\r\n\tThis book aims to cover recent advances in fabricating nano-/micro-capsules , where the design of smart capsules allows breading the field of applications, and will intend to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of the current state-of-the art.
\r\n\r\n\tThis book will be essential for scientists and researchers with diverse backgrounds in chemistry, engineering, material sciences, and formulation.
",isbn:"978-1-80355-394-8",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-393-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-395-5",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,hash:"1fd520b674e80944076a024c9a5f8b85",bookSignature:"Prof. Fabien Salaün",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11077.jpg",keywords:"Layer by Layer, Microfluidics, Pharmaceutical, Biomedical, Coating Materials, Smart Capsules, Sustainable Materials, Release Kinetics, Encapsulation Yield/Efficiency, Interfacial Polymerization, Textile, Self-Healing",numberOfDownloads:24,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 8th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 17th 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 16th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 6th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 5th 2022",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"6 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A researcher in the formulation of microencapsulation system for textile applications, holder of two registered patents, and author of more than 70 research papers and book chapters.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"27644",title:"Prof.",name:"Fabien",middleName:null,surname:"Salaün",slug:"fabien-salaun",fullName:"Fabien Salaün",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27644/images/system/27644.jpg",biography:"Fabien Salaün is a full professor at ENSAIT/GEMTEX, France. His research interests focus on polymer synthesis, encapsulation, and functional coatings for textile applications. He received his Ph.D. from Lille 1 University in 2004 and he was promoted professor in 2014. \r\nHis research interests include polymeric functional materials, smart coating, microencapsulation, thermal comfort, fiber processing, and textile surface functionalization. He has more than 70 publications to his credit, including research papers, reviews and book chapters.",institutionString:"ENSAIT Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Arts et Industries Textilesdisabled",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"6",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"14",title:"Materials Science",slug:"materials-science"}],chapters:[{id:"80929",title:"Encapsulation of Metal Nanoparticles (MNPs) as Catalyst",slug:"encapsulation-of-metal-nanoparticles-mnps-as-catalyst",totalDownloads:21,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"81726",title:"Design and Fabrication of Microencapsulated Phase Change Materials for Energy/Thermal Energy Storage and Other Versatile Applications",slug:"design-and-fabrication-of-microencapsulated-phase-change-materials-for-energy-thermal-energy-storage",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"347259",firstName:"Karmen",lastName:"Daleta",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",email:"karmen@intechopen.com",biography:null}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6995",title:"Microencapsulation",subtitle:"Processes, Technologies and Industrial Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"09376930370a8a1e60c1ae491a2d7d8d",slug:"microencapsulation-processes-technologies-and-industrial-applications",bookSignature:"Fabien Salaün",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6995.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"27644",title:"Prof.",name:"Fabien",surname:"Salaün",slug:"fabien-salaun",fullName:"Fabien Salaün"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6320",title:"Advances in Glass Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6d0a32a0cf9806bccd04101a8b6e1b95",slug:"advances-in-glass-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Vincenzo M. Sglavo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6320.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"17426",title:"Prof.",name:"Vincenzo Maria",surname:"Sglavo",slug:"vincenzo-maria-sglavo",fullName:"Vincenzo Maria Sglavo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6517",title:"Emerging Solar Energy Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"186936bb201bb186fb04b095aa39d9b8",slug:"emerging-solar-energy-materials",bookSignature:"Sadia Ameen, M. Shaheer Akhtar and Hyung-Shik Shin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6517.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"52613",title:"Dr.",name:"Sadia",surname:"Ameen",slug:"sadia-ameen",fullName:"Sadia Ameen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6188",title:"Solidification",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0405c42586170a1def7a4b011c5f2b60",slug:"solidification",bookSignature:"Alicia Esther Ares",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6188.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"91095",title:"Dr.",name:"Alicia Esther",surname:"Ares",slug:"alicia-esther-ares",fullName:"Alicia Esther Ares"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9393",title:"Engineering Steels and High Entropy-Alloys",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d33466a3272f97353a6bf6d76d7512a5",slug:"engineering-steels-and-high-entropy-alloys",bookSignature:"Ashutosh Sharma, Zoia Duriagina, Sanjeev Kumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9393.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145236",title:"Dr.",name:"Ashutosh",surname:"Sharma",slug:"ashutosh-sharma",fullName:"Ashutosh Sharma"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6802",title:"Graphene Oxide",subtitle:"Applications and Opportunities",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"075b313e11be74c55a1f66be5dd56b40",slug:"graphene-oxide-applications-and-opportunities",bookSignature:"Ganesh Kamble",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6802.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"236420",title:"Dr.",name:"Ganesh",surname:"Kamble",slug:"ganesh-kamble",fullName:"Ganesh Kamble"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6656",title:"Phase Change Materials and Their Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b257f8386280bdde4633d36124787f2",slug:"phase-change-materials-and-their-applications",bookSignature:"Mohsen Mhadhbi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6656.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"228366",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohsen",surname:"Mhadhbi",slug:"mohsen-mhadhbi",fullName:"Mohsen Mhadhbi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6805",title:"Electrical and Electronic Properties of Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f6b6930e7ae9d0704f68b5c180526309",slug:"electrical-and-electronic-properties-of-materials",bookSignature:"Md. Kawsar Alam",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6805.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"199691",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Kawsar",surname:"Alam",slug:"md.-kawsar-alam",fullName:"Md. Kawsar Alam"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8417",title:"Recent Advances in Boron-Containing Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3737be3f785ef9d8b318571ab474f407",slug:"recent-advances-in-boron-containing-materials",bookSignature:"Metin Aydin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8417.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"27070",title:"Prof.",name:"Metin",surname:"Aydin",slug:"metin-aydin",fullName:"Metin Aydin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8812",title:"Contemporary Topics about Phosphorus in Biology and Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"86c427901f631db034a54b22dd765d6a",slug:"contemporary-topics-about-phosphorus-in-biology-and-materials",bookSignature:"David G. Churchill, Maja Dutour Sikirić, Božana Čolović and Helga Füredi Milhofer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8812.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"219335",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Churchill",slug:"david-churchill",fullName:"David Churchill"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"28591",title:"Influence of Current Pulse Shape on Directly Modulated Systems using Positive and Negative Dispersion Fibers",doi:"10.5772/27366",slug:"influence-of-current-pulse-shape-on-directly-modulated-systems-using-positive-and-negative-dispersio",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/28591.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/28591",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/28591",totalDownloads:2359,totalViews:78,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:0,impactScorePercentile:0,impactScoreQuartile:1,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"February 17th 2011",dateReviewed:"August 17th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"February 22nd 2012",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/28591",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/28591",book:{id:"2019",slug:"selected-topics-on-optical-fiber-technology"},signatures:"Paloma R. Horche and Carmina del Río Campos",authors:[{id:"44022",title:"Dr.",name:"Paloma",middleName:null,surname:"Rodríguez Horche",fullName:"Paloma Rodríguez Horche",slug:"paloma-rodriguez-horche",email:"phorche@tfo.upm.es",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"98353",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmina",middleName:null,surname:"Del Rio Campos",fullName:"Carmina Del Rio Campos",slug:"carmina-del-rio-campos",email:"carmina.eps@ceu.es",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"2019",type:"book",title:"Selected Topics on Optical Fiber Technology",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Selected Topics on Optical Fiber Technology",slug:"selected-topics-on-optical-fiber-technology",publishedDate:"February 22nd 2012",bookSignature:"Moh. Yasin, Sulaiman W. Harun and Hamzah Arof",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2019.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0091-1",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4353-6",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:160,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"294347",title:"Dr.",name:"Moh",middleName:null,surname:"Yasin",slug:"moh-yasin",fullName:"Moh Yasin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"14201",title:"Dr.",name:"Sulaiman Wadi",middleName:null,surname:"Harun",slug:"sulaiman-wadi-harun",fullName:"Sulaiman Wadi Harun"},coeditorTwo:{id:"23804",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamzah",middleName:null,surname:"Arof",slug:"hamzah-arof",fullName:"Hamzah Arof"},coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"754"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"28574",type:"chapter",title:"Rare-Earth Doped Optical Fibers",slug:"rare-earth-doped-optical-fibers",totalDownloads:3982,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Efraín Mejía-Beltrán",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"68890",title:"Dr.",name:"Efraín",middleName:null,surname:"Mejía Beltrán",fullName:"Efraín Mejía Beltrán",slug:"efrain-mejia-beltran"}]},{id:"28575",type:"chapter",title:"Fabrication of Large Core Yb2O3 Doped Phase Separated Yttria-Alumino Silicate Nano-Particles Based Optical Fiber for Use as Fiber Laser",slug:"fabrication-of-large-core-yb2o3-doped-phase-separated-yttria-alumino-silicate-nano-particles-based-o",totalDownloads:3872,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"M. C. Paul, A. V. Kir’yanov, S. Bysakh, S. Das, M. Pal, S. K. Bhadra, M. S. Yoo, A. J. Boyland and J. K. Sahu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"66454",title:"Dr.",name:"Mukul",middleName:"Chandra",surname:"Paul",fullName:"Mukul Paul",slug:"mukul-paul"},{id:"66458",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:"V",surname:"Kir’yanov",fullName:"Alexander Kir’yanov",slug:"alexander-kir'yanov"},{id:"66459",title:"Mr.",name:"Shyamal",middleName:null,surname:"Das",fullName:"Shyamal Das",slug:"shyamal-das"},{id:"66460",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmay",middleName:null,surname:"Pal",fullName:"Mrinmay Pal",slug:"mrinmay-pal"},{id:"66461",title:"Dr.",name:"Shyamal",middleName:null,surname:"Bhadra",fullName:"Shyamal Bhadra",slug:"shyamal-bhadra"},{id:"70381",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",middleName:"John",surname:"Boyland",fullName:"Alexander Boyland",slug:"alexander-boyland"},{id:"101337",title:"Dr.",name:"Seongwoo",middleName:null,surname:"Yoo",fullName:"Seongwoo Yoo",slug:"seongwoo-yoo"},{id:"101345",title:"Dr.",name:"Jayanta",middleName:null,surname:"Sahu",fullName:"Jayanta Sahu",slug:"jayanta-sahu"},{id:"120193",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandip",middleName:null,surname:"Bysakh",fullName:"Sandip Bysakh",slug:"sandip-bysakh"}]},{id:"28576",type:"chapter",title:"An Improved Method of Fabricating Rare Earth Doped Optical Fiber",slug:"an-improved-method-of-fabricating-rare-earth-doped-optical-fiber",totalDownloads:3638,totalCrossrefCites:6,signatures:"Ranjan Sen and Anirban Dhar",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"75170",title:"Dr.",name:"Ranjan",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",fullName:"Ranjan Sen",slug:"ranjan-sen"}]},{id:"28577",type:"chapter",title:"Tailoring of the Local Environment of Active Ions in Rare-Earth- and Transition-Metal-Doped Optical Fibres, and Potential Applications",slug:"tailoring-of-the-luminescent-ions-local-environment-in-optical-fibers-and-applications",totalDownloads:2383,totalCrossrefCites:5,signatures:"Bernard Dussardier, Wilfried Blanc and Pavel Peterka",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"80958",title:"Dr.",name:"Bernard",middleName:null,surname:"Dussardier",fullName:"Bernard Dussardier",slug:"bernard-dussardier"},{id:"81036",title:"Dr.",name:"Wilfried",middleName:null,surname:"Blanc",fullName:"Wilfried Blanc",slug:"wilfried-blanc"},{id:"83263",title:"Dr.",name:"Pavel",middleName:null,surname:"Peterka",fullName:"Pavel Peterka",slug:"pavel-peterka"}]},{id:"28578",type:"chapter",title:"Tunable Rare-Earth Doped