Testosterone serum levels during pregnancy in human [33], horses [34], and cows [35].
\r\n\tOver the years, the concept of maintenance became more comprehensive, reducing fault occurrence and increasing industrial system availability. Besides, reliability, safety, and criticality requirements were associated with the system or equipment under analysis. Maintenance strategies or schemes can be classified as corrective (run-to-break), preventive (time-based), and predictive (condition-based maintenance). Corrective maintenance is only performed after an occurrence of a fault. Therefore, it involves unexpected breakdowns, high costs, changes in the production chain, and it could lead to catastrophic events. Preventive maintenance and interventions occur based on a scheduled maintenance plan or the equipment's mean time between failures. Although it is more effective than corrective maintenance, unexpected failure may still occur by preventing most failures. Additionally, the process cost is still high, especially the costs associated with labor, inventory, and unnecessary replacement of equipment or components.
\r\n\tOn the other hand, predictive maintenance analyses the equipment condition so that a possible fault can still be identified at an early stage. Predictive maintenance aims to identify a machine anomaly so that it does not result in a fault. Such maintenance involves advanced monitoring, processing, and signal analysis techniques, which are generally performed non-invasively and, in many cases, in real-time. In the case of machines or processes, these techniques can be developed based on vibration, temperature, acoustic emission, or electrical current signal monitoring. It should be noted that monitoring such signals or parameters to verify the operating condition is called condition monitoring. Condition monitoring aims to observe the machine's current operational condition and predict its future condition, keeping it under a systematic analysis during its remaining life. In this sense, a fault condition can be detected and identified from systematic machine condition monitoring. A diagnosis procedure can be established, whereby properly investigating the fault symptoms and prognosis.
\r\n\t
\r\n\tThis book will aim to merge all these ideas in a single volume, aggregate new maintenance experiences, apply new techniques and approaches, and report field experiences to establish new maintenance processes and management paradigms.
\r\n\t
Establishing and maintaining pregnancy requires a finely regulated series of physiological events involving mother, fetus, and placenta. The essential role of steroid hormones in the production and maintenance of many of these changes is well characterized. For example, important effects of progesterone include preparation of the endometrium for implantation [1], modulation of the maternal immune response to tolerate the fetal allograft, maintenance of myometrial quiescence [2], and preparation of mammary glands for lactation. Estrogens appear to influence uterine blood flow and neovascularization, increase the expression of critical proteins that are involved in progesterone production and steroid metabolism and participate in preparation of mammary glands for lactation [3, 4]. Throughout pregnancy, levels of maternal circulating androgens, including testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and androstenedione (A4) increase, with concentrations three-fold higher by the third trimester when compared to non-pregnant levels in women [5]. Although T is a well-known precursor for estrogens (E2) synthesis, the placenta can both be a source and a target for androgens. The goal of this chapter is to summarize what is known about androgens and androgen receptor in pregnancy and compare it between species and between different types of placenta.
The placenta is a multifunctional, transitory organ that mediates transport of nutrients and waste, gas exchange, and endocrine signaling. In fact, placental secretion of hormones is critical for maintenance of pregnancy, as well as growth and development of a healthy offspring. Despite fulfilling similar functions, there is a wide range of diversity in placental anatomo-histology among species.
During early embryogenesis, the first cells to differentiate are trophoblast cells, which form the chorion or fetal portion of the placenta. Villous trophoblast cells have two distinct cell populations; undifferentiated cytotrophoblast cells and differentiated syncytiotrophoblast tissue. The syncytiotrophoblast tissue is a continuous, multinucleated, specialized layer of epithelial cells, which covers the villous surface and is in direct contact with maternal blood. This layer is formed by fusion of cytotrophoblast cells.
Placental gross morphological classification is based on the shape and the area of contact between fetal and maternal tissue [6]. There are four commonly describe placental shapes among mammals:
In addition to the gross morphological classification, placentas are also categorized by histology (Figure 1) which is based on the different number of cell layers separating fetal from maternal circulation [7]. Before the placenta is formed, there are a total of six layers of tissue separating maternal and fetal blood. Three of these layers are fetal extraembryonic membranes in the chorioallantoic placenta of all mammals, all of which are components of the mature placenta. These three layers include endothelium lining allantoic capillaries, connective tissue in the form of chorioallantoic mesoderm, and chorionic epithelium, derived from trophoblast cells. There are also three layers on the maternal side, but the number of these layers which are retained after placentation varies greatly among species. The three potential maternal layers in a placenta are endothelium lining endometrial blood vessels, connective tissue of the endometrium, and endometrial epithelial cells.
Histological classification of the placenta.
Based on this degree of separation, or number of layers separating the fetal and maternal tissues, there are four different types of placenta (see Figure 1):
A key function of the placenta is the secretion of hormones. Like other steroid hormones, T is derived from cholesterol and the synthesis involves several enzymatic steps. The first and fundamental step in its biosynthesis involves the oxidative breakdown of the cholesterol side chain by the enzyme P450scc (side-chain cleavage), a mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase, resulting in the loss of six carbon atoms to give rise to pregnenolone. Only certain cell types in humans are capable of pregnenolone synthesis, including testicular Leydig cells, ovarian theca and corpus luteal cells, placental trophoblast cells, cells of the adrenal cortex, and specific cells in the brain, such as the pyramidal and granular neurons of the hippocampus and the Purkinje cells from the cerebellum [9]. The resulting pregnenolone is either converted to progesterone or 17 α-hydroxypregnenolone via 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD3B) or cytochrome P450 17A1 (CYP17A1), respectively. Progesterone is secreted into maternal circulation, and 17α-hydroxypregnenolone can be metabolized to DHEA via CYP17A1. DHEA is oxidized into A4 via HSD3B. A4 is then reduced to 5 α-androstenedione via 5 α-reductase (SRD5A). DHEA and A4 can be converted by 17 β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase into androstenediol and T, respectively. Subsequently, T is converted into DHT via 5 α-reductase (SRD5A). T and 5 α-androstenedione can further be metabolized to estrogens via aromatase (CYP19A1) [10]. A summarized overview of placental steroidogenesis is provided in Figure 2.
Summarized overview of the functional interaction between the placental, maternal and fetal compartments for the biosynthesis of progesterone, estrogens and androgens by the human placenta. Progesterone is produced mainly from maternal cholesterol. Progesterone can be metabolized into DHEA by the maternal and fetal adrenal gland. DHEA can be converted into T. Subsequently, T can further be metabolized to estrogens via aromatase (CYP19A1). In horses, the placenta does not appear to express P450c17 and thus cannot convert
Androgens are synthesized in tissues where 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase cytochrome P450 (P450c17) exists. This enzyme is located in different tissues such as fetal and maternal adrenal glands, fetal ovaries and testes, and the corpus luteum, depending on to the animal species. In non-pregnant woman, 50% of all DHEA is secreted by the adrenal glands, 20% from the ovarian theca and 30% is derived from metabolism of circulating DHEA sulfate [11]. Adrenal glands and ovaries produce equal amounts of A4, with the total daily production rate 1.4-6.2 mg/day [12]. 50% of T is synthesized in the ovaries and adrenals and the other half is produced from A4 in the peripheral tissues. Daily production rate of T in non-pregnant women is in the order of 0.1–0.4 mg/day. Finally, the conversion of T to DHT occurs in peripheral tissues, such as ovaries and skin, with a daily production rating between 4.3 and 12.5 mg/day.
