IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\n
By listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
All three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n
"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n
"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\n
In conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n
“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\n
We invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\n
Feel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\n
By listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
All three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n
"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n
"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\n
In conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n
“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\n
We invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\n
Feel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"8418",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Eye Motility",title:"Eye Motility",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Visual processing refers to the ability to perceive three-dimensional images. To accomplish this, our eyes have to be perfectly tuned and work together. Each eye perceives a slightly different image that the brain then has to unite into a single three-dimensional picture. This book explains the motor and sensory steps necessary for forming binocular and stereo vision, discusses tests to assess the different steps and describes disruptions that can occur in the eyes and the brain. Because of the sensitivity of the developing child's eye, the book also addresses the assessment of children's vision. This book will appeal to ophthalmologists, paediatricians, neurologists and other interested readers.",isbn:"978-1-78984-757-4",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-756-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-069-6",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78731",price:100,priceEur:109,priceUsd:129,slug:"eye-motility",numberOfPages:94,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"6f554b86583b2290b7dc0ae067e1d577",bookSignature:"Ivana Mravicic",publishedDate:"July 3rd 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8418.jpg",numberOfDownloads:6020,numberOfWosCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitations:2,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:3,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:6,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 28th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"August 15th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"October 14th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"January 2nd 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"March 3rd 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"96701",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivana",middleName:null,surname:"Mravicic",slug:"ivana-mravicic",fullName:"Ivana Mravicic",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/96701/images/system/96701.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Ivana Mravicic has been Assistant professor at MS University of Rijeka, Croatia since 2015 and Scientific assistant at MS University of Rijeka, Croatia since 2011.\r\nShe received her PhD at MS University of Zagreb in 2004. and MSc at MS University of Zagreb in 1994.\r\nAmong here work expiriences are: \t\r\n2007. – Chief of the Paediatric and Oculoplastic Department, Eye Clinic, Svjetlost, Zagreb\r\n2003.-2007. General manager, Eye Policlinic Marin Getaldić Zagreb\r\n1999.-2003. Ophthalmology resident, GH „Sveti Duh', Zagreb\r\n1994.-1999. Scientific bachelor at the Ministry of Science and Technology, Zagreb.\r\nDr. Ivana Mravicic attended the following professional educations and trainings: 2018. Practical training, US Zuerich; 2011, 2010. Practical training LMU Muenich; 1998,1995. Practical training University Eye Clinic Hamburg. She has collaborated on the following projects: 2007.-2011. researcher scientific project, Croatian Ministry of Science and Technology'; and 1995.-1997. Researcher scientific project, Croatian Ministry of Science and Technology'.\r\nDr. Mravicic\\'s selected international awards are: 2018. SOE TG; \r\n2008. SOE YO scolarship; 2005. 1999. SOE travel grant; and 1998. DAAD Stipendium.",institutionString:"School of Medicine of the University of Rijeka",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"191",title:"Ophthalmology",slug:"medicine-ophthalmology"}],chapters:[{id:"66939",title:"Introductory Chapter: Why Is Eye Motility Important?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86116",slug:"introductory-chapter-why-is-eye-motility-important-",totalDownloads:780,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Ivana Mravicic",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66939",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66939",authors:[{id:"96701",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivana",surname:"Mravicic",slug:"ivana-mravicic",fullName:"Ivana Mravicic"}],corrections:null},{id:"66120",title:"Binocular Functions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84162",slug:"binocular-functions",totalDownloads:1888,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Binocular single vision is the ability to use both eyes simultaneously so that each eye contributes to a common single perception. Normal binocular single vision occurs with bifoveal fixation and normal retinal correspondence in everyday sight. There are various anatomical and physiological factors concerned in the development of Binocular vision. The development of binocular function starts at 6 weeks and is completed by 6 months. Any obstacles, sensory, motor, or central, in the flex pathway is likely to hamper the development of binocular vision. The presence of these obstacles gives rise to various sensory adaptations to binocular dysfunction. Clinically the tests used can be based on either of the two principles: (A) assessment of relationship between the fovea of the fixing eye and the retinal area stimulated in the squinting eye, viz. Bagolini striated glasses test, red filter test, synoptophore using SMP slides for measuring the objective and subjective angles, and Worth 4-dot test; and (B) Assessment of the visual directions of the two foveae, viz. after image test (Hering Bielschowsky); and Cuppers binocular visuoscopy test (foveo-foveal test of Cuppers). Anomalies of binocular vision results in confusion, diplopia, which leads to suppression, eccentric fixation, anomalous retinal correspondence, and amblyopia.",signatures:"Arvind Kumar Morya, Kanchan Solanki, Sahil Bhandari and Anushree Naidu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66120",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66120",authors:[{id:"270083",title:"Prof.",name:"Arvind",surname:"Morya",slug:"arvind-morya",fullName:"Arvind Morya"},{id:"273705",title:"Dr.",name:"Kalpit",surname:"Jangid",slug:"kalpit-jangid",fullName:"Kalpit Jangid"},{id:"279906",title:"Dr.",name:"Kanchan",surname:"Solanki",slug:"kanchan-solanki",fullName:"Kanchan Solanki"},{id:"279907",title:"Dr.",name:"Sahil",surname:"Bhandari",slug:"sahil-bhandari",fullName:"Sahil Bhandari"},{id:"290171",title:"Dr.",name:"Anushree",surname:"Naidu",slug:"anushree-naidu",fullName:"Anushree Naidu"},{id:"290172",title:"Dr.",name:"Priyanka",surname:"Rathore",slug:"priyanka-rathore",fullName:"Priyanka Rathore"},{id:"290173",title:"Dr.",name:"Sujeet",surname:"Prakash",slug:"sujeet-prakash",fullName:"Sujeet Prakash"},{id:"290174",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonalika",surname:"Gogia",slug:"sonalika-gogia",fullName:"Sonalika Gogia"},{id:"290176",title:"Dr.",name:"Sulabh",surname:"Sahu",slug:"sulabh-sahu",fullName:"Sulabh Sahu"}],corrections:null},{id:"65361",title:"Ophthalmologic Examination of the Child",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82338",slug:"ophthalmologic-examination-of-the-child",totalDownloads:885,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The ophthalmologic examination of the child consists of an assessment of the physiological function, anatomic eye, and visual system status. A comprehensive eye examination of the child should include history of presenting problem, patient’s and family’s medical histories, estimation of fixation and measurement of visual acuity, assessment of binocular vision, Bruckner test, assessment of ocular motility, Hirschberg’s test, cover/uncover test, and assessment of anterior and posterior segments. The order of examination may vary depending on the child’s cooperation. The record of the child’s level of cooperation during the examination is of great benefit in the interpretation of the results.",signatures:"Suzana Konjevoda, Neda Striber, Samir Čanović and Ana Didović Pavičić",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65361",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65361",authors:[{id:"273907",title:"Dr.",name:"Suzana",surname:"Konjevoda",slug:"suzana-konjevoda",fullName:"Suzana Konjevoda"},{id:"273914",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana",surname:"Didović Pavičić",slug:"ana-didovic-pavicic",fullName:"Ana Didović Pavičić"},{id:"273932",title:"Dr.",name:"Samir",surname:"Čanović",slug:"samir-canovic",fullName:"Samir Čanović"},{id:"275014",title:"Dr.",name:"Neda",surname:"Striber",slug:"neda-striber",fullName:"Neda Striber"}],corrections:null},{id:"65072",title:"Nystagmus",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82743",slug:"nystagmus",totalDownloads:996,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Nystagmus is an involuntary rhythmical movement of the eyes. The cause of nystagmus is a disruption in the afferent, central or efferent parts of the eye movement system. If it happens in the first few months of life during the sensitive period of visual development, it is most often a case of infantile nystagmus. On the other hand, the majority of nystagmus in adult age is caused by some neurological disorder, and it is usually called acquired nystagmus. The important role of an ophthalmologist is to recognize the origin of nystagmus. Acquired forms are usually caused by some neurological disorders and do not belong in our field of treatment. However, most of the nystagmus types in a child’s age require ophthalmological treatment. When we have a child with nystagmus, we have to enable the development of the visual system and help fixation and fovealization by the dampening of nystagmus. If the reason of nystagmus is of ocular origin, we have to treat the underlying disease. Optical treatment by glasses, contact lenses or magnifying devices is usually reasonable. In some cases when the patient has abnormal head posture, it is possible to treat nystagmus by surgery. Some medications are used in several types of nystagmus as well as some new developing treatments.",signatures:"Ivana Mravicic, Selma Lukacevic, Maja Bohac, Maja Pauk-Gulic and Vlade Glavota",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65072",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65072",authors:[{id:"96701",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivana",surname:"Mravicic",slug:"ivana-mravicic",fullName:"Ivana Mravicic"},{id:"263414",title:"Dr.",name:"Selma",surname:"Lukacevic",slug:"selma-lukacevic",fullName:"Selma Lukacevic"},{id:"263892",title:"Dr.",name:"Vlade",surname:"Glavota",slug:"vlade-glavota",fullName:"Vlade Glavota"},{id:"280405",title:"Dr.",name:"Maja",surname:"Bohac",slug:"maja-bohac",fullName:"Maja Bohac"},{id:"280407",title:"Dr.",name:"Maja",surname:"Pauk-Gulic",slug:"maja-pauk-gulic",fullName:"Maja Pauk-Gulic"}],corrections:null},{id:"65355",title:"Eye Movement Abnormalities in Neurodegenerative Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81948",slug:"eye-movement-abnormalities-in-neurodegenerative-diseases",totalDownloads:1474,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Neurodegenerative disorders consist in heterogeneous group of neurological conditions characterized by a wide spectrum of clinical features resulting from a progressive involvement of distinct neuron populations. Oculomotor abnormalities take a key place in the clinical picture of these disorders because the neurodegenerative processes involve the brain circuits of eye movements. The most common abnormalities include the saccadic dysfunction, fixation instability, and abnormal smooth pursuit. The clinical assessment of oculomotor function can help to differentiate diagnosis, while electrophysiological measures provide useful biomarkers for the understanding of disease physiopathology and progression. In this chapter, we review the state of the art of the eye movement’s deficits in some neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington’s disease, and the hereditary ataxias.",signatures:"Roberto Rodríguez-Labrada, Yaimeé Vázquez-Mojena and Luis Velázquez-Pérez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65355",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65355",authors:[{id:"261100",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Roberto",surname:"Rodriguez-Labrada",slug:"roberto-rodriguez-labrada",fullName:"Roberto Rodriguez-Labrada"},{id:"261103",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",surname:"Velázquez-Pérez",slug:"luis-velazquez-perez",fullName:"Luis Velázquez-Pérez"},{id:"261104",title:"MSc.",name:"Yaimeé",surname:"Vazquez-Mojena",slug:"yaimee-vazquez-mojena",fullName:"Yaimeé Vazquez-Mojena"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:[{id:"23",label:"women in science book program"}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8855",title:"Retinoblastoma",subtitle:"Past, Present and Future",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1686b2f1d697de9d4bc2005a5fa9b998",slug:"retinoblastoma-past-present-and-future",bookSignature:"Hind Manaa Alkatan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8855.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"223782",title:"Dr.",name:"Hind",surname:"Alkatan",slug:"hind-alkatan",fullName:"Hind Alkatan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5917",title:"Causes and Coping with Visual Impairment and Blindness",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"59fe032e3de5e150eab8bf47bd2d8fdd",slug:"causes-and-coping-with-visual-impairment-and-blindness",bookSignature:"Shimon Rumelt",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5917.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"54335",title:"Dr.",name:"Shimon",surname:"Rumelt",slug:"shimon-rumelt",fullName:"Shimon Rumelt"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6372",title:"Early Events in Diabetic Retinopathy and Intervention Strategies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"46ff48bdb1bac8a69372566fff0e2f6d",slug:"early-events-in-diabetic-retinopathy-and-intervention-strategies",bookSignature:"Andrew T.C. Tsin and Jeffery G. Grigsby",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6372.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"310667",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrew",surname:"Tsin",slug:"andrew-tsin",fullName:"Andrew Tsin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10534",title:"Current Cataract Surgical Techniques",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7b3bfcd2c690d037d693f31545a36fda",slug:"current-cataract-surgical-techniques",bookSignature:"Xiaogang Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10534.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"243698",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaogang",surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7858",title:"A Practical Guide to Clinical Application of OCT in Ophthalmology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e2d479cc9258dee430f8ba4c353c468",slug:"a-practical-guide-to-clinical-application-of-oct-in-ophthalmology",bookSignature:"Michele Lanza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7858.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"240088",title:"Prof.",name:"Michele",surname:"Lanza",slug:"michele-lanza",fullName:"Michele Lanza"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10879",title:"Vision Correction and Eye Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4cead9a92f73922e325d7d2a3a94e321",slug:"vision-correction-and-eye-surgery",bookSignature:"Giuseppe Lo Giudice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10879.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"87607",title:"M.D.",name:"Giuseppe",surname:"Lo Giudice",slug:"giuseppe-lo-giudice",fullName:"Giuseppe Lo Giudice"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11039",title:"Diabetic Eye Disease",subtitle:"From Therapeutic Pipeline to the Real World",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"22986eb45c0b2692661bc8f8804045d0",slug:"diabetic-eye-disease-from-therapeutic-pipeline-to-the-real-world",bookSignature:"Giuseppe Lo Giudice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11039.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"87607",title:"M.D.",name:"Giuseppe",surname:"Lo Giudice",slug:"giuseppe-lo-giudice",fullName:"Giuseppe Lo Giudice"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10732",title:"Dry Eye Syndrome",subtitle:"Modern Diagnostic Techniques and Advanced Treatments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"44a1939cac17b7cfebbef5e156af0b2a",slug:"dry-eye-syndrome-modern-diagnostic-techniques-and-advanced-treatments",bookSignature:"Felicia M. Ferreri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10732.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"32442",title:"Prof.",name:"Felicia M.",surname:"Ferreri",slug:"felicia-m.-ferreri",fullName:"Felicia M. Ferreri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10345",title:"Infectious Eye Diseases",subtitle:"Recent Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1d2abb832f0773c90fc9a12d1a41194c",slug:"infectious-eye-diseases-recent-advances-in-diagnosis-and-treatment",bookSignature:"Alejandro Rodriguez-Garcia and Julio C. Hernandez-Camarena",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10345.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"209514",title:"Dr.",name:"Alejandro",surname:"Rodriguez-Garcia",slug:"alejandro-rodriguez-garcia",fullName:"Alejandro Rodriguez-Garcia"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10343",title:"Ocular Hypertension",subtitle:"The Knowns and Unknowns",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0ff71cc7e0d9f394f41162c0c825588a",slug:"ocular-hypertension-the-knowns-and-unknowns",bookSignature:"Michele Lanza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10343.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"240088",title:"Prof.",name:"Michele",surname:"Lanza",slug:"michele-lanza",fullName:"Michele Lanza"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"79356",slug:"corrigendum-the-ghanaian-flora-as-a-potential-source-of-anthelmintic-and-anti-schistosomal-agents",title:"Corrigendum: The Ghanaian Flora as a Potential Source of Anthelmintic and Anti-Schistosomal Agents",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/76505.pdf\r\n",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76505",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76505",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/76505",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/76505",chapter:{id:"76353",slug:"the-ghanaian-flora-as-a-potential-source-of-anthelmintic-and-anti-schistosomal-agents",signatures:"Evelyn Asante-Kwatia, Abraham Yeboah Mensah, Lord Gyimah and Arnold Donkor Forkuo",dateSubmitted:"February 24th 2021",dateReviewed:"March 25th 2021",datePrePublished:"April 20th 2021",datePublished:"May 11th 2022",book:{id:"10356",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Natural Medicinal Plants",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"217045",title:"Dr.",name:"Arnold Forkuo",middleName:null,surname:"Donkor",fullName:"Arnold Forkuo Donkor",slug:"arnold-forkuo-donkor",email:"forkuo3@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"303360",title:"Dr.",name:"Evelyn",middleName:null,surname:"Asante-Kwatia",fullName:"Evelyn Asante-Kwatia",slug:"evelyn-asante-kwatia",email:"emireku@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"309974",title:"Prof.",name:"Abraham Yeboah",middleName:null,surname:"Mensah",fullName:"Abraham Yeboah Mensah",slug:"abraham-yeboah-mensah",email:"aymensah@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"347910",title:"Mr.",name:"Lord",middleName:null,surname:"Gyimah",fullName:"Lord Gyimah",slug:"lord-gyimah",email:"lordgyimah36@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ghana"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"76353",slug:"the-ghanaian-flora-as-a-potential-source-of-anthelmintic-and-anti-schistosomal-agents",signatures:"Evelyn Asante-Kwatia, Abraham Yeboah Mensah, Lord Gyimah and Arnold Donkor Forkuo",dateSubmitted:"February 24th 2021",dateReviewed:"March 25th 2021",datePrePublished:"April 20th 2021",datePublished:"May 11th 2022",book:{id:"10356",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Natural Medicinal Plants",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"217045",title:"Dr.",name:"Arnold Forkuo",middleName:null,surname:"Donkor",fullName:"Arnold Forkuo Donkor",slug:"arnold-forkuo-donkor",email:"forkuo3@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"303360",title:"Dr.",name:"Evelyn",middleName:null,surname:"Asante-Kwatia",fullName:"Evelyn Asante-Kwatia",slug:"evelyn-asante-kwatia",email:"emireku@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"309974",title:"Prof.",name:"Abraham Yeboah",middleName:null,surname:"Mensah",fullName:"Abraham Yeboah Mensah",slug:"abraham-yeboah-mensah",email:"aymensah@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"347910",title:"Mr.",name:"Lord",middleName:null,surname:"Gyimah",fullName:"Lord Gyimah",slug:"lord-gyimah",email:"lordgyimah36@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ghana"}}}]},book:{id:"10356",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Natural Medicinal Plants",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"8968",leadTitle:null,title:"Molecular and Metabolic Alterations in Tumorigenesis",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tTumorigenesis, the transformation of normal cells into cancer cells, is dependent on the change of primary DNA sequence with the effect of oncogenic mutations, gene fusions and amplifications. Apart from multiple genomic alterations, epigenetic changes such as amino acid modifications in histones and changes in the methylation of cytosine bases are also common in cancer. During continuous proliferation, cancer cells must sustain their energy source and metabolite pools for building macromolecules, which are needed for continuous proliferation. These requirements are accomplished in most cancer cells as an adaptation mechanism of a survival advantage or a consequence of continuous tumor growth The mechanisms behind the reprogramming of cellular metabolism, also include multiple genetic alterations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, epigenetic modifications and mutations in metabolic enzymes. The molecular and metabolic profiles of cancer cells, which are crucial for their unlimited proliferation and survival, are also important to distinguish them from normal cells.