Fiber Laser",slug:"tunable-rare-earth-doped-fiber-lasers-",totalDownloads:2524,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Arturo A. Castillo-Guzman and Romeo Selvas-Aguilar",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"79632",title:"Dr.",name:"Arturo",middleName:"Alberto",surname:"Castillo-Guzman",fullName:"Arturo Castillo-Guzman",slug:"arturo-castillo-guzman"},{id:"127697",title:"Dr.",name:"Romeo",middleName:null,surname:"Selvas-Aguilar",fullName:"Romeo Selvas-Aguilar",slug:"romeo-selvas-aguilar"}]},{id:"28579",type:"chapter",title:"Design of High Performance and Low-Cost Single Longitudinal Mode Laser Module for DWDM Application",slug:"design-of-high-performance-and-low-cost-single-longitudinal-mode-laser-module-for-dwdm-application",totalDownloads:3037,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Huei-Min Yang",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"66250",title:"Prof.",name:"Huei-Min",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",fullName:"Huei-Min Yang",slug:"huei-min-yang"}]},{id:"28580",type:"chapter",title:"Generation of Few Cycle Femtosecond Pulses via Supercontinuum in a Gas-Filled Hollow-Core Fiber",slug:"generation-of-few-cycle-femtosecond-pulses-via-supercontinuum-in-a-gas-filled-hollow-core-fiber",totalDownloads:3811,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Walid Tawfik Mohamed, Jungkwuen An and Dong Eon Kim",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"29738",title:"Prof.",name:"Dong Eon",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",fullName:"Dong Eon Kim",slug:"dong-eon-kim"},{id:"75932",title:"Prof.",name:"Walid",middleName:null,surname:"Tawfik Mohamed",fullName:"Walid Tawfik Mohamed",slug:"walid-tawfik-mohamed"},{id:"82288",title:"Mr.",name:"Jungkwuen",middleName:null,surname:"An",fullName:"Jungkwuen An",slug:"jungkwuen-an"}]},{id:"28581",type:"chapter",title:"Evanescent-Wave Pumped and Gain Coupled Whispering-Gallery-Mode Fibre Laser",slug:"evanescent-wave-pumped-and-gain-coupled-whispering-gallery-mode-fibre-laser",totalDownloads:2437,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Xiao-Yun Pu, Yuan-Xian Zhang and Li Feng",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"68599",title:"Prof.",name:"Xiao-Yun",middleName:null,surname:"Pu",fullName:"Xiao-Yun Pu",slug:"xiao-yun-pu"}]},{id:"28582",type:"chapter",title:"Optical Fiber Near Infrared Spectroscopy for Skin Moisture Measurement",slug:"optical-fiber-near-infrared-spectroscopy-for-skin-moisture-measurement",totalDownloads:4155,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Ahmad Fairuz Omar and Mohd Zubir MatJafri",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"11195",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Zubir",middleName:null,surname:"Mat Jafri",fullName:"Mohd Zubir Mat Jafri",slug:"mohd-zubir-mat-jafri"},{id:"66545",title:"Dr.",name:"A. F.",middleName:null,surname:"Omar",fullName:"A. F. Omar",slug:"a.-f.-omar"}]},{id:"28583",type:"chapter",title:"Live Cells as Optical Fibers in the Vertebrate Retina",slug:"live-cells-as-optical-fibers-in-the-vertebrate-retina-",totalDownloads:3123,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Andreas Reichenbach, Kristian Franze, Silke Agte, Stephan Junek, Antje Wurm, Jens Grosche, Alexej Savvinov, Jochen Guck and Serguei N. Skatchkov",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"68369",title:"Dr.",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Reichenbach",fullName:"Reichenbach",slug:"reichenbach"}]},{id:"28584",type:"chapter",title:"New Window on Optical Brain Imaging; Medical Development, Simulations and Applications",slug:"new-window-on-optical-brain-imaging-medical-development-simulations-and-applications",totalDownloads:2380,totalCrossrefCites:8,signatures:"Chemseddine Mansouri and Nasser H. Kashou",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"77988",title:"Dr.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"H",surname:"Kashou",fullName:"Nasser Kashou",slug:"nasser-kashou"},{id:"83317",title:"Dr.",name:"Chemseddine",middleName:null,surname:"Mansouri",fullName:"Chemseddine Mansouri",slug:"chemseddine-mansouri"}]},{id:"28585",type:"chapter",title:"Novel Conductive and Transparent Optical Fiber Probe for Multifunctional Scanning Tunneling Microscopy",slug:"multifunctional-fiber-",totalDownloads:2164,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Guo Xinli and Fujita Daisuki",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"68602",title:"Prof.",name:"Xinli",middleName:null,surname:"Guo",fullName:"Xinli Guo",slug:"xinli-guo"}]},{id:"28586",type:"chapter",title:"Applications of Optical Fibers to Spectroscopy: Detection of High Explosives and Other Threat Chemicals",slug:"applications-of-optical-fibers-to-spectroscopy",totalDownloads:4023,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Natalie Gaensbauer, Madeline Wrable-Rose, Gabriel Nieves-Colón, Migdalia Hidalgo-Santiago, Michael Ramírez, William Ortiz, Leonardo C. Pacheco-Londoño and Samuel P. Hernandez-Rivera",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"23018",title:"Dr.",name:"Samuel P.",middleName:null,surname:"Hernandez-Rivera",fullName:"Samuel P. Hernandez-Rivera",slug:"samuel-p.-hernandez-rivera"},{id:"77313",title:"Ms.",name:"Natalie",middleName:null,surname:"Gaensbauer",fullName:"Natalie Gaensbauer",slug:"natalie-gaensbauer"},{id:"77315",title:"Mr.",name:"William",middleName:null,surname:"Ortiz-Rivera",fullName:"William Ortiz-Rivera",slug:"william-ortiz-rivera"},{id:"77317",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonardo C.",middleName:null,surname:"Pacheco-Londoño",fullName:"Leonardo C. Pacheco-Londoño",slug:"leonardo-c.-pacheco-londono"},{id:"77318",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael L.",middleName:null,surname:"Ramirez-Cedeno",fullName:"Michael L. Ramirez-Cedeno",slug:"michael-l.-ramirez-cedeno"}]},{id:"28587",type:"chapter",title:"Phase-Shifting Point Diffraction Interferometer Having Two Point Light Sources of Single-Mode Optical Fibers",slug:"phase-shifting-point-diffraction-interferometer-having-two-point-light-sources-of-single-mode-optica",totalDownloads:3304,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Oshikane Yasushi, Nakano Motohiro and Inoue Haruyuki",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"68603",title:"Prof.",name:"Yasushi",middleName:null,surname:"Oshikane",fullName:"Yasushi Oshikane",slug:"yasushi-oshikane"},{id:"80121",title:"Prof.",name:"Motohiro",middleName:null,surname:"Nakano",fullName:"Motohiro Nakano",slug:"motohiro-nakano"},{id:"80122",title:"Prof.",name:"Haruyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Inoue",fullName:"Haruyuki Inoue",slug:"haruyuki-inoue"}]},{id:"28588",type:"chapter",title:"“Crystalline” Plastic Optical Fiber with Excellent Heat-Resistant Property",slug:"-crystalline-plastic-optical-fiber-with-excellent-heat-resistant-property-",totalDownloads:2764,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Atsuhiro Fujimori",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"68378",title:"Dr.",name:"Atsuhiro",middleName:null,surname:"Fujimori",fullName:"Atsuhiro Fujimori",slug:"atsuhiro-fujimori"}]},{id:"28589",type:"chapter",title:"Design and Characterization of Single-Mode Microstructured Fibers with Improved Bend Performance",slug:"design-and-characterization-of-single-mode-microstructured-fibers-with-improved-bend-performance",totalDownloads:2129,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Vladimir Demidov, Konstantin Dukel’skii and Victor Shevandin",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"70285",title:"Prof.",name:"Victor",middleName:null,surname:"Shevandin",fullName:"Victor Shevandin",slug:"victor-shevandin"},{id:"120140",title:"Mr.",name:"Vladimir",middleName:null,surname:"Demidov",fullName:"Vladimir Demidov",slug:"vladimir-demidov"},{id:"120141",title:"Mr.",name:"Konstantin",middleName:null,surname:"Dukel'Skii",fullName:"Konstantin Dukel'Skii",slug:"konstantin-dukel'skii"}]},{id:"28590",type:"chapter",title:"Fabrication and Applications of Microfiber",slug:"fabrication-and-applications-of-microfiber",totalDownloads:3977,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"K. S. Lim, S. W. Harun, H. Arof and H. Ahmad",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"14201",title:"Dr.",name:"Sulaiman Wadi",middleName:null,surname:"Harun",fullName:"Sulaiman Wadi Harun",slug:"sulaiman-wadi-harun"}]},{id:"28591",type:"chapter",title:"Influence of Current Pulse Shape on Directly Modulated Systems using Positive and Negative Dispersion Fibers",slug:"influence-of-current-pulse-shape-on-directly-modulated-systems-using-positive-and-negative-dispersio",totalDownloads:2359,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Paloma R. Horche and Carmina del Río Campos",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"44022",title:"Dr.",name:"Paloma",middleName:null,surname:"Rodríguez Horche",fullName:"Paloma Rodríguez Horche",slug:"paloma-rodriguez-horche"},{id:"98353",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmina",middleName:null,surname:"Del Rio Campos",fullName:"Carmina Del Rio Campos",slug:"carmina-del-rio-campos"}]},{id:"28592",type:"chapter",title:"Mechanical Properties of Optical Fibers",slug:"mechanical-properties-of-optical-fibers",totalDownloads:8432,totalCrossrefCites:13,signatures:"Paulo Antunes, Fátima Domingues, Marco Granada and Paulo André",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"49291",title:"Dr.",name:"Paulo",middleName:null,surname:"André",fullName:"Paulo André",slug:"paulo-andre"},{id:"52661",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:"Fátima",surname:"Domingues",fullName:"Maria Domingues",slug:"maria-domingues"},{id:"72988",title:"Dr.",name:"Paulo",middleName:"Fernando Da Costa",surname:"Antunes",fullName:"Paulo Antunes",slug:"paulo-antunes"},{id:"72989",title:"BSc.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Granada",fullName:"Marco Granada",slug:"marco-granada"}]},{id:"28593",type:"chapter",title:"Fiber Fuse Propagation Behavior",slug:"fiber-fuse-propagation-behavior",totalDownloads:2297,totalCrossrefCites:9,signatures:"Shin-ichi Todoroki",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"66429",title:"Dr.",name:"Shin-Ichi",middleName:null,surname:"Todoroki",fullName:"Shin-Ichi Todoroki",slug:"shin-ichi-todoroki"}]},{id:"28594",type:"chapter",title:"Radiation Induced by Charged Particles in Optical Fibers",slug:"radiation-induced-by-charged-particles-in-optical-fibres",totalDownloads:1739,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Xavier Artru and Cédric Ray",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"76878",title:"Dr.",name:"Xavier",middleName:null,surname:"Artru",fullName:"Xavier Artru",slug:"xavier-artru"},{id:"77456",title:"Prof.",name:"Cédric",middleName:null,surname:"Ray",fullName:"Cédric Ray",slug:"cedric-ray"}]},{id:"28595",type:"chapter",title:"Non Linear Optic in Fiber Bragg Grating",slug:"non-linear-optic-in-fiber-bragg-grating",totalDownloads:3754,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Toto Saktioto and Jalil Ali",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"103613",title:"Dr.",name:"Toto",middleName:null,surname:"Saktioto",fullName:"Toto Saktioto",slug:"toto-saktioto"}]},{id:"28596",type:"chapter",title:"Optical Fibers and Optical Fiber Sensors Used in Radiation Monitoring",slug:"optical-fibers-and-optical-fiber-sensors-used-in-radiation-monitoring",totalDownloads:4528,totalCrossrefCites:10,signatures:"Dan Sporea, Adelina Sporea, Sinead O’Keeffe, Denis McCarthy and Elfed Lewis",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"5392",title:"Dr.",name:"Dan",middleName:null,surname:"Sporea",fullName:"Dan Sporea",slug:"dan-sporea"},{id:"85843",title:"Dr.",name:"Adelina",middleName:null,surname:"Sporea",fullName:"Adelina Sporea",slug:"adelina-sporea"},{id:"85844",title:"Dr.",name:"Sinéad",middleName:null,surname:"O'Keeffe",fullName:"Sinéad O'Keeffe",slug:"sinead-o'keeffe"},{id:"85845",title:"BSc.",name:"Denis",middleName:null,surname:"McCarthy",fullName:"Denis McCarthy",slug:"denis-mccarthy"},{id:"85846",title:"Prof.",name:"Elfed",middleName:null,surname:"Lewis",fullName:"Elfed Lewis",slug:"elfed-lewis"}]},{id:"28597",type:"chapter",title:'Nanoparticles On A String – Fiber Probes as "Invisible" Positioners for Nanostructures',slug:"nanoparticles-on-a-string-fiber-probes-as-invisible-positioners-for-nanostructures",totalDownloads:1942,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Phillip Olk",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"73889",title:"Dr.",name:"Phillip",middleName:null,surname:"Olk",fullName:"Phillip Olk",slug:"phillip-olk"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"870",title:"Fiber Optic Sensors",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b41e258dba019293f00f1b15fcfa1725",slug:"fiber-optic-sensors",bookSignature:"Moh. Yasin, Sulaiman W. Harun and Hamzah Arof",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/870.