During pregnancy, an additional source of androgens comes from the fetus and placenta (Figure 2). Androgens are principally synthesized in the corpus luteum during early stages of gestation in rats and dogs and this function is taken over by the placenta in late stages of gestation in rats [13]. In sheep and goats, P450c17 is present in the placenta [14]. Some studies revealed that the absence of P450c17 in human and horse placentas results in negligible androgen synthesis [15]. However, protein and mRNA levels of CYP17A1 have been detected in primary human trophoblast cells and the human trophoblast cell line JEG-3 and trophoblast cells were able to generate testosterone
In horses, the placenta does not appear to express P450c17 and thus cannot convert
To exert a cellular response, steroid hormones need to bind to either a membrane receptor or an intracellular, nuclear or cytoplasmic receptor. T and DHT can bind to either type of receptor, AR (encoded by
AR is expressed at all levels of the female hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, including the brain, ovarian stroma, ovarian follicles and corpus luteum. Furthermore, AR is present in first trimester and term placenta, and localizes to the cytosol of placental villi, and in cytotrophoblast, differentiated syncytiotrophoblast, and placental stroma [20]. In ruminant placentomes, nuclear signals are predominantly observed in invasive TGC and uninucleate trophoblast cells, stromal cells of the chorionic villi, caruncular epithelial, and stromal cells during late gestation [21, 22].
AR belongs to the steroid hormone intracellular receptor family. Exon 1 of the
When localized to the cytoplasm, AR is bound by a number of chaperone proteins including heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) as well as immunophilins. When ligands, T or DHT, bind to AR, there is a conformational change which exposes the nuclear localization signal, allowing the interaction with importin-α, which facilitates nuclear translocation. Once inside the nucleus, two subunits of the AR dimerize and bind the ARE on promoter regions of AR-target genes, resulting in transcriptional regulation, leading to either activation or suppression of expression. Co-regulatory proteins, such as histone lysine demethylases (KDMs), modulate transcriptional activity of AR-target genes. In sheep for example, KDMs have been found to act as co-regulators in trophoblast cells [22, 24]. This interaction with regulator factors is critical for signaling processes in the placenta.
Androgens are known to stimulate proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells, indicating a key role for androgens during pregnancy. During establishment of pregnancy, androgens play a role in embryo implantation. Early in pregnancy, before implantation, T is converted to DHT which regulates transcription of factors necessary for initiation of decidualization and early endometrial receptivity. Near the time of implantation, T itself promotes endometrial remodeling, and soon after implantation it serves as an important precursor for E2 which regulates vascular remodeling [25]. Studies in mice reveal that insufficient androgens may delay embryo implantation, whereas excess androgens lead to aberrant gene expression at implantation sites.
Studies on ovine placentas revealed vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) expression to be androgen responsive, and androgens are thought to regulate the expression of VEGFA and play a key role in placental angiogenesis [21, 23]. More specifically, AR and the KDM1A coregulator are recruited to an ARE in the ovine VEGFA promoter. On gestational day 90, placenta VEGFA mRNA and VEGFA and AR protein levels increased in testosterone-treated ewes compared to control placentas [22].
In addition to the classical genomic intracellular AR mediated signaling pathways, androgens also act through membrane receptors. GPRC6A is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that functions as a membrane receptor for small amino acids, cations, osteocalcin, and androgens [26]. GPRC6A is known to have a long extracellular domain to allow for the binding of these different ligands [26]. GPRC6A mediates the effects of osteocalcin, a protein hormone released by osteoblasts, and results in the activation of the cAMP pathway and subsequently, testosterone synthesis by the Leydig cells of the testis. GPRC6A ligand binding can result in the activation of the Gαs, Gαi, and Gαq pathways (Figure 3). The presence of GPRC6A has been identified in placental trophoblast cell membranes, indicating the possibility of androgens eliciting a non-genomic effect on cells of the placenta.
Androgen signaling through GPRC6A in target tissue. Image created with
Another membrane receptor that androgens elicit a non-genomic effect through is Zrt- and Irt-like protein 9 (ZIP9) [27]. ZIP9 is a zinc transporter that also acts as a receptor for androgens via G-protein coupling. Studies have revealed the presence of ZIP9 in ovarian tissue of Atlantic croakers, and act as a receptor for androgens inducing apoptosis in follicular cells, as well as promoting zinc uptake. Studies also show a similar action in breast and prostate tissue [28]. Ultimately, these two studies reveal that androgens binding to ZIP9 results in the activation of pro-apoptotic genes and the regulation of zinc homeostasis within target tissues [28].
Similarly, Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M (melastatin) member 8 (TRPM8) and Oxoeicosanoid receptor 1 (OXER1) bind a variety of ligands including androgens [29]. However, their expression during pregnancy or in placental cells is currently unknown.
Androgens play a fundamental role in female physiology, particularly during pregnancy. In women, androgens are synthesized by cells within the ovaries, the adrenal glands, fat, and also in placenta, acting in an endocrine or paracrine fashion [30]. DHEA, mainly from the adrenal glands, acts as a crucial precursor for E2 and T in the ovary and other target tissues such as fat [31]. Depending on the intracellular availability of steroidogenic enzymes in target tissues, DHEA is converted to A4 which is a precursor for T, both of which can be aromatized to estrogens [32]. Some studies have reported an elevated level of T during pregnancy. An increase in T levels occurs from the first trimester of pregnancy, becoming more pronounced towards the third trimester, being three-folds higher than observed in non-pregnant women (Table 1) [36]. In contrast, maternal circulating DHEA levels decrease in pregnant women due to it being converted to T and E2 [37].
1st trimester | 1.34 | 0.66 |
2nd trimester | 1.98 | 0.73 |
3rd trimester | 2.56 | 0.71 |
7-20 wks | 0.69 | |
21-40 wks | 1.095 | |
Days from ovulation | ||
0-35 | 0.04 | |
35-120 | 0.14 | |
180–240 | 2.5 | |
240-300 | 3.5 | |
>300 | 1.5 | |
Days from ovulation | ||
0-90 | 0.020-0.050 | |
90-270 | 0.22 |
Steroid production varies widely among species, with these differences becoming more pronounced during pregnancy. Each species have their own distinct pattern of steroid serum levels, steroidogenic enzymes, receptors, and transporters to support their individual physiological requirements. For example, in dairy cows, maternal serum T levels increase ~100-fold during the last trimester of gestation (Table 1), as well as a ~50-fold increase in milk testosterone levels [38].
