional Engineer (ACPE). He received his BEng (Hons) Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Universiti Teknologi Petronas in 2004, his MSc in microelectronics from Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia in 2005, and his PhD from Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman in 2011. In 2008 and 2015, respectively, Dr. Yeap underwent research attachment at the University of Oxford (UK) and Nippon Institute of Technology (Japan). Dr. Yeap is the external examiner and external course assessor of Wawasan Open University. He is also the Editor in Chief of the i-manager’s Journal on Digital Signal Processing. He has also been a guest editor for the Journal of Applied Environmental and Biological Sciences and Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences. Dr. Yeap has been given the university teaching excellence award, and 22 research grants. He has published more than 100 research articles (including refereed journal papers, conference proceedings, books, and book chapters). Prior to joining the academic industry, Dr. Yeap worked in Intel corporation in the pre-silicon validation group. He was awarded 4 Kudos awards by Intel for his contributions in the design and verification of the microchip’s design for testability (DFT) features.",institutionString:"Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"454196",title:"Dr.",name:"Magdalene",middleName:null,surname:"Goh Wan Ching",slug:"magdalene-goh-wan-ching",fullName:"Magdalene Goh Wan Ching",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:"Dr Magdalene Goh Wan Ching\r\nDesignation: Senior lecturer\r\nQualifications: Diploma in Electrical & Electronics Engineering (Inti College), BEng in Electrical\r\nEngineering & Electronics (University of Liverpool, UK), PhD in Solid State\r\nDevice Physics & RF Transistors Design (University of Liverpool, UK)\r\n\r\nProfessional Body\r\nMemberships:\r\n\r\nInaugural Senior Member, International Engineering & Technology Institute\r\n(IETI), Hong Kong\r\n\r\nBiodata: Dr. Magdalene Goh obtained her Diploma in Electrical & Electronics Engineering\r\nfrom Inti College before leaving for the UK to pursue her BEng in Electrical\r\nEngineering & Electronics and later on, her PhD. Prior to joining the academia,\r\nshe has worked for a few years in the industry in the areas of semiconductor\r\nprocess technology, silicon wafer characterizations, mask layout design,\r\nanalogue circuits design and design for testability (DFT). While in the academic,\r\nshe had served as a judge for Innovate Malaysia undergraduate final year\r\nprojects competition from 2012 - 2015. She had served as an external examiner\r\nfor a PhD candidate from VIT University, India in 2013, and an external examiner\r\nfor SEGi College Penang from 2014 – 2018. She has been actively involved with\r\nthe Penang Science Cluster in their radio telescope team since 2014, where she\r\nworks with a team of volunteers (from both academia and the industry in\r\nPenang) to create curricula in radio astronomy, for the purpose of introducing the\r\nconcepts of radio astronomy and radio telescopes to both school pupils and\r\ncollege students. She has been a member of the Astronomical Society of\r\nPenang since 2016.\r\n\r\nCourse Development\r\nExperience:\r\n\r\nSince joining WOU, Dr. Goh has developed eight courses, namely Control\r\nSystems, Microprocessors, Digital Communications, Microelectronics, VLSI\r\nDesign, Process Control & Instrumentation, Power Electronics & Drives and\r\nElectrical Power & Drives.\r\n\r\nResearch Interest: Dr. Goh’s research interests are in the areas of semiconductor physics and\r\nelectromagnetics. She also has strong interest in the field of astronomy and is\r\nworking with a group of volunteers to promote astronomy education in the\r\nsecondary schools in Penang. She had also worked with some interns on the\r\nradio telescope project at the Penang Science Cluster.\r\n\r\nResearch Projects and\r\nConsultancy Work:\r\nSelected Publications: Design of Radio Frequency Metal-Insulator-Metal (MIM) Capacitors. \r\n\r\nExperimental Investigation on Thermoelectric Generator for Battery - Charger\r\nBased Oven.\r\nAnalyzing the Physics of Radio Telescopes and Radio Astronomy (book\r\nchapters).\r\n\r\nConferences,\r\nSeminars and\r\nWorkshops:\r\n\r\nDr. Goh was appointed as one of the Technical Committee Member for the\r\nVirtual Conference on Electronics and Communication: Loading Intelligence on\r\nFuture Electronics (October 2020).\r\n\r\nHonorary\r\nAppointments and\r\nAwards:\r\n\r\nDr. Goh is a reviewer of the following journals:-\r\n1. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters.\r\n2. Journal of Electrical Engineering.\r\n3. Journal on Digital Signal Processing.\r\n\r\nOfficial\r\n\r\nDr. Magdalene Goh Wan Ching\r\nSenior Lecturer & Programme Coordinator of Bachelor of Technology in\r\n\r\nCorrespondence\r\nAddress:\r\n\r\nElectronics,\r\nSchool of Science & Technology\r\nWawasan Open University\r\n54, Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah,\r\n10050 Penang\r\n\r\nEmail Address: magdalenegoh@wou.edu.my\r\nPersonal Homepage\r\n(optional):\r\n\r\nBTEL facebook page:\r\nhttps://www.facebook.com/groups/238200129533176/",institutionString:"Technology Wawasan Open University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Wawasan Open University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"11",title:"Engineering",slug:"engineering"}],chapters:[{id:"82415",title:"Power Consumption in CMOS Circuits",slug:"power-consumption-in-cmos-circuits",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"444312",firstName:"Sara",lastName:"Tikel",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/444312/images/20015_n.jpg",email:"sara.t@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager, my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9309",title:"Integrated Circuits/Microchips",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3c7ff3f191842303cc95e466e28b5e33",slug:"integrated-circuits-microchips",bookSignature:"Kim Ho Yeap and Jonathan Javier Sayago Hoyos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9309.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"24699",title:"Dr.",name:"Kim Ho",surname:"Yeap",slug:"kim-ho-yeap",fullName:"Kim Ho Yeap"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6511",title:"Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"96b2d63df3822f48468050aa7a44a44c",slug:"complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor",bookSignature:"Kim Ho Yeap and Humaira Nisar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6511.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"24699",title:"Dr.",name:"Kim Ho",surname:"Yeap",slug:"kim-ho-yeap",fullName:"Kim Ho Yeap"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5799",title:"Very-Large-Scale Integration",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5df47859b1341d2834dd041646592231",slug:"very-large-scale-integration",bookSignature:"Kim Ho Yeap and Humaira Nisar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5799.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"24699",title:"Dr.",name:"Kim Ho",surname:"Yeap",slug:"kim-ho-yeap",fullName:"Kim Ho Yeap"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10198",title:"Response Surface Methodology in Engineering Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1942bec30d40572f519327ca7a6d7aae",slug:"response-surface-methodology-in-engineering-science",bookSignature:"Palanikumar Kayaroganam",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10198.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"321730",title:"Prof.",name:"Palanikumar",surname:"Kayaroganam",slug:"palanikumar-kayaroganam",fullName:"Palanikumar Kayaroganam"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"43375",title:"Product Sound Design: Intentional and Consequential Sounds",doi:"10.5772/55274",slug:"product-sound-design-intentional-and-consequential-sounds",body:'In our daily life we are immersed in sounds that are generated by products. If one were to ask someone to name sounds produced by products, often sounds are mentioned that alarm or inform us (e.g., microwave oven beeps, telephone rings etc.). These are the sounds of which we are consciously aware. However, many sounds subconsciously play an important role in our interaction with a product. One hears if the battery of a toothbrush runs out of power; one hears the power of a vacuum cleaner and one hears if the bag is full; etc. Although these are all functional aspects, sound also plays a role in our aesthetic, quality, and emotional experience of products. For example, one hears if the sound of a car door evokes a sense of quality. Car manufacturers have acoustical engineers to make sure that a slammed door will evoke this sense of quality. Sound quality and its relation to perception have been studied to some extent (e.g., Blauert & Jekosch, 1997; Bodden, 2000; Lyon, 2003). Often, these methodologies cover only one aspect of the design or evaluative process. Here we present a systematic approach to the inclusion of sound in the design process and its use as an essential aspect of controlling the quality of design and as a means of educating designers (and students) about the constituent parts of a product.
In this chapter, we will distinguish between sounds that are generated by the operating of the product itself and sounds that we intentionally add to a product. In the field of product sounds the first category has been named consequential sounds and the second category has been named intentional sounds (Van Egmond, 2007). This distinction is essential - both categories of sounds will require different design methods and the use of knowledge of different disciplines is needed. Intentional sounds are mostly composed which may be experienced as musical sounds. One could state that the use of intentional sounds as feedback of alarm sounds is in fact creating a small musical composition (i.e., musical motives). Therefore, these sounds can also be used to convey brand values of companies.
Consequential product sounds are experienced as “noisy”. It is very difficult for users, for designers, and for acoustical engineers to verbally express how they experience a sound. Several problems exist. In general, users lack the vocabulary to express themselves to explain what is wrong or right with a sound. They normally will say the product makes a unpleasant sound or noise. Designers also lack the vocabulary to express design concepts that may also be used in the design of a sound. The acoustical engineers have a very technical vocabulary from the disciplines of physics and sometimes psychoacoustics, which does not communicate very well to designers and to users. In addition, to understand the aesthetic and emotional experience of product sounds knowledge from the field of psychology (auditory perception, cognition, and emotion theories) is needed. As stated before, product sounds are loud and noisy. This inherent property makes it difficult to describe the sound in a structural manner. The reason for this is, of course, that noise by itself is random and lacks structure. However, product sounds do not produce completely random noise due to the resonance and engine/boiler properties of products (of course, there are many sources that are responsible for the generation of sound in domestic appliances). It is the aim of this product sound course of Industrial design Engineering(IDE), Delft University of Technology (DUT) to try to relate descriptive aspects from the physical, perceptual, and experiential domain to each other in order to improve the sound of domestic appliances.
The top-down processing (involving knowledge stored in memory or mental representations) will result in the attribution of meaning (e.g., recognition, identification), relating sound to certain events, evoking (cognitive) emotions. It is important to note that the sensorial experience of a sound can be — often — directly related to the spectral and temporal features of a sound, whereas this is more difficult for top-down aspects (except for very well-structured sounds like speech and music). As described above, one of the aspects that is well known is the irritation that sounds evoke. The irritation can often be contributed to the sensorial processing of the sounds. It can be argued that top-down aspects, like the attribution of meaning, can positively influence the experience whether a sound is irritating or not.
In courses, students hear the sound of an epilator. This sound evokes a rattling and rough experience. If the students are asked to tell the source of the sound most students say this sound stems from a hedge-trimmer or some other power tool. If they are told that it is an epilator and they listen to the sound for a second time, the look on their face is completely different and reveals a sense of unpleasantness. Thus, the experience of a sound changes if the meaning is known. One of the perceptual aspects that cause this is the rattling of the product caused by the construction, the gears, and the engine. This aspect can be captured by the measure of roughness. This attribute can be related to the structural properties of the sound in spectral and temporal domains and is one of the determinants in the perception of sensory pleasantness.
A product is the result of a design process that starts with a design problem, involves ideation phases, and ultimately leads to a market introduction. In the context of product sound design, mainly domestic appliances are considered. The appliances have moving parts that can move linear or radial and are joined together in such a way to fulfills its functional aspect. and in particular the sound of the product. The product sound is influenced by many physical parameters such as: material, size, form, stiffness, load, energy etc.