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"294347",title:"Dr.",name:"Moh",surname:"Yasin",slug:"moh-yasin",fullName:"Moh Yasin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"29100",title:"Optical Fiber Sensors: An Overview",slug:"optical-fiber-sensors-an-overview",signatures:"Jesus Castrellon-Uribe",authors:[{id:"74217",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"Castrellon-Uribe",fullName:"Jesus Castrellon-Uribe",slug:"jesus-castrellon-uribe"}]},{id:"29101",title:"Optical Fiber Sensing Applications: Detection and Identification of Gases and Volatile Organic Compounds",slug:"optical-fiber-sensing-applications-detection-and-identification-of-gases-and-volatile-organic-compou",signatures:"Cesar Elosua, Candido Bariain and Ignacio R. Matias",authors:[{id:"74016",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Elosua",fullName:"Cesar Elosua",slug:"cesar-elosua"},{id:"80966",title:"Dr.",name:"Candido",middleName:null,surname:"Bariain",fullName:"Candido Bariain",slug:"candido-bariain"},{id:"80968",title:"Prof.",name:"Ignacio",middleName:null,surname:"Matias",fullName:"Ignacio Matias",slug:"ignacio-matias"}]},{id:"29102",title:"Intrinsic Optical Fiber Sensor",slug:"intrinsic-optical-fiber-sensor",signatures:"Sylvain Lecler and Patrick Meyrueis",authors:[{id:"68778",title:"Dr.",name:"Patrick",middleName:null,surname:"Meyrueis",fullName:"Patrick Meyrueis",slug:"patrick-meyrueis"},{id:"120138",title:"Dr.",name:"Sylvain",middleName:null,surname:"Lecler",fullName:"Sylvain Lecler",slug:"sylvain-lecler"}]},{id:"29103",title:"Life-Cycle Monitoring and Safety Evaluation of Critical Energy Infrastructure Using Full-Scale Distributed Optical Fiber Sensors",slug:"life-cycle-monitoring-and-safety-evaluation-of-critical-energy-infrastructure-using-full-scale-distr",signatures:"Zhi Zhou, Jianping He and Jinping Ou",authors:[{id:"68577",title:"Prof.",name:"Zhi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",fullName:"Zhi Zhou",slug:"zhi-zhou"}]},{id:"29104",title:"Characterization of Brillouin Gratings in Optical Fibers and Their Applications",slug:"characterization-of-brillouin-gratings-in-optical-fibers-and-their-applications",signatures:"Yongkang Dong, Hongying Zhang, Dapeng Zhou, Xiaoyi Bao and Liang Chen",authors:[{id:"68775",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongkang",middleName:null,surname:"Dong",fullName:"Yongkang Dong",slug:"yongkang-dong"}]},{id:"29105",title:"Synthesis of Two-Frequency Symmetrical Radiation and Its Application in Fiber Optical Structures Monitoring",slug:"synthesis-of-two-frequency-symmetrical-radiation-and-its-application-in-fiber-optical-structures-mon",signatures:"Oleg Morozov, German Il’in, Gennady Morozov and Tagir Sadeev",authors:[{id:"69648",title:"Prof.",name:"Oleg",middleName:null,surname:"Morozov",fullName:"Oleg Morozov",slug:"oleg-morozov"},{id:"71962",title:"Prof.",name:"Gennady",middleName:null,surname:"Morozov",fullName:"Gennady Morozov",slug:"gennady-morozov"},{id:"71964",title:"Dr.",name:"Tagir",middleName:null,surname:"Sadeev",fullName:"Tagir Sadeev",slug:"tagir-sadeev"},{id:"120647",title:"Prof.",name:"German",middleName:null,surname:"Il'In",fullName:"German Il'In",slug:"german-il'in"}]},{id:"29106",title:"A Novel Approach to Evaluate the Sensitivities of the Optical Fiber Evanescent Field Sensors",slug:"a-novel-approach-to-evaluate-the-sensitivities-of-the-optical-fiber-evanescent-field-sensors",signatures:"Xuye Zhuang, Pinghua Li and Jun Yao",authors:[{id:"69742",title:"Dr.",name:"Xuye",middleName:null,surname:"Zhuang",fullName:"Xuye Zhuang",slug:"xuye-zhuang"}]},{id:"29107",title:"Tapered Optical Fibers – An Investigative Approach to the Helical and Liquid Crystal Types",slug:"tapered-optical-fibers-an-investigative-approach-to-the-helical-and-liquid-crystal-types",signatures:"P. K. Choudhury",authors:[{id:"205744",title:"Dr.",name:"Pankaj",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar Choudhury",fullName:"Pankaj Kumar Choudhury",slug:"pankaj-kumar-choudhury"}]},{id:"29108",title:"Robust Fiber-Integrated High-Q Microsphere for Practical Sensing Applications",slug:"robust-fiber-integrated-high-q-microsphere-for-practical-sensing-applications",signatures:"Ying-Zhan Yan, Shu-Bin Yan, Zhe Ji, Da-Gong Jia, Chen-Yang Xue, Jun Liu, Wen-Dong Zhang and Ji-Jun Xiong",authors:[{id:"77080",title:"Dr.",name:"Yan",middleName:null,surname:"Yingzhan",fullName:"Yan Yingzhan",slug:"yan-yingzhan"}]},{id:"29109",title:"Optical Effects Connected with Coherent Polarized Light Propagation Through a Step-Index Fiber",slug:"optical-effects-connected-with-coherent-polarized-light-propagation-through-a-step-index-fiber",signatures:"Maxim Bolshakov, Alexander Ershov and Natalia Kundikova",authors:[{id:"76795",title:"Prof.",name:"Nataliya",middleName:"D.",surname:"Kundikova",fullName:"Nataliya Kundikova",slug:"nataliya-kundikova"}]},{id:"29110",title:"Long Period Fibre Gratings",slug:"long-period-fibre-gratings",signatures:"Alejandro Martinez-Rios, David Monzon-Hernandez, Ismael Torres-Gomez and Guillermo Salceda-Delgado",authors:[{id:"71293",title:"Dr.",name:"Alejandro",middleName:null,surname:"Martinez-Rios",fullName:"Alejandro Martinez-Rios",slug:"alejandro-martinez-rios"},{id:"79581",title:"Dr.",name:"Ismael",middleName:null,surname:"Torres-Gomez",fullName:"Ismael Torres-Gomez",slug:"ismael-torres-gomez"},{id:"79582",title:"Dr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Monson-Hernandez",fullName:"David Monson-Hernandez",slug:"david-monson-hernandez"},{id:"79583",title:"BSc.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Salceda-Delgado",fullName:"Guillermo Salceda-Delgado",slug:"guillermo-salceda-delgado"}]},{id:"29111",title:"Long Period Fiber Grating Produced by Arc Discharges",slug:"long-period-fiber-grating-produced-by-arc-discharges",signatures:"Julián M. Estudillo-Ayala, Ruth I. Mata-Chávez, Juan C. Hernández-García and Roberto Rojas-Laguna",authors:[{id:"67610",title:"Dr.",name:"Julian",middleName:"Moises",surname:"Estudillo-Ayala",fullName:"Julian Estudillo-Ayala",slug:"julian-estudillo-ayala"},{id:"121085",title:"Dr.",name:"Ruth I.",middleName:null,surname:"Mata-Chavez",fullName:"Ruth I. Mata-Chavez",slug:"ruth-i.-mata-chavez"},{id:"121086",title:"MSc.",name:"Juan C.",middleName:null,surname:"Hernández-Garcia",fullName:"Juan C. Hernández-Garcia",slug:"juan-c.-hernandez-garcia"},{id:"121087",title:"Dr.",name:"Roberto",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas-Laguna",fullName:"Roberto Rojas-Laguna",slug:"roberto-rojas-laguna"}]},{id:"29112",title:"Fibre Sensing System Based on Long-Period Gratings for Monitoring Aqueous Environments",slug:"fibre-sensing-system-based-on-long-period-gratings-for-monitoring-aqueous-environments",signatures:"Catarina Silva, João M. P. Coelho, Paulo Caldas and Pedro Jorge",authors:[{id:"69870",title:"MSc.",name:"Catarina",middleName:"Eira",surname:"Silva",fullName:"Catarina Silva",slug:"catarina-silva"},{id:"76286",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Joao",middleName:"M. P.",surname:"Coelho",fullName:"Joao Coelho",slug:"joao-coelho"},{id:"76287",title:"MSc.",name:"Paulo",middleName:null,surname:"Caldas",fullName:"Paulo Caldas",slug:"paulo-caldas"},{id:"76290",title:"Dr.",name:"Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Jorge",fullName:"Pedro Jorge",slug:"pedro-jorge"}]},{id:"29113",title:"High-Birefringent Fiber Loop Mirror Sensors: New Developments",slug:"high-birefringent-fiber-loop-mirror-sensors-new-developments",signatures:"Marta S. Ferreira, Ricardo M. Silva and Orlando Frazão",authors:[{id:"66390",title:"Dr.",name:"Orlando",middleName:null,surname:"Frazão",fullName:"Orlando Frazão",slug:"orlando-frazao"},{id:"71757",title:"Dr.",name:"Marta",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira",fullName:"Marta Ferreira",slug:"marta-ferreira"},{id:"71758",title:"MSc.",name:"Ricardo",middleName:null,surname:"Silva",fullName:"Ricardo Silva",slug:"ricardo-silva"}]},{id:"29114",title:"Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors and Their Applications",slug:"fiber-optic-displacement-sensors-and-their-applications",signatures:"S. W. Harun, M. Yasin, H. Z. Yang and H. Ahmad",authors:[{id:"294347",title:"Dr.",name:"Moh",middleName:null,surname:"Yasin",fullName:"Moh Yasin",slug:"moh-yasin"},{id:"14201",title:"Dr.",name:"Sulaiman Wadi",middleName:null,surname:"Harun",fullName:"Sulaiman Wadi Harun",slug:"sulaiman-wadi-harun"},{id:"17620",title:"Prof.",name:"Harith",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",fullName:"Harith Ahmad",slug:"harith-ahmad"},{id:"23804",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamzah",middleName:null,surname:"Arof",fullName:"Hamzah Arof",slug:"hamzah-arof"},{id:"36625",title:"Dr.",name:"H.Z.",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",fullName:"H.Z. Yang",slug:"h.z.-yang"}]},{id:"29115",title:"Sensing Applications for Plastic Optical Fibres in Civil Engineering",slug:"sensing-applications-for-plastic-optical-fibres-in-civil-engineering",signatures:"Kevin S. C. Kuang",authors:[{id:"80102",title:"Dr.",name:"Kevin",middleName:null,surname:"Kuang",fullName:"Kevin Kuang",slug:"kevin-kuang"}]},{id:"29116",title:"Plastic Optical Fiber pH Sensor Using a Sol-Gel Sensing Matrix",slug:"plastic-optical-fiber-ph-sensor-using-a-sol-gel-sensing-matrix",signatures:"Luigi Rovati, Paola Fabbri, Luca Ferrari and Francesco Pilati",authors:[{id:"66939",title:"Prof.",name:"Luigi",middleName:null,surname:"Rovati",fullName:"Luigi Rovati",slug:"luigi-rovati"},{id:"77433",title:"Dr.",name:"Paola",middleName:null,surname:"Fabbri",fullName:"Paola Fabbri",slug:"paola-fabbri"},{id:"77434",title:"Dr.",name:"Luca",middleName:null,surname:"Ferrari",fullName:"Luca Ferrari",slug:"luca-ferrari"},{id:"77435",title:"Prof.",name:"Francesco",middleName:null,surname:"Pilati",fullName:"Francesco Pilati",slug:"francesco-pilati"}]},{id:"29117",title:"Mechanical Property and Strain Transferring Mechanism in Optical Fiber Sensors",slug:"mechanical-property-and-strain-transferring-mechanism-in-optical-fiber-sensors",signatures:"Dongsheng Li, Liang Ren and Hongnan Li",authors:[{id:"71313",title:"Prof.",name:"Dongsheng",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Dongsheng Li",slug:"dongsheng-li"}]},{id:"29118",title:"High-Sensitivity Detection of Bioluminescence at an Optical Fiber End for an ATP Sensor",slug:"high-sensitivity-detection-of-bioluminescence-at-an-optical-fiber-end-for-an-atp-sensor",signatures:"Masataka Iinuma, Yasuyuki Ushio, Akio Kuroda and Yutaka Kadoya",authors:[{id:"71876",title:"Dr.",name:"Masataka",middleName:null,surname:"Iinuma",fullName:"Masataka Iinuma",slug:"masataka-iinuma"},{id:"77089",title:"Mr.",name:"Yasuyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Ushio",fullName:"Yasuyuki Ushio",slug:"yasuyuki-ushio"},{id:"77090",title:"Prof.",name:"Akio",middleName:null,surname:"Kuroda",fullName:"Akio Kuroda",slug:"akio-kuroda"},{id:"77091",title:"Prof.",name:"Yutaka",middleName:null,surname:"Kadoya",fullName:"Yutaka Kadoya",slug:"yutaka-kadoya"}]},{id:"29119",title:"Fiber Optics for Thermometry in Hyperthermia Therapy",slug:"fiber-optics-for-thermometry-in-hyperthermia-therapy",signatures:"Mario Francisco Jesús Cepeda Rubio, Arturo Vera Hernández and Lorenzo Leija Salas",authors:[{id:"2923",title:"Dr.",name:"Arturo",middleName:null,surname:"Vera",fullName:"Arturo Vera",slug:"arturo-vera"},{id:"72998",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Francisco Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"Cepeda Rubio",fullName:"Mario Francisco Jesus Cepeda Rubio",slug:"mario-francisco-jesus-cepeda-rubio"},{id:"73840",title:"Dr.",name:"Lorenzo",middleName:null,surname:"Leija Salas",fullName:"Lorenzo Leija Salas",slug:"lorenzo-leija-salas"}]},{id:"29120",title:"White Light Sensing Systems for High Voltage Measuring Using Electro-Optical Modulators as Sensor and Recover Interferometers",slug:"white-light-sensing-systems-for-high-voltage-measuring-using-electro-optical-modulators-as-sensor-an",signatures:"Josemir C. Santos, José C. J. Almeida and Luiz P. C. Silva",authors:[{id:"75935",title:"Prof.",name:"Josemir",middleName:null,surname:"Santos",fullName:"Josemir Santos",slug:"josemir-santos"},{id:"77093",title:"Dr.",name:"José",middleName:null,surname:"Almeida",fullName:"José Almeida",slug:"jose-almeida"},{id:"77094",title:"Dr.",name:"Luiz",middleName:null,surname:"Da Silva",fullName:"Luiz Da Silva",slug:"luiz-da-silva"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2478",title:"Optical Communication",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f8af14196b5429d6bf9fcb7db0a39199",slug:"optical-communication",bookSignature:"Narottam Das",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2478.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"15357",title:"Dr.",name:"Narottam",surname:"Das",slug:"narottam-das",fullName:"Narottam Das"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2992",title:"Current Trends in Short- and Long-period Fiber Gratings",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ea3b8fc542d07312526928ba5bac062",slug:"current-trends-in-short-and-long-period-fiber-gratings",bookSignature:"Christian Cuadrado-Laborde",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2992.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"29543",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",surname:"Cuadrado-Laborde",slug:"christian-cuadrado-laborde",fullName:"Christian Cuadrado-Laborde"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3360",title:"Current Developments in Optical Fiber Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"834b9a9593a62b116d2101815fd94dd3",slug:"current-developments-in-optical-fiber-technology",bookSignature:"Sulaiman Wadi Harun and Hamzah Arof",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3360.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"17617",title:"Dr.",name:"Sulaiman Wadi",surname:"Harun",slug:"sulaiman-wadi-harun",fullName:"Sulaiman Wadi Harun"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4494",title:"Advances in Optical Communication",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8cd5ba4d56db55598d255b1d4f9e9519",slug:"advances-in-optical-communication",bookSignature:"Narottam Das",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4494.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"15357",title:"Dr.",name:"Narottam",surname:"Das",slug:"narottam-das",fullName:"Narottam Das"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"77524",title:"The Grief Elaboration Process in the Pandemic Scenario: A Group Intervention",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98837",slug:"the-grief-elaboration-process-in-the-pandemic-scenario-a-group-intervention",body:'1. Introduction
One of the greatest challenges to Psychology that arose from the COVID-19 pandemic was the accommodation of several mental health demands. The cases of anxiety, depression, sleep disorders and so many other complications resulting from the collective trauma faced by the global population are undeniable [1, 2]. However, after more than one year of pandemic, especially in Brazil, where in May 2021 the tragic mark of over 450,000 deaths was reached, grief has been one of the most frequent and significant reasons for requests for interventions in mental health. The complex process of mourning involves several variables and, with the sanitary restrictions that have prevented meaningful rituals practiced in the culture from happening, the impacts have been intense. The purpose of this chapter is to present a psychological intervention experience aimed at people who have lost their loved ones to COVID-19. The sessions were held virtually and gathered people from different regions of Brazil, and also abroad, for six weekly two-hour meetings. The theoretical basis adopted was that of Narrative Therapy, for proving itself a conceptual model that has contributed significantly to redefine the experiences of loss and trauma.