In the horse, T elevation during pregnancy presents a biphasic curve (Table 1). The first elevation is caused by luteal androgen production, which is stimulated by equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG). The late rise and fall are temporally related to the development and regression, respectively, of the fetal gonads. The equine placenta has little capacity to synthesize androgens, as it lacks CYP17A1. Hence, androgens in the form of DHEA are substrates for E2 synthesis, and must be supplied mostly by fetal gonads, forming a true feto-placental unit [39].
As androgen levels increase during pregnancy, the mother and developing fetuses usually are protected from excess bioactive androgens by increased secretion of sex hormone-binding and placental aromatase, which converts T into E2. Hyperandrogenism can result from a number of conditions, the most common being luteomas and theca-lutein cysts within the ovary. Luteomas are benign tumors that occur during pregnancy with excess androgen production in 25-35% of the cases [33, 40, 41]. These often go unnoticed and in most cases are non-virilizing.
Additional causes of excess androgen production during pregnancy are conditions such as polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), one of the most common endocrine disorders in women of reproductive age, and congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). Both conditions result in pregnancy complications, including pregnancy induced hypertension and pre-eclampsia, a human pregnancy syndrome characterized by the onset of hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation, and can lead to maternal or fetal mortality [42]. In humans, clinical observations have established that women with PCOS exhibit similar features as seen in classical 21-hydroxylase deficiency in CAH, such as anovulation, ovarian hyperandrogenism, LH hypersecretion, polycystic appearing ovaries, and insulin resistance, despite normalization of adrenal androgen excess after birth [43]. Furthermore, animal studies have demonstrated that intrauterine exposure to excessive amounts of androgens can lead to development of PCOS after birth (reviewed in [44, 45]). In fact, prenatal androgenization in pregnant ewes has revealed reproductive and metabolic phenotypes in female offspring that closely resemble PCOS in women. These observations suggest that androgen excess during early life, whether derived from fetal or maternal sources, may provide one possible mechanism to explain the occurrence of PCOS in adulthood.
Less common causes leading to androgen excess during pregnancy include placental aromatase deficiency. Aromatase is encoded by the CYP19A1 gene, and is responsible for converting T to E2. At least 10 different promoters have been identified in its regulatory region, enabling regulation in a tissue-specific manner [46]. Mutations in CYP19A1 prevent aromatization of testosterone, leading to hyperandrogenism and phenotypes similar to androgen excess, including maternal and fetal virilization and development of ambiguous genitalia at birth [47]. Of particular interest is the observation that placental aromatase deficiency is associated with pre-eclampsia [48, 49]. Women with pre-eclampsia have significantly lower levels of placental aromatase, and significantly lower levels of both 17β-estradiol:testosterone and estrone:androstenedione ratios, as well as higher levels of T. In fact, this placental defect in steroidogenesis appears before clinical symptoms of pre-eclampsia and thus may serve as a diagnostic marker.
The focus of this chapter was on androgens and their potential role in pregnancy and placental development and function. Normal pregnancy in women is associated with increased maternal serum levels of androgens, which are derived from the adrenal glands, adipose tissue, ovaries, and placenta. Species differences in androgen production exist reflecting species-specific needs for pregnancy maintenance and/or placental function. Furthermore, the placenta contains classical androgen receptors as well as non-classical membrane receptors, indicating the placenta is a target of androgen signaling. Preliminary and ongoing studies suggest a role for androgen signaling in trophoblast cell differentiation and placental angiogenesis.
The authors would like to thank Ms. Coni Hoerndli, Science Design (chsciencedesign.com), for help with Figures 1 and 2. Funding for this work was provided and supported by Agriculture and Food Research Initiative Competitive Grant 2019-67015-29000 from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Institute of Food and Agriculture.
In the last decades, the interest in olive tree (
The geography of Albania has shaped the climate characteristics, with South and Western regions typical of the Mediterranean climate while the Eastern and Northern regions with typical continental climate (Figure 1). Olive tree is cultivated mainly in the regions with Mediterranean climate, by penetrating the mainland through the river valleys, up to 560 m altitudes. Genetic studies have found 22 native olive cultivars strictly distributed into six regions - Berat, Elbasan, Kruja, Lezha, Tirana and Vlora. Native cultivars, namely:
Land use in Albania [
According to their area of plantation, they are classified as ‘Principal’ and ‘Secondary’ cultivars.
The olive tree dominates the country’s permanent crops with 10.28 million in a total of 13.82 million fruit trees, or 74.4%. The main regions where the olive tree is cultivated are Vlora, Fieri, Berat, and Elbasan (Table 1) [6, 7].
No | District | Fruit trees | Olives | Citrus | Vineyards (Ha) | Olive share/district |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1,132 | 1,949 | 132 | 1,155 | 18.9 | |
2 | Dibër | 1,521 | — | — | 2g00 | 0.0 |
3 | 810 | 442 | 102 | 767 | 4.3 | |
4 | 1,401 | 1,644 | 72 | 1,368 | 16.0 | |
5 | 1,579 | 2,617 | 381 | 2,114 | 25.4 | |
6 | 326 | 303 | 2 | 798 | 2.9 | |
7 | Korçë | 3,228 | — | — | 1,117 | 0.0 |
8 | Kukës | 869 | — | — | 88 | 0.0 |
9 | 460 | 239 | 46 | 406 | 2.3 | |
10 | 888 | 425 | 46 | 729 | 4.1 | |
11 | 927 | 895 | 99 | 845 | 8.7 | |
12 | 680 | 1,773 | 642 | 1,256 | 17.2 | |
The entire agriculture sector and especially permanent crops suffered in the last in the alternation of the 20th century with the 21st the consequences of economic transition (Figure 2). The arable land reform distributed the entire area to the small farms. This was a big reverse step toward the permanent crop’s cultivation, which suffered the most, with negative consequences such decrease in tree numbers, and productivity. Only around 2010 because of the central government policy, focusing the priority on agriculture, and especially to crops that countries already have high productivity, the interest in olive culture highly increased. A steady increase was observed in the number of trees and the area planted. Currently, over 47000 ha are planted with olive tree, or 7.6% of the arable land [6, 8].
Area of olive trees during 1989–2019 (in ha) [
FAO statistics on olive fruit production ranks Albania the 20th in the world, with 98313 tons. The world production during 2019 harvesting year reached 19.46 million tons, with Albania’s contribution of 0.51% [8]. A total of 8.23 out of 10.28 million olive trees are under production [6]. The olive oil production was calculated to as 20,038 tons, contribution up to 95% of domestic demands. Data on olive oil consumption increased to five liters per capita, being the highest level among the non-European Union member countries [9]. With an average production varying to 40,000 tons olive fruit, a sharp increase was evident in 2008 as well as in the following years (Figure 3) [10]. A key role to this positive trend was the application of support schemes subsidizing local farmers. Currently the annual production fluctuates in 100000 tons of olives. Intensive production belongs to three regions: Berat (38,000 tons), Fier (33,000 tons) and Vlora (17,000 tons), with figures belonging to 2019 [6].
Annual production for olive fruits during 1989–2019, in Albania [
The olive fruits are exploited in 79 percent for olive oil production, while the remaining goes to table olives production. Country holds the global record for table olive consumption per capita. According to International Olive Council, table olive consumption was 10.8 kilograms per capita [9].