Energy facilities are dependent on the place of use. For instance a product with a combustion engine is not used in houses or factory halls, because the pollution of the environment and sound intensity. Electricity is the most convenient energy type which is available in the form of batteries and power outlet. All other types of energy such as, hydro-electric power, fuel cells, human power, solar energy and atomic energy are not considered because the main power source is electricity. Electricity is easy to convert into another type of energy such as: thermo energy, mechanical energy, chemical energy, etc., but every conversion means an energy loss.
Product sounds manifest themselves in mainly three sources airborne sound, liquid sound and structure-borne sound. In a product we are dealing mainly with structure-borne sound sources that find their way to the outside environment by radiation. Transfer paths take care of the propagation of the sound from the source to the environment of the product. Structure-borne sound demonstrates itself in solids, in constructions that are built up from plates, beams, shells and shafts. The material properties determine the propagation speed, which is constant for certain waves and forms. The propagation speed depends on elasticity, specific gravity and contraction, which is different for solid materials. However, steel and aluminium have the same propagation speed because the division of the elasticity by the density is the same (E/ρ).
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t
Air | \n\t\t\t340 | \n\t\t
Water | \n\t\t\t1500 | \n\t\t
Steel, Aluminium | \n\t\t\t5200 | \n\t\t
Iron | \n\t\t\t5200 | \n\t\t
Brass | \n\t\t\t3700 | \n\t\t
Glass (window) | \n\t\t\t6800 | \n\t\t
Wood (parallel) ρ=0.5 kg/dm3\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t4000 | \n\t\t
Lucite (Plexiglas) | \n\t\t\t2650 | \n\t\t
Polystyrene | \n\t\t\t2300 | \n\t\t
Rubber (soft) | \n\t\t\t50 | \n\t\t
Propagation speed for a number of materials, liquid, and air (Verheij, 1992).
The size of a product is determined by the required function and power needed to fulfil the function. For instance, a toaster: the electricity is converted into heating power for toasting the bread. The size of a toaster depends on the efficiency of the reflection and isolation of the power. The heating element is a sound source. An additional sound source is the relief mechanism.
The bending stiffness is the elasticity (E) multiplied by the moment of inertia (I) which is dependent on the cross-section type and the dimensions. For instance an electric milk shaker has a bar with a certain mass on the end. If the bar turns around then it is bending under the gyroscopic force. Better bending stiffness could be achieved if a hollow profile is used. This is because the mass is further away from the centre of gravity. The bending energy is dependent on the stiffness but has a lower bending stiffness means a higher bending energy. This bending energy is transformed into sound.
A load is needed to fulfil the required mechanical function for a right performance of the appliance at a certain speed. The power required for the function fulfilling is the load a torque (T), that is necessary for processing times the speed (ω). The needed power out, Pout= ω x T. The power input multiplied by the efficiency of energy transforming ηet and mechanical transmission ηmt is, Pout = Pin x ηet x ηmt.. The choice of type of power and mechanical drive is really important for the overall efficiency ηeff. If the efficiency of the permanent magnetic motor is 50% and the mechanical drive 80% for each transmission in a three-step drive, then the efficiency is only 25.6%. The conclusion could be that the best drive is the one without the mechanical transmission, so the energy transforming is only responsible for the efficiency. The biggest advantage of a direct drive is less parts, which reduce enormously an amount of sound sources. The efficiency of a product depends on the energy losses which are transformed through friction into heat, and the movements of masses in sound or noise.
Moving product parts are necessary to fulfil the function of domestic appliances which have six degrees of freedom in a three dimensional space, three degrees are transversal and the other three are rotational. The complete drive of a domestic appliance consists of an electric motor with a mechanical transmission that will be built up with machined parts to adjust the revolutions per minute that is needed with a certain torque. The best drive is without any moving parts, the direct drive. For example, a gear shaft has only one degree of freedom, namely rotation around its own axis. All the other degrees of freedom will be restricted to zero by the construction. For this purpose, fixed, detachable, and combination joints are available. A certain clearance is needed to realize their relative movements. A minimum and a maximum clearance can be determined depending on the tolerances of two parts, as well as small expansions due to temperature increases. Tolerances are the result of the chosen manufacturing process, which is determined by material, shape, size and volume of production. The clearance in the joints of the parts has a certain freedom of movement of the masses. This costs an amount of moving energy which will be transformed in a product sound.
The product has relationships with three domains: Design, Embodiment and Production (see figure 1). The domains have a relationship which three conditions: environment, designer, and manufacture. The relationship between the domains are the activities: Creating, Designing and Making.
Each domain is associated with different levels see table 2. The domain design associates the user, observer and owner level. The domain product points out the physical, sensory and social experiences (after derivation of design from the consumer’s point of view (Heufler, 2004). The two other domains have also pointed out the levels, the levels are for embodiment: practical, aesthetically, and status symbol. The levels are for production: parts making and assembly, availability, and benefit. The eye catcher is ‘benefit’ at the domain production, because without any profit, no other activity shall be undertaken which results in the production of products. Investments are made in production and design. Finally the activities should be profitable in a given period.
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t
User level | \n\t\t\tPhysical experience | \n\t\t\tPractical | \n\t\t\tParts making & Assembly | \n\t\t
Observer level | \n\t\t\tSensory experience | \n\t\t\tAesthetically | \n\t\t\tAvailability | \n\t\t
Owner level | \n\t\t\tSocial experience | \n\t\t\tStatus symbol | \n\t\t\tBenefit | \n\t\t
Domains with their levels.
The relationship between design and production is the activity creating, or availability of production facilities. The availability is necessary to create the production under the constraints of the part design, manufacturing process and material. The designer must have good knowledge of: manufacturing and assembly, material, and aesthetics to create a successful product sound design.
The relationship between design and embodiment is the activity of designing, which is mostly carried out by a designer. Note that, designing is not engineering but creative problem solving, which always results in an embodiment. Engineering is a structured way of solving problems which lead to technical solutions that result in, objects, or systems.
The relationship between embodiment and production is the activity of making, the realization of a product with machinery or manually with a set of tools. Making gives satisfaction to a designer that a product can be realized. This experience is increasing the personality and identity of designer. The conditions form the relationship of the product with the domains of design, production and embodiment. Manufacturers make it possible to realize products by means of production This condition is an important connection in the product realization process. The designer is the condition to realize the product from a design. However, there are differences in the quality of the product design. This is caused by the personality and identity of a designer. The environment is the condition that an embodiment can be manifested as a product. The product should be manufactured from raw material to parts which will be assembled as a whole. This may be a component, a sub-assembly or a product. Two kinds of tolerances occurred, which are known as dimensional tolerances and geometric tolerances, in manufacturing of parts and in the assembly of parts into a whole. Every manufacturing process has its own tolerances that depends on material, type of process, stiffness, geometry etc. For steel and aluminium the ratio E/ρ is almost equal, so also sound prolongation speed. Elastic modulus is always influencing the stiffness coefficient EI with I as moment of inertia, which results in dimensional tolerances and geometric tolerances. However, the manufacturing process speed and force have influence on the size of tolerance, but not on geometric (form). The power of the manufacturing process is transformed is force and speed, which the temperature of the work will rise higher. The height of temperature is dependent on the power needed for the process and processed material. It results in temperature elongation, which influenced the tolerances after cooling of the work to the temperature of the environment.
The designers make the manufacturing process choices which depends on material, shape, size and volume of production, which results in certain dimensional and geometric accuracy. After assembling two parts, the clearance will manifest as a result of the separate accuracy of these parts. For instance for plastics it is harder to reach the accuracy, because the temperature elongation is much higher than that of steel. For instance a folding plastic garden chair should be able to fold up, which is made possible by hinge points which are required if the parts have to move freely. The chair does not have a power source to conduct, but has a force to hold. Here, large tolerances are acceptable while the comfort is not being affected. With plastic, these tolerances are achievable despite the poor accuracy of the manufacturing processes. Shape of a part is to be achieved by cutting, extrusion, forging, moulding, casting, stamping, forming etc. However, not every material is applicable for every manufacturing process. But the size always has limitations resulting from the starting material, for example wood is limited by the age of the tree. The volume of production can range from single pieces to mass; this requires constantly changing of the manufacturing processes and thus different clearance requirements are possible. At mass production, the tolerances are under control; otherwise the failure rate is too high. Zero defects is possible with mass production. However, before this is achieved, the entire production system must be calibrated.
The manufacture makes the parts between the upper and lower limits of the tolerance. The clearance between two assembled parts will be between maximum and minimum size of the individual components. A minimum clearance is preferred because the excitation has than the smallest movement, and the smallest influence on the components, resulting in a lower sound pressure. Of course it is unique to reach this situation by means of a manufacturing system. Most clearances are reached between averages of the tolerances. Every domestic appliances produce sound. The production of these sounds is a consequence of their operating and construction. Therefore, these sounds are called consequential sounds. These sounds should be analysed in the physical, perceptual, and emotional domain to relate subjective findings to the engineered parts of the product.
If a domestic appliance is switched on then the power will conduct through the construction of parts to fulfil the working principle. Efficiency of the function is never hundred percent the losses are raised by friction of moving parts and vibration of parts, by mechanical excitation of the construction.
The consequential product sound model are shown in figure 2, with four main aspects: sources, transmission of sound in the product, radiation, and transmission to receiver.
Model for product sound.
The sources of sound are defined as: airborne sound, liquid borne sound and structure borne sound. Gaver (1993) mentioned the events as sound sources, the interaction of material at a location in an environment with a certain impact caused by the power. The power sources could be from outside the product as electricity, water, gas and air. For example electricity is mostly used in domestic appliances or consumer goods such as: coffee maker, dish washer, extractor fan, convection oven, electric drill, shaver, grinder, hairdryer etc. Examples for water could be the tap in the kitchen, water sprinkler for the garden, sprinkler installation as fire protection etc. Gas and air also have good examples in the home such as: stove in the kitchen, airbrushes for decoration etc.
The energy can also be stored in a battery, gas bottle, container or human. This energy can be delivered to the product at the desired moment for a limited time. For example, the water tank (container) of a toilet is used for flushing the toilet bowl after use of the toilet and it is then filled again. The water contains the amount of potential energy that is needed to flush the toilet.
In table 3 (next page) the sound sources with primary excited medium are defined. Type of excitation should be always an activity such as: mechanical, aero dynamical, hydro dynamical etc. The examples are experienced in daily life in a household and a manufacturing plant. Özcan has six product sound categories defined; these are not based on sources but on the experience of the sources. There is always energy stored in the sources or fed from outside the product by the power outlet.
Radiation is the excitation of airborne sound by surfaces and other parts of a product. In water such as: mobility for boats, water bikes, wind surfboard, etc. the radiation of sound is also important. Transmission of sound takes place by means of the transfer of the primary excited medium such as construction, air and liquid. In a product multiple propagation paths may occur depending on the product layout. Construction sound transmission are carried out by the components of the product, but air and liquid sound transmission is carried out by air and liquid -filled cavities or by the mediums air and liquid.