2. Death, mourning and meanings in narrative therapy
Understanding death and losses in natural situations is, in itself, extremely difficult, for it invokes the theme of finitude of the materialized form in a society in which this theme is taboo. In the pandemic scenario, large-scale deaths, associated with deprivation of physical contact as a result of sanitary measures, require the bereaved to have even more resources to deal with adversity and get in touch with their own pain. In several situations, the thinking that prevails among people who offer social support is that the mourner should let go of the person who passed away, be involved in actions that distract them, and avoid thinking about the deceased. According to Campillo, it’s reprehensible what modern thinking advocates about recovering from the pain of loss through the mechanism of moving on with life without a loved one, letting them go [3]. The postmodern proposal expands and enriches this vision, proposing a new look. In this conception, death is not considered an end, but an invitation to a new relationship, in which connections may keep on growing and improving even after death. White in his work “Saying hello again” develops this less hegemonic way of acting with people devastated by the loss of loved ones, because faced with this suffering, the author understands that one doesn’t lose only a person, but with them also goes part of one’s sense of identity [4]. The author’s proposal is that the emptiness and paralysis that the mourners experience should move towards the recovery of the relationship with the departed. Listening to the experiences with those who have passed away and bringing the importance of their presence in the life of the mourner and their contributions to the mourner’s sense of identity becomes a work with grief capable of promoting new meanings.
3. Building a welcoming space: the conditions and attitudes for working with grief
Imagine the pain of one who has experienced mourning in the conditions of the pandemic. Receiving the COVID-19 diagnosis is culturally represented as a sentence in which death is quickly considered. Therapists, from the moment of first contact with the mourner, already need to convey the idea of a space where they should feel comfortable. It is necessary to clarify that the participant is the one guiding the conversation, electing what to share and when to do so, characterizing a respectful and collaborative process [5].
For White, it is very important that the therapeutic interaction is centered on the person being assisted and not on the therapist [6]. According to White and Epston, the narrative method places the person as the protagonist or as a participant in their own world [7]. For the author, retelling a story is telling a new story. It is understood, therefore, that the therapist is the specialist in the process and the client is the specialist in the content, hence the importance of the questions and of the accommodating space without judgment or restrictions that may intimidate the spontaneous retelling of those who want and need to share their stories.
Campillo points out the importance of the double listening in the therapist’s job in the case of mourning and of people who have undergone recent traumas [3]. What does that mean? While the therapist must give full importance to what the person wants to report from their traumatic experience, they must also be attentive to expressions that show how a person responded to this traumatic event. The double listening observes any sign of events, values and desires that the person shows, even when reporting the story saturated with problems, which is the description of trauma. Through the double listening the therapist plays the role of the external witness, who will seek to identify in the conversation words that imply other meanings, and in reflecting them to the participant, allow them to listen in their own words their desires, values, dreams, life principles, resources and everything that was observed in their narrative that was obscured by emphasizing the problem.
4. Conversations of re-membering
The main bases of this work of reconnecting with significant people is what White called conversations of re-membering [8]. This therapeutic practice was inspired by the work of cultural anthropologist Bárbara Myerhoff. The metaphor is based on the idea of a life club, in which there are members that are validated or canceled. Thus, the mourning process rescues the relationships built with the person who has passed away, considering the identities, life knowledge, legacies and mutual learning. White warns that they are not passive memories, but intentional engagements that promote identity marks. These conversations are based on two sets of questions for this mapping. The first set refers to retelling how the meaningful figure has contributed to the person’s life, detailing how this connection has promoted this process, while the second set invites the person to see the contributions that they themselves have given to the life of this meaningful figure, detailing how this has happened.
It is important to mention that conversations in Narrative Therapy generate contexts for activating skills for creation of meaning. The process allows deconstructing ideas contained in the stories to find different conceptions, allowing new meanings for the lived experiences.
5. Accommodating people who lost their families to COVID-19: mourning and their stories
The pandemic declared in March 2020 in Brazil brought as one of its most nefarious effects the death of over 450 thousand Brazilians in the period of 14 months. Unfortunately, even with the advent of vaccination, control over contagion and the intense need for hospitalizations has not yet occurred and the number of deaths is still on the rise. Therefore, there are thousands of mourners who demand an urgent look at their mental health and help in the grieving process.
As members of the Committee for Mental Health and Psychosocial Support of the University of Brasilia, we offered a support group, with a proposal for six weekly two-hour long sessions, in which, based on the work of narrative therapy, we developed a welcoming space to people from all over the country and even abroad who shared the experience of having family members who passed away due to COVID-19.
The groups were open to anyone who was 18 years older and had internet access. We published invitations to the support group on social networks, the university’s website, and the local media. It was offered for free. Those who were interested in participating fulfilled an online application form. After applications, the groups were divided according to the participants’ age. Two psychologists acted as co-therapists and facilitators of each group, accompanied by undergraduate psychology students who observed the sessions and were responsible for their written records. The two authors of this chapter supervised both the psychologists and the students. The weekly supervisions were divided into two moments. In the pre-session, the team discussed the topics that would be approached in the following session and possible doubts or questions. In the post-session, the team discussed what had occurred in the session, the therapists’ interventions, feelings, and resonances, as also plans for the next session. During the sessions, the supervisors were online available to assist the therapists in case of need.
We will now describe the procedure and report the experience, connecting it with the theoretical aspects on which we have based the intervention (Table 1).
Themes of the sessions |
1. Knowing the group and establishing agreements. |
2. Investigating the support network and resources |
3. Introducing the loved one and their stories |
4. Connection between the people introduced and resonances |
5. Searching for community resources and networks |
6. Moving forward and revitalizing projects with the strength of legacies |
In this proposition, the first meeting is crucial for the construction of a collaborative, dialogical proposal, in which members of the group can feel that their emotions will be welcomed in all their expressions. It is fundamental that in the online model, the bond and the creation of a welcoming virtual space are ensured so that all of them can feel belonging to this community that has signed up to share their painful experience with people who are able to understand it. In the groups we offer, it is very common for this moment to be one of openness and expectation. After clarifying how the group will work, it is common for participants to be anxious to reveal their painful processes of accompanying their loved ones, from the moment of diagnosis until death, revealing the hurtful, intense and fast period in which the disease develops and worsens. Participants usually bring impactful reports and, for the most part, describe the experience as traumatic, touching others with their emotional narratives.
This session clearly shows what Campillo points out about the need for people who experience recurrent trauma to be heard about everything they elect to share about the traumatic experience [9]. But at the same time, it is vital that in our listening as facilitators we notice the signs that the person continues to value their life, despite what they have experienced. The author states that no person is a passive recipient of trauma. As severe as the experience of loss may be, it is always possible to recognize a movement and this can and should be recognized by those listening. Even in the face of a trauma of great magnitude, people tend to take the necessary measures to protect themselves and preserve what they value.
The initial question of the session is intended to promote the narrative practice of double-listening, where we are interested in listening to more than one story [10, 11]. The tendency is that people present only a narrative of negative effects, which hides responses of resistance and resources, seeming to trap them in their impotence. Double-listening allows us not only to listen to the first story, centered around the effects and impacts of trauma, but to a second story, based on the responses, on the strategies used, and on what they value in their lives. For narrative therapists, committed to an emancipatory action, this will allow to awaken the sense of agency and the discovery of a favorite story, which shows that despite the trauma, there is no submission and passivity [12]. A clear example, in the grief for having lost family members by COVID-19, is the attitude of wanting to be in a group, sign up, be present and bravely share their emotions. Another example is when one participant exposes how inspired they were by the attitude of another in regards to the responses and resources; they feel surprised and are able to see through the eyes of the other their own sense of identity recognized. The idea of Michael White (2006) was to deconstruct the “no pain, no gain” saying, creating a space in which is possible to relive less of the details of trauma and instead create a safe territory of identity for people to express their experiences. It is not avoiding the description or intimidating it, but warning about conversations about only one story.
In the second session, people who have not yet described their traumatic experience of loss are encouraged to speak. The beginning of the session happens with people speaking about how it felt to be in a group sharing so much pain and resources. Although the reports mention the pain experienced in listening to the traumatic losses, the group members recognize the positive stories even through adversity. As facilitators, we have also chosen not to emphasize the dominant discourses that are destined to tragic stories, highlighting the horror of death and lamenting the details of the rapid assisted degeneration. We invest, as facilitators, in the exceptions that compose the alternative story, such as the ways of expressing love and care, so delicately described by the participants when reporting their actions along this journey. Our questions and interventions always look for practical stories of hope and it is possible to see that in the retellings. For example, in one of our groups, a daughter blamed herself for not being able to say goodbye. Instead of emphasizing the practice of this ritual that is suspended by the pandemic, we revisited all the manifestations of celebration of her father’s life, while she was in his company. These positive expressions took the daughter away from her helplessness and filled her with hope about how good it was to know that her father died having received so many gestures and words that showed her love.
This session is also dedicated to the narratives about which support they could count on at that time. According to Campillo, all support is valid, whether it includes people, communities, spirituality or others [3]. The conversations should center on how these resources worked in other situations and whether they could be used in this moment of death of family members by COVID-19. The kind of questions that are asked invites not only to investigate the support received, but also the way in which they are seeking this support and whether they are managing to formulate this request.
To illustrate, we observed that there are surprises around this network capable of supporting this moment. For instance, in one of our groups a person brought their outrage about the way the inventorying process occurs, with tight law deadlines which disregard the pain of the mourner. To help solve this, they counted on professionals who worked with their deceased father and who knew how to conduct this moment with great sensitivity, helping with practical resolutions as well as being emotional supportive. The group also frequently expresses how much some of its members have played this supporting role, by promoting identifications with stories and resources reported in the group. Even if no answers are obtained, it is very important to suggest reflection. In this regard, something else that appeared were networks which, instead of supporting, judge and prescribe behaviors for the experience of mourning, and which are also narratives that must be accommodated. At the end of this session, we propose a conversation of re-membering and how they would like to introduce in more detail the people who passed away, bringing the metaphor of the life club and how it would be their action to make this person a member, seeking the permanent connection, regardless of their physical absence, and sharing their legacy. So we propose that this introduction be accompanied by photographs, objects, songs, and whatever else the mourner wishes to bring to represent the deceased person and illustrate their relationship with them.