Formula | Kalinjot | |
---|---|---|
16:0 | 10.92 | 10.41 |
16:1(n-9) | 0.09 | 0.13 |
16:1(n-7) | 0.48 | 0.61 |
17:0 | 0.04 | ND |
17:1 (n-7) | 0.14 | ND |
18:0 | 2.31 | 2.10 |
18:1(n-9)cis | 75.11 | 76.26 |
18:1(n-7) | 1.88 | 2.20 |
18:2 (n-6)cis | 7.56 | 6.92 |
20:0 | 0.36 | 0.40 |
18:3 (n-3) | 0.72 | 0.67 |
20:1 (n-9) | 0.31 | 0.33 |
22:0 | 0.08 | ND |
n-6/n-3 | 10.47 | 10.31 |
13.36 | 12.92 | |
78.01 | 79.53 | |
8.29 | 7.59 |
Fatty acid profiles and nutritional interest of two main table olive cultivars (%).
OO extraction is organized in small extraction mills, with only 1/3 of their extraction capacity exploited. OO production is reached mainly in Southern and Central parts of the country, comprising Vlora, Fieri, Berati, Elbasani and Tirana regions. These regions, in total they comprise more than 80% of the olive trees in production [12, 13]. The extraction process produces high amounts of Olive Husk (OH) and Olive Mill Wastewaters (OMWW). Their disposal in the environment is a critical issue to the Mediterranean countries. It has been shown that the OMWW disposal into surface waters influence negatively in their biodiversity due to high organic load and toxic substances. The OMWW composition varies qualitatively and quantitatively according to the olive variety, climate condition, cultivation practices, the olive storage time and olive extraction process. Composed of 83–92% water, 4–16% organic matter, and 1–2% minerals, constitute a potential for exploitation as irrigation source and fertilizer in arable lands [13, 14]. Solid residues show high interest if they are used in soil enrichment with potassium (K) and other minerals. Up to 254.85 mg/kg of K, 20 mg/kg magnesium on dry weight basis is found [14, 15].
Regions where the extraction lines are stationed face the deteriorating situation in the environmental conditions. OMWW discharge to surface waters, solid waste disposal produces bad odors on a large perimeter, disturbing the community. The OMWW amounts produced is 125–137 × 106 kg, while the OH approximately to 60 × 106 kg with a fluctuation in a yearly basis [15]. Traditionally, olive husk is used as feedstuff to animals or burned to farmers’ houses. Recently, showing the high interest for exploitation of OH by-products, an investment in processing plant is operating at capacity 2.5 ton/hour for production of pellets.
Unique in its nutritional and sensory characteristics [16], VOO plays a vital role as the primary source of fats in the traditional Mediterranean diet [1, 17].
(A) Olive tree cultivation regions in Albania; (B) Vlora region, classifyed as: traditional, intensive and superintensive groves. Olive tree cultivation regions in Albania, Vlora region [
Mean | SDev | Max | Min | |
---|---|---|---|---|
C14:0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
C16:0 | 1.45 | 13.62 | 8.54 | |
C16:1 | 0.53 | 2.91 | 0.42 | |
C17:0 | 0.04 | 0.16 | 0.00 | |
C17:1 | 0.04 | 0.23 | 0.07 | |
C18:0 | 0.29 | 3.39 | 2.04 | |
C18:1n9tr | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
C18:1n9c | 2.34 | 76.83 | 68.03 | |
C18:1n6c | 0.71 | 3.16 | 0.00 | |
C18:2n6c | 1.47 | 14.22 | 7.85 | |
C20:0 | 0.03 | 0.53 | 0.40 | |
C18:3n3 | 0.06 | 0.89 | 0.63 | |
C20:1 | 0.03 | 0.43 | 0.30 | |
C21:0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
C22:0 | 0.01 | 0.18 | 0.12 | |
C24:0 | 0.03 | 0.09 | 0.00 |
Fatty acid mean, maximum and minimum values to Kalinjot OO.
The main fatty acid, Oleic acid, interval is 68.03–76.83%; with linoleic acid interval 7.85–14.22% and palmitic acid interval 8.54–13.62%. The Linolenic acid content range is 0.63–0.89% lying under the value established by EU legislation to olive oil (Table 3).
Olive cultivar | Mean |
---|---|
Mixan | 139.24 ± 6.56 |
Frëng | 42.78 ± 7.04 |
Bardhi Kruja | 322.05 ± 5.61 |
Kalinjot | 285.16 ± 3.29 |
Bardhi Tirana | 445.03 ± 16.83 |
Karren | 89.74 ± 0.47 |
Nisjot | 203.07 ± 7.51 |
Kotruvs | 226.97 ± 1.40 |
Kokërrmadh | 125.60 ± 6.09 |
Total phenolic content in OO from native cv (mg gallic acid/kg).
As expected, no statistically significant differences were observed between fatty acids of Kalinjot olive oils, and therefore the data presented refer to all samples analyzed. The distribution of fatty acid composition of the oil samples studied is shown in Table 1 and covers the normal range expected for olive oil. The Kalinjot OO has a high percentage of oleic acid, with an average value of 74.25 and an interquartile range of 1.899 (the difference between samples percentiles), and a low percentage of linoleic acid, with an average value of 9.788 and an interquartile range of 1.471.
Principal component analysis given in Figure 5 displayed the distribution of Kalinjot OO samples from different location within regions of Vlora and Mallakastra. As it can be seen in the chart, according to the PCA biplot, the samples were well categorized. The samples coded with numbers 1, 2, 6, 7, 12, 13, 16, 19, 21, 22, 23 and 24 were positioned on the positive F1 axis while the remaining were on the negative F1 axis. In addition to those, samples coded as 29 and 30 were positioned on the negative F1 axis and clearly separated from other OO samples. OO sample (29) belong to Nisjot olive cv., another olive cv of the Vlora and Mallakastra region, while the OO sample (30) belonged to the same olive cultivar, Kalinjot, but from a different geographical region, Central Albania.
Sample distribution for Kalinjot OO samples from different locations within regions of Vlora and Mallakastra.
Fatty acid profiles from twenty-six different olive cv are presented in Table 6. Oleic (C18:1), palmitic (16:0), linoleic (C18:2), and stearic (C18:0) acids, are primary FA in decreasing order. Results revealed that the fatty acid content falls in the average percentage intervals described by FAO and IOOC [23]. These olive varieties presented a significant variation in oleic acid (OA). They are clustered into two groups containing Oleic acid, low-OA cultivars:
Phenolic compounds | (Himara) | (Vlora) | Bardhi Tirana | Ulli-i-zi | Krips Kruja | Bardhi Kruja |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
61.44 | 84.91 | 72.31 | 72.12 | 34.10 | 15.68 | |
0.95 | 0.53 | 1.04 | 1.21 | 6.23 | 12.48 | |
135.72 | 162.50 | 146.61 | 170.16 | 61.70 | 22.36 | |
0.19 | 0.32 | 0.23 | 15.85 | 2.33 | 0.60 | |
0.24 | 0.08 | 0.27 | 0.31 | 1.64 | 3.07 | |
198.54 | 248.34 | 220.46 | 259.65 | 106.00 | 54.20 |
Total phenolic compounds of OO from Albanian olive cultivars (mg/kg).