The receiver always experiences the product sound in an environment, but the sound propagates from the product by air. However, the sources are experienced after the transmission in the product and the radiation to the environment. Cooking on a gas stove is nice example because you experience the amount of gas flows that simultaneous burns. Besides you also experience the gas flow as high or low at a certain distance. The gas supply with small pressure and combustion have an interaction with the environment.
Two approaches are possible to create the desired product sound. The first approach may reduce noise, e.g., projector, air conditioning, air hammer etc. The second approach is a product sound design (powerful experience, intensive experience) to be designed; e.g., electric shaver, toothbrush, electric power tool.
Before the desired product sound can be designed, the product must be measured against the sound of an existing product. From a product design, a prototype can be built which can also be measured. Measuring the individual contributions of the parts and components are notified through disassembling (deconstruction) a product, removing part after part.
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t
Air borne sound | \n\t\t\tAir or another gas | \n\t\t\tMechanical | \n\t\t\tCompressor Refrigerator | \n\t\t
Aero dynamical | \n\t\t\tFan Turbulent flow | \n\t\t||
Combustion | \n\t\t\tExhaust gasses in the exhaust pipe Autogenous welding Gas burner | \n\t\t||
Liquid borne sound | \n\t\t\tLiquid | \n\t\t\tMechanical | \n\t\t\tPlunger pump Gear pump | \n\t\t
Hydro dynamical | \n\t\t\tTurbulence in flow Cavitation | \n\t\t||
Structure borne sound | \n\t\t\tConstruction | \n\t\t\tMechanical | \n\t\t\tInertia: unbalanced | \n\t\t
Aero dynamical | \n\t\t\tCollide: hammering, rolling, stamping, sawing Turbulence gas flow Air spray | \n\t\t||
Hydro dynamical | \n\t\t\tReleasing of whirls Air jet on surface Water heating | \n\t\t||
Electro mechanical | \n\t\t\tPole attraction Magnetostriction in transformer | \n\t\t
Defining the sound sources.
Intentional sounds are ‘intentionally’ implemented and are typically produced by means of a loudspeaker or piezo element. They are mostly digital and somewhat musical sounds often used in user interfaces. Intentional sounds can be found in, e.g., domestic appliances (e.g., alarm clocks, mobile phone button beeps, microwave oven finish bells, operating system welcome tunes), automotive (e.g., low fuel warning, unfastened seatbelt alert), public transport (e.g., beeps at check-in points), and healthcare (e.g., heart-rate monitoring). These synthesized or recorded sounds are typically created using music software. The function of intentional sounds is often to alarm or to provide feedback to users.
This section first provides an elaboration on different functions and types of intentional sounds. Then, an overview will be given on commonly used techniques for implementation. A suggested design process for these sounds can be found later in this chapter.
Added sounds are regularly used to communicate abstract meanings or to provide information about the result of a process or activity (feedback). For example, when pressing membrane buttons on a microwave oven, the buttons themselves do not make sound. However, a ‘beep’ sound produced by a built-in piezo element will confirm the user’s choice, after which the microwave’s platform starts to rotate and produce its typical cyclic sound. This illustrates how as augmentation, intentional sounds are not inherently coupled to either a user’s action or a product’s functionality (see: consequential sounds). Yet, listeners learn to attribute meaning to added sounds, as they are generally designed to convey certain messages. For example, Edworthy et al. (1995) investigated the potential effects of changes in acoustic parameters (e.g., pitch, rhythm) on associated meanings (e.g., controlled, dangerous, steady). This attribution process is highly context-dependent. Consider how the perceived urgency of identical warning sounds may be different depending on whether it indicates a low battery warning of a mobile phone, or a problem with a heart rate monitoring system. See Hoggan et al. (2009) for an example on contextual differences in mapping audio parameters to informing signals by user interfaces (i.e., confirmations, errors, progress updates, warnings). Furthermore, product sounds are always part of a larger auditory environment. For example, an intensive care unit consists of a wide range of monitoring equipment. Lacking a standard for their alarm sounds, nurses potentially mistake a ‘code red’ alarm of one machine for a ‘mild’ alarm of another machine (Freudenthal et al., 2005, Sanderson et al. 2009). Therefore, it is essential to design intentional sounds based on the interactions users (should) have with the product in a given context, and based on how people perceive these sounds.
One can differentiate between discrete and continuous feedback. The button tones of a microwave oven serve as confirmation of a completed action. They give discrete feedback, as they only sound once after a key has been pressed. This is different from continuous monitoring of a process, such as the series of beeps emitted by parking assistants in modern cars. Here, the time between consecutive beeps is inversely related to the distance to the car behind. Therefore, this is also an example of dynamic feedback. On the other hand, the microwave button tones always sound the same, regardless of how the user pushes them. Thus, this type of feedback can be called static. The decisions between discrete vs. continuous and dynamic vs. static feedback have consequences on the implementation of the corresponding sounds, as will be shown later.
One can discern between four main classes of intentional sounds: earcons, auditory icons, sonification, and continuous sonic interaction. The examples given so far mainly consisted of beep-like sounds. They are part of a larger class of discrete musical sounds which are called
Intentional product sounds are typically generated with music software. The type of implementation depends on the classes of intentional sounds. Two main approaches can be discerned: recording and parametric synthesis. In the recording approach, (parts of a) product or environment are recorded, which can be done outdoors with a field recorder, or in an acoustically-treated recording room. The absence of room reverb in the latter condition facilitates editing at a later time. Recordings can be manipulated (e.g., equalization, compression), sliced, and layered to create a more complex sound. The main advantage of using recordings is the ease with which a realistic sound can be obtained. This approach lends itself well to creating auditory icons. However, recordings are not as flexibly manipulated as sounds created with parametric synthesis.
Parametric sound synthesis concerns the creation of sound starting from nothing. This implies that every sound feature deemed important should be included in a model. With such a model, the sound can then be manipulated according to its corresponding parameters. Typical techniques include additive, subtractive, wavetable, amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, and granular synthesis (examples on these techniques can be found in Farnell, 2010). Here, the use of elementary waveforms (i.e., sine, saw tooth, triangle) and/or noise is the common starting point. Parameters usually relate to an acoustical description of the sound (e.g., saw tooth wave and filter cutoff frequencies). Another technique that has gained increased attention over the years is physical modelling. This technique commonly employs mass-spring, dampener, and resonator models that mimic the working principles and construction of, e.g., musical instruments. Consequentially, parameters relate to ‘natural’ features, such as plucking force, string length, and material thickness. Rocchesso et al. (2009) argue that for continuous sonic interaction “the main sound design problem is not that of finding which sound is appropriate for a given gesture. Instead, the main problem is that of finding a sensible fitting of the interaction primitives with the dynamical properties of some sound models, in terms of specific perceptual effects.” Parametric synthesis offers great flexibility, but at the cost of an increased effort to generate realistic, appropriate sounds.
The product sound designer should decide whether the sound will be presented static or dynamic. In the case of static sounds, one may choose to save them as samples to a dedicated piece of memory. The samples can then be played back on-demand. This is often the case with auditory icons and earcons. However, for sonification and continuous sonic interaction, both dynamic by definition, the synthesis model itself will have to be implemented in the chipset of the product. The sound will then be generated and manipulated in real-time, depending on the input of sensors. Note: the implementation of a synthesis model is not always feasible for complex sounds that require CPU processor-intensive models.
Finally, a sound that has been created digitally requires at least a digital-to-analogue convertor, and a loudspeaker or piezo element to be heard. For optimal acoustic efficiency, the resonance frequency of the cavity in which the loudspeaker or piezo element is mounted may require tuning to the frequency content of the envisioned sound.
Aforementioned intentional and consequential sounds can be designed in order to facilitate a certain product experience. The main aim of the sound design process is to facilitate an auditory experience by using product sounds that are complimentary or supportive to the main product experience. For example, the warning signal of a microwave oven could be designed to be ‘inviting’ or a shaver could be designed to sound ‘sporty’. In both examples, the desired auditory experience can only be achieved by forcing changes into the constructive elements of the main product, as sound is a natural consequence of objects/materials in action.
The design of the consequential and intentional sounds undergoes an iterative process (similar to the method suggested by Roozenburg and Eekels, 2003) that runs parallel to the main design process so that communication between different design teams is kept at its highest level of knowledge-exchange. Thus, a product sound design process incorporates four stages (see Figure 3):
In light of the four-stage sound design process, it is often the case that sound design process starts with the main design brief, in which special attention may have been paid specifically to sound. However, usually the main design concept suggested in the brief can be taken as the basis for sound design.
Methods for product sound design -related activities (adapted from:
The sound analyses stage starts by first determining when and how the product emits sound and how the sound is incorporated into the human-product interaction. Therefore, observational research with high-definition audio-visual recordings is necessary to place the sound in context with the user in an environment natural to human-product interactions. In such observations, the following issues should be considered or paid attention to:
acoustic effect of environment on the sound,
other environmental/product-related sounds that could mask the sound in question,
interaction of the product with the user and environment,
facial expressions of users for detecting unpleasant or unwanted sounds,
stages of product use and occurrence of sound in any given stage,
duration of the product use and exposure to sound,
impact of sound on product usability.
After tackling these issues and making a map of auditory experience within context, dry recordings of the product sound in a studio environment can be taken. Both dry and environmental sound recordings can be further analysed in terms of acoustic content of the sounds (e.g., Spectrograms, Bark scales) and their basic relevance to psychoacoustics. Subsequently, a comparison can be graphically made between a product sound occurring in a natural environment and the actual sound of the product without any environmental effects.
The acoustical analysis of sounds is also used to pinpoint acoustic regions that can cause sensory discomfort and locate the region or part where the problems with sound occur. Thus, the sound analyses stage continues by analysing the effect of the assembly parts of the product on the product sound. This is carried out by disassembly of the product in a by step-by-step fashion and recording at each stage of disassembly until the last sound-producing component is left. Again, acoustical and psychoacoustic analyses are required for each recorded sound. This is a crucial stage in product sound design that aims at determining which existing component of the product is problematic and can be replaced.
As exemplified above, the sound analysis stage is based on many iterative processes that involve observations and analyses into human-product interaction within context, the acoustical content of the sound, and physical construction of the product. Such analyses lead to understanding the conceptual and functional role of sound in human-product interaction.
Once the conceptual and functional problems with product sounds are identified during the sound analysis phase, designers can proceed with conceptualizing the to-be-designed new product sounds. The conceptualizing should incorporate the desired product experience (as defined in the product brief) as a reference but focus on the sound-specific relevance to the desired experience. For example, if a shaver is being designed to be
Therefore, at this stage, it is important first to define the semantic associations of the desired product experience in order to determine what underlying concept could be taken further for sound design. Such conceptual analysis can be made with the help of a couple of methods (Özcan & Sonneveld, 2010). Mindmapping, bodily explorations, and acting out are complimentary methods that help to deconstruct the meaning of a desired experience. With bodily explorations, designers try to put themselves in a, e.g.,
Once a concept is selected, a next step is to audiolize this concept with sound sketching. The ultimate goal of sound sketching is to find auditory links that may underlie the selected concept (and the desired experience, directly or indirectly). Sound sketching can be done via tinkering with objects, vocalizations of sounds, and/or using a sound sketching tool (e.g., PSST! Product Sound Sketching Tool). With tinkering, designers are encouraged to find objects that can express the desired auditory expression when in interaction with other objects. It is important here how designers tackle the objects, with what actions and movements. Tinkering is all about creating sounds with ordinary daily objects. With vocalization, designers can vocally imitate the sound with auditory expressions of the desired experience. For example, having learnt during the prior bodily/physical explorations that a
The conceptualization phase is complete once the desired auditory expression has been determined. The sound sketches can be further used as a guide for the prototyping of the product with the desired auditory expression.