The third and fourth sessions are dedicated to conversations of re-membering, which are mediated by sets of questions that retrieve stories and testimonies about the person who has passed away. According to White, the questions are specifically to create a space where those in the group can incorporate the presence of the deceased person in their own life and identity in a more enriching way [6]. Speeches that recommend forgetting the one who has passed, overcoming the pain and moving on seem to belittle the richness of the stories that are lived by people with their loved ones. So the questions turn to another aspect: recovering this connection with the deceased person, which allows them to see how much this person is present in their life and that this relationship remains after death, although they need other ways to relate. For this, we suggest that these people be introduced to us through photographs, stories, songs, objects, texts; in short, that they seek this connection so that, when telling about the person, they recover affective memories that also transmit values and legacies.
The participants work hard to share these narratives in the group and this moment is accompanied by a lot of emotion. Initially we invite them to retell how this significant figure contributed to their life, and following that, how this connection impacted their identity and who they are today. This first set of questions is very easy to detect, since the countless stories and adventures lived with these people quickly flood the session with laid-back moments. It is common for very beautiful narratives to emerge, narratives that describe scenarios of action, with adventures, strolls, family habits, recent and old photos that retrieve an account of many contributions from this person to life and to what they take as learning and transformation of themselves from this relationship.
However, this is not the biggest challenge of the conversation of re-membering. The most difficult, but necessary, is the second set of questions, which address the contribution that the participant left in the life of the person who has passed away. Here, the way in which this person contributed to the identity of the deceased person is also recovered. These are questions that many times were not considered by the participants. The power of this last set of reflections is in the concept of agency. The person who lost a loved one so far only saw a void left by their absence and saw themselves as a victim of this loss. But seeing the transformations they have promoted in the life and identity of the deceased person also shows the reciprocity of this transformation.
After the loss of a dear person by COVID-19, it is common for one to have their sense of self reduced and to feel lost about what to value. Invigorating this sense from their values and the restoration of their projects is the objective of this session. In some of our groups, we observed participants who managed to revitalize these connections based on our questions about this contribution: a mourner daughter made it clear that her deceased father had not known how to express gestures of affection and that it was in his relationship with her that he learned. Another participant pointed out how much her mother was able to understand that her strictness and perfectionism were unnecessary stressors and this was learned with her as a daughter. Other members of the group pointed out the deconstruction of prejudices and other forms of revision of values as a merit of living with the deceased, which led to the awareness of their active role in the contribution of values that were also transformed in the lives of those who had passed away. At that moment, it is clearly observed that the bereaved person does not see passively the legacy of those they have lost, but sharpens the sense of agency, as they themselves have also promoted changes and left legacies in those who passed away.
A common point between the third and fourth sessions was the resonances that the members of the group shared, revealing how much they felt touched and inspired by the stories of relationships presented in these conversations of re-membering. Many started referencing to images, songs, words that reverberated in them from the others’ stories.
Session five has as its main purpose seeking community resources and networks which allow facing this moment and assist in the restoration of personal and family projects that can be remodeled in the face of the physical absence of that member. Group participants are invited to think about strategies observed in the group that dialogue with their own coping stories. In some of the groups that we mediate, people have identified themselves with forms of records that could eternalize the stories of the deceased, some with the goal of generational transmission, others of searching and getting in touch with their family ancestors. The way to deal with meaningful dates such as Christmas, Mother’s Day, Father’s Day, birthdays and anniversaries are usually challenges that lead the group to reflect a lot on the resources in themselves that they have made available to deal with these moments and that are very inspiring for others. This session always brings back very concrete experiences about the complexity of the grieving process and allows for very profound reflections about how this does not happen in a linear way or with determined times and manifestations. Accepting this ambiguity of feelings and expressions without judgment is always pointed out as a positive factor in the group, as the idea is not to prescribe guidelines or to assess crises as pathological, but to manage them in a healthy way with the collective understanding that their paths are personal and dynamic.
The sixth and final session proposes a more prospective look at the grieving process, including the theme of revitalizing projects with the strength of the loved one’s legacies about whom we have talked so much in the conversations of re-membering. Instead of advising on forgetting and moving on, suggesting avoidance or distraction behaviors, it is in our life club, with the departed member re-associated, that the projects that restore the sense of identity and future projects will be outlined. This session has a conclusive tone, in which people revisit the way they arrived at the group and how they have developed over these weeks. We do not romanticize here an elaboration of grief or any miraculous change in the way of understanding their pain, but recognize this space as a dialogical opportunity that has allowed many constructions, each in their own way and anchored in their past experiences.
In general, the data collected from what was experienced in the group corresponds to what Campillo recognizes as principles of the grieving process within the narrative perspective: the conclusion that life and the relationship with the person goes on and does not end with death [9]. For the author, discussing the death provides opportunities for stories and experiences full of love that last for a long time after. The questions play an important role: they generate meaningful memories that in the future can be useful when reminiscing, and highlight creative thinking within the constraint of reality that would be fixed as time and proximity. The narratives allow us to seek for resources that are within ourselves and recover the flexibility of stories that transcend death. Promoting the act of membering again lives and relationships is also a very strong principle that manages suffering in a healthy way, refusing to limit it to the insignia of saying goodbye and being a fertile ground for the co-construction of stories of hope and love. According to Hedtke, loved ones who have passed away can continue to play a crucial role in our ‘life club’ [13]. Re-membering practices represent ideas that distance us from the notion of finitude, while supporting a continued symbolic connection with the departed person. This connection is respectful, as it facilitates a person’s continued legacy in the context of the work with death [6, 7].
The sixth session allows us to recover these steps that were taken collectively to prevent the aggravation of a possibly complicated grief situation and to modify its effects, making room for the preservation of what is important to the person and, in a concrete way, identifying tools and skills which are necessary for this knowledge not to be submerged in the experience of loss, without our being able to see it. Such knowledge is built throughout life and is related to what we value. According to Campillo, everything we value in life brings purpose to live, gives us meaning and marks the path ahead [3].
We end the sixth session by asking them to give us a word on how they felt in this group, encouraging them to express themselves in writing. But the common oral feedback in the various mourning groups we offered mentioned how much the members felt affected by the each other’s stories and the reverberation this promoted when they got in touch with their own content. These interpersonal learnings presented themselves as important therapeutic factors, as they clarified the participant’s memories in relation to facts that at that moment they would not have selected to tell. Acknowledging several positive aspects of the process and gratitude for the members’ trust in sharing such intimate stories, the session concludes with the clarity that the process does not end there and that the challenges are daily. The final moments represent exchanges of personal contact information, networking with group members and scheduling a new group meeting, usually on a date in the following month, for an opportunity to follow up on what was experienced in this dialogical space, when they begin to observe what was experienced there in their everyday demands.
6. The therapist and the group of mourners: emotional mobilization and learning
It is not possible to address this experience with a group of mourners without mentioning what this work is able to promote in therapists who are facilitators. Initially, it is important to highlight the challenge of living during the pandemic, which is faced both by the therapists and the group members, who are equally inserted in the pandemic collective mourning process. While this insertion favors great empathy, as we are also experiencing close and significant losses, it can also promote discomfort and paralysis in the face of so many touching contents reported by the participants in their trajectories of intensive care that were unable to prevent death.
Although this is a group whose main characteristic is dialogue and collaboration, the therapists do not play a leading role. In the role of facilitators, the therapists are experts in the process and invest in asking questions that help participants identify what White called absent but implicit, that is, finding insights into what people plan in their lives, but that they do not always identify in their stories [14]. In each session the therapists promote that, in this collaborative space, in which respect for the narrative of the other is always exercised, meanings are articulated that, when recognized, help create a platform that allows re-examining the effects of the problem, taking an alternative position and creating new lines of identity. To illustrate this process, we mention an excerpt from a letter from one of the participants of the group, who describes among so many positive and emotional impressions, a clear view of the process by mentioning:
“… I think the implementation of these groups is really effective, for it’s through them that we open up our weakness, but in the end are surprised by our strength. And that’s how I saw myself, having a space for speaking, listening, venting, building and rebuilding, of common ties, of gathering reasons and purposes to remain strong. Looking at myself and seeing myself is something I was already doing, but looking at myself and seeing my mother and seeing myself in her was something magical.”
There are several aspects that we could illustrate about this short excerpt selected, but the main one is observing the attributes of identifying strength in face of weaknesses and the power of reconstruction and purposes. There is also mention of the connection with the deceased mother through the legacy and preferred identities, in which the problems and impotence of mourning give way to reconnection.
Regarding the therapists’ assessment, the management of grief groups is reported as an indescribable experience, which at the end of the process allows several gains not only for the therapists, but also for the participants. We highlight here the importance of getting in touch not only with the content of others, but with oneself, seeing the emotional mobilization promoted by the tragic stories, but also the power of the process that sets all the pain in motion, aiming for resignification. And this involves all the actors in the process. To sum up, therapists verbalize the opportunity to transform and be transformed by the complexity of all the experiences that the group allows them to feel.
7. Final considerations
This chapter was intended to describe the experience of a group of mourners who had lost family members due to COVID-19. Seeing as this was about an extremely delicate and, at this time of pandemic, very necessary clinical management, it is considered that the social relevance of this work is indisputable. Death by COVID-19 is a reality that affects people all over the world and that requires initiatives from professionals trained to work in mental health. The positive assessments from the participants encourage our attitude to multiply and publicize the adopted methodology, seeking to inspire new experiences and encourage professionals to promote offers of these actions. Psychological work involving grief is not limited to the period of the pandemic, but will be necessary for a long time, due to what the countless losses represent. Assertive actions that rescue affective connections and resignification of relationships with deceased people may be a good path through sadness and longing.
Constructing and re-constructing narratives is an essential part of the process of understanding our experiences, attributing meaning to them, and becoming who we are [15, 16]. Therefore, narratives represent a valuable resource for professionals from different areas who seek to develop socially equitable relationships that place clients or patients at the center of the care process [16]. Narrative Medicine is an important representative of this trend. Rita Charon, also influenced by White and Epston, developed a theory based on the principle that "recognizing, hearing out, receiving, and honoring the stories of illness may give doctors and nurses and social workers to ease the suffering of disease" [16, p. 199].
Finally, although we believe the group’s potential to develop resources that may contribute to preventing complicated grief, professionals must be aware of signs that suggest the need for additional referrals. If signs of suffering remain constant or seem to worsen throughout the sessions or suicidal ideation is present, referral for psychological or psychiatric treatment should be considered. Other risk factors they should keep in mind: a history of mood or anxiety disorders, alcohol or other drug abuse, the coping strategies used, attitudes towards death, the experience of multiple losses, scarce social support, conflicts with family and friends, and financial strains [17, 18]. Considering the high number of deaths faced during the COVID-19 pandemic, governments and civil society need to prioritize developing and promoting strategies to deal with the emotional and social impacts of losing one or multiple family members.