",isbn:null,printIsbn:"979-953-307-X-X",pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"e3c27ac25ffa58c82beeb2b70147b9bf",bookSignature:"Dr. Yasemin Basbinar and Dr. Gizem Calibasi Kocal",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8968.jpg",keywords:"Tumorigenesis, Gene mutations, Tumor suppressor genes, Metabolic enzymes, Epigenetic modifications, Metabolic reprogramming, Cellular energy metabolism, Mitochondria, Metabolomics, Aerobic glycolysis, Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, Metabolic pathways",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 23rd 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 5th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 4th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 23rd 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 21st 2020",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 years",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"242097",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasemin",middleName:null,surname:"Basbinar",slug:"yasemin-basbinar",fullName:"Yasemin Basbinar",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242097/images/system/242097.jpg",biography:"Dr.Yasemin Basbinar is a professor at the Department of Translational Oncology, Dokuz Eylul University, Institute of Oncology in Turkey. She graduated from Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Turkey in 1988. She completed her PhD degrees in Biochemistry as well as Basic Oncology at Dokuz Eylul University, Turkey in 1995 and 2006, respectively. She worked in Danish Centre for Human Genome Research as a visiting researcher. She is, now the head of Personalized Medicine and Pharmacogenomics/Genomics Center and Department of Translational Oncology in Dokuz Eylul University. Her primary research focused on cancer pharmacogenomics and proteomics in terms of predictive medicine. She has been awarded by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK), Turkish Association for Cancer Research and Control for her achievements. She has more than 70 publications in prestigious journals. She is on review boards of several journals and granting commitees.",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"203396",title:"Dr.",name:"Gizem",middleName:null,surname:"Calibasi Kocal",slug:"gizem-calibasi-kocal",fullName:"Gizem Calibasi Kocal",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/203396/images/6740_n.jpg",biography:"Dr.Gizem CALIBASI-KOCAL, graduated from Ege University, Turkey, holding a bachelor degree in Biochemistry. Then she received her MSc and PhD degrees of Basic Oncology from Dokuz Eylul University, Turkey. From 2013 to 2015, she worked in USA in the field of microfluidic technologies related with cancer metastasis in Harvard University and Stanford University as pre-doctoral research fellow. Her research interest has focused on colorectal cancer in terms of metastasis and cancer metabolism, as well as pharmacogenetic applications in cancer management. She was an advisory board member of Personalized Medicine and Pharmacogenomics/Genomics Center in Dokuz Eylul University. She also serves on editorial board of 2 journals and regularly reviews of for prestigious journals. Her achievements were recognized by several awards and honors from The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK), Turkish Association for Cancer Research and Control, Organization of European Cancer Institutes (OECI), European Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (EFLM).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"6",title:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",slug:"biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"304289",firstName:"Rebekah",lastName:"Pribetic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/304289/images/13255_n.png",email:"rebekah@intechopen.com",biography:null}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7271",title:"Cancer Metastasis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"365bb4cd3b255b91815abb7fed5eda01",slug:"cancer-metastasis",bookSignature:"Yasemin Basbinar and Gizem Calıbası-Kocal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7271.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"242097",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasemin",surname:"Basbinar",slug:"yasemin-basbinar",fullName:"Yasemin Basbinar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6694",title:"New Trends in Ion Exchange Studies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3de8c8b090fd8faa7c11ec5b387c486a",slug:"new-trends-in-ion-exchange-studies",bookSignature:"Selcan Karakuş",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6694.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"206110",title:"Dr.",name:"Selcan",surname:"Karakuş",slug:"selcan-karakus",fullName:"Selcan Karakuş"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"872",title:"Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention",subtitle:"Environmental and Analytical Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f01dc7077e1d23f3d8f5454985cafa0a",slug:"organic-pollutants-ten-years-after-the-stockholm-convention-environmental-and-analytical-update",bookSignature:"Tomasz Puzyn and Aleksandra Mostrag-Szlichtyng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/872.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"84887",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomasz",surname:"Puzyn",slug:"tomasz-puzyn",fullName:"Tomasz Puzyn"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"65602",title:"Transcatheter Closure of Congenital VSDs: Tips and Tricks",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83641",slug:"transcatheter-closure-of-congenital-vsds-tips-and-tricks",body:'
1. Introduction
Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is the most common congenital heart defect and accounts for approximately 20% of all forms of congenital heart disease as an isolated lesion with incidence increasing up to 40% in case of multiple congenital heart defects [1]. Perimembranous VSDs are the most common form (70%), and muscular (15–20%) and sub arterial (5%) are less common (Figure 1). The size of the defect determines the size of the left to right shunt, which affects the hemodynamic state from negligible to cardiac failure and mild to severe pulmonary hypertension. Although most of the larger defects persist through adulthood, some smaller defects have a high likelihood of spontaneous closure. There are some long-term complications of VSDs including prolapse of aortic cusps with regurgitation, infective endocarditis, arrhythmias, and pulmonary hypertension, which may lead to pulmonary vascular obstructive disease or Eisenmenger syndrome.
Figure 1.
Prevalence of different forms of VSDs (picture courtesy: Patrick J Lynch; C. Carl Jaffe Yale University).
Traditionally, closure of ventricular septal defects (VSDs) has been a surgical procedure for over 50 years with a low operative mortality and postoperative morbidity. However, in 1988, Lock et al. [2] reported the results of transcatheter VSD closure using the Rashkind double umbrella device in six patients with congenital and acquired VSDs. Transcatheter closure of VSD as an alternative to surgery has now gained increasing acceptance due to a comparable success rate and low risk of complications. This approach has several advantages, such as avoidance of sternotomy and cardiopulmonary bypass, with less pain and no scar and shorter hospital stay, as well. There are also some disadvantages like the need for X-ray and contrast media injections.
Although surgical treatment remains the standard approach for VSDs, percutaneous device closure has brought hope to be a safe and effective treatment with a high rate of success.
2. Historical aspects
Transcatheter closure of ventricular septal defects was first described by Rashkind when he used a single-disc device to perform this in dogs.
Lock et al. used Rashkind double disc PDA umbrella in human subsequently. Six of the seven devices were implanted successfully in his series, while the seventh embolized into the pulmonary artery. Goldstein used clamshell occluder to close the VSDs. Gianturco coils, Amplatzer membranous and muscular devices, buttoned device, wireless devices (detachable steel coils, detachable balloon, and transcatheter patch), cardioSEAL/STARFlex devices, Nit-occlud (Nickel-Titanium Spiral Coil), and Amplatzer Duct Occluder I and Amplatzer Duct Occluder II devices were used for transcatheter occlusion of VSDs subsequently.
Postmyocardial infarction VSDs were also closed percutaneously using Rashkind double disc PDA umbrella, clamshell, CardioSEAL or STARFlex, Amplatzer septal occluder, Amplatzer duct occluder, and Amplatzer post-infarct muscular VSD (PIMVSD) successfully.
Amplatzer muscular VSD and PIMVSD occluders, Qwik-Load and STARFlex Septal Occlusion System, and CardioSEAL Septal Occlusion System are now approved by FDA, but there are multiple devices that have been used to close VSDs so far, which include VSD Le Coils, Muscular and Membranous VSD devices of Occlutech Co., and many Chinese symmetrical and Asymmetrical VSD occluders and the Amplatzer Duct occluder with Duct Occluder II (St. Jude Medical, Inc.) as well. The use of the Chinese devices is most commonly reported from China itself. Although the Amplatzer membranous VSD occluder was found useful, development of heart block precipitated its removal from clinical trials in the USA. Other devices are in clinical trials in either the USA or abroad [1].
3. Indications
Different patients with VSDs may present with different scenarios. Most muscular VSDs and a few perimembranous type may close spontaneously in early month of life. Some large unrestrictive VSDs may cause heart failure and failure to thrive in small babies. These infants need a large device for interventional closure, which makes the procedure difficult and unsafe. So this group of patient often refers to surgeons.
Although closure of VSDs in patients with aortic valve prolapse or AI remains controversial and most of this patients with trivial AI are now referred to surgeons, Le VSD Coil (pfm medical ag, Koln, Germany) occluder has recently used in such condition with good results [2].
VSDs are considered eligible for transcatheter device closure in the presence of one or more of the following indications:
Evidence of heart failure not controlled by medical therapy
Pulmonary to systemic blood flow ratio greater than 1.5 (Qp/Qs > 1.5)
Evidence of left heart volume over load
History of previous endocarditis
3.1. Contraindications
body weight less than 6 kg
pulmonary vascular resistance index greater than 7 WU/m2, unresponsive to oxygen
PMVSD extending to the inlet
the presence of additional lesions requiring surgical intervention (ToF)
when parents prefer surgical intervention.
Pulmonary hypertension is defined as a mean pulmonary artery pressure of 20 mm Hg or greater based on the original natural history studies [3].
There are some other considerations like distance from the edge of the VSD to the semilunar valves:
<2 mm—for the Amplatzer membranous VSD occlude
<4 mm—for the Nit-Occlud VSD
4. Preprocedure assessment
Echocardiography can provide valuable information on the number, the location, the size, and the relationship of the VSD to the adjacent structures. In addition, transesophageal and 3D-echocardiography are now widely available and may provide additional information of unusual VSDs.
5. Technique
5.1. General considerations
Compared to patent ductus and atrial septal defect closure, VSD closure is considerably more complicated. It is thus important to recognize that this procedure should only be undertaken in well-equipped units with sufficient skill, knowledge, and surgical backup.
Anesthesia: the procedure may be performed under general anesthesia, although sedation can be used.
Imaging: most of the centers use continuous transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), but skilled echo cardiographers may use transthoracic echo during the procedure.
Catheterization: a comprehensive evaluation should be done during angiography to obtain different views at multiple angles of the VSD and a complete study for valvular function and regurgitation as well.
Access: although in some certain muscular VSDs, the right internal jugular vein access may be used, and femoral artery and vein are usually gained as the main access. Alternatively, in small patients who making an arteriovenous circuit may cause hemodynamic instability when long stiff sheath is placed across the tricuspid valve, a hybrid approach can be used. In some selected older children with some difficulties, the VSD may be approached retrogradely from the femoral artery. Activated clotting time is maintained above 200 seconds throughout the procedure.
Device selection: the device is usually selected 1–2 mm larger than the maximal diameter of the defect as assessed by TEE and angiography. Balloon sizing is hardly ever used, since the inter-ventricular septum is regarded to be a nonstretchable structure. There are some other important considerations in device selection but paying attention to the location, shape, morphology, and length and thickness of the edges of defect are of the most important factors (Figures 2 and 3).
Crossing the VSD: normally, the VSD is crossed from the left ventricle using a Judkins right coronary artery catheter, but a variety of tip angled catheters can be used based on the defect location and shape like Bern, Cobra or a cutoff Pigtail. An exchange guidewire like Terumo or Noodle wire is then placed into the left or right pulmonary artery via the VSD crossed catheter (Figure 4B).
Arteriovenous guide wire loop: to make an arteriovenous wire loop, the guide wire is then snared and pulled out via the right femoral vein. A delivery sheath will be then advanced via the femoral vein access into right ventricle into the aorta carefully. Undue tension on the arteriovenous loop and VSD may cause rhythm disturbances. To avoid direct contact of the guide wire with the VSD when crossed by the sheath, a “kissing catheter technique” should be used. The delivery sheath is then positioned to a suitable position in the left ventricle or descending aorta (Figure 4C,D).
The device: the proper size and suitable shape device is then screwed to the tip of the delivery cable and advanced to the cavity of left ventricle or descending aorta via the long sheet with special care to avoid the occurrence air embolism. The LV disc is first deployed within the LV chamber or descending aorta and gently pulled back to the intra-ventricular VSD under echo or angiographic guidance. The waist of the device and right ventricular disc are then deployed, respectively. Careful attention should be paid to good positioning and stability of the device and any potential compromising of the adjusting structures. In the case of any impingent of valves or other structures, the device can still be recaptured into the sheath and repositioned gently. Once proper positioning has been achieved, the device may be released by unscrewing it counter clockwise using the pin vice. After release, confirmation of correct positioning should be established using TEE or TTE and angiography (Figures 4F–I and 5).
Early postprocedure care: three doses of an antibiotic should be given to the patient within the 24 hours of observation with ECG monitoring. Endocarditis prophylaxis and a low dose of an anti-platelet agent like aspirin are recommended for 6 months [4].
Figure 2.
(A) Amplatzer membranous VSD device, (B and C) Amplatzer Duct Occluder and Amplatzer Duct Occluder II devices. (D and G) Amplatzer and Occlutech muscular VSD device. (F) Nit-Occlud (Nickel-Titanium Spiral Coil) and (E) asymmetric membranous VSD device were used for transcatheter occlusion of VSDs.
Figure 3.
Schematic depictions of conventional technique. 1—Transaortic access into LV chamber retrogradely. 2—Crossing a guide wire from LV to RV chamber retrogradely. 3—Snaring the trans-aortic guide wire from the pulmonary artery. 4—Making an arteriovenous loop to provide a way to deliver the VSD delivery sheath. 5—The delivery sheath is advanced antegradely across the VSD. 6—The device is fixed in position and released. (Courtesy of Lydia Kibiuk, NIH Medical Arts and Photography Branch).
Figure 4.
Stepwise percutaneous VSD closure technique using CaridoFix Muscular VSD Occluder. (A) Small upper muscular VSD. (B) Crossing the VSD and putting the wire in pulmonary artery. (C) Snaring the pulmonary wire via venous access. (D) Making the AV loop from arterial and venous access. (E) Crossing the VSD by long sheet and into the descending aorta. (F) Releasing the first disc of the device. (G) Pulling back the device. (H) Fixing the device to the septum. (I) Releasing the second disc of the device. (J) Complete deploying and releasing of the device.
Figure 5.
Post operation residual VSD closure technique in a patient with TOF using Occutech Duct Occluder. (A) Small residual VSD around the patch. (B) Main pulmonary injection showing free PI (lateral view). (C) Main pulmonary injection showing free PI (AP view). (D) Snaring the pulmonary wire via venous access making the AV loop. (E) Crossing the VSD into the ascending aorta and releasing the first disc of the device. (F) Pulling back the device and fixing the device to the septum. (G) Aortic root injection, checking the device position and probable AI. (H) Releasing the device.
5.2. Complications
The complications may occur immediately after the procedure or late during the follow up.
Device embolization: both systemic and right heart embolization of the device may occur and have been reported in up to 2% of cases. Continues TEE or intermittent TTE during the procedure and especially before the releasing of the device is crucial and very helpful. Operators should be familiar with retrieval techniques, and all necessary equipment for retrieval should be available. Surgical backup is also considered essential [5].
Dysrhythmias: during catheter and device manipulation, temporary dysrhythmias, usually ventricular, are common. Right bundle branch block occurred in only 6% of patients (5) compared to up to 64% of reported surgical series. Complete atrioventricular block (cAVB) is also a potential complication of transcatheter or surgical VSD closure. The reported cases of cAVB are mostly attributed to direct compression trauma, the pressure of radial forces (shape memory of the device), clamping forces, inflammatory processes, and/or the use of oversized devices [6].
Valvular malfunction: the device may influence function of any of the adjacent valves, but especially with the membranous device, aortic and tricuspid regurgitation should actively be looked for with TTE or TEE prior to release of the device.