Palmitic acid is found at concentrations five to eight-fold lower than OA, i.e., between 9.41% (
Results showed a similarity among Albanian studied cultivars and other cultivars from Italy and Greece [25]. Comparison of olive cultivars from this region with data of cultivars from the Southern Mediterranean showed a profile with a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids [26, 27]. Statistical analyses revealed differences among the cultivars for individual fatty acids (p < 0.05) (Table 6): only the primary fatty acids, C16:0, C18:1 (n-9), and C18:2 (n-6), presented differences among each other statistically.
Foreign olive cultivars were introduced last century during sixties, with two Italian cv.
A similarity was found in FA profiles among Albanian OO from native cultivars and OO from Italy and Greece [24]. In our study, the comparison of olive cultivars with cultivars’ data from the Southern coast of the Mediterranean Sea showed a profile with a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids [26, 27]. Statistical analyses reveal differences among the cultivars for individual fatty acids (p < 0.05) (Table 6): only the primary fatty acids, C16:0, C18:1 (n-9), and C18:2 (n-6), presented differences among them statistically.
Different authors suggest the ratio C18:1/C18:2 on evaluating VOO’s oxidative stability, with a proposed minimum accepted value of 7.0. Among Albanian OO, two olive cultivars,
Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied in order to determine the relations between fatty acid compositions in the OO samples. Based on the results of the PCA, two different principal components were determined, and these two components described 95% of the total variability of the experimental data. The PCA biplot of the fatty acids detected in the OO samples is shown in Figure 6. According to the PCA biplot, OO samples were well categorized. As seen in Figure 6 and Table 6, the OO samples coded as 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 26, 28 and 31 were positioned on the positive F1 axis while the other OO samples were on the negative F1 axis.
PCA of FA profiles obtained from OO of different olive cultivars present in Albania.
PCA of phenolic compounds in six OO from Albanian native olive cv.
Regarding the cultivar
Phenolic compounds in Olive oils usually range between 50 and 1000 ppm (mg/kg) depending on the cultivars, pedoclimatic conditions, maturity stage of the fruit, and extraction conditions [28]. OO is celebrated not only for its nutritional value but also for the content of minor compounds of pharmacologically active principles, belonging to the nutraceutical family, otherwise known as functional foods, such as polyhydroxylated phenolic and catecholic species [17] (Figure 7). A variety of over 230 chemical compounds, approx. 2% of the weight found in the VOO’s unsaponifiable fraction, such as polyphenols, tocopherols, sterols, flavors [29, 30, 31]. Polyphenols present in VOO, are classified into two groups: lipophilic phenols (tocopherols) and hydrophilic or polar phenols [32, 33]. The hydrophilic phenols (HP) present in the VOO belong to different classes: phenolic acids, phenyl ethyl alcohols, secoiridoids, hydroxy-isochromans, flavonoids, and lignans [31]. Phenolic compounds show many health benefits, including reducing the risk factors of coronary heart disease, the prevention of several chronic diseases (for example, atherosclerosis), cancer, chronic inflammation, strokes, and other degenerative disorders [29, 34]. EFSA has concluded that polyphenols in olive are the health claims’ subject. The claimed effects are “reduces oxidative stress,” “antioxidant properties,” “lipid metabolism,” “antioxidant activity, they protect body cells and LDL from oxidative damages.” An amount of 5 mg hydroxytyrosol and its derivatives (e.g., oleuropein complex and tyrosol) in olive oil should consume daily to bear the claim [35].
Results on Total Polyphenol Content (TPC) indicate that
Data on Total Polyphenol Content (TPC) indicate that OO from
No. | Sample name | 16:0 | 16:1(n-9) | 16:1(n-7) | 17:0 | 17:1 (n-7) | 18:0 | 18:1(n-9)c | 18:1(n-7) | 18:2(n-6)t | 18:2 (n-6)c | 20:0 | 18:3 (n-3) | 20:1 (n-9) | 22:0 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Boç | 13.05 | 0.15 | 0.63 | 0.12 | 0.22 | 2.11 | 67.65 | 2.24 | 0.00 | 12.46 | 0.354 | 0.64 | 0.2375 | 0.12 |
2 | Kalinjot (Mkaster) | 10.92 | 0.09 | 0.48 | 0.04 | 0.14 | 2.31 | 75.11 | 1.88 | 0.00 | 7.56 | 0.36 | 0.72 | 0.3059 | 0.08 |
3 | Bardhi Tirana | 10.88 | 0.07 | 0.35 | 0.13 | 0.19 | 2.83 | 74.61 | 1.53 | 0.00 | 8.00 | 0.43 | 0.58 | 0.2801 | 0.07 |
4 | Bardhi Lezha | 12.85 | 0.12 | 0.97 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 2.53 | 70.84 | 2.49 | 0.00 | 8.69 | 0.42 | 0.86 | 0.1758 | 0.04 |
5 | Sterbjak | 10.89 | 0.15 | 0.64 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 2.21 | 75.12 | 2.10 | 0.00 | 7.23 | 0.36 | 0.94 | 0.24 | 0.04 |
6 | Ulli I kuq | 12.95 | 0.10 | 0.83 | 0.15 | 0.24 | 2.64 | 66.26 | 2.28 | 0.00 | 13.29 | 0.41 | 0.45 | 0.25 | 0.12 |
7 | Peperr | 12.32 | 0.09 | 0.61 | 0.11 | 0.17 | 2.26 | 66.27 | 2.09 | 0.046 | 14.76 | 0.39 | 0.49 | 0.25 | 0.13 |
8 | Ulli deti | 12.87 | 0.09 | 1.17 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 2.29 | 70.87 | 2.84 | 0.02 | 8.60 | 0.31 | 0.38 | 0.24 | 0.18 |