\n',keywords:"group counseling, support groups, grief counseling, traumatic loss, COVID-19",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/77524.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/77524.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77524",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77524",totalDownloads:279,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"February 8th 2021",dateReviewed:"June 11th 2021",datePrePublished:"July 12th 2021",datePublished:"November 3rd 2021",dateFinished:"July 12th 2021",readingETA:"0",abstract:"The COVID-19 pandemic has claimed thousands of victims worldwide. To deal with loss is a formidable challenge for all, especially those who experienced losing their loved ones. The grief elaboration process is complex, and the pandemic adds some specific challenges, such as the restrictions to funerals and farewell rituals or the impossibility of saying goodbye due to the sanitary measures. This chapter presents a group psychological intervention aimed at people who lost their relatives to COVID-19. The therapeutic groups were carried out virtually through six sessions and brought together people from all over Brazil. Narrative therapy was the theoretical model adopted. The participants mentioned the moment of diagnosis as decisive for experiencing the disease’s terminality and anguish, promoting guilt and anxiety in the family. In the group, the participants found space to share the painful experience, and throughout the sessions, they were able to develop coping resources. They mentioned strategies, such as activating the family and social support network, recalling legacies and moments they shared with the deceased, and elaborating farewell rituals adapted to the pandemic circumstances. The participants evaluated the group intervention as very important for reframing the pain of loss and restoring future projects since they counted on the help and inspiration of the other participants who went through this painful experience in similar circumstances.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/77524",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/77524",signatures:"Silvia Renata Lordello and Isabela Machado da Silva",book:{id:"10814",type:"book",title:"Anxiety, Uncertainty, and Resilience During the Pandemic Period",subtitle:"Anthropological and Psychological Perspectives",fullTitle:"Anxiety, Uncertainty, and Resilience During the Pandemic Period - Anthropological and Psychological Perspectives",slug:"anxiety-uncertainty-and-resilience-during-the-pandemic-period-anthropological-and-psychological-perspectives",publishedDate:"November 3rd 2021",bookSignature:"Fabio Gabrielli and Floriana Irtelli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10814.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83968-126-4",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-119-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-215-5",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"259407",title:"Prof.",name:"Fabio",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrielli",slug:"fabio-gabrielli",fullName:"Fabio Gabrielli"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"283776",title:"Dr.",name:"Silvia Renata",middleName:null,surname:"Lordello",fullName:"Silvia Renata Lordello",slug:"silvia-renata-lordello",email:"srmlordello@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"University of Brasília",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"349178",title:"Dr.",name:"Isabela",middleName:null,surname:"Machado Da Silva",fullName:"Isabela Machado Da Silva",slug:"isabela-machado-da-silva",email:"isabela.ms@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"University of Brasília",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Death, mourning and meanings in narrative therapy",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Building a welcoming space: the conditions and attitudes for working with grief",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. Conversations of re-membering",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5",title:"5. Accommodating people who lost their families to COVID-19: mourning and their stories",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6",title:"6. The therapist and the group of mourners: emotional mobilization and learning",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7",title:"7. Final considerations",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'[Silva IM, Lordello SR, Schimidt B, Mietto G. Brazilian families facing the COVID-19 outbreak. Journal of Comparative Family Studies. 2020; 51; 324-336. DOI: 10.3138/jcfs.51.3-4.008]'},{id:"B2",body:'[Silva IM, Schimidt B, Lordello SR, Noal DS, Crepaldi MA, Wagner A. As relações familiares diante da COVID-19: Recursos, riscos e implicações para a prática de terapeutas de casal e família. Pensando Famílias. 2020; 24; 12-28.]'},{id:"B3",body:'[Campillo M. Terapia narrativa: Autoaprendizaje y Co-aprendizaje Grupal. Xalapa, Veracruz, México: Ediciones Ollin; 2009.]'},{id:"B4",body:'[White M. Saying hello again: The incorporation of the loss relationship in the resolution of grief. In: White C, Denborough D, editors. Introducing Narrative Therapy: A Collection of Practice Based Writings. Adelaide, Australia: Dulwich Centre Publications; 1998, p. 17-32.]'},{id:"B5",body:'[Anderson H. Conversation, Language and Possibilities. New York: BasicBooks; 1997.]'},{id:"B6",body:'[White M. Narratives of Therapists’ Lives. Adelaide: Dulwich Centre Publications; 1997.]'},{id:"B7",body:'[White M, Epston, D. Medios Narrativos para Fines Terapéuticos. Buenos Aires: Paidós; 1990.]'},{id:"B8",body:'[White M. Maps of Narrative Practice. New York, NY: Norton; 2007.]'},{id:"B9",body:'[Campillo M. Aprendiendo terapia narrativa a través de escribir poemas terapéuticos. Procesos Psicológicos y Sociales. 2011; 7. Available from: https://www.uv.mx/psicologia/files/2013/06/Aprendiendo-terapianarrativa. pdf]'},{id:"B10",body:'[Denborough D, Freedman J, White C. Strengthening Resistance: The Use of Narrative Practices in Working with Genocide Survivors. Adelaide, Australia: Dulwich Centre Foundation; 2008.]'},{id:"B11",body:'[White M. Working with people who are suffering the consequences of multiple trauma: A narrative perspective. In: Denborough D, editor. Trauma: Narrative Responses to Traumatic Experience. Adelaide, Australia: Dulwich Centre Publications; 2006; p. 25-85.]'},{id:"B12",body:'[Denborough D. Trauma: Narrative Responses to Traumatic Experience. Adelaide, Australia: Dulwich Centre Publications; 2006.]'},{id:"B13",body:'[Hedtke L. The origami of remembering. International Journal of Narrative Therapy and Community Work. 2003; 4; 58-63.]'},{id:"B14",body:'[White M. ‘Re-engaging with history: The absent but implicit.’ In: White M, editor. Reflections on Narrative Practice: Essays and Interviews. Adelaide: Dulwich Centre Publications; 2000.]'},{id:"B15",body:'[Hutto DD, Brancazio NM, Aubourg J. Narrative Practices in Medicine and Therapy: Philosophical Reflections. Style. 2017; 51; 300-317. DOI: 10.5325/style.51.3.0300]'},{id:"B16",body:'[Charon R. Narrative Medicine: Honoring the Stories of Illness. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2006.]'},{id:"B17",body:'[Mason TM, Tofthagen CF, Buck HG. Complicated grief: Risk factors, protective factors, and interventions. Journal of Social Work in End-of-Life & Palliative Care. 2020; 16; 151-174. DOI: 10.1080/15524256.2020.1745726]'},{id:"B18",body:'[Shear MK. Complicated Grief. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2011; 372; 153-160. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMcp1315618]'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Silvia Renata Lordello",address:"srmlordello@gmail.com",affiliation:'- Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
'},{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Isabela Machado da Silva",address:null,affiliation:'- Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"10814",type:"book",title:"Anxiety, Uncertainty, and Resilience During the Pandemic Period",subtitle:"Anthropological and Psychological Perspectives",fullTitle:"Anxiety, Uncertainty, and Resilience During the Pandemic Period - Anthropological and Psychological Perspectives",slug:"anxiety-uncertainty-and-resilience-during-the-pandemic-period-anthropological-and-psychological-perspectives",publishedDate:"November 3rd 2021",bookSignature:"Fabio Gabrielli and Floriana Irtelli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10814.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83968-126-4",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-119-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-215-5",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"259407",title:"Prof.",name:"Fabio",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrielli",slug:"fabio-gabrielli",fullName:"Fabio Gabrielli"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"147124",title:"PhD.",name:"Giulia",middleName:null,surname:"Pedrielli",email:"giulia.pedrielli@mail.polimi.it",fullName:"Giulia Pedrielli",slug:"giulia-pedrielli",position:null,biography:null,institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalEditedBooks:"0",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:null},booksEdited:[],chaptersAuthored:[{id:"38818",title:"Distributed Modeling of Discrete Event Systems",slug:"distributed-modeling-of-discrete-event-systems",abstract:null,signatures:"Giulia Pedrielli, Tullio Tolio, Walter Terkaj and Marco Sacco",authors:[{id:"778",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",surname:"Sacco",fullName:"Marco Sacco",slug:"marco-sacco",email:"marco.sacco@itia.cnr.it"},{id:"147124",title:"PhD.",name:"Giulia",surname:"Pedrielli",fullName:"Giulia Pedrielli",slug:"giulia-pedrielli",email:"giulia.pedrielli@mail.polimi.it"},{id:"148749",title:"Dr.",name:"Walter",surname:"Terkaj",fullName:"Walter Terkaj",slug:"walter-terkaj",email:"walter.terkaj@itia.cnr.it"},{id:"148750",title:"Prof.",name:"Tullio",surname:"Tolio",fullName:"Tullio Tolio",slug:"tullio-tolio",email:"tullio.tolio@mecc.polimi.it"}],book:{id:"2192",title:"Discrete Event Simulations",slug:"discrete-event-simulations-development-and-applications",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"778",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",surname:"Sacco",slug:"marco-sacco",fullName:"Marco Sacco",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"10935",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",surname:"Kotenko",slug:"igor-kotenko",fullName:"Igor Kotenko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"107277",title:"Dr.",name:"Eldin Wee Chuan",surname:"Lim",slug:"eldin-wee-chuan-lim",fullName:"Eldin Wee Chuan Lim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/107277/images/3606_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eldin Wee Chuan Lim is a Lecturer in the Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering at the National University of Singapore (NUS). He is a Member of the Editorial Boards for the Elsevier journal, Advanced Powder Technology, the American Journal of Fluid Dynamics published by Scientific & Academic Publishing, and the Journal of Chemical Engineering & Process Technology published by OMICS Publishing Group. Some of the academic awards that he has received include the HPC Quest Silver Award presented by IBM and the Institute of High Performance Computing Singapore, ERS-IASC Young Researcher Award presented by the European Regional Section of the International Association for Statistical Computing, two Best Paper Awards presented at the 2010 SECAU Security Congress and the Frontier Award presented by the Fluid & Particle Processing Division of The Society of Chemical Engineers, Japan. He is also a recipient of the Teaching Commendation award presented by the Faculty of Engineering of NUS.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National University of Singapore",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Singapore"}}},{id:"144318",title:"MSc.",name:"Thiago",surname:"Brito",slug:"thiago-brito",fullName:"Thiago Brito",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"146412",title:"Dr.",name:"José Arnaldo B.",surname:"Montevechi",slug:"jose-arnaldo-b.-montevechi",fullName:"José Arnaldo B. Montevechi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"148587",title:"Dr.",name:"Stephen Wee Hun",surname:"Lim",slug:"stephen-wee-hun-lim",fullName:"Stephen Wee Hun Lim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"148646",title:"Mr.",name:"Rafael",surname:"Miranda",slug:"rafael-miranda",fullName:"Rafael Miranda",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"148749",title:"Dr.",name:"Walter",surname:"Terkaj",slug:"walter-terkaj",fullName:"Walter Terkaj",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"148750",title:"Prof.",name:"Tullio",surname:"Tolio",slug:"tullio-tolio",fullName:"Tullio Tolio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"154082",title:"Dr.",name:"Jonathan Dan",surname:"Friend",slug:"jonathan-dan-friend",fullName:"Jonathan Dan Friend",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]},generic:{page:{slug:"OA-publishing-fees",title:"Open Access Publishing Fees",intro:"The Open Access model is applied to all of our publications and is designed to eliminate subscriptions and pay-per-view fees. This approach ensures free, immediate access to full text versions of your research.
",metaTitle:"Open Access Publishing Fees",metaDescription:"Open Access Publishing Fees",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/OA-publishing-fees",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"As a gold Open Access publisher, an Open Access Publishing Fee is payable on acceptance following peer review of the manuscript. In return, we provide high quality publishing services and exclusive benefits for all contributors. IntechOpen is the trusted publishing partner of over 140,000 international scientists and researchers.
\\n\\nThe Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) is payable only after your book chapter, monograph or journal article is accepted for publication.
\\n\\nOAPF Publishing Options
\\n\\n\\n\\t- 1,400 GBP Chapter - Edited Volume
\\n\\t- 850 GBP Chapter - Book Series Topic (Annual Volume)
\\n\\t- 10,000 GBP Monograph - Long Form
\\n\\t- 4,000 GBP Compacts Monograph - Short Form
\\n\\t- 850 GBP Journal Article (Across Portfolio)
\\n
\\n\\nDuring the launching phase journals do not charge an APC, rather they will be funded by IntechOpen.
\\n\\n*These prices do not include Value-Added Tax (VAT). Residents of European Union countries need to add VAT based on the specific rate in their country of residence. Institutions and companies registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state will not pay VAT as long as provision of the VAT registration number is made during the application process. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\\n\\nServices included are:
\\n\\n\\n\\t- An online manuscript tracking system to facilitate your work
\\n\\t- Personal contact and support throughout the publishing process from your dedicated Author Service Manager
\\n\\t- Assurance that your manuscript meets the highest publishing standards
\\n\\t- English language copyediting and proofreading, including the correction of grammatical, spelling, and other common errors
\\n\\t- XML Typesetting and pagination - web (PDF, HTML) and print files preparation
\\n\\t- Discoverability - electronic citation and linking via DOI
\\n\\t- Permanent and unrestricted online access to your work
\\n
\\n\\nWhat isn't covered by the Open Access Publishing Fee?
\\n\\nIf your manuscript:
\\n\\n\\n\\t- Exceeds the number of pages defined by the publishing guidelines, an additional fee per page may be required
\\n\\t- If a manuscript requires Heavy Editing or Language Polishing, this will incur additional fees.
\\n
\\n\\nYour Author Service Manager will inform you of any items not covered by the OAPF and provide exact information regarding those additional costs before proceeding.
\\n\\nOpen Access Funding
\\n\\nTo explore funding opportunities and learn more about how you can finance your IntechOpen publication, go to our Open Access Funding page. IntechOpen offers expert assistance to all of its Authors. We can support you in approaching funding bodies and institutions in relation to publishing fees by providing information about compliance with the Open Access policies of your funder or institution. We can also assist with communicating the benefits of Open Access in order to support and strengthen your funding request and provide personal guidance through your application process. You can contact us at funders@intechopen.com for further details or assistance.
\\n\\nFor Authors who are still unable to obtain funding from their institutions or research funding bodies for individual projects, IntechOpen does offer the possibility of applying for a Waiver to offset some or all processing feed. Details regarding our Waiver Policy can be found here.
\\n\\nAdded Value of Publishing with IntechOpen
\\n\\nChoosing to publish with IntechOpen ensures the following benefits:
\\n\\n\\n\\t- Indexing and listing across major repositories, see details ...
\\n\\t- Long-term archiving
\\n\\t- Visibility on the world's strongest OA platform
\\n\\t- Live Performance Metrics to track readership and the impact of your chapter
\\n\\t- Dissemination and Promotion
\\n
\\n\\nBenefits of Publishing with IntechOpen
\\n\\n\\n\\t- Proven world leader in Open Access book publishing with over 10 years experience
\\n\\t- +5,700 OA books published
\\n\\t- Most competitive prices in the market
\\n\\t- Fully compliant with OA funding requirements
\\n\\t- Optimized processes that assure your research is made available to the scientific community without delay
\\n\\t- Personal support during every step of the publication process
\\n\\t- +184,650 citations in Web of Science databases
\\n\\t- Currently strongest OA platform with over 175 million downloads
\\n
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'As a gold Open Access publisher, an Open Access Publishing Fee is payable on acceptance following peer review of the manuscript. In return, we provide high quality publishing services and exclusive benefits for all contributors. IntechOpen is the trusted publishing partner of over 140,000 international scientists and researchers.