In the design and construction of the products, the embodiment phase is the first moment when designers encounter sounds emitting from the newly designed product. The embodiment phase for sound design concerns the physical product parts that need to be altered/replaced in order to create the desired auditory experience. Therefore, the problematic parts encountered in the analysis stage will be tackled at the embodiment stage. One activity that is essential to this stage is the prototyping. Designers need to partially prototype the product in order to observe the occurring sound and verify its fit with the desired auditory features and experience.
Similar to the sound analyses stage, each occurring sound needs to be acoustically analysed. The same methods of sound recording and analysis such as used in the analyse phase can be adopted here. However, the observations and conclusions should be tackled around the desired auditory experience.
Tools and methods used for the embodiment design of sounds depend on the type of sound. Intentional sound design and application require more digital techniques to construct the sound and consequential sound design and application would require more analogue techniques to construct the product, hence the sound.
Intentional sounds are by nature music-like sounds, thus they can be created from scratch with the help of a musical instrument or a computer with proper sound editing tools (e.g., Garage band, Audacity). Timbre, temporal structure, and length are some factors that need to be considered when designing intentional sounds. The intentional sounds are already described in chapter 3.
For example, if a food chopper is producing an unwanted fluctuating sound and it has been found that the mill that turns the blade was found vertically tilted due to bad assembly; then, a better construction that stabilizes the mill could be proposed. In another example, the working principles of a coffee machine could be altered by… in order to create the feeling of efficiency and comfort. Furthermore, once the main assembly of the product is finished and a rough sound can be produced, it is possible that old-fashioned techniques of noise closures and dampening could be employed before the casing is designed and assembled.
The embodiment design phase is complete once the guidelines for the final prototype are achieved. It should be kept in mind that the product sound occurring at the prototyping stage may be different to the sound of the final product. Thus, the embodiment sound design phase consists of iterative stages of creating sounding models, (dis)assembling, and testing with the aim of achieving the desired experience with the final product. The tests involved here range from acoustical measurement and analysis of the sound via a computer to see whether the product sound fits the technical requirements, or cognitive evaluation of sound with potential users to ensure that the occurring sound semantically fits the desired experience. Moreover, with the sounding models, desired interaction with the product can be enabled and observed. This could be done with the help of potential users acting out towards the product and the design team, enabling the interaction with the wizard-of-Oz techniques.
In the detailing phase, fine tuning of the product sound takes place. At this stage, the final prototype is built and the product to-be-produced takes its final shape. A more realistic sound is expected as an outcome. More extensive user research takes place with semantic differentials and observational studies. Collected data should yield more accurate results and conclusions regarding the desired experience and interaction. It is possible that the occurring sound still needs further adjustments. At the detailing stage, there will be room for further noise closure and dampening activities that roughly concern the outer shell of the product. At the end of detailing, the product should be ready for manufacturing.
Sound design activities exemplified above are multi-disciplinary by nature and relate to three indispensable disciplines:
Main disciplines contributing to product sound design activity (adapted from:
Acoustics is the science that tackles sound phenomena. The field of acoustics is concerned with basic physical principles related to sound propagation and mathematical and physical models of sound measurement. Therefore, the topics of interest for the field of acoustics are the medium in and through which sound travels, reflecting and vibrating surfaces, speed of sound, and other physical characteristics of sound such as sound pressure, wavelength and frequency.
Sound is a result of the energy release caused by objects in action. Although the physical quality of the sound is determined by the sound source and action,
It is essential to understand the acoustic nature of the sound event when designing product sounds. Acoustic analysis of the sound can be first done during the problem analysis phase and can recursively occur until the problem has been defined. The field of acoustics provides tools and methods to analyse and simulate sound. Basic terms used for sound characteristics comprise of ‘frequency’ (variation rate in the air pressure), ‘decibels’ (sound intensity), and ‘amplitude’ (sound pressure). A spectrogram visualizes the frequency content of a sound and the intensity variations in time. Furthermore, a sound wave represents the temporal tendency of sound propagation and the sound pressure over time. It is possible to visually analyse the spectral-temporal composition of a sound event and precisely pinpoint the acoustical consequences of certain events. Moreover, various sound modelling techniques have been developed in the field of acoustics. Simulating sounding objects that are perceptually convincing has been possible thanks to the available computer technology (Cook, 2002; Pedersini, Sarti, & Tubara, 2000; Petrausch, Escolano, & Rabenstein, 2005; Rocchesso, Bresin, & Fernstrom, 2003). Furthermore, sound simulation can also be necessary to test upfront the perceptual effects of the desired sound.
Engineering is the discipline through which abstract scientific knowledge takes on an applied nature. For the design of product sounds, three main branches of engineering provide knowledge: mechanical engineering, electric-electronics engineering, and material engineering. These relevant fields deal with sound indirectly and rather focus on manipulative (i.e., constructible) aspects of products. Various product parts, mechanisms, lay-out, materials, interactions, and working principles can all be engineered depending on the design requirements of the product and its sound.
In product engineering, functionality of the product should be the main focus. Thus, suggested alterations for the improvement of the product sound can only be carried out if the functionality of the product or product parts are kept intact. Engineers should have satisfactory knowledge on physics and mathematics, and they are able to calculate the energy release as sound or as vibration. Furthermore, the discipline of engineering provides various tools and methods to embody conceptual ideas and solutions to problems. Engineers and designers are well-supported on modelling, testing, and prototyping (Cross, 2000; Hubka & Eder, 1988; Roozenburg & Eekels, 1995). Similar tools and methods could be used for implementing product sounds as well.
Sound design is not limited to finding technical solutions for a problem. The aforementioned disciplines deal with the physical aspect of sound and the object causing the sound (i.e., product). However, product sounds, just like other environmental sounds, have psychological correlates which may be on a semantic level or an emotional level (von Bismarck, 1974; Kendall & Carterette, 1995; van Egmond, 2004).
Listeners main reaction to any sound is to interpret it with their vocabulary of previous events. Such interpretations often refer to the source of the sound and the action causing the sound, such as a hairdryer blowing air Marcell, Borella, Greene, Kerr, & Rogers, 2000). Listeners are able to follow the changes in the spectral-temporal structure of the sound and perceive it as auditory events or sometimes as auditory objects (Kubovy & van Valkenburg, 2004; Yost, 1990). In the absence of image, just by hearing listeners can describe the material, size, and shape of the sound (Hermes, 1998; Lakatos, McAdams, & Causse, 1997).
For product sounds the conceptual network consists of associations on different levels (Özcan van Egmond, 2012). Source and action descriptions occur the most, followed by locations in which products are used the most (e.g., bathroom, kitchen), basic emotions (e.g., pleasant-unpleasant), psychoacoustical judgments (e.g., sharp, loud, rough). In addition, source properties can also be identified (e.g., interacting materials or sizes of the products). Furthermore, product sound descriptions could also refer to rather abstract concepts such as hygiene (for the sound of washing machine), wake-up call (for the sound of the alarm clock), and danger (for a warning buzzer).
These conceptual associations of sound indicate that a fit of the sound to the product or with the environment in which the sound occurs is judged. Therefore, a design team cannot overlook the cognitive and emotional consequences of the sound. In various stages of design, user input needs to be carefully considered. Therefore, questionnaires that are aimed at measuring the psychological and cognitive effect of sound could be used.
Above we discussed the major disciplines contributing to sound design. However, some hybrid disciplines also contribute such as psycho-acoustics and musicology. The field of psychoaoustics deals with the basic psychological reactions to the acoustic event. Sharpness (high frequency content), roughness (fluctuation speed of the frequency and amplitude modulation), loudness (sound intensity), and tonalness (amount of noise in a sound) are the main parameters used to observe the psycho-acoustical reaction of listeners. Although these parameters are supposed to be subjective, a general conclusion has been made in the past regarding the threshold and limits of human sensation to sounds. Therefore, psycho-acoustical algorithms have been presented to measure the above-mentioned perceived characters of sound (Zwicker & Fastl, 1990). These algorithms are used to measure the sounds perceptual quality and predict listeners tolerance to sounds. Thus, they are predictive of sensory pleasantness or unpleasantness.
Designers can design alarm-like synthesized sounds if they have knowledge and practical experience in the field of musicology, as composing music that requires knowledge on theories about musical structures and compositions and tools to create harmonic and rhythmic sounds.
A product sound designer should have knowledge and skills on three major disciplines (engineering, acoustics, and psycho-acoustics) and also on hybrid disciplines such as musicology and psycho-acoustics (see Figure 5).
A product sound designer is primarily an engineer that is able to manipulate the product lay-out and is skilful in applying physical and mathematical knowledge in order to analyse and to model the product lay-out while considering the consequences in terms of sound.
Professional domains of a sound designer (adapted from:
However, interpreting the physics of sound per se should also be one of the major roles of such an engineer. Skills in acoustic analyses and ability to simulate sound are necessary. Furthermore, a sound designer should be able to link the structural properties of a sound to its acoustical composition. In addition, musical knowledge on how to compose synthesized sounds is required in the case of the intentional sounds.
Furthermore, the psychological correlates of the product sound should also be considered when an engineer is tackling the physical aspects of sound and the product as a sound source. Ultimately, the product sound designer has the last word when judging whether the sound fits the desired experience and the interaction within the context of use. Knowledge on psycho-acoustical analyses is required to predict the first user reactions only to sound. Later, semantic analyses need to be conducted with potential users to make sure the sound design is complete and appropriate to the product.
Product Sound Design is an elective course of the Master of Industrial Design Engineering Education at Delft University of Technology. In product sound design we distinguish two main types of sounds: Intentional sounds and Consequential sounds. The two types of sounds are addressed to the second half year - in the first quarter intentional sound and in the second quarter consequential sound. The students involved are working in project teams of two or three students. The elective consists of a project with few lectures to support the project. The final results should be presented to all course members and stakeholders in a colloquium. The presentation takes approximately 25 minutes with 5 to 10 minutes for questions and discussion. The project is graded on the deliverables: presentation, and report. For the projects, domestic appliances are chosen such as: kids alarm, public public transport card check in and check out, electrical toothbrush, choppers in different versions, shavers, etc..
The intentional sound project approaches the design of these sounds from an interaction perspective. These sounds are synthesized or recorded and are often more musical or speech-like. Therefore, the sounds are created by use of music software. The function of sounds is often to alarm or to provide feedback to users. The project focuses on perception and re-design of these sounds from n interaction point of view . It is essential that these sounds are designed on the bases on the interactions, otherwise improper sounds will result.