9 | Mixan | 12.38 | 0.08 | 0.51 | 0.12 | 0.17 | 2.88 | 71.91 | 1.76 | 0.01 | 8.77 | 0.46 | 0.51 | 0.25 | 0.18 |
10 | Managjel | 10.15 | 0.09 | 0.34 | 0.14 | 0.22 | 2.72 | 75.22 | 1.48 | 0.05 | 8.29 | 0.38 | 0.50 | 0.23 | 0.19 |
11 | Ulli i zi Tirana | 11.01 | 0.09 | 0.51 | 0.09 | 0.16 | 2.76 | 70.99 | 2.03 | 0.05 | 10.80 | 0.38 | 0.72 | 0.22 | 0.14 |
12 | Micka | 10.80 | 0.02 | 0.61 | 0.08 | 0.17 | 2.30 | 73.47 | 2.27 | 0.03 | 9.10 | 0.35 | 0.54 | 0.21 | 0.05 |
13 | Karre | 11.17 | 0.00 | 0.36 | 0.14 | 0.18 | 3.22 | 73.94 | 1.44 | 0.00 | 8.35 | 0.50 | 0.45 | 0.24 | 0.00 |
14 | Kamza | 9.27 | 0.00 | 0.56 | 0.12 | 0.19 | 2.79 | 80.32 | 1.41 | 0.00 | 4.08 | 0.38 | 0.80 | 0.07 | 0.00 |
15 | Kushan | 9.12 | 0.10 | 0.41 | 0.05 | 0.15 | 3.17 | 77.15 | 1.73 | 0.00 | 6.95 | 0.42 | 0.52 | 0.22 | 0.00 |
16 | Nisjot Pobrati | 9.93 | 0.12 | 0.41 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 2.56 | 80.07 | 1.55 | 0.00 | 4.10 | 0.45 | 0.50 | 0.31 | 0.00 |
17 | Kotruvs | 12.21 | 0.09 | 0.82 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.96 | 71.53 | 2.87 | 0.00 | 9.31 | 0.37 | 0.51 | 0.34 | 0.00 |
18 | Kokërrmadh Berati | 10.41 | 0.13 | 0.61 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 2.10 | 76.16 | 2.20 | 0.00 | 6.92 | 0.40 | 0.67 | 0.33 | 0.12 |
19 | Leccino | 13.09 | 0.10 | 1.17 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.83 | 75.12 | 2.98 | 0.00 | 4.68 | 0.27 | 0.52 | 0.22 | 0.08 |
20 | Krips Kruje | 12.09 | 0.15 | 0.61 | 0.12 | 0.24 | 2.16 | 66.23 | 2.19 | 0.00 | 15.19 | 0.29 | 0.50 | 0.19 | 0.07 |
21 | Ulli i Bardhë Kruje | 11.16 | 0.09 | 0.55 | 0.13 | 0.22 | 2.35 | 72.59 | 1.97 | 0.00 | 9.90 | 0.35 | 0.43 | 0.25 | 0.04 |
22 | Frëng Kruje | 9.62 | 0.12 | 0.60 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.87 | 76.57 | 2.14 | 0.00 | 5.73 | 0.54 | 0.51 | 0.28 | 0.04 |
23 | Ulli bardhë Pobrati | 11.99 | 0.07 | 0.38 | 0.11 | 0.16 | 3.18 | 70.72 | 1.57 | 0.00 | 10.49 | 0.49 | 0.47 | 0.25 | 0.12 |
24 | Kalinjot (Marikaj) | 9.41 | 0.10 | 0.26 | 0.13 | 0.18 | 2.98 | 74.58 | 1.30 | 0.00 | 9.80 | 0.39 | 0.56 | 0.29 | 0.03 |
25 | Bardhi Tirana (Priskë) | 10.71 | 0.08 | 0.36 | 0.12 | 0.18 | 3.23 | 75.62 | 1.48 | 0.00 | 6.99 | 0.49 | 0.48 | 0.24 | 0.00 |
26 | Ulli I kuq | 15.21 | 0.00 | 0.94 | 0.13 | 0.20 | 2.37 | 64.70 | 2.20 | 0.00 | 12.92 | 0.34 | 0.64 | 0.11 | 0.18 |
27 | Kalinjot (Vlorë) | 9.57 | 0.14 | 0.26 | 0.10 | 0.15 | 3.02 | 73.61 | 1.48 | 0.00 | 10.11 | 0.46 | 0.75 | 0.34 | 0.09 |
28 | Frantoio | 14.16 | 0.05 | 1.42 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 2.23 | 71.65 | 2.90 | 0.00 | 6.64 | 0.29 | 0.52 | 0.06 | 0.14 |
30 | Kalinjot (Panaja) | 8.94 | 0.14 | 0.22 | 0.14 | 0.20 | 3.27 | 75.41 | 1.28 | 0.00 | 8.85 | 0.48 | 0.72 | 0.34 | 0.07 |
31 | Nisjot | 15.22 | 0.00 | 0.94 | 0.13 | 0.20 | 2.38 | 64.71 | 2.20 | 0.00 | 13.24 | 0.34 | 0.54 | 0.11 | 0.01 |
33 | Kalinjot (Mallakastra) | 10.38 | 0.11 | 0.50 | 0.09 | 0.15 | 2.80 | 74.41 | 1.78 | 0.00 | 8.36 | 0.42 | 0.69 | 0.30 | 0.00 |
Mean | 11.44 | 0.09 | 0.61 | 0.08 | 0.13 | 2.62 | 72.69 | 1.99 | 0.01 | 9.04 | 0.40 | 0.58 | 0.24 | 0.08 | |
Max | 15.22 | 0.15 | 1.42 | 0.15 | 0.24 | 3.87 | 80.32 | 2.98 | 0.05 | 15.19 | 0.54 | 0.94 | 0.34 | 0.19 | |
Min | 8.94 | 0.0 | 0.22 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.83 | 64.7 | 1.28 | 0.0 | 4.08 | 0.27 | 0.38 | 0.06 | 0.0 |
Fatty acid profiles for OO rom different cultivars (%).
Sample nr. | Location | Harvesting season | Geographical coordinate | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Hoshtim | 2014 | 40° 32′ 28” North, 19° 29′ 9″ East | |
2 | Drashovice | 2014 | 40° 26′ 49” North, 19° 34′ 52″ East | |
3 | Tragjas | 2014 | 40° 19′ 32” North, 19° 30′ 36″ East | |
4 | Trevellazer-2 | 2014 | 40° 34′ 46” North, 19° 30′ 40″ East | |
5 | Vezhdanisht | 2014 | 40° 29′ 11” North, 19° 36′ 37″ East | |
6 | Kanina | 2014 | 40° 26′ 23” North, 19° 31′ 8″ East | |
7 | Kanina | 2015 | 40° 26′ 23” North, 19° 31′ 8″ East | |
8 | Panaja | 2014 | 40° 32′ 13” North, 19° 28′ 20″ East | |
9 | Kerkove | 2014 | 40° 31′ 49” North, 19° 30′ 6″ East | |
10 | Rromes | 2015 | 40° 31′ 11” North, 19° 40′ 1″ East | |
11 | Bestrove | 2015 | 40° 31′ 4” North, 19° 29′ 3″ East | |
12 | Babice | 2015 | 40° 29′ 5” North, 19° 30′ 51″ East | |
13 | Lubonje | 2015 | 40° 30′ 28” North, 19° 34′ 20″ East | |
14 | Bestrove-1 | 2014 | 40° 31′ 4” North, 19° 29′ 3″ East | |
15 | Bestrove-2 | 2014 | 40° 31′ 4” North, 19° 29′ 3″ East | |
16 | Himare | 2014 | 40° 6′ 6” North, 19° 44′ 41″ East | |
17 | Panaja | 2015 | 40° 32′ 13” North, 19° 28′ 20″ East | |
18 | Peshkepi | 2014 | 40° 28′ 22” North, 19° 35′ 8″ East | |
19 | Kanina-3 | 2014 | 40° 26′ 23” North, 19° 31′ 8″ East | |
20 | Qeparo | 2014 | 40° 3′ 25” North, 19° 49′ 19″ East | |
21 | Kerkove | 2014 | 40° 31′ 49” North, 19° 30′ 6″ East | |
22 | Trevellazer | 2014 | 40° 34′ 46” North, 19° 30′ 40″ East | |
23 | Armen | 2014 | 40° 32′ 11” North, 19° 35′ 46″ East | |
24 | Vllahine | 2014 | 40° 27′ 25” North, 19° 38′ 37″ East | |
25 | Kanina-2 | 2014 | 40° 26′ 23” North, 19° 31′ 8″ East | |
26 | Rromes | 2014 | 40° 31′ 11” North, 19° 40′ 1″ East | |
27 | Kanina | 2015 | 40° 26′ 23” North, 19° 31′ 8″ East | |
28 | Panaja | 2015 | 40° 32′ 13” North, 19° 28′ 20″ East | |
29 | Nisjot cv | 2014 | 40° 33′ 32” North, 19° 40′ 53″ East | |
30 | Marikaj-Vorë | 2014 | 41° 22′ 20” North, 19° 37′ 56″ East |
Sampling sites for OO Kalinjot cv. to the Vlora and Mallakastra regions..