Hemolysis: blood scape through a small residual shunt after VSD device closure may lead to hemolysis. To be aware of this potential complication especially when there is a residual shunt is very important. Checking the patient’s urine color change in early hours after the procedure is a simple way to detect the hemolysis. Some form of little hemolysis may be self-limited and could be managed conservatively but in the form of massive hemolysis blood transfusion and surgical removal of the device should be considered.
\n',keywords:"congenital VSD, transcatheter device closure",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/65602.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/65602.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65602",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65602",totalDownloads:1447,totalViews:103,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,introChapter:null,impactScore:1,impactScorePercentile:61,impactScoreQuartile:3,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"March 27th 2018",dateReviewed:"December 18th 2018",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"June 19th 2019",dateFinished:"February 11th 2019",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Nowadays transcatheter device closure of ventricular septal defects (VSDs) is an attractive and feasible alternative to surgical closure of congenital VSDs. Isolated congenital VSDs constitute the most common form of congenital heart disease (CHD) in infants and children and account for 20–30% of all types of cardiac malformations. Most of the VSDs are located in the membranous portion of the ventricular septum (perimembranous VSDs). There are also less common types of VSDs located in the muscular portion (muscular VSDs), below the pulmonary valve (subpulmonary or supracristal VSDs), and near the junction of the tricuspid and mitral valves (inlet type VSDs). Indications for closure of VSDs include a hemodynamically significant left to right shunt and prevention of long-term complications, including pulmonary hypertension, progressive ventricular dilatation, aortic insufficiency, double-chambered right ventricle, and endocarditis. In this chapter, we review the technical details for achieving a successful procedure, as well as some tips and tricks on using off-label devices during transcatheter approach in VSD closure.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/65602",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/65602",book:{id:"7055",slug:"angiography"},signatures:"Behzad Alizadeh",authors:[{id:"251954",title:"Dr.",name:"Behzad",middleName:null,surname:"Alizadeh",fullName:"Behzad Alizadeh",slug:"behzad-alizadeh",email:"behalizadeh@yahoo.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Historical aspects",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Indications",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"3.1. Contraindications",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5",title:"4. Preprocedure assessment",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6",title:"5. Technique",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"5.1. General considerations",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"5.2. Complications",level:"2"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Balzer D. Current status of percutaneous closure of ventricular septal defects. Pediatrics and Therapeutics. 2012;2:112'},{id:"B2",body:'Lock JE, Block PC, McKay RG, Baim DS, Keane JF. Transcatheter closure of ventricular septal defects. Circulation. 1988;78:361-368'},{id:"B3",body:'Weidman WH, Blount SG Jr, Dushane JW, Gersony WM, Hayes CJ, Nadas AS. Clinical course in ventricular septal defect. Circulation. 1977;56(1 Suppl):I56'},{id:"B4",body:'Brown SC, Bruwer AD, Smit FE. Percutaneous closure of ventricular septal defects in childhood. SA Heart Journal. 2017;4(1):26-31'},{id:"B5",body:'Sanz AP, Álvarez-Fuente M, Centella T, del Cerro MJ. Early complete atrioventricular block after percutaneous closure of a perimembranous ventricular septal defect with a Nit-Occlud (®) Lê VSD coil. Progress in Pediatric Cardiology. 2018;49:81-83'},{id:"B6",body:'Ratnayaka K, Raman VK, Faranesh AZ, Sonmez M, Kim JH, Gutiérrez LF, et al. Antegrade percutaneous closure of membranous ventricular septal defect using X-ray fused with magnetic resonance imaging. JACC: Cardiovascular Interventions. 2009;2(3):224-230'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Behzad Alizadeh",address:"behalizadeh@yahoo.com",affiliation:'
Pediatric and Congenital Cardiology Department, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Imam Reza University Hospital, Mashhad, Iran
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"7055",type:"book",title:"Angiography",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Angiography",slug:"angiography",publishedDate:"June 19th 2019",bookSignature:"Burak Pamukçu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7055.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83880-090-1",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-089-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-78985-625-5",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:3,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"70686",title:"Dr.",name:"Burak",middleName:null,surname:"Pamukçu",slug:"burak-pamukcu",fullName:"Burak Pamukçu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"170"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"64173",type:"chapter",title:"Introductory Chapter: An Overview of Angiographic Vascular Interventions",slug:"introductory-chapter-an-overview-of-angiographic-vascular-interventions",totalDownloads:864,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Burak Pamukçu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"70686",title:"Dr.",name:"Burak",middleName:null,surname:"Pamukçu",fullName:"Burak Pamukçu",slug:"burak-pamukcu"}]},{id:"64956",type:"chapter",title:"Minimally Invasive Cardiology for Everyone: Challenging the Transradial Access",slug:"minimally-invasive-cardiology-for-everyone-challenging-the-transradial-access",totalDownloads:865,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Vincent Dangoisse",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"261338",title:"Dr.",name:"Vincent",middleName:null,surname:"Dangoisse",fullName:"Vincent Dangoisse",slug:"vincent-dangoisse"}]},{id:"63771",type:"chapter",title:"The Role of Catheter Reshaping at the Angiographic Success",slug:"the-role-of-catheter-reshaping-at-the-angiographic-success",totalDownloads:1127,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Yakup Balaban",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"252647",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Yakup",middleName:null,surname:"Balaban",fullName:"Yakup Balaban",slug:"yakup-balaban"}]},{id:"64128",type:"chapter",title:"Stent’s Manufacturing Field: Past, Present, and Future Prospects",slug:"stent-s-manufacturing-field-past-present-and-future-prospects",totalDownloads:2165,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Antonio J. Guerra and Joaquim Ciurana",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"270899",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Antonio",middleName:"Jesus",surname:"Guerra",fullName:"Antonio Guerra",slug:"antonio-guerra"},{id:"270900",title:"Dr.",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"Ciurana",fullName:"Joaquim Ciurana",slug:"joaquim-ciurana"}]},{id:"64834",type:"chapter",title:"Dedicated Bifurcation Stents",slug:"dedicated-bifurcation-stents",totalDownloads:2109,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ivo Petrov, Iveta Tasheva, Jivka Stoykova, Liubomir Dosev, Zoran Stankov and Petar Polomski",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"271381",title:"Dr.",name:"Iveta",middleName:null,surname:"Tasheva",fullName:"Iveta Tasheva",slug:"iveta-tasheva"},{id:"283178",title:"Prof.",name:"Ivo",middleName:null,surname:"Petrov",fullName:"Ivo Petrov",slug:"ivo-petrov"},{id:"283179",title:"Dr.",name:"Jivka",middleName:null,surname:"Stoykova",fullName:"Jivka Stoykova",slug:"jivka-stoykova"},{id:"283180",title:"Dr.",name:"Liubomir",middleName:null,surname:"Dosev",fullName:"Liubomir Dosev",slug:"liubomir-dosev"},{id:"283181",title:"Dr.",name:"Petar",middleName:null,surname:"Polomski",fullName:"Petar Polomski",slug:"petar-polomski"}]},{id:"62340",type:"chapter",title:"Angiography for Renal Artery Diseases",slug:"angiography-for-renal-artery-diseases",totalDownloads:999,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Daniel Emilio Dalledone Siqueira and Ana Terezinha Guillaumon",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"250805",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:"Emilio Dalledone",surname:"Siqueira",fullName:"Daniel Siqueira",slug:"daniel-siqueira"},{id:"251226",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana Terezinha",middleName:null,surname:"Guillaumon",fullName:"Ana Terezinha Guillaumon",slug:"ana-terezinha-guillaumon"}]},{id:"65602",type:"chapter",title:"Transcatheter Closure of Congenital VSDs: Tips and Tricks",slug:"transcatheter-closure-of-congenital-vsds-tips-and-tricks",totalDownloads:1447,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Behzad Alizadeh",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"251954",title:"Dr.",name:"Behzad",middleName:null,surname:"Alizadeh",fullName:"Behzad Alizadeh",slug:"behzad-alizadeh"}]},{id:"62421",type:"chapter",title:"Computer-Aided Detection, Pulmonary Embolism, Computerized Tomography Pulmonary Angiography: Current Status",slug:"computer-aided-detection-pulmonary-embolism-computerized-tomography-pulmonary-angiography-current-st",totalDownloads:1154,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Abdel-Razzak M. Al-hinnawi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"250168",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdel-Razzak",middleName:"Mohammad Saeed",surname:"Al-Hinnawi",fullName:"Abdel-Razzak Al-Hinnawi",slug:"abdel-razzak-al-hinnawi"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6373",title:"Myocardial Infarction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"10bca0bf18d68ec3c1641dbc3a1ae899",slug:"myocardial-infarction",bookSignature:"Burak Pamukçu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"70686",title:"Dr.",name:"Burak",surname:"Pamukçu",slug:"burak-pamukcu",fullName:"Burak Pamukçu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"64090",title:"Introductory Chapter: Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease",slug:"introductory-chapter-atherosclerotic-cardiovascular-disease",signatures:"Burak Pamukcu",authors:[{id:"70686",title:"Dr.",name:"Burak",middleName:null,surname:"Pamukçu",fullName:"Burak Pamukçu",slug:"burak-pamukcu"}]},{id:"59778",title:"Epidemiology of Myocardial Infarction",slug:"epidemiology-of-myocardial-infarction",signatures:"Joshua Chadwick Jayaraj, Karapet Davatyan, S.S. Subramanian and Jemmi Priya",authors:[{id:"223196",title:"Dr.",name:"Joshua",middleName:null,surname:"Chadwick",fullName:"Joshua Chadwick",slug:"joshua-chadwick"},{id:"231054",title:"Dr.",name:"Karapet",middleName:null,surname:"Davatyan",fullName:"Karapet Davatyan",slug:"karapet-davatyan"},{id:"231055",title:"Ms.",name:"Jemmi",middleName:null,surname:"Priya",fullName:"Jemmi Priya",slug:"jemmi-priya"},{id:"244487",title:"Dr.",name:"S.S.",middleName:null,surname:"Subramanian",fullName:"S.S. Subramanian",slug:"s.s.-subramanian"}]},{id:"62951",title:"The Diagnostic Value of Biochemical Cardiac Markers in Acute Myocardial Infarction",slug:"the-diagnostic-value-of-biochemical-cardiac-markers-in-acute-myocardial-infarction",signatures:"Shazia Rashid, Arif Malik, Rukhshan Khurshid, Uzma Faryal and\nSumera Qazi",authors:[{id:"222194",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Shazia",middleName:null,surname:"Rashid",fullName:"Shazia Rashid",slug:"shazia-rashid"},{id:"222621",title:"Prof.",name:"Arif",middleName:null,surname:"Malik",fullName:"Arif Malik",slug:"arif-malik"},{id:"238058",title:"Dr.",name:"Rakhshan",middleName:null,surname:"Khurshid",fullName:"Rakhshan Khurshid",slug:"rakhshan-khurshid"},{id:"238060",title:"Dr.",name:"Uzma",middleName:null,surname:"Faryal",fullName:"Uzma Faryal",slug:"uzma-faryal"},{id:"238062",title:"Dr.",name:"Sumera",middleName:null,surname:"Qazi",fullName:"Sumera Qazi",slug:"sumera-qazi"}]},{id:"60334",title:"Interventional Therapies for Post-Cardiac Arrest Patients Suffering from Coronary Artery Disease",slug:"interventional-therapies-for-post-cardiac-arrest-patients-suffering-from-coronary-artery-disease",signatures:"Michael Behnes, Philipp Kuche, Ibrahim Akin and Kambis Mashayekhi",authors:[{id:"189154",title:"Prof.",name:"Ibrahim",middleName:null,surname:"Akin",fullName:"Ibrahim Akin",slug:"ibrahim-akin"},{id:"204569",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Behnes",fullName:"Michael Behnes",slug:"michael-behnes"},{id:"213288",title:"Dr.",name:"Kambis",middleName:null,surname:"Mashayekhi",fullName:"Kambis Mashayekhi",slug:"kambis-mashayekhi"},{id:"240764",title:"Dr.",name:"Philipp",middleName:null,surname:"Kuche",fullName:"Philipp Kuche",slug:"philipp-kuche"}]},{id:"61346",title:"Non-ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Diagnosis and Management",slug:"non-st-elevation-myocardial-infarction-diagnosis-and-management",signatures:"Yaser Al Ahmad and Mohammed T. Ali",authors:[{id:"218369",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Ali",fullName:"Mohammed Ali",slug:"mohammed-ali"},{id:"248884",title:"Dr.",name:"Yaser",middleName:null,surname:"Alahamd",fullName:"Yaser Alahamd",slug:"yaser-alahamd"}]},{id:"60068",title:"Myocardial Infarction in Children",slug:"myocardial-infarction-in-children",signatures:"Meki Bilici, Mehmet Ture and Hasan Balik",authors:[{id:"219534",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Meki",middleName:null,surname:"Bilici",fullName:"Meki Bilici",slug:"meki-bilici"},{id:"239944",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Ture",fullName:"Mehmet Ture",slug:"mehmet-ture"},{id:"239945",title:"Dr.",name:"Hasan",middleName:null,surname:"Balik",fullName:"Hasan Balik",slug:"hasan-balik"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8217",title:"Aortic Aneurysm and Aortic Dissection",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cffb188ad7ddd3f31691c098dc8b9c73",slug:"aortic-aneurysm-and-aortic-dissection",bookSignature:"Jeffrey Shuhaiber",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8217.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"22152",title:"Dr.",name:"Jeffrey",surname:"Shuhaiber",slug:"jeffrey-shuhaiber",fullName:"Jeffrey Shuhaiber"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8300",title:"Vascular Biology",subtitle:"Selection of Mechanisms and Clinical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"478078d1af7d5e3c606698a33dc2550b",slug:"vascular-biology-selection-of-mechanisms-and-clinical-applications",bookSignature:"Marcelo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8300.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"202594",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo",surname:"González",slug:"marcelo-gonzalez",fullName:"Marcelo González"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8499",title:"Differential Diagnosis of Chest Pain",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ac6ad2f79af3af94cb5be97fef057173",slug:"differential-diagnosis-of-chest-pain",bookSignature:"Umashankar Lakshmanadoss",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8499.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"13913",title:"Dr.",name:"Umashankar",surname:"Lakshmanadoss",slug:"umashankar-lakshmanadoss",fullName:"Umashankar Lakshmanadoss"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9064",title:"Epidemiology and Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1cd6bf2b3181eb82446347fbe478a2bc",slug:"epidemiology-and-treatment-of-atrial-fibrillation",bookSignature:"Gabriel Cismaru and Keith Andrew Chan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9064.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"191888",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriel",surname:"Cismaru",slug:"gabriel-cismaru",fullName:"Gabriel Cismaru"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9496",title:"Management of Dyslipidemia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1d1174ff4ed8ad553c944e99add28154",slug:"management-of-dyslipidemia",bookSignature:"Wilbert S. Aronow",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9496.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"164597",title:"Dr.",name:"Wilbert S.",surname:"Aronow",slug:"wilbert-s.-aronow",fullName:"Wilbert S. Aronow"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"7055",title:"Angiography",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"20638a6ce5e042484cc33b5b510cdca6",slug:"angiography",bookSignature:"Burak Pamukçu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7055.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"70686",title:"Dr.",name:"Burak",surname:"Pamukçu",slug:"burak-pamukcu",fullName:"Burak Pamukçu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"82059",title:"Crystallization: Its Mechanisms and Pharmaceutical Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105056",slug:"crystallization-its-mechanisms-and-pharmaceutical-applications",body:'
1. Introduction
Crystallization plays an important role in the manufacture and purification of small-molecule active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). It is estimated that between 70 and 80% of all small-molecule, APIs have at least one crystallization step in their manufacturing processes [1, 2]. To facilitate other downstream processes, such as filtration, drying, dissolution testing, and formulation, it is often desirable to be able to consistently produce crystals with specific properties, such as crystal size distribution, crystal shape (habit), and polymorphic form. Such control over the crystallization process requires accurate descriptions of crystal nucleation and growth kinetics, as well as solubility, breakage, and agglomeration data [3]. Crystallization control has gained even more interest since the release of the United States Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Process Analytical Technology (PAT) framework, which aims to improve efficiency in pharmaceutical development, manufacturing, and quality assurance through innovative process development, analysis, and control [4].
Designing and implementing controlled crystallization processes can be time-consuming, and usually involve trial-and-error, model-based, or model-free (direct-design) approaches [5]. Accurate kinetic descriptions of crystal nucleation and growth form the backbone of the model-based approach which, although more complex, has the potential to alleviate the labor-intensiveness and facilitate the optimization of the traditional trial-and-error approach [6]. The models used in the model-based approach can even be used together, to more accurately describe the underlying crystallization mechanism(s). For example, in a study by Quilló and coworkers [6], three different crystal growth models were fit to experimental data, to find the most likely crystallization mechanism. They found that the underlying crystallization mechanism could best be described by an additive combination of simultaneous Birth-and-Spread (B+S) and Burton-Cabrera-Frank (BCF) models, which will be discussed later in this chapter. An example of the model-free approach is direct nucleation control (DNC), which attempts to directly control the number of nuclei present in a system. Using DNC, Abu Bakar and coworkers [5] were able to produce glycine crystals from water–ethanol mixtures that were larger than those obtained from uncontrolled crystallization.