The consequential sound project focuses on the sounds radiated by domestic appliances, and are a consequence of their operating and construction. The students will analyse the sounds in the physical, perceptual, and emotional domain and try to relate these findings to the engineering parts of the product. A product should be disassembled and sound recordings will be made of different parts in order to obtain insight in the contribution of these different parts to the sound. The findings resulting from the analyses in the physical, perceptual, and emotional domain are used to redesign new parts or different working principles.
The study goals provide a basis for the self-development of a designer in the field of product sound design. The goals are:
To be able to implement their findings from the analyses in the physical, perceptual, and emotional domain into an adapted product design,
To learn how sound is produced in products and experienced by people,
To learn basic principles of signal analysis (related to sound),
To learn the effect of tolerances on the performance of the appliances and its sound production,
To learn the relationship between product quality and sound quality.
The students get 6 ects (European credit transfer system) for this elective course. This means that they have to invest 168 study hours to come to new ideas and realize them in an adapted or innovative product sound design. The valuable results of three years since the elective started were used to develop further on the elective product sound design.
First of all, because the education method of this elective was very successful it will be upheld. The students are working in project teams because of the complexity of the topic. The frontal lectures are limited to project planning and organization, and to an introduction into the basics of product sound design. Sound recording is explained as among which: use of software, lab set-up, and how to record. Most recordings will be carried out in the Audio Lab, but if the project requires recordings can be made at a specific location (e.g. public transport card project). The coaching of the teams is on the initiative of the students which stimulates them in their search for creative and innovative solutions. At specific moments during the project, teams have to explain the project progress. During these moments coaches discuss the progress and results and give advice to go into a certain direction when necessary The results of a project are presented in a colloquium and a written report.
Laboratory setup and Barks analysis for the maximum and minimum load on the toothbrush. The load will be applied by hanging bolts on the toothbrush.
We use a student project of a toothbrush as an example. The team measured the sound under load, shown in the lab setup in figure 6. This laboratory setup is easily adaptable to record the sound of the toothbrush under different loads. A sound level meter is used to obtain the loudness level in decibels. The recordings will be analysed to get insight into the sound effects at different power loads. The brush force for brushing teeth effectively lies between a maximum of 2N and minimum of 0.5 N in normal use.
The maximum load applied to the toothbrush is determined by the operation of the toothbrush at the boundary of the function in this case. The minimum load of the toothbrush is determined by its own weight. Figure 6 shows the graph of 2N and 0.5N loads - the influence of load on the toothbrush can be observed on the Bark scale. A peak is observed at 20 Barks for a load of 0.5N. It moves to a lower frequency domain of 15 Barks when the maximum load is reached.
The disassembly of the toothbrush is carried out in order to analyse the recordings of the parts contributing to the sound. In figure 7 the inside organization of the toothbrush is shown.
Disassembling of the toothbrush from complete product (situation black) to only the electromotor (situation brown) the recordings in barks in figure 8. The different graphs of disassembling the product are given in different colours. With a decrease of number of parts (disassemble step after step), the sound will gradually cut down.
The main axel (situation blue) is the main cause in the irritating rattling noise. When removed (situation green), there is a big decrease in the peak around 20 barks and a lowering of 6dB in volume. In the last stage of disassembly (situation brown), only the motor is active, that results in a sound of 45 dB. Gearing parts are assembled on the motor; this will increase the resistance that contributes to a louder sound, especially in the lower-frequency domain.
Inside image of the toothbrush.
Barks analysis on the complete disassembly of the toothbrush.
Sketches of the redesign - in this case the working principle is changed.
In final stage, hand sketching is used to express the solution by means of the working principle. Sketching is a handy tool for the designer to visualize the working principle, product ideas, and parts quickly on paper. The sketches show how parts may be produced and assembled. However, implementing it in a product is often not feasible, therefore the intended sound cannot be measured. The toothbrush changes are based on sketching because making a prototype with rapid prototyping could bring you far away from the final solution because the replacement material has never the same sound property. In figure 9 sketches of a redesign are shown.
The two types of product sound need their own design process. Consequential sounds are the result of the product layout. However, the component choice, shape, material and manufacturing are the main parameters that determine the consequential sound. For a new innovative product, sound recordings of different components will be made and mastered into a future product sound (Van Egmond, 2008). In this situation, the product sound will rely on the experience of the product sound designer . In future, this experience should be replaced by a theoretical framework based on research on the following parameters: material, accuracy of parts, the tolerance of parts, how the parts are connected, power transport, size, geometric, speed, and assembly tolerances.
Although consequential sounds are restricted in degrees of freedom by the design and embodiment of the product, the design of intentional sounds has an unlimited number of degrees of freedom due to the fact that they can be designed from scratch. This is one of the reasons that many feedback and alarm signals are badly designed, because no limiting constraints are imposed. If one considers the design of intentional sounds as a form of interaction design, the interaction can impose the constraints on the design of the sounds. Consequently, the sounds will “fit” their function better. Knowledge from interaction design, psychoacoustics, audio engineering and music perception will form the theoretical basis of the design of these sounds.
It can be concluded that Product Sound Design should be a discipline within the domain design. Especially, the physical and psychological aspects should be mapped onto each other. The product sound designer has to learn from a variety of disciplines, from design to engineering and from acoustics to music perception. The course in product sound design is a good basis for further self-development of young designers. It enables opportunities for students under supervision of their lecturers to develop a systematic approach for product sound design. Hopefully, this will lead to more knowledge and appreciation of the way sound contributes to the overall product experience.
The outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic was officially declared by WHO on 11th March 2020, most of European countries applying different state specific measures of lockdown in order to limit the spread of SARS-Cov 2 virus, mass contamination, and the consequences of the illness.
The characteristics of this pandemic were: ubiquity (in spite of its onset in a country, soon it affected almost all countries), severity, uncertainty, so far limited etiopathogesis and treatment knowledge, misinformation, and social isolation, economic restraint. These conditions are all stressful and might have huge consequences on mental health [1].
The first case was officially recorded on the 26th of February 2020, even before the official declaration of the pandemic in Romania, and the re-organization of the Romanian health system in order to assist adequately the Covid-19 patients. A strange phenomenon occurred during the first months of pandemic in Europe: repatriation of thousands of Romanian citizens living and working in European countries, affected already by the first wave of Covid-19 pandemic, either due to suspended work places or due to fear of contamination. The borders were assaulted by these people, which were briefly checked by an epidemiological triage, but not tested and quarantined in the indicated domicile, contributing probably to the supplementary spread of the disease [2]. As a consequence, initially positive but asymptomatic persons were admitted to hospitals but soon the hospitals were assaulted by problematic and critical cases and the hospitals especially the Intensive Care Units (ICUs) were exceeded. March 2021 recorded 859709 infected persons and 21483 deaths. The general situation was managed by the department of Emergency Situations and by the Ministry of Health, supported by a mysterious committee of strategic communication, and local authorities. Since December 2020 health workers have been vaccinated, followed by seniors, and chronically ill persons, residents in centers, and disabled persons. The access for the general population has been launched since 15th March 2021. In spite the initial popularity of the vaccination campaign, mistrust especially to the Astra Zeneca vaccine led to a decrease of the vaccination rhythm; still elevated incidence rates of morbidity and mortality of Covid-19 characterize the third wave. Besides the initial electronic patform for vaccination appointments and call-centers, mobile teams, drive though vaccination centers and vaccination marathons aimed the increase of accessibility of the general population.
The hallmarks of this Covid-19 pandemic were the uncertainty, unpredictability of severity, duration and the unforeseen effects of several areas: personal, social, economical, triggering enourmous burden on health services, on other essential domains. Though the phenomenon had been experienced some months before by China, European countries seemed shocked and unprepared for this huge global turmoil, accessing simultaneous protection and medical equipment, leading early to a shortage of medical supplies and sometimes competiveness to access these. However, the Chinese experience represented an important pillar of guidance for organizing medical and social services and also treatment approaches. The fact that the disease might trigger life threatening evolution, may involve several individual or mass psychological reactions or worsen previous mental health problems.
A glimpse into the psychological reactions of the population to a global threat, evidenced fear/anxiety, insomnia, depression, anger, guilt, grief, loss at the beginning and frustration [3], PTSD, stigmatization later on, as well as the burnout, somatization of health care workers [4], the onset or aggravation of several psychological/psychiatric symptoms in some of the Covid patients, and the reactions of their family members, caregivers.
Considered as vulnerable groups for mental health impact of Covid-19 were: older adults, the homeless, migrants, mentally ill patients, pregnant women, and students studying abroad [1].
A gender analysis has revealed that younger women are more prone to develop especially anxiety, despite family support and resilience [3], due to an increase of household responsibilities, decrease of physical activity, the emergence of domestic hostility (violence, psychological and/or sexual abuse), due to more time spent together in close proximity. Two peaks of these psychological disturbances could be recorded: at outbreak and more severe later on in a specially vulnerable population: younger, single women, exposed to the infection [3].
Regarding the different psychological reactions, they were not homogenous in different age groups. Children and parents had to adapt to confinement in a narrow space. Small children were deprived of social encounters, discovery and interactions of peers and other persons, institutional acquisition of knowledge and social skills. Predominant indoor seclusion might produce fear, loneliness, anxiety, depression, sleep disorders [5], restlessness [6] and even PTSD [7]. In school children, adolescents, the remote teaching promoted by e-learning developed attention and concentration difficulties [8], a peculiar friendship dynamics with isolation, frustration, and consecutive overuse of electronic devices, anger outbursts, proneness for alcohol and/or psychoactive misuse. The Flynn effect, that of constant increase of IQ by decades with at least 3 points, has recently registered a dramatic decrease [9] but probably not yet evidenced by the compensating Dunning-Krueger phenomenon. A better resilience seems to be in the case of families, peers, teachers’ involvement [8, 10], and a balance between intellectual and physical tasks [8].
On the other end, seniors were at risk and vulnerable due to multiple comorbidities, low social integration, and social disadvantages [11] even before the restrictions imposed by the lockdown and higher risk of poor evolution in case of contamination. The isolation raised great concerns of the possible consequences in the disruption of daily routine, difficulties in provision of basic personal needs, health care services, loneliness, and limited access to neutral information and entertainment. As a consequence, they felt abandoned, stressed by the news, with sedentary lifestyle, with limited access to medical services, anxiety aggravated, depression, poor sleep and huge cognitive impairments [12, 13]. Social isolation, various restrictions of movement, social interactions were perceived as stressful and sometimes less understood as protective. A vivid debate regarding the respect of human rights and marginalization of seniors arose [14]. Even painful separations, limited funeral rituals, grief and bereavement were experienced as frustration [15].
Active persons experienced the general pattern of psychological reactions, in accordance to the degree of understanding of the threat, protecting measures, adherence to the official recommendations of protection or denial of the existence of the infectious disease, different involvement in social roles. A dramatic shift has occurred: while medical staff and other emergency personnel were highly implicated in the last year, working intensely and under pressure, others had to adapt to passivity or even suspend their professional activity with huge economical downshift and uncertainty. Therefore, some became very involved and active and others had to freeze their professional identity or reorient towards other means of subsistence. Beside the huge personal reactions, the financial breakdown, the postponing of real life habits put some jobs under question (musicians, actors, hospitality). The responsibility for social, individual, family, financial survival put those persons on supplementary pressure and existential uncertainty.