Studying of Albanian OO from different cultivars by LC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS of has found the presence of 18 phenolic compounds. Based on their chemical structure, they were grouped as secoiridoids (6), phenolic alcohols (5), phenolic acids (4), flavonoids (2), and phenolic aldehyde (1) [37]. The highest amount of phenolic compounds was determined in
In the study conducted by Topi et al., (2020), the results on phenolic compounds agreed with the same concentration pattern of all VOO in the literature with the highest being
Additionally, PCA was applied to generate models for the classification of OO samples in terms of total phenolic contents. It can be observed that three groups were mainly formed on the plot, of these,
Aroma compounds are the main criteria affecting consumer acceptance and preference and also their purchasing power remarkably. Investigation on aroma compounds in
Total alcohols in
Despite the modest contribution in global OO production, world ranking 20th, olive tree comprises an important permanent crop with considerable potential for the Albanian economy. OO with certified origin will increase the value of the final product. With a contribution of 0.51% to total world production, OO production reached 20,038 tons contributing almost to 95% of domestic demands. Interestingly, table olive consumption ranks the country the 1st in world. Principal component analyses (PCA) for OO samples from Kalinjot cv. displayed the differentiation with OO samples. The authenticity of OOs originating from Vlora region constitutes an opportunity for domestic production. In parallel, PCA of OO from different native and foreign olive cv. displayed differentiation regarding fatty acids.
Phenolic compounds found to be significantly different among the olive oil samples of different cultivars.
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After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. 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Furthermore, comparisons among different propulsion system were also carried out and related evaluation was presented.",book:{id:"7198",slug:"propulsion-systems",title:"Propulsion Systems",fullTitle:"Propulsion Systems"},signatures:"Tu Huan, Fan Hongjun, Lei Wei and Zhou Guoqiang",authors:[{id:"265951",title:"Mr.",name:"Huan",middleName:null,surname:"Tu",slug:"huan-tu",fullName:"Huan Tu"}]},{id:"19573",title:"Control of Hybrid Electrical Vehicles",slug:"control-of-hybrid-electrical-vehicles",totalDownloads:15620,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:null,book:{id:"447",slug:"electric-vehicles-modelling-and-simulations",title:"Electric Vehicles",fullTitle:"Electric Vehicles - Modelling and Simulations"},signatures:"Gheorghe Livinţ, Vasile Horga, Marcel Răţoi and Mihai Albu",authors:[{id:"25879",title:"Prof.",name:"Gheorghe",middleName:null,surname:"Livint",slug:"gheorghe-livint",fullName:"Gheorghe 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Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. 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Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. 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He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. 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Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. 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He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. 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My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait. His research interests include optimization, computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, and intelligent systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker at various platforms around the globe. He has advised/supervised more than 110 students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He has authored and/or edited around seventy books. Prof. Sarfraz is a member of various professional societies. He is a chair and member of international advisory committees and organizing committees of numerous international conferences. He is also an editor and editor in chief for various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:"Beijing University of Technology",institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Lakhno Igor Victorovich was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPhD – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSc – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nLakhno Igor has been graduated from an international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held in Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s a professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education . He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 17 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Lakhno Igor is a rewiever of Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for DSc degree \\'Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention and treatment”. Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, cardiovascular medicine.",institutionString:"V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University",institution:{name:"Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education",country:{name:"Ukraine"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZkkQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-09T12:55:18.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"338222",title:"Mrs.",name:"María José",middleName:null,surname:"Lucía Mudas",slug:"maria-jose-lucia-mudas",fullName:"María José Lucía Mudas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"147824",title:"Mr.",name:"Pablo",middleName:null,surname:"Revuelta Sanz",slug:"pablo-revuelta-sanz",fullName:"Pablo Revuelta Sanz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"38",type:"subseries",title:"Pollution",keywords:"Human activity, Pollutants, Reduced risks, Population growth, Waste disposal, Remediation, Clean environment",scope:"\r\n\tPollution is caused by a wide variety of human activities and occurs in diverse forms, for example biological, chemical, et cetera. In recent years, significant efforts have been made to ensure that the environment is clean, that rigorous rules are implemented, and old laws are updated to reduce the risks towards humans and ecosystems. However, rapid industrialization and the need for more cultivable sources or habitable lands, for an increasing population, as well as fewer alternatives for waste disposal, make the pollution control tasks more challenging. Therefore, this topic will focus on assessing and managing environmental pollution. It will cover various subjects, including risk assessment due to the pollution of ecosystems, transport and fate of pollutants, restoration or remediation of polluted matrices, and efforts towards sustainable solutions to minimize environmental pollution.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/38.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11966,editor:{id:"110740",title:"Dr.",name:"Ismail M.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",slug:"ismail-m.m.-rahman",fullName:"Ismail M.M. Rahman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/110740/images/2319_n.jpg",biography:"Ismail Md. Mofizur Rahman (Ismail M. M. Rahman) assumed his current responsibilities as an Associate Professor at the Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, Japan, in Oct 2015. He also has an honorary appointment to serve as a Collaborative Professor at Kanazawa University, Japan, from Mar 2015 to the present. \nFormerly, Dr. Rahman was a faculty member of the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh, affiliated with the Department of Chemistry (Oct 2002 to Mar 2012) and the Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering (Mar 2012 to Sep 2015). Dr. Rahman was also adjunctly attached with Kanazawa University, Japan (Visiting Research Professor, Dec 2014 to Mar 2015; JSPS Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Apr 2012 to Mar 2014), and Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan (TokyoTech-UNESCO Research Fellow, Oct 2004–Sep 2005). \nHe received his Ph.D. degree in Environmental Analytical Chemistry from Kanazawa University, Japan (2011). He also achieved a Diploma in Environment from the Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan (2005). Besides, he has an M.Sc. degree in Applied Chemistry and a B.Sc. degree in Chemistry, all from the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh. \nDr. Rahman’s research interest includes the study of the fate and behavior of environmental pollutants in the biosphere; design of low energy and low burden environmental improvement (remediation) technology; implementation of sustainable waste management practices for treatment, handling, reuse, and ultimate residual disposition of solid wastes; nature and type of interactions in organic liquid mixtures for process engineering design applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fukushima University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201020",title:"Dr.",name:"Zinnat Ara",middleName:null,surname:"Begum",slug:"zinnat-ara-begum",fullName:"Zinnat Ara Begum",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201020/images/system/201020.jpeg",biography:"Zinnat A. Begum received her Ph.D. in Environmental Analytical Chemistry from Kanazawa University in 2012. She achieved her Master of Science (M.Sc.) degree with a major in Applied Chemistry and a Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) in Chemistry, all from the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh. Her work affiliations include Fukushima University, Japan (Visiting Research Fellow, Institute of Environmental Radioactivity: Mar 2016 to present), Southern University Bangladesh (Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering: Jan 2015 to present), and Kanazawa University, Japan (Postdoctoral Fellow, Institute of Science and Engineering: Oct 2012 to Mar 2014; Research fellow, Venture Business Laboratory, Advanced Science and Social Co-Creation Promotion Organization: Apr 2018 to Mar 2021). The research focus of Dr. Zinnat includes the effect of the relative stability of metal-chelator complexes in the environmental remediation process designs and the development of eco-friendly soil washing techniques using biodegradable chelators.