To implement the above-mentioned approaches, the investigator needs to be able to monitor the crystallization process. The instrumental technique used will depend on what aspect of the process one needs to monitor. For the model-based approach, one would typically be interested in monitoring the supersaturation decay during crystallization. This can be done using techniques, such as attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) or near infrared (NIR) [7]. If the goal is to monitor the evolution of crystal size distribution over time, for example in the DNC study mentioned above, a technique like focused beam reflectance measurement (FBRM) can be used [5, 7]. In most investigations, the above-mentioned instrumental techniques are used concurrently, to gain as much information about the crystallization process as possible.
The crystallization processes and monitoring techniques mentioned above are concerned with crystallization from solution, where a reduction in temperature and/or the addition of an antisolvent is used to create supersaturated conditions. Under supersaturated conditions, the solute molecules can come together to form small masses, or nuclei, through a process called nucleation. The addition of more solute molecules to these nuclei is called crystal growth. There is also another type of crystallization that is of particular importance in pharmaceutical sciences, and that is crystallization from the amorphous state.
In this chapter, we will discuss the theoretical background of crystal nucleation and growth, look at examples of how these theoretical models can be implemented practically and give examples of applications in pharmaceutical research. We will also look at crystallization from the amorphous state and discuss techniques that can be used to delay it.
2. The driving force behind crystallization
The thermodynamic driving force behind crystal nucleation and growth rates is a chemical potential difference (Eq. (1)):
μi−μisat=RTlnaiaisatE1
where μi and ai are the chemical potential and thermodynamic activity of solute i, respectively, and the superscript “sat” represents the property at supersaturated conditions, R is the universal gas constant and T is the absolute temperature [6, 8]. Because the activity of a solute is hard to measure experimentally, it is usually substituted with the term γixi, where γi is the activity coefficient and xi the mole fraction of solute i. Since mole fractions can be measured experimentally, Eq. (1) is often rearranged and expressed in terms of a supersaturation (σ) driving force [8], presented here in Eq. (2):
lnσ=lnγixiγisatxisat=lnaiaisat=μi−μisatRTE2
The value of xisat can sometimes be determined experimentally from equilibrium solubility studies. However, if the solubility extrema cannot be determined experimentally, it can be estimated from a variety of drug solubility models [9], for example, the Apelblat model [10], or the van’t Hoff–Jouyban–Acree (VH–JA) model [6].
Because the activity coefficients still need to be estimated, many studies make the simplifying assumption of setting the activity coefficients in Eq. (2) equal to 1, thereby expressing the supersaturation driving force only as a mole fraction xi/xisat, or as the concentration ratios Ci/Cisat, or S−1 where S=Ci/Cisat [11, 12, 13]. Although these simplifications of the supersaturation driving force have been used successfully, they do not necessarily generalize to all solutes and solvents, and one might need to find a way to estimate the activity coefficient of the solute. Fortunately, there is a way to estimate the denominatorγisatxisat in Eq. (2) in one go.
When dealing with phase equilibria, the traditional thermodynamic reference is a supercooled melt of the pure solute compound. Using this reference, the activity of a solute can be obtained from the enthalpy of fusion at the temperature of interest. In its most general form, this is done through Eq. (3) [14]:
where ∆HfTm is the enthalpy of fusion at the melting temperature, Tm, T is the temperature of interest and ∆Cp is the difference in heat capacity between the supercooled melt, Cpl and the solute’s solid-state Cps, presented here in Eq. (4):
∆Cp=Cpl−CpsE4
A practical problem with Eq. (3) is that ∆Cp has to be integrated down from the melting temperature to the temperature of interest, but far below the melting temperature the thermodynamic properties of the supercooled melt are not experimentally accessible [14]. Looking at the right-hand side of Eq. (3), ∆Cp is the only physical property that is difficult to obtain experimentally. This has led to several simplifying assumptions regarding Eq. (3), all concerned with how to handle ∆Cp.
A common assumption is to completely ignore ∆Cp [14], resulting in Eq. (5):
lnγisatxisat=∆HfTmR1Tm−1TE5
However, when working with temperature ranges normally used in pharmaceutical processes, some approximations obtained from Eq. (5) have shown to be inaccurate [15, 16].
Another common assumption is that ∆Cp is constant and can be approximated by the entropy of fusion at the melting temperature ∆SfTm, yielding Eq. (6) [14, 17]:
lnγisatxisat=∆HfTmRTmlnTTmE6
If we can experimentally determine the isobaric heat capacity of the solid, Cps, at different temperatures below the melting temperature, as well as the isobaric heat capacity of the melt,Cpl, the assumption can be made that ∆Cp is constant and equal to its value at the melting temperature,∆CpTm, as illustrated in Figure 1 [14]. Provided that the compound in question does not decompose upon melting, this assumption gives Eq. (7):
Figure 1.
Illustration of the experimental heat capacities (solid lines) and extrapolated heat capacities (dashed lines) used to approximate the heat capacity term in Eq. (3). Reproduced from ref. [14] with permission from Elsevier.
lnγisatxisat=∆HfTmR1Tm−1T−∆CpTmRlnTmT−TmT+1E7
If we have enough isobaric heat capacity data above the melting temperature, we can extrapolate down from Cpl to the temperature of interest, see Figure 1, and use Eq. (3) in its general form [14]. In this case, we can use the linear dependency of ∆Cp on temperature to rewrite Eq. (4) as:
∆Cp=Cpl−Cps=q+rTm−TE8
where q and r are regression parameters, obtained from extrapolating down from Cpl to temperatures of interest, calculating the difference in heat capacity between the extrapolated data and Cps, and plotting these differences in heat capacity, ∆CpT, against Tm−T. Notice from the above that the value of q corresponds to ∆CpTm in Eq. (7). Once we have estimates of q and r, we can plug them into Eq. (3) and solve the integrals to give the most comprehensive estimate of γisatxisat in the form of Eq. (9):
Once the values of γisatxisat at different temperatures have been properly estimated, the values of γi can be calculated from experimental solubility data.
3. Nucleation
In the introduction, we mentioned that crystallization consists of two processes, namely nucleation and growth. Depending on the rates of these two processes, the molecules that make up the crystal may pack differently, giving rise to different crystal structures, or polymorphic forms, of the same compound.
Nucleation is the first step in the crystallization process, and it consists of two mechanisms, namely homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation. Homogeneous nucleation is triggered by spontaneous fluctuations in the density of the liquid, while heterogeneous nucleation is triggered by contact of the liquid with a foreign solid surface, like an impurity or metastable polymorph [7]. Since most industrial crystallization processes involve heterogeneous nucleation, we will focus mainly on this mechanism, which can be expressed mathematically as Eq. (10):
J=N0vexp−∆G∗ΦkTE10
whereJ is the number of nuclei formed per unit time per unit volume, N0 is the number of solute molecules per unit volume, v is the frequency of molecular transport at the nucleus-liquid interface, Φ is the heterogeneous nucleation factor, a function of the contact angle between the nuclei and a foreign surface in the solution with values ranging from 0 to 1, and ∆G∗ is the free energy barrier to nucleation of a sphere [7, 18], defined by:
∆G∗=16πυ2γsl33kT2lnσ2E11
where υ is the molecular volume of the solute, γsl is the solid–liquid interfacial tension per unit area, k is the Boltzmann constant and T and σ have the same meanings as before [18]. The equation for the rate of homogenous nucleation is similar to Eq. (10) but does not contain the heterogeneous nucleation factor, Φ, and has a different pre-exponential factor [18].
Looking at Eq. (10), we see some interesting mechanistic features of the nucleation step. First off, we can expect a higher number of nuclei to form from solvents in which the solute is more soluble because these will give higher values of N0, which is a concentration term. Concretely, since the pre-exponential term, N0v is an estimate of the probability of intermolecular collisions, and the term v is mainly determined by the degree of agitation which can be controlled to be constant between different experiments [18], higher solubility will lead to higher values of N0, which will increase the likelihood of nuclei forming. The exponential term itself is a negative exponential, it will decay and asymptotically approach zero for large values in the exponential. In other words, we can expect fewer nuclei to form per unit volume of solute if the free energy barrier to nucleation, ∆G∗, is large. The free energy barrier to nucleation is itself dependent on the interfacial tension, γsl, expressed as:
γsl=0.414kTCsNA2/3lnCsCeqE12
where Cs is the ratio of the density of the solute to its molar mass, NA is Avogadro’s number, Ceq is the equilibrium solubility of the solute and k and T have the same meanings as above [19]. From Eq. (12), we see thatγsl is inversely proportional to the logarithm of the equilibrium solubility, suggesting that higher values of Ceq will result in lower values of γsl. Putting it all together, we see that under conditions of higher solubility, Ceq, the interfacial tension, γsl, will be lower, lowering the energy barrier to nucleation, ∆G∗, and thereby increasing the number of nuclei formed, J.
In the introduction, we mentioned that there are model-free approaches to controlling crystallization and that DNC is an example of such an approach. In short, the DNC approach attempts to control the number of nuclei present by adding solvent or antisolvent, increasing or decreasing the temperature, or a combination of both, to manipulate the solute’s solubility. Abu Bakar and coworkers employed DNC and were able to produce progressively larger glycine crystals if they lowered the number of newly formed particles [5].
Another example of where the nucleation step of crystallization was used as an intervention point to control the crystal size distribution, is in the work of Fujiwara and coworkers [20]. Paracetamol (acetaminophen), like many other small-molecule APIs, tends to form agglomerates during crystallization, especially if the crystals are small (< 100 μm). This can lead to formulation-related problems further downstream. Fujiwara and coworkers used a solubility curve and determined the metastable limit, that is, the degree of supersaturation that corresponds to spontaneous nucleation. They found that if the degree of supersaturation in a seeded batch crystallization process can be temperature controlled during cooling to stay above saturation but below the metastable limit, as illustrated in Figure 2, larger paracetamol crystals with negligible nucleation and agglomeration can be obtained [20].
Figure 2.
Illustration of how the degree of supersaturation (Run 2) was controlled to fall between the metastable limit (Meta) and the solubility curve (Csat) during cooling. Reproduced from ref. [20] with permission from the American Chemical Society.
4. Crystal growth mechanisms
Once the nucleation step of crystallization is underway, more solute molecules can become incorporated into these nuclei and crystal growth can begin. Generally, crystal growth is considered to consist of two steps in series, namely volume diffusion and surface integration. Volume diffusion consists of the diffusion of solute molecules from the solution, through the boundary layer surrounding the crystal, to its surface. Surface integration can be split into three subprocesses, starting with the desolvation of a solute molecule unto the surface of the crystal, followed by the transfer of this molecule from its point of arrival across the crystal’s surface. The latter is referred to as surface diffusion. Finally, the desolvated molecule reaches an energetically favorable location (kink site) on the crystal’s surface and becomes incorporated into the crystal lattice [13]. The steps in crystal growth described above are illustrated in Figure 3.
Figure 3.
A schematic representation of crystal growth. The steps are (1) the diffusion of a molecule from the solution to the crystal surface, (2) desolvation of the solute molecule unto the crystal surface, (3) transfer across the surface, and (4) incorporation of the molecule into the lattice. The numbering represents—(a) the terrace, (b) the step, and (c) the kink site. Reproduced from ref. [21] with permission from Springer Nature.
In this section, we will discuss the different crystal growth mechanisms, their theoretical basis, and examples of how they are used in pharmaceutical sciences. The topic of surface energy models is quite extensive and will not be covered in detail in this section. However, it plays an important role in how different crystal growth rates can lead to different crystal habits and is, therefore, a relevant topic in solid-state pharmaceutical investigations, as it influences downstream processes, such as dissolution, powder flow, milling, granulation, and compaction. Therefore, we will start this section with a discussion on the Gibbs–Curie–Wulff theorem and then look at a popular surface energy model, namely the Bravais–Friedel–Donnay–Harker (BFDH) model.
Also, in this section, we will not discuss adsorption layer or diffusion-reaction models but will instead focus on the more popular power law, birth-and-spread, and screw dislocation models, and show how information regarding the rate-limiting steps in crystal growth can be inferred from the power-law model.
4.1 Surface energy models
The Gibbs–Curie–Wulff theorem originated when Gibbs postulated that, at equilibrium, a crystal should take on a form such that the product of its surface area and the surface-free energy is minimized. Later, Curie proposed that there exists a direct proportionality between the normal growth rates of crystal faces and surface-free energy. Wulff later stated that, at equilibrium, there exists a central point (the Wulff point) within a crystal such that the distances of the crystal faces from this point are proportional to the specific surface-free energies of those faces [22].
Li and coworkers [22] investigated whether organic crystals, with their diverse molecular shapes, noncovalent interactions, and hydrogen bonding, would still follow the Gibbs–Curie–Wulff theorem. Using a heteroacene molecule as crystal former, they found that not only did the shape and shape evolution of their equilibrium crystals follow the Gibbs–Curie–Wulff theorem, but that the packing of the molecules inside the crystals also reflected the principle of minimizing surface-free energy.
A crystal lattice can be thought of as a repeating 3D pattern consisting of a set of points such that each point has identical surroundings. A lattice has three spatial dimensions (a,b,c), also referred to as the lattice constants. In crystallography, Miller indices are used to express a crystallographic plane in terms of a 3D lattice using the notation (hkl). The physical meaning of Miller indices (hkl) is a set of parallel crystal facets with equivalent interplanar spacing [23]. The interplanar spacing is defined as the distance between two adjacent parallel planes (facets) with the same Miller indices, denoted as dhkl. So, for a cubic lattice system, where the lattice constant is simply a, the interplanar spacing is defined as:
dhkl=ah2+k2+l2E13
And for a more complex tetragonal system [23, 24]:
dhkl=1ha2+kb2+lc2E14
The BFDH model attempts to predict the crystal habit based on the growth rates of the crystal facets. Concretely, the BFDH model states that the growth rate of a facet is inversely proportional to that facet’s interplanar spacing [21, 25]. Unlike the other crystal growth models that will be discussed later in this chapter, the BFDH model does not have a mathematical representation. Instead, predictions of crystal morphology based on the BFDH model are obtained from computer modeling software, such as Mercury 2020.1, Cerius2, or Materials Studio.
Since the BFDH model does not explicitly take into account factors, such as molecular interactions but is instead concerned with the geometric aspects of the crystal, there have been instances where predictions made from the BFDH model were not in agreement with experimental observations. For example, while using the BFDH model to predict the morphologies of two carvedilol polymorphs, Prado and coworkers found that their BFDH model predicted thicker crystals of form II than were experimentally obtained and the model also predicted more faces for form III [26]. Similarly, Nichols and Frampton found that the BFDH model predicted morphologies for paracetamol polymorphic forms I and II that differed significantly from those observed experimentally [27]. Instead of using the BFDH model to predict morphologies, Turner and coworkers [28] used it to identify the important morphological faces of lovastatin crystals obtained from different solvents. They found that the calculated attachment energies of these important faces correlated reasonably well with the observed crystal morphologies.
4.2 Power-law model
The first mathematical model of crystal growth we will discuss is the power-law, or empirical, model. As the name suggests it is an empirical model, raised to some power, and as such it does not offer much insight into the actual growth mechanism. However, it is widely regarded for its flexibility and for being less complex and easier to use than the birth-and-spread or screw dislocation models.
Concretely, the power-law model expresses the growth rate GPWR in terms of the degree of supersaturation as:
GPWR=kglnσgE15
where the kinetics constant, kg, is expected to follow Arrhenius temperature dependence, and is defined as:
kg=kg0exp−EaRTE16
and where g is the temperature-independent growth order parameter, kg0 is a pre-exponential factor, Ea is the activation energy and σ, R, and T have the same meanings as before [6].
We mentioned that the power-law model does not explicitly offer insights into the specific crystal growth mechanism. However, recently certain consistencies between the values of g and Ea and growth mechanisms have come to the fore. For instance, there is now evidence that for values of Ea ranging from 10–20 kJ/mol the rate-limiting step for crystal growth is volume diffusion, and for values ranging from 40–100 kJ/mol, surface integration [13, 17]. For values of g higher than unity, the rate-limiting step is also considered to be surface integration [13].
We also mentioned the flexibility of the power-law model. In a paper concerning the crystal growth kinetics of piracetam polymorphs, Soto and Rasmuson [13] substituted the supersaturation driving force in Eq. (15) with a different driving force, namely a mass balance expression based on Haüy’s law, which states that one can assume a crystal’s shape to be constant if nucleation, agglomeration, breakage and growth rate dispersion can all be assumed to be negligible. The driving force can then be expressed as Eq. (17):
lnσ=∆C0−L¯L¯03−1W0M/CisatE17
where ∆C0=Ci−Cisat, L¯ is the crystal length at any instant, L¯0 is the mean initial size of the seed crystals, W0 is the mass of the seed crystals, M is the mass of solvent and Ci and Cisat have the same meanings as before [13]. Substituting back into Eq. (15) and combining with Eq. (16), they modeled the crystal growth rates using Eq. (18):
GPWR=dLdt=kg0exp−EaRT∆C0−L¯L¯03−1W0M/CisatgE18
where dL/dt is the rate of change of a crystal’s characteristic linear dimension with time and all the other terms have the same meanings as before [13]. Using Eq. (18), they were able to accurately model the growth rates of their piracetam polymorphs and from the values of g and Ea, they were able to determine that surface integration was the rate-limiting step in their crystals’ growth.