\n\nThe Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) is payable only after your book chapter, monograph or journal article is accepted for publication.
\n\nOAPF Publishing Options
\n\n\n\t- 1,400 GBP Chapter - Edited Volume
\n\t- 850 GBP Chapter - Book Series Topic (Annual Volume)
\n\t- 10,000 GBP Monograph - Long Form
\n\t- 4,000 GBP Compacts Monograph - Short Form
\n\t- 850 GBP Journal Article (Across Portfolio)
\n
\n\nDuring the launching phase journals do not charge an APC, rather they will be funded by IntechOpen.
\n\n*These prices do not include Value-Added Tax (VAT). Residents of European Union countries need to add VAT based on the specific rate in their country of residence. Institutions and companies registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state will not pay VAT as long as provision of the VAT registration number is made during the application process. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\n\nServices included are:
\n\n\n\t- An online manuscript tracking system to facilitate your work
\n\t- Personal contact and support throughout the publishing process from your dedicated Author Service Manager
\n\t- Assurance that your manuscript meets the highest publishing standards
\n\t- English language copyediting and proofreading, including the correction of grammatical, spelling, and other common errors
\n\t- XML Typesetting and pagination - web (PDF, HTML) and print files preparation
\n\t- Discoverability - electronic citation and linking via DOI
\n\t- Permanent and unrestricted online access to your work
\n
\n\nWhat isn't covered by the Open Access Publishing Fee?
\n\nIf your manuscript:
\n\n\n\t- Exceeds the number of pages defined by the publishing guidelines, an additional fee per page may be required
\n\t- If a manuscript requires Heavy Editing or Language Polishing, this will incur additional fees.
\n
\n\nYour Author Service Manager will inform you of any items not covered by the OAPF and provide exact information regarding those additional costs before proceeding.
\n\nOpen Access Funding
\n\nTo explore funding opportunities and learn more about how you can finance your IntechOpen publication, go to our Open Access Funding page. IntechOpen offers expert assistance to all of its Authors. We can support you in approaching funding bodies and institutions in relation to publishing fees by providing information about compliance with the Open Access policies of your funder or institution. We can also assist with communicating the benefits of Open Access in order to support and strengthen your funding request and provide personal guidance through your application process. You can contact us at funders@intechopen.com for further details or assistance.
\n\nFor Authors who are still unable to obtain funding from their institutions or research funding bodies for individual projects, IntechOpen does offer the possibility of applying for a Waiver to offset some or all processing feed. Details regarding our Waiver Policy can be found here.
\n\nAdded Value of Publishing with IntechOpen
\n\nChoosing to publish with IntechOpen ensures the following benefits:
\n\n\n\t- Indexing and listing across major repositories, see details ...
\n\t- Long-term archiving
\n\t- Visibility on the world's strongest OA platform
\n\t- Live Performance Metrics to track readership and the impact of your chapter
\n\t- Dissemination and Promotion
\n
\n\nBenefits of Publishing with IntechOpen
\n\n\n\t- Proven world leader in Open Access book publishing with over 10 years experience
\n\t- +5,700 OA books published
\n\t- Most competitive prices in the market
\n\t- Fully compliant with OA funding requirements
\n\t- Optimized processes that assure your research is made available to the scientific community without delay
\n\t- Personal support during every step of the publication process
\n\t- +184,650 citations in Web of Science databases
\n\t- Currently strongest OA platform with over 175 million downloads
\n
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[],filtersByRegion:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"-dateEndThirdStepPublish",src:"N-T-0-T2"},books:[{type:"book",id:"9985",title:"Geostatistics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"423cb3896195a618c4acb493ce4fd23d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Jeffrey M. Yarus, Dr. Marko Maucec, Dr. Timothy C. Coburn and Associate Prof. Michael Pyrcz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9985.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"78011",title:"Prof.",name:"Jeffrey M.",surname:"Yarus",slug:"jeffrey-m.-yarus",fullName:"Jeffrey M. Yarus"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11668",title:"Mercury Pollution",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0bd111f57835089cad4a9741326dbab7",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ahmed Abdelhafez and Dr. Mohamed Abbas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11668.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"196849",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",surname:"Abdelhafez",slug:"ahmed-abdelhafez",fullName:"Ahmed Abdelhafez"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12050",title:"Advanced Biodiesel - Technological Advances, Challenges, and Sustainability Considerations",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"bb86ab5c5ca0dab95f01941eb350f920",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. IMR Fattah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12050.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"463663",title:"Dr.",name:"IMR",surname:"Fattah",slug:"imr-fattah",fullName:"IMR Fattah"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11513",title:"Gas Sensors",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8eeb7ab232fa8d5c723b61e0da251857",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Soumen Dhara and Dr. Gorachand Dutta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11513.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"196334",title:"Dr.",name:"Soumen",surname:"Dhara",slug:"soumen-dhara",fullName:"Soumen Dhara"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12059",title:"Hydraulic Structures - Impact on River Flow and Sediment Transport-Dimensioning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8e41aab8223c29ce69c00e8c8f6f560d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Vlassios Hrissanthou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12059.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"37707",title:"Prof.",name:"Vlassios",surname:"Hrissanthou",slug:"vlassios-hrissanthou",fullName:"Vlassios Hrissanthou"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12061",title:"Masonry for Sustainable Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"85ef86d046d15e7d4b1988f1ec5dd750",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Amjad Almusaed and Prof. Asaad Almssad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12061.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"446856",title:"Prof.",name:"Amjad",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11817",title:"Next Generation Fiber-Reinforced Composites - New Insights",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"bdff63f3c5e98fc95d76217516cb1420",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Longbiao Li",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11817.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"260011",title:"Dr.",name:"Longbiao",surname:"Li",slug:"longbiao-li",fullName:"Longbiao Li"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11556",title:"Numerical Simulation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0a68fbeb303684344bda285aa06769af",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ali Soofastaei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11556.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"257455",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",surname:"Soofastaei",slug:"ali-soofastaei",fullName:"Ali Soofastaei"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12078",title:"Schiff Base in Organic, Inorganic and Physical Chemistry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"ce51efbe2cae97ca3199350ef6c498ec",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Takashiro Akitsu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12078.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"147861",title:"Dr.",name:"Takashiro",surname:"Akitsu",slug:"takashiro-akitsu",fullName:"Takashiro Akitsu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12107",title:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety - Volume 2",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3fe674b93710773f0db746ca96d6e048",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Philip Salen and Dr. Stanislaw P. Stawicki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12107.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"217603",title:"Dr.",name:"Philip",surname:"Salen",slug:"philip-salen",fullName:"Philip Salen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11784",title:"Bryophytes - The State of Knowledge in a World Under Climate Change",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"80743b2add35e11b09c10e6895a45831",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Jair Putzke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11784.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"324930",title:"Prof.",name:"Jair",surname:"Putzke",slug:"jair-putzke",fullName:"Jair Putzke"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11903",title:"Covalent Organic Frameworks",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8125f3f415f5d2fa9583abde0143602d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Yanan Gao and Dr. Fei Lu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11903.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"171387",title:"Prof.",name:"Yanan",surname:"Gao",slug:"yanan-gao",fullName:"Yanan Gao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:43},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:23},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:21},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:62},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:29},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:123},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:12},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:4}],offset:12,limit:12,total:423},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10584",title:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"421757c56a3735986055250821275a51",slug:"engineered-wood-products-for-construction",bookSignature:"Meng Gong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10584.jpg",editors:[{id:"274242",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng",middleName:null,surname:"Gong",slug:"meng-gong",fullName:"Meng Gong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10222",title:"Demyelination Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6c26ceccacdde70c41c587361bd5558",slug:"demyelination-disorders",bookSignature:"Stavros J. Baloyannis, Fabian H. Rossi and Welwin Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10222.jpg",editors:[{id:"156098",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Stavros J.",middleName:"J.",surname:"Baloyannis",slug:"stavros-j.-baloyannis",fullName:"Stavros J. Baloyannis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9544",title:"Global Trade in the Emerging Business Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb8cb09b9599246add78d508a98273d5",slug:"global-trade-in-the-emerging-business-environment",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Jingbin Wang , Md. Samim Al Azad and Selim Ahmed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9544.jpg",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10979",title:"Parenting",subtitle:"Challenges of Child Rearing in a Changing Society",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f345ebcf4fd61e73643c69063a12c7b",slug:"parenting-challenges-of-child-rearing-in-a-changing-society",bookSignature:"Sayyed Ali Samadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10979.jpg",editors:[{id:"52145",title:"Dr.",name:"Sayyed Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Samadi",slug:"sayyed-ali-samadi",fullName:"Sayyed Ali Samadi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9808",title:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb6371607c2c6c02c6a2af8892765aba",slug:"contemporary-topics-in-patient-safety-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki and Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9808.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10681",title:"Biodegradation Technology of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a6e10e02788092872fd249436898e97",slug:"biodegradation-technology-of-organic-and-inorganic-pollutants",bookSignature:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes, Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa and Kamila Cabral Mielke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10681.jpg",editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10764",title:"Antenna Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2fbf1c7a5d92723f08198fc9b526a8ad",slug:"antenna-systems",bookSignature:"Hussain Al-Rizzo and Said Abushamleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10764.jpg",editors:[{id:"153384",title:"Prof.",name:"Hussain",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Rizzo",slug:"hussain-al-rizzo",fullName:"Hussain Al-Rizzo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10668",title:"Sustainability of Concrete With Synthetic and Recycled Aggregates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"55856c6a8bc3a5b21dae5a1af09a56b6",slug:"sustainability-of-concrete-with-synthetic-and-recycled-aggregates",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10668.jpg",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-saleh",fullName:"Hosam Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species",bookSignature:"Rizwan Ahmad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",editors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9032",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f609bf3251d7cc7bae0099a4374adfc3",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility",bookSignature:"Beatrice Orlando",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9032.jpg",editors:[{id:"232969",title:"Prof.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Orlando",slug:"beatrice-orlando",fullName:"Beatrice Orlando"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10351",title:"Enhanced Liposuction",subtitle:"New Perspectives and Techniques",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f08ed6de16da357614586c5b58ed4dfa",slug:"enhanced-liposuction-new-perspectives-and-techniques",bookSignature:"Diane Irvine Duncan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10351.jpg",editors:[{id:"279869",title:"Dr.",name:"Diane Irvine",middleName:null,surname:"Duncan",slug:"diane-irvine-duncan",fullName:"Diane Irvine Duncan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10779",title:"21st Century Nanostructured Materials",subtitle:"Physics, Chemistry, Classification, and Emerging Applications in Industry, Biomedicine, and Agriculture",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"72c67f97f9bef68200df115b5fd79884",slug:"21st-century-nanostructured-materials-physics-chemistry-classification-and-emerging-applications-in-industry-biomedicine-and-agriculture",bookSignature:"Phuong V. Pham",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10779.jpg",editors:[{id:"236073",title:"Dr.",name:"Phuong",middleName:"Viet",surname:"Pham",slug:"phuong-pham",fullName:"Phuong Pham"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4389},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3340,editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11001",title:"Density Functional Theory",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"82d53383af78ab41eb982086c02fb2bb",slug:"density-functional-theory-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11001.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1845,editors:[{id:"198499",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Glossman-Mitnik",slug:"daniel-glossman-mitnik",fullName:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10251",title:"Plankton Communities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e11e441ca2d2d5f631b1b4704505cfb6",slug:"plankton-communities",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira and Ana Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10251.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1096,editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:995,editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10356",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"943e56ccaaf19ff696d25aa638ae37d6",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3791,editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11752",title:"Natural Drugs from Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a0a83c0822608ef7592bf16a5ed0ada4",slug:"natural-drugs-from-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11752.jpg",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2982,editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10853",title:"Recent Advances in Polynomials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e8671bae09ccaa8b8e276c639a737fc",slug:"recent-advances-in-polynomials",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10853.