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fukushima University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorThree:null,series:{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",issn:"2754-6713"},editorialBoard:[{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",middleName:null,surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63465/images/system/63465.gif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Aswan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"187907",title:"Dr.",name:"Olga",middleName:null,surname:"Anne",slug:"olga-anne",fullName:"Olga Anne",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBE5QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-07T09:42:13.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Klaipeda State University of Applied Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Lithuania"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{id:"81493",title:"Rust Disease Classification Using Deep Learning Based Algorithm: The Case of Wheat",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104426",signatures:"Shivani Sood, Harjeet Singh and Suruchi Jindal",slug:"rust-disease-classification-using-deep-learning-based-algorithm-the-case-of-wheat",totalDownloads:35,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"81428",title:"Observatory of Sustainable Development in Postgraduate Study Programs in Baja California",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104641",signatures:"Rodolfo Martinez-Gutierrez, Maria Marcela Solis-Quinteros, Maria Esther Ibarra-Estrada and Angel Ernesto Jimenez-Bernardino",slug:"observatory-of-sustainable-development-in-postgraduate-study-programs-in-baja-california",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"81235",title:"Global Food System Transformation for Resilience",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102749",signatures:"Jasper Okoro Godwin Elechi, Ikechukwu U. 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This group of bio-inspired metaheuristics solves multiple optimization problems by applying the metaphor of natural selection. It so far has solved problems such as resource allocation, routing, schedule planning, and engineering design. Moreover, in the field of machine learning, evolutionary computation has carved out a significant niche both in the generation of learning models and in the automatic design and optimization of hyperparameters in deep learning models. This collection aims to include quality volumes on various topics related to evolutionary algorithms and, alternatively, other metaheuristics of interest inspired by nature. For example, some of the issues of interest could be the following: Advances in evolutionary computation (Genetic algorithms, Genetic programming, Bio-inspired metaheuristics, Hybrid metaheuristics, Parallel ECs); Applications of evolutionary algorithms (Machine learning and Data Mining with EAs, Search-Based Software Engineering, Scheduling, and Planning Applications, Smart Transport Applications, Applications to Games, Image Analysis, Signal Processing and Pattern Recognition, Applications to Sustainability).",annualVolume:11421,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"111683",title:"Prof.",name:"Elmer",middleName:"P.",surname:"Dadios",fullName:"Elmer Dadios",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/111683/images/system/111683.jpg",institutionString:"De La Salle University",institution:{name:"De La Salle University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Philippines"}}},{id:"106873",title:"Prof.",name:"Hongwei",middleName:null,surname:"Ge",fullName:"Hongwei Ge",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"171056",title:"Dr.",name:"Sotirios",middleName:null,surname:"Goudos",fullName:"Sotirios Goudos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9IuQAK/Profile_Picture_1622623673666",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"15895",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Takashi",middleName:null,surname:"Kuremoto",fullName:"Takashi Kuremoto",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLrqQAG/Profile_Picture_1625656196038",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nippon Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"125844",title:"Prof.",name:"Wellington",middleName:"Pinheiro Dos",surname:"Santos",fullName:"Wellington Santos",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/125844/images/4878_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Pernambuco",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",keywords:"Intelligent Systems, Machine Learning, Data Science, Data Mining, Artificial Intelligence",scope:"The scope of machine learning and data mining is immense and is growing every day. It has become a massive part of our daily lives, making predictions based on experience, making this a fascinating area that solves problems that otherwise would not be possible or easy to solve. This topic aims to encompass algorithms that learn from experience (supervised and unsupervised), improve their performance over time and enable machines to make data-driven decisions. It is not limited to any particular applications, but contributions are encouraged from all disciplines.",annualVolume:11422,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"43680",title:"Prof.",name:"Ciza",middleName:null,surname:"Thomas",fullName:"Ciza Thomas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/43680/images/system/43680.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government of Kerala",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"16614",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan Ignacio",middleName:null,surname:"Guerrero Alonso",fullName:"Juan Ignacio Guerrero Alonso",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6HB8QAM/Profile_Picture_1627901127555",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/3095/images/1592_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Chicago",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"214067",title:"Dr.",name:"W. 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The area covers many techniques that offer solutions to emerging problems in robotics and enterprise-level software systems. Collaborative intelligence is highly and effectively achieved with multi-agent systems. Areas of application include swarms of robots, flocks of UAVs, collaborative software management. Given the level of technological enhancements, the popularity of machine learning in use has opened a new chapter in multi-agent studies alongside the practical challenges and long-lasting collaboration issues in the field. It has increased the urgency and the need for further studies in this field. We welcome chapters presenting research on the many applications of multi-agent studies including, but not limited to, the following key areas: machine learning for multi-agent systems; modeling swarms robots and flocks of UAVs with multi-agent systems; decision science and multi-agent systems; software engineering for and with multi-agent systems; tools and technologies of multi-agent systems.",annualVolume:11423,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the West of England",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"275140",title:"Dr.",name:"Dinh Hoa",middleName:null,surname:"Nguyen",fullName:"Dinh Hoa Nguyen",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRbnKQAS/Profile_Picture_1622204093453",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kyushu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"20259",title:"Dr.",name:"Hongbin",middleName:null,surname:"Ma",fullName:"Hongbin Ma",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRhDJQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-05-02T08:25:21.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"28640",title:"Prof.",name:"Yasushi",middleName:null,surname:"Kambayashi",fullName:"Yasushi Kambayashi",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYOQxQAO/Profile_Picture_1625660525470",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nippon Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/14845",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"14845"},fullPath:"/profiles/14845",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()