While the active group had to practice and act rapidly, lacking a very precise documentation or scientifically evidenced based guidelines, being permanently confronted with unexpected situations, unpredictability and task overload, the counterpart had to remain passive, in expectation, “hibernation”, sometimes forgotten by the governmental sustainable support and resilience programs. Special behaviors developed: hoarding and food stocking, a special personal or group survival selfishness, binge movies and internet consumption, binge eating, and isolation in bunker similar homes.
The Covid-19 pandemic has shaken deeply communication, personal and group liberties, adherence to norms, values, the social boundaries and equilibrium, optimum proportion between implication/passivity, personal, professional, family and recreational activities. If the initial official recommendations stated “social distance” as a protective measure, it became soon obvious that taken literally, this could lead to huge unintended detrimental effects: isolation, loneliness, exacerbation of own fears, limitation of social interaction, even stigmatization. So, the term “physical distance” seems to coin more precisely the real need of the respect for safety distance in order to avoid contamination. Moreover, special efforts should be addressed especially towards vulnerable populations to provide social closeness, inclusion, connection and special care [16].
At the beginning of the lockdown, as serious cases of Covid-19 patients applied for testing, diagnosis, and treatment, medical staff were idealized as “heroes”, sent to the frontline of the triage, hospitals designated for this purpose, invested with great hope and confidence of healing and rendering all safe as soon as possible, taking less into consideration that protection methods and special beds for ICU were scarce, and treatment options were not universally lifesaving, being a new disease, without yet a guaranteeing cure. This emotional investment of trust in medical personnel has been shown by encouraging messages, gratitude stickers, TV interviews, outlining the devotion, overwork, exhaustion. As soon as complications, or even death occurred, with limitations of family members to take direct contact to the personnel, limitation imposed by isolation, restricted funerals, the initial attitude began to fade. Less objective information about testing, quarantine, hospital procedures were explained by the government, local officials, by personnel. But a tremendous shift occurred as the conspirationists gained ground in convincing persons that higher “interests” would intervene and declare healthy persons as Covid-19 patients. A further cognitive bias “concluded” that ICU ventilated patients were incurable and condemned to death. As a consequence, a virtual loop produced an avoidance of hospital admittance and application for admittance in tardive stages of the disease, which were hard to manage. Media and the general public reconsidered common medical procedures in ICUs as punitive (i.e. oxygen masks, restraint of confused patients, ventilation, with the inherent side effects, like bacterial suprainfections). Therefore, a radical shift in attitude of the population towards medical staff took place, also nurtured massively by the nonmedical adherents: they were considered corrupt, sadistic, even criminal. Mistrust and adversity, stigmatization contributed to supplementary work hardship and status decline. As infection incidence rose, more restrictions were imposed, less understood as protective, frustration of limitation of liberties during the second and third wave were hardly accepted, calling the epidemiological methods as “medical dictatorship”, encouraging revolts, disobedience, promoting risky behaviors.
The prevalence of burnout among American nurses ranged up to 45%, being at double risk of depression than other health workers [17].
As soon as the infection with the new SARS-Cov 2 emerged in the Wuhan region of China, WHO launched an official evidenced based scientific information platform tailored to specific population groups-Information Network for Epidemics (EPI-WIN). The official general information delivered by media channels, according to the employment of the general safety measures, health professionals benefited of full access to free evidenced based studies, which were informative and valuable in exploring, adapting treatment plans according to the latest scientific achievements. But often the official information was overshadowed by more convincing false information, called infodemia (the rapid and massive spread of pseudoscientific information), with particular features: launching deep fake news, the misinformation had large channels of distributions, inducing an “illusory “truth by repetition, familiarity, promoted by influencers, by famous persons, relying partly on conspiracy theories, exploiting the general heightened level of fear, discouraging the medical approaches, along with intensive anti-vaccination campaigns [18]. Among the most popular “explanatory” theories can be cited: the pandemic has been planned by Big Pharma, companies, the virus is produced in laboratory, 5 G produce clinical signs of Covid-19 infection. There are several reasons which might explain the development of pseudoscientific information: subjective misinterpretation of some evidence, called cognitive biases, magical or irrational meanings, a hidden mercantile interest and the credible, persuasion reaching the fragile emotional ground of the receptor [19].
The conspirationist theories promote that certain events and phenomena are manipulations of occult forces, a plot of leading groups, offering some plausible believable simple explanations, but not reliable scientific sources, dividing irreconcilable adherents from contestants [20]. Why are some people more prone to accept false theories in spite the scientific proofs? Miclea advances the supposition that the emitter of the fake information launches an emotionally charged information that is in consonance with the own beliefs [21] that gives the impression of being special and having access to secret information; the person seems to have a cognitive bias, called by Mixich [22] “cognitive impermeability”, selecting within the available data only the convenient information, being insensitive to contra arguments, proofs of the false assumptions. These persons select within the news only convenient data, being nurtured in their convictions by peers, denying neutral facts, and evidenced based data, similar to cognitive impenetrability.
Some “messianic” characters invaded social media, promoting personal theories, calling population to disobedience of the official rules, pretending that conspirations aim the subjugating citizens and obliterating their rights and freedoms. Even the contamination or death of close adherents did not lead them to conclusions that the illness is serious and might be fatal. Strangely, some of the doctors promoted peculiar theories about the inexistence of the Covid-19 disease or claimed to have cured thousands of patients with primitive remedies, contesting vividly the official protocols, gaining acceptance and trust by a significant number of people.
The spectrum of anxiety disorders is wide: it is usually indefinite in general anxiety or out of the blue in panic attacks, triggered by a phobic stimulus in specific phobias. At the beginning of the SARS-Cov2 outbreak, being limited to a faraway region, the concerns were vague and a certain conviction that the danger will never affect us prevailed. After the European and American widespread of this respiratory transmitted disease with high transmission rate and mortality, WHO declared the disease pandemic, imposing several protective restrictions and mobilizing huge medical resources in research and medical assistance of Covid-19 disease. As soon as the incidence rate of the disease and mortality due to complications of the disease raised dramatically in developed European countries with advanced health systems, the general population developed a rapid awareness of the real dimension of the threat. As more and closer acquaintances were positive or ill, the proximal danger became real. Therefore, a specific acute anxiety developed, having a clear object of fear, namely the threat of being contaminated/contaminating by the SARS-Cov2 virus and the possible consequences (i.e. economic, status), severe outcome, and death. The circumscribed phobia, developing specific cognitive distortions and specific behavior (either of exaggerated disinfection or avoidance of public places) entitles a precise name for the phobia, different from other contamination phobias, called coronaphobia [23]. Arora et al. [24] conceptualized the excessive fear of contracting the Covid-19 disease into three main components of coronarophobia, namely the physiological, cognitive and behavioral aspects. The fear is triggered by situations of meeting potentiallly infected people, exposure to crowded places, traveling, touching potentially infected surfaces, misinterpreting mild signs of flu. The physiological part implies palpitations, breathing difficulties, appetite, and sleep problems. The cognitive component meant absolutistic assumptions like: if I contract the disease, I will die, it might represent an economic, personal disaster and trigger worry sadness, sleep disorders. The fear of contamination included both senses: to contract the infection or infect close persons. The behavioral component is represented by avoidance of getting out, meeting friends, and attending public places. Other consequences of combining recommendations and personal fears of contaminations were the development of compulsive disinfections, cleaning and washing.
The analysis and comparison to other phobias reveals the following characteristic features of coronaphobia: intense, widespread, involving also socio-occupational and personal domains, with apprehension ranging beyond self and present time [24]. The majority of phobias are personal diverse fears occurring during different points in time of life and, with different intensities, depending on the degree of de exposure to the phobic stimulus. Coronaphobia represents beyond an individual experience, a mass fear, with a special dynamics, a vicious loop of hardships during quarantine, new habits (hoarding, binge eating, binge TV series watching and, seclusion), the unforeseen end of the danger, some hope related to vaccination, doubts after escalation of incidence rates due to mutations of the virus and its virulence, the revolt of some people faced with further restrictions and limitations.
Soon after the WHO declaration of COVID-19 pandemic, the Emergency state has been declared by the Romanian President on the 16th March 2020 [25] with the lockdown measures for 30 days in Romania, which reduced the unnecessary workplaces, shops, social encounters, travel bans and shift towards remote working and/or online teaching, quarantine/isolation when requested. The Emergency state has been followed by successive alert states or local confinements in high infection incidence zones.
On the medical level, several immediate measures were stated by the common order 74527/2020 issued by the Department of Emergency Situations of the Internal Ministry and Health Ministry in Romania at 23.03.2020 [26] such as: the hospital facilities had to discharge within the following 48 h most patients, only emergency admissions being permitted; postponing the programing of public and private ambulatory assistance. Health services had to adapt their circuits and programs according to the epidemiological safety needs and structures, personnel programmed their activity in shifts. The supply with protection materials and disinfectants, necessary medication was provided in accordance with the management strategies of each hospital/service. Some Covid hospitals were designated (infectious disease, pneumonology, internal medicine) and support Covid hospitals, which had to assist milder cases. But each department, regardless of the speciality, organized its own circuits according to the local buildings, endowment and personnel in order to assist suspected or confirmed Covid patients at the same time to protect the other hospitalized patients against contaminations. Updated case definitions and treatment protocols were provided as systematic scientific knowledge evolved. The Law no.136/2020 [27], partly in consonance with international health regulations, offers precise definitions of specific terms such as personal, regional quarantine, isolation and measures of report, application of the above mentioned measures aimed to avoid the spread of the infections, as well as the sanctions in case of deliberately refusal to comply with or violate these measures, respecting personal rights and freedoms. The law expresses the right of the person to ask for the annulment of the imposed measures, if the persons fill injured by the restrictions, steps to challenge the decided methods [28, 29]. Based on this later paragraph, specialists encountered difficulties to convince patients to sign the informed consent, accept treatments, and being admitted in spite of the severity of the Covid-19 illness.
The re-organization of psychiatric services varied depending of the type of service (ambulatory, hospital, state/private), location, type of buildings, proximity to a Covid hospital and specialized examinations, resources, local management. The general lines of the provision of medical services were stipulated by the Government Decision (HG 252/2020) [30], pointing the maximum protection of patients and medical personnel, recommending the provision for stable chronic patients remote consultations, treatments, the annulment of the mandatory use of the medical assurance card. The types of distance consultations were not clearly specified, since telemedicine systems were not yet officially employed. So GP’s, ambulatory specialists decided to offer teleconference facilities to their patients WhatsApp, Skype or other smart phone applications, with great concerns of security of data protection, accessibility. If these communication facilities might be familiar to the Z-generation (born in the mid-nineties), they could encounter technical difficulties for both doctors and patients, partly due to some digital illiteracy or to the lack of availability of the device or the internet network by the later. In spite of older recommendations to apply TelePsychiatry emphasized by various Psychiatric Associations, these became imminent during the Covid-19 pandemic. But various components of this methods (secured electronic health record, synchronicity, teleconference, teleconsultation, monitoring of vital signs, psychological testing) lacked entirely, being in fact a videoconference, followed by an electronic recipe, send to the patient via e-mail or to the indicated Pharmacy, being reimbursed by The National Health Insurance system. Above the general depicted advantages (portability, cost-efficiency, accessibility, continuity) [31], the major advantage was to overcome the reluctance of patients to apply to direct medical services, to guarantee the safe and quick follow-up; more barriers were recorded: the lack of personal psychological authenticity, missing clear juridical framework, problematic technical set ups, modest training. If the initial consultation seems the most problematic, the achievements could be employed later after the extinction of the current epidemiological risk in the aftercare, follow-up [32, 33].