4.3 Birth-and-spread model
The birth-and-spread model (B+S) models surface, or two-dimensional, nucleation which is believed to occur at intermediate levels of supersaturation. Under such conditions, surface nuclei can form at the edges, corners, and even faces of crystals, creating new growth steps [13]. These surface nuclei then spread to create a new crystalline layer. The B+S model is presented here in Eq. (19)–(22):
GB+S=τ1σ−12/3lnσ1/6exp−τ2T2lnσE19
τ1=16π1/3h1/6Dsurfβ′Γ∗xs2/3VmΓNA5/6E20
τ2=π3Vmhγslk2E21
Dsurf=Asurfexp−Ea,surfRTE22
where τ1 and τ2 are lumped model parameters, h is the step height, β′ is a correction factor β′≤1 , Γ is the molecular adsorption coverage of the solute and Γ∗ is that property at equilibrium, xs is the mean displacement of the adsorbed units over the surface, Vm is the molecular volume of the solute, Dsurf is the surface diffusion coefficient, Asurf is a pre-exponential factor, Ea,surf is the activation energy for surface diffusion and the rest of the parameters have the same meanings as before [6].
Despite being a very comprehensive model, there is a specific inconsistency between predicted data and experimental observation that should be pointed out, and that is that once growth from a surface nucleation site has spread all the way to the edge of the crystal face, forming a new crystalline layer, any further growth would require adsorption to a smooth surface. Since this kind of adsorption is energetically less favored than binding to dislocations, it would require high levels of supersaturation to overcome the energy barrier. However, experimental data have shown that crystal growth can occur at much lower degrees of supersaturation [8]. To address this inconsistency, a screw dislocation model can be used, which assumes that screw dislocations on a crystal surface serve as self-perpetuating growth sites.
4.4 Screw dislocation model
The Burton–Cabrera–Frank (BCF) model [29] is a screw dislocation model, that assumes that crystal growth stems from screw dislocations on a crystal surface and that growth from these ledges leads to more ledges in a self-perpetuating fashion, thereby attempting to explain how crystal growth can be obtained from supersaturations lower than that needed for the mechanism described by the B+S model. The BCF model can be expressed mathematically as Eqs. (23)–(25):
GBCF=τ3Tτ4lnσ2tanhτ4TlnσE23
τ3=Γ∗DsurfVmxs2E24
τ4=19Vmγsl2kxsE25
where τ3 and τ4 are lumped parameters and all the other parameters have the same meanings as before [6].
Now that we have presented the B+S and BCF models, we can appreciate the simplicity of the power-law model. In the introduction, we mentioned that Quilló and coworkers [6] used the power law, B+S, and BCF models, separately and in different combinations, to model the crystal growth kinetics of a proprietary API and thereby attempted to ascertain the underlying growth mechanism(s). During the combination tests, they also tested for dominance of one model over the other, sudden mechanism crossover, and simultaneous mechanisms. They found that the growth process could be best described if both the B+S and BCF models were simultaneously active, in an additive manner, with a smooth crossover from initial surface nucleation dominated growth to screw dislocation (spiral growth) dominated growth.
5. Crystallization from the amorphous state
One of the ways to improve the solubility of a drug is to prepare an amorphous solid from it. The molecules inside these amorphous solids lack the long-range ordered packing of their crystalline counterparts, giving the amorphous solids higher thermodynamic activity and generally enhanced solubility. Methods to enhance the solubility of drugs have become a hot topic over recent years, and will likely remain a topic of interest, especially considering that approximately 36% of the 698 drugs currently available as immediate-release oral preparations and 60% of the 28912 new APIs under development are classified as biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS) class II or IV drugs [30, 31]. The BCS attempts to classify a drug into one of four categories, depending on its aqueous solubility and membrane permeability [32]. BCS class II and IV drugs have poor aqueous solubility but good membrane permeability, and poor aqueous solubility and poor membrane permeability, respectively. In other words, the market share of poorly soluble drugs is likely to increase in the future.
Currently, there are a limited number of amorphous preparations on the market [33]. A specific cause for concern is that the high thermodynamic activity of an amorphous solid, responsible for its enhanced solubility, also makes it thermodynamically unstable and likely to convert back to a more stable, but less soluble, crystalline form. A mechanistic understanding of this conversion and the resulting glass-to-crystal (GC) growth is an important topic in pharmaceutical sciences.
GC growth rates cannot be readily explained by the thermodynamic driving force responsible for crystallization from solution, as described previously [34]. Initially, it was believed that crystallization from the amorphous state was dependent on the storage conditions, such as the storage temperature relative to the glass transition temperature Tg, and the bulk properties of the amorphous solid, like α-relaxation processes [34, 35, 36, 37]. However, it is now generally accepted that GC growth can take place at temperatures well below Tg and follows two mechanisms, namely fast surface crystal growth and slower growth in the bulk (interior) [31].
Both the surface and bulk crystallization processes are believed to be controlled by the self-diffusion of the molecules in the amorphous solid. Using indomethacin as model API, both Wu and Yu [38] and Swallen and Ediger [39] found that the crystal growth rates in the interior of their amorphous solids were proportional to the self-diffusion coefficients for temperatures close to Tg. It is believed that surface crystallization is so much faster than bulk crystallization, because of the increased molecular mobility at the surface. This was corroborated by Zhu and coworkers [40] who measured the surface smoothing of indomethacin glasses and found the self-diffusion on the surface to be at least one million times faster than in the interior.
With the mechanism of surface crystallization understood, immobilization of the molecules at the surface makes for an appealing target to delay the crystallization process. Yu and coworkers [41] coated indomethacin glasses with gold (10 nm) and two polyelectrolytes. They found that even a single layer of polyelectrolyte was enough to inhibit the growth of exiting crystals and that the molecular mobility of molecules at the surface of an amorphous solid can be sufficiently suppressed by a coating only a few nanometers thick. Their results suggest that nanocoating is a promising technique to stabilize amorphous solids.
6. Conclusions
The crystallization of small-molecule APIs plays an important role in the pharmaceutical industry. Because the properties of these crystals, that is, crystal habit, size distribution, and polymorphic form, influence many downstream processes, ranging from quality control testing to formulation; it is desirable to be able to consistently produce crystals with specific properties. To achieve this kind of control over the crystallization process, a thorough understanding of the underlying mechanisms is required. In this chapter, we looked at the thermodynamic driving force behind crystallization, and how it can be rearranged into a supersaturation driving force. Methods to estimate the degree of supersaturation were discussed. The mechanisms behind crystal nucleation and growth, and the mathematical models describing these mechanisms, were discussed and examples of how these mechanisms can be used as intervention points to control the properties of the resulting crystals were given. We ended this chapter with a look at amorphous solids, which have a natural tendency to crystallize back to a more stable, but less soluble form, and saw that immobilization of the molecules at the surface of these solids with even a single layer of the polymer was enough to stabilize the amorphous solid. With an increasing movement in the pharmaceutical industry toward streamlining manufacturing processes through control, the techniques discussed in this chapter might see even more general use in the future.
\n',keywords:"crystallization, pharmaceutical, mechanisms, models, nucleation, growth, amorphous",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/82059.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/82059.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/82059",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/82059",totalDownloads:19,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"April 23rd 2022",dateReviewed:"April 25th 2022",datePrePublished:"May 31st 2022",datePublished:null,dateFinished:"May 31st 2022",readingETA:"0",abstract:"The crystallization of small-molecule drugs plays an important role in the pharmaceutical industry. Since many downstream industrial processes are heavily influenced by the crystalline properties of a drug, that is, crystal shape, size distribution, and polymorphic form, control over the crystallization process can facilitate manufacturing and testing. However, before the crystallization process can be controlled, an understanding of its underlying mechanisms is required. In this chapter, we will look at the thermodynamic driving force behind crystallization and how crystal nucleation and growth rates can be used to control the properties of the resulting crystals. Throughout the chapter, we give examples of how these control approaches can be applied in pharmaceutical research and industry to obtain crystals with desired properties. We then finish this chapter with a look at crystallization from the amorphous state, which differs from crystallization from solution and is a relevant topic in pharmaceutical sciences, since the preparation of an amorphous solid is a popular approach to enhancing the solubility of a drug.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/82059",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/82059",signatures:"Hendrik J.R. Lemmer and Wilna Liebenberg",book:{id:"11121",type:"book",title:"Crystal Growth - Technologies and Applications",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Crystal Growth - Technologies and Applications",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Riadh Marzouki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11121.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-80355-058-9",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-057-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-059-6",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"300527",title:"Dr.",name:"Riadh",middleName:null,surname:"Marzouki",slug:"riadh-marzouki",fullName:"Riadh Marzouki"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. The driving force behind crystallization",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Nucleation",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. Crystal growth mechanisms",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"4.1 Surface energy models",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"4.2 Power-law model",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"4.3 Birth-and-spread model",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"4.4 Screw dislocation model",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9",title:"5. Crystallization from the amorphous state",level:"1"},{id:"sec_10",title:"6. Conclusions",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Lu J, Rohani S. Polymorphism and crystallization of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Current Medicinal Chemistry. 2009;16(7):884-905. DOI: 10.2174/092986709787549299'},{id:"B2",body:'Reutzel-Edens SM. Achieving polymorph selectivity in the crystallization of pharmaceutical solids: basic considerations and recent advances. Current Opinion in Drug Discovery & Development. 2006;9:806-815'},{id:"B3",body:'Fytopoulos AA, Kavousanakis ME, Van Gerven T, Boudouvis AG, Stefanidis GD, Xiouras C. Crystal growth, dissolution, and agglomeration kinetics of sodium chlorate. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. 2021;60(19):7367-7384. DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c00595'},{id:"B4",body:'FDA. Guidance for Industry PAT—A Framework for Innovative Pharmaceutical Development, Manufacturing, and Quality Assurance. 2022. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/media/71012/download [Accessed: March 22, 2022]'},{id:"B5",body:'Abu Bakar MR, Nagy ZK, Saleemi AN, Rielly CD. The impact of direct nucleation control on crystal size distribution in pharmaceutical crystallization processes. Crystal Growth and Design. 2009;9(3):1378-1384'},{id:"B6",body:'Quilló GL, Bhonsale S, Gielen B, Van Impe JF, Collas A, Xiouras C. Crystal growth kinetics of an industrial active pharmaceutical ingredient: Implications of different representations of supersaturation and simultaneous growth mechanisms. Crystal Growth & Design. 2021;21(9):5403-5420'},{id:"B7",body:'Yu LX, Lionberger RA, Raw AS, D’Costa R, Wu H, Hussain AS. Applications of process analytical technology to crystallization processes. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 2004;56(3):349-369. DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2003.10.012'},{id:"B8",body:'Nagy ZK, Fujiwara M, Braatz RD, Myerson AS, Erdemir D, Lee AY. Monitoring and advanced control of crystallization processes. Handbook of Industrial Crystallization. 2019;3. DOI: 10.1017/9781139026949.011'},{id:"B9",body:'Jouyban A. Review of the cosolvency models for predicting solubility of drugs in water-cosolvent mixtures. Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2008;11(1):32-58. DOI: 10.18433/J3PP4K'},{id:"B10",body:'Schall JM, Capellades G, Myerson AS. Methods for estimating supersaturation in antisolvent crystallization systems. CrystEngComm. 2019;21(38):5811-5817. DOI: 10.1039/C9CE00843H'},{id:"B11",body:'Tilbury CJ, Doherty MF. Modeling layered crystal growth at increasing supersaturation by connecting growth regimes. AIChE Journal. 2017;63(4):1338-1352. DOI: 10.1002/aic.15617'},{id:"B12",body:'Schall JM, Mandur JS, Braatz RD, Myerson AS. Nucleation and growth kinetics for combined cooling and antisolvent crystallization in a mixed-suspension, mixed-product removal system: Estimating solvent dependency. Crystal Growth & Design. 2018;18(3):1560-1570. DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.7b01528'},{id:"B13",body:'Soto R, Rasmuson ÅC. Crystal growth kinetics of Piracetam polymorphs in ethanol and isopropanol. Crystal Growth & Design. 2019;19(8):4273-4286. DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.8b01733'},{id:"B14",body:'Nordström FL, Rasmuson ÅC. Determination of the activity of a molecular solute in saturated solution. The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics. 2008;40(12):1684-1692. DOI: 10.1016/j.jct.2008.06.016'},{id:"B15",body:'Neau SH, Flynn GL. Solid and liquid heat capacities of n-alkyl para-aminobenzoates near the melting point. Pharmaceutical Research. 1990;7(11):1157-1162. DOI: 10.1023/A:1015984310068'},{id:"B16",body:'Hojjati H, Rohani S. Measurement and prediction of solubility of paracetamol in water− isopropanol solution. Part 2. Prediction. Organic Process Research & Development. 2006;10(6):1110-1118. DOI: 10.1021/op060074g'},{id:"B17",body:'Moffitt Schall J, Myerson AS. Solutions and Solution Properties. In: Myerson AS, Erdemir D, Lee AY, editors. Handbook of Industrial Crystallization. 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2019. pp. 1-31. DOI: 10.1017/9781139026949.001'},{id:"B18",body:'Gu CH, Young V Jr, Grant DJ. Polymorph screening: Influence of solvents on the rate of solvent-mediated polymorphic transformation. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2001;90(11):1878-1890. DOI: 10.1002/jps.1137'},{id:"B19",body:'Mersmann A. Calculation of interfacial tensions. Journal of Crystal Growth. 1990;102(4):841-847. DOI: 10.1016/0022-0248(90)90850-K'},{id:"B20",body:'Fujiwara M, Chow PS, Ma DL, Braatz RD. Paracetamol crystallization using laser backscattering and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy: metastability, agglomeration, and control. Crystal Growth & Design. 2002;2(5):363-370. DOI: 10.1021/cg0200098'},{id:"B21",body:'Hadjittofis E, Isbell MA, Karde V, Varghese S, Ghoroi C, Heng JY. Influences of crystal anisotropy in pharmaceutical process development. Pharmaceutical Research. 2018;35(5):1-22. DOI: 10.1007/s11095-018-2374-9'},{id:"B22",body:'Li R, Zhang X, Dong H, Li Q, Shuai Z, Hu W. Gibbs–Curie–Wulff theorem in organic materials: a case study on the relationship between surface energy and crystal growth. Advanced Materials. 2016;28(8):1697-1702. DOI: 10.1002/adma.201504370'},{id:"B23",body:'Sun S, Zhang X, Cui J, Liang S. Identification of the Miller indices of a crystallographic plane: a tutorial and a comprehensive review on fundamental theory, universal methods based on different case studies and matters needing attention. Nanoscale. 2020;12(32):16657-16677. DOI: 10.1039/D0NR03637D'},{id:"B24",body:'Askeland DR, Fulay PP, Bhattacharya DK. Essentials of Materials Science and Engineering. FL, USA: Cengage Learning. Inc.; 2010. pp. 358-364'},{id:"B25",body:'Donnay JH, Harker D. A new law of crystal morphology extending the law of Bravais. American Mineralogist: Journal of Earth and Planetary Materials. 1937;22(5):446-467'},{id:"B26",body:'Prado LD, Patricio BF, Gonçalves KM, Santos AB, Bello ML, Rocha GM, et al. Pharmaceutical material engineering: Evaluation of carvedilol polymorphs II and III surface by packing, modeling, and atomic force measurements. Crystal Growth & Design. 2020;20(12):7901-7909. DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.0c01172'},{id:"B27",body:'Nichols G, Frampton CS. Physicochemical characterization of the orthorhombic polymorph of paracetamol crystallized from solution. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1998;87(6):684-693. DOI: 10.1021/js970483d'},{id:"B28",body:'Turner TD, Hatcher LE, Wilson CC, Roberts KJ. Habit modification of the active pharmaceutical ingredient lovastatin through a predictive solvent selection approach. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2019;108(5):1779-1787. DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.12.012'},{id:"B29",body:'Burton WK, Cabrera N, Frank FC. The growth of crystals and the equilibrium structure of their surfaces. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences. 1951;243(866):299-358. DOI: 10.1098/rsta.1951.0006'},{id:"B30",body:'Benet LZ. The role of BCS (biopharmaceutics classification system) and BDDCS (biopharmaceutics drug disposition classification system) in drug development. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2013;102(1):34-42. DOI: 10.1002/jps.23359'},{id:"B31",body:'Wang K, Sun CC. Crystal growth of celecoxib from amorphous state: polymorphism, growth mechanism, and kinetics. Crystal Growth & Design. 2019;19(6):3592-3600. DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.9b00597'},{id:"B32",body:'Amidon GL, Lennernäs H, Shah VP, Crison JR. A theoretical basis for a biopharmaceutic drug classification: the correlation of in vitro drug product dissolution and in vivo bioavailability. Pharmaceutical Research. 1995;12(3):413-420. DOI: 10.1023/A:1016212804288'},{id:"B33",body:'Zhang SW, Yu L, Huang J, Hussain MA, Derdour L, Qian F, et al. A method to evaluate the effect of contact with excipients on the surface crystallization of amorphous drugs. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2014;15(6):1516-1526. DOI: 10.1208/s12249-014-0178-8'},{id:"B34",body:'Xi H, Sun Y, Yu L. Diffusion-controlled and diffusionless crystal growth in liquid o-terphenyl near its glass transition temperature. The Journal of Chemical Physics. 2009;130(9):094508. DOI: 10.1063/1.3081047'},{id:"B35",body:'Hikima T, Adachi Y, Hanaya M, Oguni M. Determination of potentially homogeneous-nucleation-based crystallization in o-terphenyl and an interpretation of the nucleation-enhancement mechanism. Physical Review B. 1995;52(6):3900. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.52.3900'},{id:"B36",body:'Hatase M, Hanaya M, Oguni M. Studies of homogeneous-nucleation-based crystal growth: significant role of phenyl ring in the structure formation. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids. 2004;333(2):129-136. DOI: 10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2003.10.010'},{id:"B37",body:'Sun Y, Xi H, Chen S, Ediger MD, Yu L. Crystallization near glass transition: transition from diffusion-controlled to diffusionless crystal growth studied with seven polymorphs. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 2008;112(18):5594-5601. DOI: 10.1021/jp7120577'},{id:"B38",body:'Wu T, Yu L. Origin of enhanced crystal growth kinetics near Tg probed with indomethacin polymorphs. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 2006;110(32):15694-15699. DOI: 10.1021/jp062771g'},{id:"B39",body:'Swallen SF, Ediger MD. Self-diffusion of the amorphous pharmaceutical indomethacin near Tg. Soft Matter Journal. 2011;7(21):10339-10344. DOI: 10.1039/C1SM06283B'},{id:"B40",body:'Zhu L, Brian CW, Swallen SF, Straus PT, Ediger MD, Yu L. Surface self-diffusion of an organic glass. Physical Review Letters. 2011;106(25):256103. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.256103'},{id:"B41",body:'Wu T, Sun Y, Li N, de Villiers MM, Yu L. Inhibiting surface crystallization of amorphous indomethacin by nanocoating. Langmuir. 2007;23(9):5148-5153. DOI: 10.1021/la070050i'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Hendrik J.R. Lemmer",address:"righard.lemmer@nwu.ac.za",affiliation:'
Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"11121",type:"book",title:"Crystal Growth - Technologies and Applications",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Crystal Growth - Technologies and Applications",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Riadh Marzouki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11121.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-80355-058-9",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-057-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-059-6",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"300527",title:"Dr.",name:"Riadh",middleName:null,surname:"Marzouki",slug:"riadh-marzouki",fullName:"Riadh Marzouki"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"147302",title:"PhD.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"De La Iglesia-Vaya",email:"maigva@itaca.upv.es",fullName:"Maria De La Iglesia-Vaya",slug:"maria-de-la-iglesia-vaya",position:"Bioimage",biography:null,institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalEditedBooks:"0",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:null},booksEdited:[],chaptersAuthored:[{id:"41878",title:"Brain Connections – Resting State fMRI Functional Connectivity",slug:"brain-connections-resting-state-fmri-functional-connectivity",abstract:null,signatures:"Maria de la Iglesia-Vaya, Jose Molina-Mateo, Ma Jose Escarti-Fabra, Ahmad S. Kanaan and Luis Martí-Bonmati",authors:[{id:"10924",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",surname:"Marti-Bonmati",fullName:"Luis Marti-Bonmati",slug:"luis-marti-bonmati",email:"Luis.Marti@uv.es"},{id:"147302",title:"PhD.",name:"Maria",surname:"De La Iglesia-Vaya",fullName:"Maria De La Iglesia-Vaya",slug:"maria-de-la-iglesia-vaya",email:"maigva@itaca.upv.es"},{id:"147307",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose",surname:"Molina-Mateo",fullName:"Jose Molina-Mateo",slug:"jose-molina-mateo",email:"jmmateo@fis.upv.es"},{id:"150644",title:"Dr.",name:"Mª Jose",surname:"Escarti-Fabra",fullName:"Mª Jose Escarti-Fabra",slug:"ma-jose-escarti-fabra",email:"mescartifabra@hotmail.com"},{id:"165491",title:"Mr.",name:"Ahmad",surname:"Kanaan",fullName:"Ahmad Kanaan",slug:"ahmad-kanaan",email:"kanaan@cbs.mpg.de"}],book:{id:"2163",title:"Novel Frontiers of Advanced Neuroimaging",slug:"novel-frontiers-of-advanced-neuroimaging",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"61641",title:"Dr.",name:"Aylin",surname:"Bican",slug:"aylin-bican",fullName:"Aylin Bican",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"61646",title:"Prof.",name:"İbrahim",surname:"Bora",slug:"ibrahim-bora",fullName:"İbrahim Bora",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"61647",title:"Dr.",name:"Bahattin",surname:"Hakyemez",slug:"bahattin-hakyemez",fullName:"Bahattin Hakyemez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Uludağ University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61648",title:"Prof.",name:"Eray",surname:"Alper",slug:"eray-alper",fullName:"Eray Alper",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"61649",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",surname:"Özkol",slug:"volkan-ozkol",fullName:"Volkan Özkol",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"61660",title:"Dr.",name:"Oktay",surname:"Algın",slug:"oktay-algin",fullName:"Oktay Algın",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"148174",title:"Dr.",name:"Patrizia",surname:"Bisiacchi",slug:"patrizia-bisiacchi",fullName:"Patrizia Bisiacchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Padua",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"148227",title:"Dr.",name:"Elias",surname:"Casula",slug:"elias-casula",fullName:"Elias Casula",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"148228",title:"Dr.",name:"Vincenza",surname:"Tarantino",slug:"vincenza-tarantino",fullName:"Vincenza Tarantino",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Padua",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"148229",title:"Dr.",name:"Demis.",surname:"Basso",slug:"demis.-basso",fullName:"Demis. Basso",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Free University of Bozen-Bolzano",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}]},generic:{page:{slug:"open-access-funding",title:"Open Access Funding",intro:"
IntechOpen’s Academic Editors and Authors have received funding for their work through many well-known funders, including: the European Commission, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Wellcome Trust, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), CGIAR Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centers, National Institute of Health (NIH), National Science Foundation (NSF), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), German Research Foundation (DFG), Research Councils United Kingdom (RCUK), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Austrian Science Fund (FWF), Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT), Australian Research Council (ARC).
Open Access publication costs can often be designated directly in the grants or in specific budgets allocated for that purpose. Many of the most important funding organisations encourage, and even request, that the projects they fund are made available at no cost to the wider public. IntechOpen strives to maintain excellent relationships with these funders and ensures compliance with mandates.
\\n\\n
In order to help Authors identify appropriate funding agencies and institutions, we have created a list, based on extensive research on various OA resources (including ROARMAP and SHERPA/JULIET) of organizations that have funds available. Before consulting our list we encourage you to petition your own institution or organization for Open Access funds or check the specifications of your grant with your funder to ascertain if publication costs are included. Where you are in receipt of a grant you should clarify:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Does your institution already have a budget for covering Open Access publication costs?
\\n\\t
Does your grant list Open Access publication fees as legitimate direct/indirect costs?
\\n
\\n\\n
If you are associated with any of the institutions in our list below, you can apply to receive OA publication funds by following the instructions provided in the links. Please consult the Open Access policies or grant Terms and Conditions of any institution with which you are linked to explore ways to cover your publication costs (also accessible by clicking on the link in their title).
\\n\\n
Please note that this list is not a definitive one and is updated regularly. To suggest possible modifications or the inclusion of your institution/funder, please contact us at funders@intechopen.com
\\n\\n
Please be aware that you must be a member, or grantee, of the institutions/funders listed in order to apply for their Open Access publication funds.
Open Access publication costs can often be designated directly in the grants or in specific budgets allocated for that purpose. Many of the most important funding organisations encourage, and even request, that the projects they fund are made available at no cost to the wider public. IntechOpen strives to maintain excellent relationships with these funders and ensures compliance with mandates.
\n\n
In order to help Authors identify appropriate funding agencies and institutions, we have created a list, based on extensive research on various OA resources (including ROARMAP and SHERPA/JULIET) of organizations that have funds available. Before consulting our list we encourage you to petition your own institution or organization for Open Access funds or check the specifications of your grant with your funder to ascertain if publication costs are included. Where you are in receipt of a grant you should clarify:
\n\n
\n\t
Does your institution already have a budget for covering Open Access publication costs?
\n\t
Does your grant list Open Access publication fees as legitimate direct/indirect costs?
\n
\n\n
If you are associated with any of the institutions in our list below, you can apply to receive OA publication funds by following the instructions provided in the links. Please consult the Open Access policies or grant Terms and Conditions of any institution with which you are linked to explore ways to cover your publication costs (also accessible by clicking on the link in their title).
\n\n
Please note that this list is not a definitive one and is updated regularly. To suggest possible modifications or the inclusion of your institution/funder, please contact us at funders@intechopen.com
\n\n
Please be aware that you must be a member, or grantee, of the institutions/funders listed in order to apply for their Open Access publication funds.
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:13389},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:11660},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:4168},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:22334},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:2019},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:33642}],offset:12,limit:12,total:135275},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"12"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10845",title:"Marine Ecosystems - Biodiversity, Ecosystem Services and Human Impacts",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"727e7eb3d4ba529ec5eb4f150e078523",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ana M.M. Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10845.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"320124",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana M.M.",surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"ana-m.m.-goncalves",fullName:"Ana M.M. Gonçalves"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11650",title:"Aquifers - New Insights",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"27c1a2a053cb1d83de903c5b969bc3a2",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Abhay Soni and Dr. Prabhat Jain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11650.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"271093",title:"Dr.",name:"Abhay",surname:"Soni",slug:"abhay-soni",fullName:"Abhay Soni"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11668",title:"Mercury Pollution",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0bd111f57835089cad4a9741326dbab7",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ahmed Abdelhafez and Dr. Mohamed Abbas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11668.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"196849",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",surname:"Abdelhafez",slug:"ahmed-abdelhafez",fullName:"Ahmed Abdelhafez"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12130",title:"Sustainable Built Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"ed1dbae71b967e06efb049208f0c1068",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12130.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12131",title:"Climate Change and Fires",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"ea0858f07a3e87aaf9e5eaa75b4b44bd",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12131.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12180",title:"Wetlands",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8957c5c2baaed32223f911a6d4aa5a03",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12180.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12221",title:"Air Pollution",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"439a018ee0c4960560cb798601f2a372",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12221.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12222",title:"Advances and Challenges in Microplastics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a36734a551e0997d2255f6ce99eff818",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. El-Sayed Salama",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12222.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"347657",title:"Prof.",name:"El-Sayed",surname:"Salama",slug:"el-sayed-salama",fullName:"El-Sayed Salama"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12223",title:"Sustainable Management of Natural Resources",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1881a08bbd8f5dc1102c5cb7c635bc35",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Mohd Nazip Suratman and Dr. Engku Azlin Rahayu Engku Ariff",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12223.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"144417",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Nazip",surname:"Suratman",slug:"mohd-nazip-suratman",fullName:"Mohd Nazip Suratman"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:27},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:42},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:68},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:9},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3737",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"Modelling, Programming and Simulations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"matlab-modelling-programming-and-simulations",bookSignature:"Emilson Pereira Leite",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3737.jpg",editors:[{id:"12051",title:"Prof.",name:"Emilson",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira Leite",slug:"emilson-pereira-leite",fullName:"Emilson Pereira Leite"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"1770",title:"Gel Electrophoresis",subtitle:"Principles and Basics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"279701f6c802cf02deef45103e0611ff",slug:"gel-electrophoresis-principles-and-basics",bookSignature:"Sameh Magdeldin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1770.jpg",editors:[{id:"123648",title:"Dr.",name:"Sameh",middleName:null,surname:"Magdeldin",slug:"sameh-magdeldin",fullName:"Sameh Magdeldin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4797},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7175,editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1981,editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2308,editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1473,editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",publishedDate:"April 26th 2011",numberOfDownloads:318571,editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",publishedDate:"September 26th 2012",numberOfDownloads:271836,editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",publishedDate:"July 1st 2013",numberOfDownloads:243450,editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1582,editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2082,editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",publishedDate:"October 17th 2012",numberOfDownloads:256294,editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11328",title:"Botulinum Toxin",subtitle:"Recent Topics and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7dd05a316001cef143e209eda51387a7",slug:"botulinum-toxin-recent-topics-and-applications",bookSignature:"Suna Sabuncuoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11328.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"270856",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Suna",middleName:null,surname:"Sabuncuoglu",slug:"suna-sabuncuoglu",fullName:"Suna Sabuncuoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11085",title:"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome",subtitle:"Functional Investigation and Clinical Application",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3066dd3ff29e1fac072fd60b08d4d3e7",slug:"polycystic-ovary-syndrome-functional-investigation-and-clinical-application",bookSignature:"Zhengchao Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11085.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"204883",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhengchao",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"zhengchao-wang",fullName:"Zhengchao Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10833",title:"Tumor Angiogenesis and Modulators",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f29b575c46128b2da061ef7f9bd1070b",slug:"tumor-angiogenesis-and-modulators",bookSignature:"Ke Xu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10833.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"59529",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"ke-xu",fullName:"Ke Xu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11356",title:"Molecular Cloning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"671c629dd86e97f0fb467b9e70e92296",slug:"molecular-cloning",bookSignature:"Sadık Dincer, Hatice Aysun Mercimek Takcı and Melis Sumengen Ozdenef",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"188141",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadik",middleName:null,surname:"Dincer",slug:"sadik-dincer",fullName:"Sadik Dincer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10677",title:"Advanced Topics of Topology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bf964c52f9e653fac20a7fcab58070e5",slug:"advanced-topics-of-topology",bookSignature:"Francisco Bulnes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10677.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"92918",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Bulnes",slug:"francisco-bulnes",fullName:"Francisco Bulnes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11195",title:"Recent Advances in Biometrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2d32e33e0f499cb5241734bb75dd2a83",slug:"recent-advances-in-biometrics",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11195.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1058",title:"Neuropsychology",slug:"mental-and-behavioural-disorders-and-diseases-of-the-nervous-system-neuropsychology",parent:{id:"187",title:"Mental and Behavioural Disorders and Diseases of the Nervous System",slug:"mental-and-behavioural-disorders-and-diseases-of-the-nervous-system"},numberOfBooks:2,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:50,numberOfWosCitations:40,numberOfCrossrefCitations:14,numberOfDimensionsCitations:52,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"1058",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"8268",title:"Advances in Dementia Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"756e1e2d8da299ec331ee11f37326ada",slug:"advances-in-dementia-research",bookSignature:"Ghulam Md. Ashraf",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8268.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"199287",title:"Dr.",name:"Ghulam Md",middleName:null,surname:"Ashraf",slug:"ghulam-md-ashraf",fullName:"Ghulam Md Ashraf"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"675",title:"Relevant topics in Eating Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"55c8c18e0c81c53cfd79272ab7916099",slug:"relevant-topics-in-eating-disorders",bookSignature:"Ignacio Jauregui-Lobera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/675.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"323887",title:"Prof.",name:"Ignacio",middleName:null,surname:"Jáuregui-Lobera",slug:"ignacio-jauregui-lobera",fullName:"Ignacio Jáuregui-Lobera"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:2,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"29049",doi:"10.5772/31307",title:"Westernization: The Role of Mass Media on Body Image and Eating Disorders",slug:"westernization-the-role-of-mass-media-on-body-image-and-eating-disorders",totalDownloads:4386,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:null,book:{id:"675",slug:"relevant-topics-in-eating-disorders",title:"Relevant topics in Eating Disorders",fullTitle:"Relevant topics in Eating Disorders"},signatures:"Ana R. Sepúlveda and María Calado",authors:[{id:"86538",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana R.",middleName:null,surname:"Sepulveda",slug:"ana-r.-sepulveda",fullName:"Ana R. Sepulveda"},{id:"99901",title:"Ms.