The Romanian psychiatric hospitals organized their circuits and activities according to the local settings, profile, management decisions and epidemiological advisors. The case of huge, independent emergency psychiatric hospitals such those in Bucharest, Iaşi, Sibiu, Cluj-Napoca, built on a pavilionar style permitted the designation of special isolated Covid suspect and confirmed departments. Within the Covid pavilions, suspect cases and confirmed positive cases were totally separated and personnel respected strictly the protective rules, circuits, equipments. Face to face briefings were canceled and switched to online meetings. The suspect cases were monitored until negative RT-PCR test arrived and directed towards the designed sections. Positive cases, either asymptomatic or symptomatic were monitored or treated both for the Covid-19 signs and for the psychiatric illness, until negativation of RT-PCR, when transferred or discharged. Even Infectious disease hospitals or other Covid-19 hospitals and Covid-19 support Covid hospitals asked for psychiatric support or transfer when psychiatric symptomatology exceeded their capacity of specialized care, but guaranteed the somatic stability for a psychiatric ward that does not possess the adequate technical equipment for possible severe somatic outcomes. Each department could decide after a careful epidemiological triage to admit patients in buffer zones until the results of RT-PCR test oriented the patient within the ward or towards the special pavilion. Personnel and negative tested patients were also monitored for signs of a possible suspect case, according to the updated case definition provided by the Ministry of Health.
For acute patients brought by ambulance, Police, only direct consultations were possible and admittance often required special supplementary safety measures, being kept in a buffer zone until negative RT-PCR results were confirmed. Similar procedures were reported by colleagues in other countries, with the same difficulties, partly due to understaffing, less specialized training [34, 35].
For chronic hospitals, there were no new admittances. Psychiatric hospitals, part of a general hospital, could hardly organize safety circuits according to the imposed regulations. One major concern regarded the continuity of delivery of psychiatric treatments to the chronic patients, which could have been at risk of relapses, triggered by medication discontinuation. This led to the initiation of several programs and facilities that provided safe medication supplies after safe Tele-Psychiatry consultations. Due to the fact that the majority of ambulatory psychiatric services interrupted their onsite activity the first two months of pandemic, clients with psychiatric problems requested either online consultations or visited the emergency rooms. If oral medication reached easily the patient, either accustomed with the administration or in case of changes, a short explicative schema had been attached, more problematic seemed the administration of long acting injectable antipsychotics, which supposed the administration by a trained nurse.
Speaking about admitted psychiatric patients, the quarantine measures interrupted the periodical visits into the hospital of family members or friends, the contact being possible by telephone. In order to overcome this emotional deprivation, especially in those patients and carers who did not afford a smart phone with videocalls, the Cluj emergency hospital initiated the technical support for this gap by offering two tablets to the patient and the carer in the proximity of the hospital, providing also technical assistance.
Some peculiar event occurred since the personnel had to wear protective kilts, masks, making daily visits and consultation difficult regarding the identification of the persons, the establishment of confident relationships, limited face expression and changing personnel, producing gaps in adequate monitoring, coherent therapeutic plans. Some of the activities were canceled: morning conference, periodic meetings with shifts via online meetings, briefings, group messages.
During the first ten months of the pandemic, personnel had also been contaminated, ill, isolated and a shortage of personnel occurred besides reorganizations of other sections, where personnel had to be transferred. A great relief arrived with the vaccination of the personnel at the beginning of 2021.
The current situation imposed some flexible approaches: since some psychiatric patients suffered of symptomatic Covid-19 illness and were admitted into a dedicated hospital with special care needs and manifested psychiatric symptoms as well, the general strategy demonstrated that consultation and treatment plan in the initial hospital was the optimal attitude. In the case of serial contamination of senior residents that were assessed for various comorbidities, the common decision of the Cluj Emergency hospital was to temporarily detach a psychiatric nurse and a registrar to act onsite for the psychiatric decompensations (delirium, insomnia, agitation). But a better approach should be in case of senior stable residents to assist them in their familiar surrounding and transfer to a hospital only in the case of more complex investigations and medical assistance. Outbreaks, especially during the third wave posed special challenges, partly to the bigger contagion strength and the lack of available adequate suitable clinical facilities. Therefore, flexible designation of special wards, rapid transfer of patients into other hospitals should have been more functional and practical if we would have benefited of the efficient support and coherent coordination of the executive structures. In order to assess professional active Covid-19 ill psychiatric patients, psychiatrists employed the adequate explorations, beneficiated from guided and suitable treatment plans by the hospital infectionist.
Psychological hotlines were provided both for hospitals employees and for the academics, and recently by the Ministry of Health after the suicide of an anaesthesiologist, but which proved to be rather formal and modestly accessed.
Respecting the strategy to avoid relapses due to medication discontinuation, the closure of the majority of ambulatory psychiatric services at least during the first two months, the difficulties to reach the ambulatory services and the centers for mental health, integrated ambulatories tried to provide consultations in both ways: remote and direct, adapted to the needs and preferences of the patients, and the confidence of the specialists in the authenticity and reliability of the newer method. But the direct consultation implied supplementary protection and safety measures due to the higher risk derived from the low reliable triage. As mentioned before, the TelePsychiatry approaches were preferred rather by young patients, for other patients hesitant to apply direct to the onsite consultations, intermediate caregivers facilitated the remote consultation but with lack of the adequate confidentiality.
It has to be stated from the very beginning that data regarding admissions, psychiatric consultations, psychiatric patients infected with SARS-Cov 2 virus and their evolution have been requested in advance from the National Institute of Mental Health, National School of Public Health, National Institute of Statistics but feedback has not been sent or data are not available yet. Therefore, we will present data recorded at the Emergency Cluj County hospital, Psychiatry Clinic with a capacity of 150 beds, during the first months of Covid-19 outbreak. It is to be stated that the general trend of the analysis refers to the admittances, consultations, emergency room presentations during the lockdown (15th March-15 the May 2020) compared to the same period of the previous year 2019. There was a dramatic drop in admittances by 49% (i.e. 555 vs. 283) [36] but also in presentations to the emergency room, applying for psychiatric problems that usually were addressed to the closed ambulatory offices or to the GP’s (as insomnia, anxiety, mild depressions). The integrated ambulatory aimed at assuring continuity of treatment, had also their activity decreased, partly due to distrust of the safety sanitary measures and the fear of contamination or to the mobility restrictions; the decrease was by 37% regarding direct consultations, replaced whenever possible by Tele Psychiatry. The gender distribution revealed more men than women in all services described above [36]. The demographic profile of the hospitalized patients during the confinement was: man, from urban area, in the mid-forties, benefiting from a similar hospitalization duration-13.2 days [36].
Regarding the diagnosis profile of admittances during the lockdown in comparison to the same period of the previous year, there were mostly onsets of first psychotic episodes, schizophrenia relapses, and alcohol and other psycho active substances acute intoxications or withdrawal states, in consonance with other international studies [37, 38, 39]. But quite surprising, there were less mood disorders of any polarity (either depressions of any severity or bipolar disorder spectrum), or suicide attempts despite frequent predictions. This trend changed in the following months, increasing the number of hospitalizations, adding to the former categories depressions, bipolar disorders, suicide attempts, self-harm in border-line personality disorder and newly diagnosed cases of dementia. Especially this cognitive decline has been noticed by carers soon after the lockdown and the physical distance and isolation, but they did not apply for evaluation immediately due to hesitancy and fear on contamination, they did so only months later. In the beginning of March 2021, the number of admittances reached the figures similar to the previous year, still maintaining the testing procedure and the Covid pavilion, with positive cases hospitalized at the extension of the buffer zones according to needs; the number of admitted patients exceeding for short periods the wards’ capacities. Due to the neurotropism of the Sars-Cov 2 virus, the environmental and psychosocial stressors, persons with Covid-19- illness, might be at risk for developing following psychiatric disorders in the aftermath of the infection: depression, bipolar disorder, PTSD, psychosis, OCD, cognitive disorders, epilepsia [40].
If there is no special specificity of the majority of the admittance diagnoses referring to alcohol and substance abuse, some particular trends could be noticed within the psychotic spectrum. The first case, a brief psychotic disorder was encountered in a young emergency doctor, who ran through the streets announcing an apocalyptic outcome of the Covid-19 pandemic and an overflow of severe cases exceeding the hospital facilities, trying to warn people, policemen of the imminent danger. The recovery was very fast within two weeks and returned after a month as an active doctor on a Covid-19 internal medicine ward. The majority of schizophrenia patients adapted their paranoid delusions to the actual social context, noticing the mimetics of the delusions: either delusion of contaminations or messianic mission of saving humanity, combined with mystic delusions. Worth mentioning is that the content of delusions changed: a man developed at the beginning of the outbreak of Cobid-19 pandemic a delusion of contamination, followed by isolation, compulsive exaggerate washing, disinfection, mistrust in all persons, even close family members. After some months of total isolation, the same person developed another paranoid delusion of the influence of 5G radiations, employing several protection methods: switching off of the internet router, isolating wires, culminating with the concealment in an aluminum box, aiming at blocking the damaging effects of 5G.
Another young obese women, with two family members deceased because of Covid-19 disease, being aware of the risks of this comorbidity for Covid-19 disease, employed a peculiar self-harm behavior, namely repetitive injections of insulin, in order to lose weight and therefore be protected.
General information about SARS-COV-2, Covid-19 disease, safety measures were adequately distributed for the general public through various channels (TV, radio, and internet) but the avalanche of alarmist breaking news might have triggered exaggerated emotional reactions. In order to ensure that psychiatric patients correctly understood the recommendations regarding physical distance, disinfection, the hand washing rules and the adequate wearing of masks, special groups were organized twice weekly lead by nurses and registrars. Special booklets regarding the psychological resilience and short life style advices were provided to patients and their carers. Short video clips were provided by a specialist in public health. Another concern of the staff was related to the potential tension triggered by alarmist news, being either filtered or replaced rather by entertainment programs or by the broadcast of poetry, delivered every evening by a local actor.
Being admitted to any quarantinated hospital, involved a huge limitation of the usual activities and social interactions. Therefore, the lack of family members, friends could be surpassed by compensatory networking: video calls, safe distanced groups activities run as much as possible outside in the inner garden (badminton, dancing, art therapy, interactive but safe activities such as gardening).