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Calado",slug:"maria-calado",fullName:"Maria Calado"}]},{id:"64605",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82196",title:"Introductory Chapter: Alzheimer’s Disease—The Most Common Cause of Dementia",slug:"introductory-chapter-alzheimer-s-disease-the-most-common-cause-of-dementia",totalDownloads:1117,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:null,book:{id:"8268",slug:"advances-in-dementia-research",title:"Advances in Dementia Research",fullTitle:"Advances in Dementia Research"},signatures:"Md. Sahab Uddin and Ghulam Md. Ashraf",authors:[{id:"199287",title:"Dr.",name:"Ghulam Md",middleName:null,surname:"Ashraf",slug:"ghulam-md-ashraf",fullName:"Ghulam Md Ashraf"}]},{id:"29055",doi:"10.5772/35951",title:"Cardiovascular Complications in Eating Disorders",slug:"cardiovascular-complications-in-eating-disorders",totalDownloads:6302,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:null,book:{id:"675",slug:"relevant-topics-in-eating-disorders",title:"Relevant topics in Eating Disorders",fullTitle:"Relevant topics in Eating Disorders"},signatures:"Beatriz Jáuregui Garrido and Ignacio Jáuregui Lobera",authors:[{id:"106484",title:"Dr.",name:"Beatriz",middleName:null,surname:"Jáuregui Garrido",slug:"beatriz-jauregui-garrido",fullName:"Beatriz Jáuregui Garrido"},{id:"323887",title:"Prof.",name:"Ignacio",middleName:null,surname:"Jáuregui-Lobera",slug:"ignacio-jauregui-lobera",fullName:"Ignacio Jáuregui-Lobera"}]},{id:"29058",doi:"10.5772/32699",title:"Treatments for Eating Disorders: The Patients' Views",slug:"treatments-for-eating-disorders-the-patients-views",totalDownloads:2747,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:null,book:{id:"675",slug:"relevant-topics-in-eating-disorders",title:"Relevant topics in Eating Disorders",fullTitle:"Relevant topics in Eating Disorders"},signatures:"Tatiana Escobar-Koch, Claudia Cruzat Mandich, and Ramón Florenzano Urzúa",authors:[{id:"92384",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatiana",middleName:null,surname:"Escobar-Koch",slug:"tatiana-escobar-koch",fullName:"Tatiana Escobar-Koch"},{id:"96077",title:"MSc.",name:"Claudia",middleName:null,surname:"Cruzat",slug:"claudia-cruzat",fullName:"Claudia Cruzat"},{id:"96078",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramón",middleName:null,surname:"Florenzano",slug:"ramon-florenzano",fullName:"Ramón Florenzano"}]},{id:"29063",doi:"10.5772/38597",title:"Enteral Nutrition as a Life-Saving Treatment in Patients with Severe Anorexia Nervosa",slug:"enteral-nutrition-as-a-life-saving-treatment-in-patients-with-severe-anorexia-nervosa",totalDownloads:4338,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:null,book:{id:"675",slug:"relevant-topics-in-eating-disorders",title:"Relevant topics in Eating Disorders",fullTitle:"Relevant topics in Eating Disorders"},signatures:"Maria Gabriella Gentile",authors:[{id:"118232",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Gabriella",middleName:null,surname:"Gentile",slug:"maria-gabriella-gentile",fullName:"Maria Gabriella Gentile"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"29058",title:"Treatments for Eating Disorders: The Patients' Views",slug:"treatments-for-eating-disorders-the-patients-views",totalDownloads:2744,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:null,book:{id:"675",slug:"relevant-topics-in-eating-disorders",title:"Relevant topics in Eating Disorders",fullTitle:"Relevant topics in Eating Disorders"},signatures:"Tatiana Escobar-Koch, Claudia Cruzat Mandich, and Ramón Florenzano Urzúa",authors:[{id:"92384",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatiana",middleName:null,surname:"Escobar-Koch",slug:"tatiana-escobar-koch",fullName:"Tatiana Escobar-Koch"},{id:"96077",title:"MSc.",name:"Claudia",middleName:null,surname:"Cruzat",slug:"claudia-cruzat",fullName:"Claudia Cruzat"},{id:"96078",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramón",middleName:null,surname:"Florenzano",slug:"ramon-florenzano",fullName:"Ramón Florenzano"}]},{id:"29050",title:"Biological Gender, Sexual Orientation and Gender Role in Eating Disorders",slug:"biological-gender-sexual-orientation-and-gender-role-in-eating-disorders",totalDownloads:4323,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"675",slug:"relevant-topics-in-eating-disorders",title:"Relevant topics in Eating Disorders",fullTitle:"Relevant topics in Eating Disorders"},signatures:"Paolo Cotrufo, Mara Iannaccone and Stefania Cella",authors:[{id:"87790",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Cotrufo",slug:"paolo-cotrufo",fullName:"Paolo Cotrufo"},{id:"93274",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefania",middleName:null,surname:"Cella",slug:"stefania-cella",fullName:"Stefania Cella"},{id:"93276",title:"Dr.",name:"Mara",middleName:null,surname:"Iannaccone",slug:"mara-iannaccone",fullName:"Mara Iannaccone"}]},{id:"29055",title:"Cardiovascular Complications in Eating Disorders",slug:"cardiovascular-complications-in-eating-disorders",totalDownloads:6299,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:null,book:{id:"675",slug:"relevant-topics-in-eating-disorders",title:"Relevant topics in Eating Disorders",fullTitle:"Relevant topics in Eating Disorders"},signatures:"Beatriz Jáuregui Garrido and Ignacio Jáuregui Lobera",authors:[{id:"106484",title:"Dr.",name:"Beatriz",middleName:null,surname:"Jáuregui Garrido",slug:"beatriz-jauregui-garrido",fullName:"Beatriz Jáuregui Garrido"},{id:"323887",title:"Prof.",name:"Ignacio",middleName:null,surname:"Jáuregui-Lobera",slug:"ignacio-jauregui-lobera",fullName:"Ignacio Jáuregui-Lobera"}]},{id:"29047",title:"The Epidemic of Anorexia Nervosa: Myth or Reality?",slug:"the-epidemic-of-anorexia-nervosa-myth-or-reality-",totalDownloads:2932,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:null,book:{id:"675",slug:"relevant-topics-in-eating-disorders",title:"Relevant topics in Eating Disorders",fullTitle:"Relevant topics in Eating Disorders"},signatures:"Sandra Torres, Marina Guerra, Filipa Vieira, Kylee Miller, António Roma-Torres and Isabel Brandão",authors:[{id:"90286",title:"PhD.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Torres",slug:"sandra-torres",fullName:"Sandra Torres"},{id:"94165",title:"Prof.",name:"Marina",middleName:null,surname:"Prista Guerra",slug:"marina-prista-guerra",fullName:"Marina Prista Guerra"},{id:"94166",title:"MSc.",name:"Filipa",middleName:null,surname:"Vieira",slug:"filipa-vieira",fullName:"Filipa Vieira"},{id:"94167",title:"Dr.",name:"Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Brandão",slug:"isabel-brandao",fullName:"Isabel Brandão"},{id:"94168",title:"MSc.",name:"António",middleName:null,surname:"Roma-Torres",slug:"antonio-roma-torres",fullName:"António Roma-Torres"},{id:"125723",title:"BSc.",name:"Kylee",middleName:null,surname:"Miller",slug:"kylee-miller",fullName:"Kylee Miller"}]},{id:"64605",title:"Introductory Chapter: Alzheimer’s Disease—The Most Common Cause of Dementia",slug:"introductory-chapter-alzheimer-s-disease-the-most-common-cause-of-dementia",totalDownloads:1117,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:null,book:{id:"8268",slug:"advances-in-dementia-research",title:"Advances in Dementia Research",fullTitle:"Advances in Dementia Research"},signatures:"Md. Sahab Uddin and Ghulam Md. Ashraf",authors:[{id:"199287",title:"Dr.",name:"Ghulam Md",middleName:null,surname:"Ashraf",slug:"ghulam-md-ashraf",fullName:"Ghulam Md Ashraf"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1058",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:140,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 2nd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:33,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:42,paginationItems:[{id:"82914",title:"Glance on the Critical Role of IL-23 Receptor Gene Variations in Inflammation-Induced Carcinogenesis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105049",signatures:"Mohammed El-Gedamy",slug:"glance-on-the-critical-role-of-il-23-receptor-gene-variations-in-inflammation-induced-carcinogenesis",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}},{id:"82875",title:"Lipidomics as a Tool in the Diagnosis and Clinical Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105857",signatures:"María Elizbeth Alvarez Sánchez, Erick Nolasco Ontiveros, Rodrigo Arreola, Adriana Montserrat Espinosa González, Ana María García Bores, Roberto Eduardo López Urrutia, Ignacio Peñalosa Castro, María del Socorro Sánchez Correa and Edgar Antonio Estrella Parra",slug:"lipidomics-as-a-tool-in-the-diagnosis-and-clinical-therapy",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82440",title:"Lipid Metabolism and Associated Molecular Signaling Events in Autoimmune Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105746",signatures:"Mohan Vanditha, Sonu Das and Mathew John",slug:"lipid-metabolism-and-associated-molecular-signaling-events-in-autoimmune-disease",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82483",title:"Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105891",signatures:"Laura Mourino-Alvarez, Tamara Sastre-Oliva, Nerea Corbacho-Alonso and Maria G. Barderas",slug:"oxidative-stress-in-cardiovascular-diseases",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Importance of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant System in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11671.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:33,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7006",title:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7006.jpg",slug:"biochemistry-and-health-benefits-of-fatty-acids",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Viduranga Waisundara",hash:"c93a00abd68b5eba67e5e719f67fd20b",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-y.-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Y. Waisundara",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194281/images/system/194281.jpg",biography:"Dr. Viduranga Waisundara obtained her Ph.D. in Food Science\nand Technology from the Department of Chemistry, National\nUniversity of Singapore, in 2010. She was a lecturer at Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore from July 2009 to March 2013.\nShe relocated to her motherland of Sri Lanka and spearheaded the Functional Food Product Development Project at the\nNational Institute of Fundamental Studies from April 2013 to\nOctober 2016. She was a senior lecturer on a temporary basis at the Department of\nFood Technology, Faculty of Technology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. She is\ncurrently Deputy Principal of the Australian College of Business and Technology –\nKandy Campus, Sri Lanka. She is also the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI)",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:{name:"Kobe College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7978",title:"Vitamin A",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7978.jpg",slug:"vitamin-a",publishedDate:"May 15th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",hash:"dad04a658ab9e3d851d23705980a688b",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Vitamin A",editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261969/images/system/261969.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Leila Queiroz Zepka is currently an associate professor in the Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. She has more than fifteen years of teaching and research experience. She has published more than 550 scientific publications/communications, including 15 books, 50 book chapters, 100 original research papers, 380 research communications in national and international conferences, and 12 patents. She is a member of the editorial board of five journals and acts as a reviewer for several national and international journals. Her research interests include microalgal biotechnology with an emphasis on microalgae-based products.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7953",title:"Bioluminescence",subtitle:"Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7953.jpg",slug:"bioluminescence-analytical-applications-and-basic-biology",publishedDate:"September 25th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hirobumi Suzuki",hash:"3a8efa00b71abea11bf01973dc589979",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Bioluminescence - Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",editors:[{id:"185746",title:"Dr.",name:"Hirobumi",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"hirobumi-suzuki",fullName:"Hirobumi Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185746/images/system/185746.png",biography:"Dr. Hirobumi Suzuki received his Ph.D. in 1997 from Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan, where he studied firefly phylogeny and the evolution of mating systems. He is especially interested in the genetic differentiation pattern and speciation process that correlate to the flashing pattern and mating behavior of some fireflies in Japan. He then worked for Olympus Corporation, a Japanese manufacturer of optics and imaging products, where he was involved in the development of luminescence technology and produced a bioluminescence microscope that is currently being used for gene expression analysis in chronobiology, neurobiology, and developmental biology. Dr. Suzuki currently serves as a visiting researcher at Kogakuin University, Japan, and also a vice president of the Japan Firefly Society.",institutionString:"Kogakuin University",institution:null}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{id:"11478",title:"Recent Advances in the Study of Dyslexia",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11478.jpg",hash:"26764a18c6b776698823e0e1c3022d2f",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"June 30th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"294281",title:"Prof.",name:"Jonathan",surname:"Glazzard",slug:"jonathan-glazzard",fullName:"Jonathan Glazzard"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:11,paginationItems:[{id:"83075",title:"Practices and Challenges of Community Services at Debre Markos University, Ethiopia: A Case Study",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105896",signatures:"Adane Mengist",slug:"practices-and-challenges-of-community-services-at-debre-markos-university-ethiopia-a-case-study",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82858",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility a Case of the Provision of Recreational Facilities",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105608",signatures:"Peter Musa Wash, Shida Irwana Omar, Badaruddin Mohamed and Mohd Ismail Isa",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility-a-case-of-the-provision-of-recreational-facilities",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82786",title:"Discussion of Purchasing Virtual Digital Nature and Tourism",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105869",signatures:"Hiroko Oe and Yasuyuki Yamaoka",slug:"discussion-of-purchasing-virtual-digital-nature-and-tourism",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"A New Era of Consumer Behavior - Beyond the Pandemic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11581.jpg",subseries:{id:"88",title:"Marketing"}}},{id:"82289",title:"Consumer Culture and Abundance of Choices: Having More, Feeling Blue",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105607",signatures:"Ondřej Roubal",slug:"consumer-culture-and-abundance-of-choices-having-more-feeling-blue",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"A New Era of Consumer Behavior - Beyond the Pandemic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11581.jpg",subseries:{id:"88",title:"Marketing"}}},{id:"82405",title:"Does Board Structure Matter in CSR Spending of Commercial Banks? Empirical Evidence from an Emerging Economy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105589",signatures:"Bishnu Kumar Adhikary and Ranjan Kumar Mitra",slug:"does-board-structure-matter-in-csr-spending-of-commercial-banks-empirical-evidence-from-an-emerging-",totalDownloads:18,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82395",title:"Toward a Better Understanding of Green Human Resource Management’s Impact on Green Competitive Advantage: A Conceptual Model",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105528",signatures:"Hosna Hossari and Kaoutar Elfahli",slug:"toward-a-better-understanding-of-green-human-resource-management-s-impact-on-green-competitive-advan",totalDownloads:27,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82269",title:"CSR Reporting and Blockchain Technology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105512",signatures:"Pattarake Sarajoti, Pattanaporn Chatjuthamard, Suwongrat Papangkorn and Piyachart Phiromswad",slug:"csr-reporting-and-blockchain-technology",totalDownloads:31,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82270",title:"From Corporate Social Opportunity to Corporate Social Responsibility",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105445",signatures:"Brian Bolton",slug:"from-corporate-social-opportunity-to-corporate-social-responsibility",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82339",title:"Green Human Resource Management: An Exploratory Study from Moroccan ISO 14001 Certified Companies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105565",signatures:"Hosna Hossari and Kaoutar Elfahli",slug:"green-human-resource-management-an-exploratory-study-from-moroccan-iso-14001-certified-companies",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82194",title:"CSR and Female Directors: A Review and Future Research Agenda",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105112",signatures:"Pattarake Sarajoti, Pattanaporn Chatjuthamard, Suwongrat Papangkorn and Sirimon Treepongkaruna",slug:"csr-and-female-directors-a-review-and-future-research-agenda",totalDownloads:18,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Marketing",value:88,count:2,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Business and Management",value:86,count:9,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:12,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"9883",title:"Biosensors",subtitle:"Current and Novel Strategies for Biosensing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9883.jpg",slug:"biosensors-current-and-novel-strategies-for-biosensing",publishedDate:"May 5th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Luis Jesús Villarreal-Gómez and Ana Leticia Iglesias",hash:"028f3e5dbf9c32590183ac4b4f0a2825",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Biosensors - Current and Novel Strategies for Biosensing",editors:[{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",slug:"luis-villarreal-gomez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9959",title:"Biomedical Signal and Image Processing",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9959.jpg",slug:"biomedical-signal-and-image-processing",publishedDate:"April 14th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Yongxia Zhou",hash:"22b87a09bd6df065d78c175235d367c8",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Biomedical Signal and Image Processing",editors:[{id:"259308",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongxia",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"yongxia-zhou",fullName:"Yongxia Zhou",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259308/images/system/259308.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Southern California",institution:{name:"University of Southern California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9973",title:"Data Acquisition",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Applications in Biomedical Engineering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9973.jpg",slug:"data-acquisition-recent-advances-and-applications-in-biomedical-engineering",publishedDate:"March 17th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",hash:"75ea6cdd241216c9db28aa734ab34446",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Data Acquisition - Recent Advances and Applications in Biomedical Engineering",editors:[{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9905",title:"Biometric Systems",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9905.jpg",slug:"biometric-systems",publishedDate:"February 10th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",hash:"c730560dd2e3837a03407b3a86b0ef2a",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Biometric Systems",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Kuwait"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8622",title:"Peptide Synthesis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8622.jpg",slug:"peptide-synthesis",publishedDate:"December 18th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Jaya T. Varkey",hash:"de9fa48c5248dbfb581825b8c74f5623",volumeInSeries:0,fullTitle:"Peptide Synthesis",editors:[{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7497",title:"Computer Vision in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7497.jpg",slug:"computer-vision-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"September 18th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Monika Elzbieta Machoy",hash:"1e9812cebd46ef9e28257f3e96547f6a",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Computer Vision in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8633",title:"Novel Diagnostic Methods in Ophthalmology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8633.jpg",slug:"novel-diagnostic-methods-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Anna Nowinska",hash:"da2c90e8db647ead30504defce3fb5d3",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Novel Diagnostic Methods in Ophthalmology",editors:[{id:"261466",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:"Karolina",surname:"Nowińska",slug:"anna-nowinska",fullName:"Anna Nowińska",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261466/images/system/261466.jpeg",institutionString:"Medical University of Silesia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7437",title:"Nanomedicines",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7437.jpg",slug:"nanomedicines",publishedDate:"February 13th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh",hash:"0e1f5f6258f074c533976c4f4d248568",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Nanomedicines",editors:[{id:"63182",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Akhyar",middleName:null,surname:"Farrukh",slug:"muhammad-akhyar-farrukh",fullName:"Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63182/images/system/63182.png",institutionString:"Forman Christian College",institution:{name:"Forman Christian College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6843",title:"Biomechanics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6843.jpg",slug:"biomechanics",publishedDate:"January 30th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hadi Mohammadi",hash:"85132976010be1d7f3dbd88662b785e5",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Biomechanics",editors:[{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7560",title:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods",subtitle:"Image Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7560.jpg",slug:"non-invasive-diagnostic-methods-image-processing",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mariusz Marzec and Robert Koprowski",hash:"d92fd8cf5a90a47f2b8a310837a5600e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods - Image Processing",editors:[{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7218",title:"OCT",subtitle:"Applications in Ophthalmology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7218.jpg",slug:"oct-applications-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Michele Lanza",hash:"e3a3430cdfd6999caccac933e4613885",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"OCT - Applications in Ophthalmology",editors:[{id:"240088",title:"Prof.",name:"Michele",middleName:null,surname:"Lanza",slug:"michele-lanza",fullName:"Michele Lanza",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240088/images/system/240088.png",institutionString:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institution:{name:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6692",title:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6692.jpg",slug:"medical-and-biological-image-analysis",publishedDate:"July 4th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Robert Koprowski",hash:"e75f234a0fc1988d9816a94e4c724deb",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",editors:[{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",value:9,count:1},{group:"subseries",caption:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",value:8,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",value:7,count:9}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:5},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:3}],authors:{paginationCount:754,paginationItems:[{id:"310674",title:"Dr.",name:"Pravin",middleName:null,surname:"Kendrekar",slug:"pravin-kendrekar",fullName:"Pravin Kendrekar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/310674/images/system/310674.jpg",biography:"Dr. Pravin Kendrekar, MSc, MBA, Ph.D., is currently a visiting scientist at the Lipid Nanostructure Laboratory, University of Central Lancashire, England. He previously worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Ben-Gurion University of Negev, Israel; University of the Free State, South Africa; and Central University of Technology Bloemfontein, South Africa. He obtained his Ph.D. in Organic Chemistry from Nagaoka University of Technology, Japan. He has published more than seventy-four journal articles and attended several national and international conferences as speaker and chair. Dr. Kendrekar has received many international awards. He has several funded projects, namely, anti-malaria drug development, MRSA, and SARS-CoV-2 activity of curcumin and its formulations. He has filed four patents in collaboration with the University of Central Lancashire and Mayo Clinic Infectious Diseases. His present research includes organic synthesis, drug discovery and development, biochemistry, nanoscience, and nanotechnology.",institutionString:"Visiting Scientist at Lipid Nanostructures Laboratory, Centre for Smart Materials, School of Natural Sciences, University of Central Lancashire",institution:null},{id:"428125",title:"Dr.",name:"Vinayak",middleName:null,surname:"Adimule",slug:"vinayak-adimule",fullName:"Vinayak Adimule",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/428125/images/system/428125.jpg",biography:"Dr. Vinayak Adimule, MSc, Ph.D., is a professor and dean of R&D, Angadi Institute of Technology and Management, India. He has 15 years of research experience as a senior research scientist and associate research scientist in R&D organizations. He has published more than fifty research articles as well as several book chapters. He has two Indian patents and two international patents to his credit. Dr. Adimule has attended, chaired, and presented papers at national and international conferences. He is a guest editor for Topics in Catalysis and other journals. He is also an editorial board member, life member, and associate member for many international societies and research institutions. His research interests include nanoelectronics, material chemistry, artificial intelligence, sensors and actuators, bio-nanomaterials, and medicinal chemistry.",institutionString:"Angadi Institute of Technology and Management",institution:null},{id:"284317",title:"Prof.",name:"Kantharaju",middleName:null,surname:"Kamanna",slug:"kantharaju-kamanna",fullName:"Kantharaju Kamanna",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284317/images/21050_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. K. Kantharaju has received Bachelor of science (PCM), master of science (Organic Chemistry) and Doctor of Philosophy in Chemistry from Bangalore University. He worked as a Executive Research & Development @ Cadila Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Ahmedabad. He received DBT-postdoc fellow @ Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore under the supervision of Prof. P. Balaram, later he moved to NIH-postdoc researcher at Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA, after his return from postdoc joined NITK-Surthakal as a Adhoc faculty at department of chemistry. Since from August 2013 working as a Associate Professor, and in 2016 promoted to Profeesor in the School of Basic Sciences: Department of Chemistry and having 20 years of teaching and research experiences.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rani Channamma University, Belagavi",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/158492/images/system/158492.jpeg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Yusuf Tutar conducts his research at the Hamidiye Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences, Turkey. He is also a faculty member in the Molecular Oncology Program. He obtained his MSc and Ph.D. at Oregon State University and Texas Tech University, respectively. He pursued his postdoctoral studies at Rutgers University Medical School and the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIDDK), USA. His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",biography:"Martins Emeje obtained a BPharm with distinction from Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria, and an MPharm and Ph.D. from the University of Nigeria (UNN), where he received the best Ph.D. award and was enlisted as UNN’s “Face of Research.” He established the first nanomedicine center in Nigeria and was the pioneer head of the intellectual property and technology transfer as well as the technology innovation and support center. Prof. Emeje’s several international fellowships include the prestigious Raman fellowship. He has published more than 150 articles and patents. He is also the head of R&D at NIPRD and holds a visiting professor position at Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria. He has a postgraduate certificate in Project Management from Walden University, Minnesota, as well as a professional teaching certificate and a World Bank certification in Public Procurement. Prof. Emeje was a national chairman of academic pharmacists in Nigeria and the 2021 winner of the May & Baker Nigeria Plc–sponsored prize for professional service in research and innovation.",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"436430",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Mesut",middleName:null,surname:"Işık",slug:"mesut-isik",fullName:"Mesut Işık",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/436430/images/19686_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bilecik University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"268659",title:"Ms.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/268659/images/8143_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Zhan received his undergraduate and graduate training in the fields of preventive medicine and epidemiology and statistics at the West China University of Medical Sciences in China during 1989 to 1999. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics for two years at the Cancer Research Institute of Human Medical University in China. In 2001, he went to the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) in USA, where he was a post-doctoral researcher and focused on mass spectrometry and cancer proteomics. Then, he was appointed as an Assistant Professor of Neurology, UTHSC in 2005. He moved to the Cleveland Clinic in USA as a Project Scientist/Staff in 2006 where he focused on the studies of eye disease proteomics and biomarkers. He returned to UTHSC as an Assistant Professor of Neurology in the end of 2007, engaging in proteomics and biomarker studies of lung diseases and brain tumors, and initiating the studies of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) in cancer. In 2010, he was promoted to Associate Professor of Neurology, UTHSC. Currently, he is a Professor at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in China, Fellow of Royal Society of Medicine (FRSM), the European EPMA National Representative in China, Regular Member of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), European Cooperation of Science and Technology (e-COST) grant evaluator, Associate Editors of BMC Genomics, BMC Medical Genomics, EPMA Journal, and Frontiers in Endocrinology, Executive Editor-in-Chief of Med One. He has\npublished 116 peer-reviewed research articles, 16 book chapters, 2 books, and 2 US patents. His current main research interest focuses on the studies of cancer proteomics and biomarkers, and the use of modern omics techniques and systems biology for PPPM in cancer, and on the development and use of 2DE-LC/MS for the large-scale study of human proteoforms.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Xiangya Hospital Central South University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"418340",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyotirmoi",middleName:null,surname:"Aich",slug:"jyotirmoi-aich",fullName:"Jyotirmoi Aich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038Ugi5QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:48:28.png",biography:"Biotechnologist with 15 years of research including 6 years of teaching experience. Demonstrated record of scientific achievements through consistent publication record (H index = 13, with 874 citations) in high impact journals such as Nature Communications, Oncotarget, Annals of Oncology, PNAS, and AJRCCM, etc. Strong research professional with a post-doctorate from ACTREC where I gained experimental oncology experience in clinical settings and a doctorate from IGIB where I gained expertise in asthma pathophysiology. A well-trained biotechnologist with diverse experience on the bench across different research themes ranging from asthma to cancer and other infectious diseases. An individual with a strong commitment and innovative mindset. Have the ability to work on diverse projects such as regenerative and molecular medicine with an overall mindset of improving healthcare.",institutionString:"DY Patil Deemed to Be University",institution:null},{id:"349288",title:"Prof.",name:"Soumya",middleName:null,surname:"Basu",slug:"soumya-basu",fullName:"Soumya Basu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035QxIDQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:47:01.jpg",biography:"Soumya Basu, Ph.D., is currently working as an Associate Professor at Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India. With 16+ years of trans-disciplinary research experience in Drug Design, development, and pre-clinical validation; 20+ research article publications in journals of repute, 9+ years of teaching experience, trained with cross-disciplinary education, Dr. Basu is a life-long learner and always thrives for new challenges.\r\nHer research area is the design and synthesis of small molecule partial agonists of PPAR-γ in lung cancer. She is also using artificial intelligence and deep learning methods to understand the exosomal miRNA’s role in cancer metastasis. Dr. Basu is the recipient of many awards including the Early Career Research Award from the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. She is a reviewer of many journals like Molecular Biology Reports, Frontiers in Oncology, RSC Advances, PLOS ONE, Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, etc. She has edited and authored/co-authored 21 journal papers, 3 book chapters, and 15 abstracts. She is a Board of Studies member at her university. She is a life member of 'The Cytometry Society”-in India and 'All India Cell Biology Society”- in India.",institutionString:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",institution:{name:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"354817",title:"Dr.",name:"Anubhab",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"anubhab-mukherjee",fullName:"Anubhab Mukherjee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y0000365PbRQAU/ProfilePicture%202022-04-15%2005%3A11%3A18.480",biography:"A former member of Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, USA, Dr. Anubhab Mukherjee is an ardent votary of science who strives to make an impact in the lives of those afflicted with cancer and other chronic/acute ailments. He completed his Ph.D. from CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India, having been skilled with RNAi, liposomal drug delivery, preclinical cell and animal studies. He pursued post-doctoral research at College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A & M University and was involved in another postdoctoral research at Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California. In 2015, he worked in Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology as a visiting scientist. He has substantial experience in nanotechnology-based formulation development and successfully served various Indian organizations to develop pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products. He is an inventor in many US patents and an author in many peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and books published in various media of international repute. Dr. Mukherjee is currently serving as Principal Scientist, R&D at Esperer Onco Nutrition (EON) Pvt. Ltd. and heads the Hyderabad R&D center of the organization.",institutionString:"Esperer Onco Nutrition Pvt Ltd.",institution:null},{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/319365/images/system/319365.png",biography:"Manash K. Paul is a Principal Investigator and Scientist at the University of California Los Angeles. He has contributed significantly to the fields of stem cell biology, regenerative medicine, and lung cancer. His research focuses on various signaling processes involved in maintaining stem cell homeostasis during the injury-repair process, deciphering lung stem cell niche, pulmonary disease modeling, immuno-oncology, and drug discovery. He is currently investigating the role of extracellular vesicles in premalignant lung cell migration and detecting the metastatic phenotype of lung cancer via machine-learning-based analyses of exosomal signatures. Dr. Paul has published in more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and is highly cited. He is the recipient of many awards, including the UCLA Vice Chancellor’s award, a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and an editorial board member for several international journals.",institutionString:"University of California Los Angeles",institution:{name:"University of California Los Angeles",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals. He is currently working on the protective activity of phenolic compounds in disorders associated with oxidative stress and inflammation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. I am interested in studying host-pathogen interactions at the biomaterial interface.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329248",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Faheem",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"md.-faheem-haider",fullName:"Md. Faheem Haider",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329248/images/system/329248.jpg",biography:"Dr. Md. Faheem Haider completed his BPharm in 2012 at Integral University, Lucknow, India. In 2014, he completed his MPharm with specialization in Pharmaceutics at Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India, in 2018. He was selected for the GPAT six times and his best All India Rank was 34. Currently, he is an assistant professor at Integral University. Previously he was an assistant professor at IIMT University, Meerut, India. He has experience teaching DPharm, Pharm.D, BPharm, and MPharm students. He has more than five publications in reputed journals to his credit. Dr. Faheem’s research area is the development and characterization of nanoformulation for the delivery of drugs to various organs.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329795",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Aftab",middleName:"Aftab",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"mohd-aftab-siddiqui",fullName:"Mohd Aftab Siddiqui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329795/images/system/329795.png",biography:"Dr. Mohd Aftab Siddiqui is an assistant professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India, where he obtained a Ph.D. in Pharmacology in 2020. He also obtained a BPharm and MPharm from the same university in 2013 and 2015, respectively. His area of research is the pharmacological screening of herbal drugs/natural products in liver cancer and cardiac diseases. He is a member of many professional bodies and has guided many MPharm and PharmD research projects. Dr. Siddiqui has many national and international publications and one German patent to his credit.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"10",type:"subseries",title:"Animal Physiology",keywords:"Physiology, Comparative, Evolution, Biomolecules, Organ, Homeostasis, Anatomy, Pathology, Medical, Cell Division, Cell Signaling, Cell Growth, Cell Metabolism, Endocrine, Neuroscience, Cardiovascular, Development, Aging, Development",scope:"Physiology, the scientific study of functions and mechanisms of living systems, is an essential area of research in its own right, but also in relation to medicine and health sciences. The scope of this topic will range from molecular, biochemical, cellular, and physiological processes in all animal species. Work pertaining to the whole organism, organ systems, individual organs and tissues, cells, and biomolecules will be included. Medical, animal, cell, and comparative physiology and allied fields such as anatomy, histology, and pathology with physiology links will be covered in this topic. Physiology research may be linked to development, aging, environment, regular and pathological processes, adaptation and evolution, exercise, or several other factors affecting, or involved with, animal physiology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/10.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11406,editor:{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Dr. Rutland has also written popular science books for the public. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-4898. www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/people/catrin.rutland",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261"},editorialBoard:[{id:"306970",title:"Mr.",name:"Amin",middleName:null,surname:"Tamadon",slug:"amin-tamadon",fullName:"Amin Tamadon",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002oHR5wQAG/Profile_Picture_1623910304139",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bushehr University of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón Poggi",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon-poggi",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Valencia Catholic University Saint Vincent Martyr",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"245306",title:"Dr.",name:"María Luz",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia Pardo",slug:"maria-luz-garcia-pardo",fullName:"María Luz Garcia Pardo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/245306/images/system/245306.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Miguel Hernandez University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"283315",title:"Prof.",name:"Samir",middleName:null,surname:"El-Gendy",slug:"samir-el-gendy",fullName:"Samir El-Gendy",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRduYQAS/Profile_Picture_1606215849748",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Alexandria University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{id:"82380",title:"Evolution of Parasitism and Pathogenic Adaptations in Certain Medically Important Fungi",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105206",signatures:"Gokul Shankar Sabesan, Ranjit Singh AJA, Ranjith Mehenderkar and Basanta Kumar Mohanty",slug:"evolution-of-parasitism-and-pathogenic-adaptations-in-certain-medically-important-fungi",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11400.jpg",subseries:{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology - From Science to Clinical Research",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/26946/images/system/26946.png",institutionString:"University of Zagreb",institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Croatia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7572",title:"Trauma in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7572.jpg",slug:"trauma-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"July 3rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Serdar Gözler",hash:"7cb94732cfb315f8d1e70ebf500eb8a9",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Trauma in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7139",title:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7139.jpg",slug:"current-approaches-in-orthodontics",publishedDate:"April 10th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Belma Işık Aslan and Fatma Deniz Uzuner",hash:"2c77384eeb748cf05a898d65b9dcb48a",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",editors:[{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:140,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 3rd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},subseries:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. Osma",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDv7QAG/Profile_Picture_1626602531691",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad de Los Andes",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Colombia"}}},{id:"69697",title:"Dr.",name:"Mani T.",middleName:null,surname:"Valarmathi",fullName:"Mani T. Valarmathi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/69697/images/system/69697.jpg",institutionString:"Religen Inc. | A Life Science Company, United States of America",institution:null},{id:"205081",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:"Vinícius",surname:"Chaud",fullName:"Marco Chaud",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDGeQAO/Profile_Picture_1622624307737",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Sorocaba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/147302",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"147302"},fullPath:"/profiles/147302",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()