The national vaccination campaign began for seniors (above 65 years old) and persons suffering from chronic diseases (diabetes, cardio-vascular diseases, cancers, immunosuppressive diseases, immobilized or disabled persons) on 15th January 2021. In spite the evidence of higher infection rates, morbidity, severe outcome [41], and mortality risk of severe mental ill patients [41, 42], several examples of Covid-19 outbreaks in psychiatric hospitals, the general recommendation of prioritizing of this vulnerable persons for the early vaccination [43], this group was not included in the Romanian vaccination program. The situation has not been remediated although several memoirs have been send to Ministry of Health, National Coordinator of the vaccination campaign, psychiatric associations. Therefore, psychiatric patients were left further at risk of contamination, being further discriminated. At present, due to the fact that most of them do not have access to internet, are digitally illiterate, have modest information to reliable sources, the access is even more difficult though the national vaccination campaign was launched on the 15th March 2021. Being frequently asked about opportunities, interactions with the medication, side effects, we decided to edit a short guide about the virus, contamination risk, vaccination dedicated to psychiatric patients and their caregivers [44].
The first Medical University which decided to suspend the onsite courses on the 5th March 2020 even before the official national lockdown, switching on exclusively on line teaching was the University of Medicine & Pharmacy “Iuliu Haţieganu” Cluj-Napoca, followed soon by all medical universities. This quite abrupt switch, along with the telework of the administrative staff, implied the huge effort so send safe national and international students on demand at home. For the graduate preclinical teaching, courses and seminars could be easily adapted for the online teaching, beneficiating of adequate online platform Microsoft teams, with multiple interactive opportunities. As clinical courses did not encounter any problems, seminars had to rely on case vignettes, official didactical video clips or on life streams of surgical procedures, with the respect of the confidentiality of the patient. These didactical video clips were available and appreciated by the English, French line, applied also to the Romanian students. In order to make seminars more interactive and to develop interview skills, audio calls facilitated the direct but confidential access, or blurred videos were a compromise. But we have to confess our concerns regarding deficitary adequate acquisition of essential practical medical skills for medical students and nurses. The postgraduate Psychiatry beneficiated on the other hand of both: online courses, case presentations, scientific updates, and the onsite clinical work and training. But a quite peculiar phenomenon occurred, with the “misunderstanding” of the official recommendations during lockdown for the general population but not for medical staff to stay at home, leading to a shortage of medical personnel and the exhaustion of the older doctors. The prolongation of shifts until February 2021 of the registrars had as consequence a decline of the daily medical routine, the difficult follow up of patients with changing doctors for one patient. As a direct consequence were the modest theoretical and practical knowledge, with scarce assumed clinical decisions. The doctoral studies continued as online courses, literature search and meta-analysis but there was a hardship in exploring, testing the planned patients samples. Clinician teachers had to focus on the tremendous pressure of patients’ care and on teaching tasks as well, even though sometimes these tasks overlapped. The main problem faced by teachers and students as well, was the abrupt transfer of the educational system entirely towards online, with no previous planning philosophy of guidelines; the library did not offer the online resources of documentation. Teachers understood to transfer their orthodox teaching style online, not taking into consideration that students might have difficulties in understanding and acquiring information, tasks, skills. As seminars and practical clinical exams were canceled, innovative methods should be planned, the curricula overhauled, a steering committee point the general objectives and implement suitable pragmatic logistics, in order to diminish the gap of onsite training [45, 46].
The current pandemic was difficult to anticipate as magnitude, duration, health service organization and personal, social, economic burden. The three waves of Covid-19 pandemic exhausted the medical capacities, medical staff is in burn out and citizens are frustrated due to prolongation of restrictions, high number of victims, accept hardly to conform to the epidemiological rules. The vaccination campaign represented a tremendous hope to diminish the dramatic effects of this pandemic and has proven that countries that employed intensive vaccination strategies reached low mortality rates. But this enthusiasm has been overshadowed by the intense highlight of side effects of some of the vaccines by the media, conspirationists, leading to mistrust, hesitancy in sustained programming. Psychiatric patients, especially those suffering of serious mental illness were more prone to contract the infection, as outlined previously due to smoking, somatic comorbidities, overcrowded housing, difficulties to understand and respect restrictions, to recognize the contagious disease and to access medical services and adequately quarantine [47], and reached higher morbidity and mortality rates. The health care in a psychiatric hospital of Covid-19 psychiatric patients was difficult to organize, limited due to the inadequate endowment and the insufficient specialization of mental health providers in treating this particular infectious disease the understaff. But more difficult seemed the transfer to a more specialized hospital or back home for isolation. Another issue that is not yet solved, is the stigmatization of these patients even within the medical system, all efforts to include these serious mental ill patients into the priority group for vaccination failing in spite solid scientific argumentation [43], and the experience of several outbreaks, severe outcomes. The consequent tsunami of psychiatric cases, either as onsets or relapses or the new psychiatric pathology in the aftermath of Covid-19 infections put psychiatric services under pressure like a marathon race, with same or weaker human resources but with unpredictable endpoint. Apart from the great effort during this period, health workers felt that there were no coherent central or local health strategies and support, even though initiatives were proposed. The psychiatric and infectious disease control measures should be further continuous adapted upon needs and as rapidly adapted renegociated based on best practices and local availability, equity [48, 49]. The general aims for the next future would be a better awareness of the general population regarding the medical, psychological, social, financial consequences of this illness and better, coherent health policies, that encourage initiatives and multidisiplinarity, employment and adaptation of successful testing and treatment algorithms.
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\\n\\n\\n\\nThe Internet has changed the dynamics of scholarly communication and publishing which is why we find it necessary to clearly indicate our stance on what we consider to be a published scientific work. A significant number of working papers, early drafts, and similar works in progress are shared openly online between members of the scientific community. It has become common practice for researchers to announce their work on a personal website or a blog in order to gather comments and suggestions from other researchers. Such works and online postings are ‘published’ in the sense that they are made publicly available, but this does not mean that if submitted for publication by IntechOpen they are not original works. We differentiate between reviewed and non-reviewed works when determining whether a work is original and has been published in a scholarly sense or not.
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All published Book Chapters are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Monographs are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license granted to all others. Our Copyright Policy aims to guarantee that original material is published while at the same time giving significant freedom to our Authors. IntechOpen upholds a flexible Copyright Policy meaning that there is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors hold exclusive copyright to their work.
\n\n\n\nWith the purpose of protecting our Authors' copyright and the transparent reuse of Open Access content, IntechOpen has developed an Attribution Policy for works published under Creative Commons licenses.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen is committed to disseminating high-quality scientific research in a manner that exemplifies the best practice in scholarly publishing. IntechOpen is an official member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), which advocates the maintenance of the highest ethical standards for all parties involved in the act of publishing, including Authors, Academic Editors of the book, Peer Reviewers, the publisher and Societies, where applicable.
\n\nIn line with publication ethics practices recommended by COPE, ICMJE, and other similar organizations, IntechOpen's contributing Authors, Academic Editors, and Peer Reviewers are required to declare fully all possible conflicts of interest.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen's Authorship Policy is based on ICMJE criteria for authorship. In order to be identified as an Author, the following requirements must be met:
\n\nAll scientific works are subject to Peer Review prior to publishing. IntechOpen is a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) and all participating referees and Academic Editors are expected to review submitted scientific works in line with the COPE Ethical Guidelines for Peer Reviewers where applicable.
\n\n\n\nThe Internet has changed the dynamics of scholarly communication and publishing which is why we find it necessary to clearly indicate our stance on what we consider to be a published scientific work. A significant number of working papers, early drafts, and similar works in progress are shared openly online between members of the scientific community. It has become common practice for researchers to announce their work on a personal website or a blog in order to gather comments and suggestions from other researchers. Such works and online postings are ‘published’ in the sense that they are made publicly available, but this does not mean that if submitted for publication by IntechOpen they are not original works. We differentiate between reviewed and non-reviewed works when determining whether a work is original and has been published in a scholarly sense or not.
\n\n\n\nTo identify instances of fraud and misconduct during the publishing process, IntechOpen implements a robust policy governing such occurrences. In line with our general commitment to openness, and in order to maintain the highest scientific standards, we are committed to transparency about our editorial policy regarding retractions and corrections.
\n\n\n\nWhen faced with potential misconduct, IntechOpen accepts its responsibility to maintain the integrity of the academic record. For particularly complex cases, IntechOpen might ask for the assistance of formal industry bodies or seek advice from an appropriate team of advisors.
\n\nIntechOpen's advisors are professionals and scholars with broad knowledge and understanding of different aspects of the scientific publishing process: editorial, authorship, and reviewing roles; publication ethics, copyright, and general legal issues; as well as bibliographic and technical standards.
\n\nIn order to provide us with unbiased insights, without compromising the privacy of third parties, IntechOpen presents problematic cases to its advisors in an anonymized format.
\n\nIntechOpen publishes books in the English language. If you are interested in the translation of Book Chapters, please check IntechOpen's Translation Policy.
\n\n\n\nIn line with the Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing, you can access a more detailed description of IntechOpen's Advertising Policy.
\n\n\n\nAt IntechOpen we realize that exceptional circumstances can occur, resulting in a request for a refund. We will honor all justified requests in the specific instances outlined in our Refund Policy.
\n\n\n\nAll chapters will be published via IntechOpen's 'Online First' service meaning chapters will be published individually, immediately after review and before the entire book is ready for publication, allowing content to be shared, searched and cited straightaway, thereby generating early stage interest and momentum for your research
\n\nOnline First Chapters are considered published on the day they are posted and are citable from that date.
\n\nChapters will remain listed as Online First until the final versions of the books are published online. Following publication of the full monograph, Chapters will be redirected from the Online First version and will be available only through the final link of the official published page.
\n\nYou are invited to download, use, reproduce, make derivative works of, display, distribute and cite the Online First works. You can find "How to Cite and Reference" by following the link at the end of each online book chapter. Please be aware that it is possible that further editing and changes might be made before the final release of the book.
\n\nIf there are supplemental materials to the chapter, these will be published at the time the final book is published online.
\n\nReaders and Authors can notify us if they find any errors in the works published under Online First. All major errors will be accompanied by a separate correction notice, erratum or corrigendum (Retraction and Correction Policy.)
\n\nIntechOpen books are available online by accessing all published content on a chapter level.
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These organizations include the military, as well as both public and private health and medical groups. To effectively use cold models, it is useful to understand the first principles of heat transfer within a given environment as well as have an understanding of the underlying physiology, including the thermoregulatory responses to various conditions and activities. The combination of both rational or first principles and empirical approaches to modeling allow for the development of practical models that can predict and simulate core body temperature changes for a given individual and ultimately provide protection from injury or death. The ability to predict these maximal potentials within complex and extreme environments is difficult. The present work outlines biomedical modeling techniques to simulate and predict cold-related injuries, and discusses current and legacy models and methods.",book:{id:"8091",slug:"autonomic-nervous-system-monitoring-heart-rate-variability",title:"Autonomic Nervous System Monitoring",fullTitle:"Autonomic Nervous System Monitoring - Heart Rate Variability"},signatures:"Adam W. Potter, David P. Looney, Xiaojiang Xu, William R. 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Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. 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Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. 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Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University Plovdiv",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. 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