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:559,editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10676",title:"Recent Applications in Graph Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900c60742d224080732bd16bd25ccba8",slug:"recent-applications-in-graph-theory",bookSignature:"Harun Pirim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10676.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:546,editors:[{id:"146092",title:"Dr.",name:"Harun",middleName:null,surname:"Pirim",slug:"harun-pirim",fullName:"Harun Pirim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10903",title:"Genetically Modified Plants and Beyond",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d7ed4faab99c92cd4d676dc86501df9",slug:"genetically-modified-plants-and-beyond",bookSignature:"Idah Sithole Niang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10903.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:539,editors:[{id:"90172",title:"Prof.",name:"Idah",middleName:null,surname:"Sithole-Niang",slug:"idah-sithole-niang",fullName:"Idah Sithole-Niang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10904",title:"Fusarium",subtitle:"An Overview of the Genus",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49d9063e43f94bd1517d65fbc58b93c3",slug:"fusarium-an-overview-of-the-genus",bookSignature:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10904.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:535,editors:[{id:"100573",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Mahyar",middleName:null,surname:"Mirmajlessi",slug:"seyed-mahyar-mirmajlessi",fullName:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10251",title:"Plankton Communities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e11e441ca2d2d5f631b1b4704505cfb6",slug:"plankton-communities",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira and Ana Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10251.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10853",title:"Recent Advances in Polynomials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e8671bae09ccaa8b8e276c639a737fc",slug:"recent-advances-in-polynomials",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10853.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10871",title:"Computed-Tomography (CT) Scan",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"966d8cf74fa27eea1b9cbc9a6ee94993",slug:"computed-tomography-ct-scan",bookSignature:"Reda R. Gharieb",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10871.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",slug:"reda-r.-gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10903",title:"Genetically Modified Plants and Beyond",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d7ed4faab99c92cd4d676dc86501df9",slug:"genetically-modified-plants-and-beyond",bookSignature:"Idah Sithole Niang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10903.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"90172",title:"Prof.",name:"Idah",middleName:null,surname:"Sithole-Niang",slug:"idah-sithole-niang",fullName:"Idah Sithole-Niang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10904",title:"Fusarium",subtitle:"An Overview of the Genus",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49d9063e43f94bd1517d65fbc58b93c3",slug:"fusarium-an-overview-of-the-genus",bookSignature:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10904.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"100573",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Mahyar",middleName:null,surname:"Mirmajlessi",slug:"seyed-mahyar-mirmajlessi",fullName:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10654",title:"Brain-Computer Interface",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a5308884068cc53ed31c6baba756857f",slug:"brain-computer-interface",bookSignature:"Vahid Asadpour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10654.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10676",title:"Recent Applications in Graph Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900c60742d224080732bd16bd25ccba8",slug:"recent-applications-in-graph-theory",bookSignature:"Harun Pirim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10676.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"146092",title:"Dr.",name:"Harun",middleName:null,surname:"Pirim",slug:"harun-pirim",fullName:"Harun Pirim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11196",title:"New Updates in E-Learning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6afaadf68e2a0a4b370ac5ceb5ca89c6",slug:"new-updates-in-e-learning",bookSignature:"Eduard Babulak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11196.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"10086",title:"Prof.",name:"Eduard",middleName:null,surname:"Babulak",slug:"eduard-babulak",fullName:"Eduard Babulak"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"28",title:"Agrochemical",slug:"agrochemical",parent:{id:"5",title:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",slug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences"},numberOfBooks:3,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:74,numberOfWosCitations:71,numberOfCrossrefCitations:88,numberOfDimensionsCitations:185,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"28",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10360",title:"Nitrogen in Agriculture",subtitle:"Physiological, Agricultural and Ecological Aspects",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5fc080ff8941417e9eeaf0ced2b5523a",slug:"nitrogen-in-agriculture-physiological-agricultural-and-ecological-aspects",bookSignature:"Takuji Ohyama and Kazuyuki Inubushi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10360.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"30061",title:"Prof.",name:"Takuji",middleName:null,surname:"Ohyama",slug:"takuji-ohyama",fullName:"Takuji Ohyama"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8533",title:"Pesticides",subtitle:"Use and Misuse and Their Impact in the Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"420a19fa07c8510eeb08decebed430cc",slug:"pesticides-use-and-misuse-and-their-impact-in-the-environment",bookSignature:"Marcelo Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8533.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4637",title:"Toxicity and Hazard of Agrochemicals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6aff74df1ea32df7f1e20e29c8363ff5",slug:"toxicity-and-hazard-of-agrochemicals",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4637.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:3,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"64602",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82418",title:"Environmental Risk of Groundwater Pollution by Pesticide Leaching through the Soil Profile",slug:"environmental-risk-of-groundwater-pollution-by-pesticide-leaching-through-the-soil-profile",totalDownloads:3014,totalCrossrefCites:21,totalDimensionsCites:60,abstract:"Adsorption, degradation, and movement are the key processes conditioning the behavior and fate of pesticides in the soil. Six processes that can move pesticides are leaching, diffusion, volatilization, erosion and run-off, assimilation by microorganisms, and plant uptake. Leaching is the vertical downward displacement of pesticides through the soil profile and the unsaturated zone, and finally to groundwater, which is vulnerable to pollution. Pesticides are frequently leached through the soil by the effect of rain or irrigation water. Pesticide leaching is highest for weakly sorbing and/or persistent compounds, climates with high precipitation and low temperatures, and soils with low organic matter and sandy texture. On the contrary, for pesticides with a low persistence that disappear quickly, the risk of groundwater pollution considerably decreases. Different and varied factors such as physical-chemical properties of the pesticide, a permeability of the soil, texture and organic matter content of the soil, volatilization, crop-root uptake, and method and dose of pesticide application are responsible for the leaching rate of the pesticides. Soils that are high in clays and organic matter will slow the movement of water, attach easily to many pesticides, and generally have a higher diversity and population of soil organisms that can metabolize the pesticides.",book:{id:"8533",slug:"pesticides-use-and-misuse-and-their-impact-in-the-environment",title:"Pesticides",fullTitle:"Pesticides - Use and Misuse and Their Impact in the Environment"},signatures:"Gabriel Pérez-Lucas, Nuria Vela, Abderrazak El Aatik and Simón Navarro",authors:[{id:"202983",title:"Dr.",name:"Simón",middleName:null,surname:"Navarro",slug:"simon-navarro",fullName:"Simón Navarro"},{id:"202988",title:"Dr.",name:"Nuria",middleName:null,surname:"Vela",slug:"nuria-vela",fullName:"Nuria Vela"},{id:"206059",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriel",middleName:null,surname:"Pérez-Lucas",slug:"gabriel-perez-lucas",fullName:"Gabriel Pérez-Lucas"},{id:"283154",title:"Mr.",name:"Abderrazak",middleName:null,surname:"El Aatik",slug:"abderrazak-el-aatik",fullName:"Abderrazak El Aatik"}]},{id:"48594",doi:"10.5772/60911",title:"Environmental Exposure and Health Effects Associated with Malathion Toxicity",slug:"environmental-exposure-and-health-effects-associated-with-malathion-toxicity",totalDownloads:2668,totalCrossrefCites:15,totalDimensionsCites:31,abstract:"Malathion (O,O-dimethyl-S-1,2-bis ethoxy carbonyl ethyl phosphorodithionate) is a non-systemic, wide-spectrum pesticide. It is widely used throughout the world for agricultural, residential, and public health purposes, mainly to enhance food production and to provide protection from disease vectors. Malathion preference over other organophosphate pesticides relates to its low persistence in the environment as it is highly susceptible to hydrolysis, photolysis, and biodegradation. However, numerous malathion poisoning incidents including acute and chronic cases have been reported among pesticide workers and small children through accidental exposure. Malathion toxicity is compounded by its reactive metabolites and also depends upon the product purity, route of exposure, nutritional status, and gender of exposed individuals. Its metabolic oxidation in mammals, insects, and plants leads to the formation of malaoxon which appears to be several times more acutely toxic and represents the primary cause of malathion’s toxicity. Depending on the level of exposure, several signs and symptoms of toxicity including numbness, tingling sensation, headache, dizziness, difficulty breathing, weakness, irritation of skin, exacerbation of asthma, abdominal cramps, and death have been reported. Similar to other organophosphate pesticides, malathion exerts it toxic action by binding to acetylcholinesterase enzyme and inhibiting its activity, leading to accumulation of acetylcholine in synaptic junctions, which in turn results in overstimulation of cholinergic, muscarinic, and nicotinic receptors, and subsequent induction of adverse biologic effects. This chapter provides an update and analysis of the production and use, environmental occurrence, molecular mechanisms of toxicity, genotoxicity and carcinogenicity, and adverse human health effects associated with malathion exposure.",book:{id:"4637",slug:"toxicity-and-hazard-of-agrochemicals",title:"Toxicity and Hazard of Agrochemicals",fullTitle:"Toxicity and Hazard of Agrochemicals"},signatures:"Paul B. Tchounwou, Anita K. Patlolla, Clement G. Yedjou and\nPamela D. Moore",authors:[{id:"113353",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Tchounwou",slug:"paul-tchounwou",fullName:"Paul Tchounwou"}]},{id:"48553",doi:"10.5772/60767",title:"Ecotoxicology of Glyphosate and Glyphosate-Based Herbicides — Toxicity to Wildlife and Humans",slug:"ecotoxicology-of-glyphosate-and-glyphosate-based-herbicides-toxicity-to-wildlife-and-humans",totalDownloads:2576,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:19,abstract:"The use of agrochemicals, especially herbicides, is necessary to control pests in order to produce adequate food for the global population (estimated at 7 billion). Glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicides have been used extensively for this purpose but recent studies have reported these chemical substances to be found in aquatic ecosystems, wildlife and humans in various quantities. In this chapter, we reviewed the impacts of glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicides on wildlife and humans using measured endpoint effects caused by genotoxicity, cytotoxicity and reproductive toxicity. We used findings from different current investigations to demonstrate adverse effects, or otherwise, of glyphosate exposure to wildlife and humans. Our review reveals that glyphosate and its formulations may not only be considered as having genotoxic, cytotoxic or endocrine disrupting properties but they may also be causative agents of reproduction abnormalities in both wildlife and humans. Furthermore, the extensive use of glyphosate-based herbicides in genetically modified glyphosate-resistant plants grown for food and feed should be of grave concern since they can be sources of genotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and reproductive toxicity in wildlife and humans.",book:{id:"4637",slug:"toxicity-and-hazard-of-agrochemicals",title:"Toxicity and Hazard of Agrochemicals",fullTitle:"Toxicity and Hazard of Agrochemicals"},signatures:"Paul K. Mensah, Carolyn G. Palmer and Oghenekaro N. Odume",authors:[{id:"169135",title:"Dr.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Mensah",slug:"paul-mensah",fullName:"Paul Mensah"},{id:"173888",title:"Prof.",name:"Carolyn",middleName:null,surname:"Palmer",slug:"carolyn-palmer",fullName:"Carolyn Palmer"},{id:"175580",title:"Dr.",name:"Oghenekaro Nelson",middleName:null,surname:"Odume",slug:"oghenekaro-nelson-odume",fullName:"Oghenekaro Nelson Odume"}]},{id:"65766",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84161",title:"Pesticides, Anthropogenic Activities, and the Health of Our Environment Safety",slug:"pesticides-anthropogenic-activities-and-the-health-of-our-environment-safety",totalDownloads:1434,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:16,abstract:"Mankind depends on agricultural products for food consumption. Increasing population (more than 7 billion) requires significant growth in crop yield to meet essential demand. This aim was achieved through the use of pesticides to protect crops from diseases. Pesticides are toxic by design for organisms that can threaten food products. Their mode of action is by targeting systems or enzymes in the pests that may be similar to human system and therefore pose risks to human health and the environment as well. The WHO recommended classifying pesticides according to their toxicity and chemicals according to their chronic health and environmental hazards.",book:{id:"8533",slug:"pesticides-use-and-misuse-and-their-impact-in-the-environment",title:"Pesticides",fullTitle:"Pesticides - Use and Misuse and Their Impact in the Environment"},signatures:"Mona Saud AL-Ahmadi",authors:[{id:"276726",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mona",middleName:null,surname:"AL-Ahmadi",slug:"mona-al-ahmadi",fullName:"Mona AL-Ahmadi"}]},{id:"48545",doi:"10.5772/60739",title:"Environmental Risk Assessment of Agrochemicals — A Critical Appraisal of Current Approaches",slug:"environmental-risk-assessment-of-agrochemicals-a-critical-appraisal-of-current-approaches",totalDownloads:2527,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:"This chapter provides insights into the difficulties and challenges of performing risk evaluations of agrochemicals. It is a critical review of the current methodologies used in ecological risk assessment of these chemicals, not their risks to humans. After an introduction to the topic, the current framework for ecological risk assessment is outlined. Two types of assessments are typically carried out depending on the purpose: i) regulatory assessments for registration of a chemical product; and ii) ecological assessments, for the protection of both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, which are usually site-specific. Although the general framework is well established, the methodologies used in each of the steps of the assessment are fraught with a number of shortcomings. Notwithstanding the subjectivity implicit in the evaluation of risks, there is scepticism in scientific circles about the appropriateness of the current methodologies because, after so many years of evaluations, we are still incapable of foreseeing the negative consequences that some agrochemicals have in the environment. A critical appraisal of such methodologies is imperative if we are to improve the current assessment process and fix the problems we face today. The chapter reviews first the toxicity assessment methods, pointing to the gaps in knowledge about this essential part of the process and suggesting avenues for further improvement. Deficiencies in the current regulations regarding toxicity testing are discussed, in particular the effect of the time factor on toxicity and the issue of complex mixtures. Other matters of concern are the extrapolation of toxicity data from the individual to the population and community levels, and the sub-lethal effects. The exposure assessment methods are dealt with in a second place. These rely on modelling and actual measurements of chemical residues in the environment. Various techniques employed to determine to exposure and bioavailability of agrochemicals to the various organisms in both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems are reviewed. Again, the shortcomings and gaps in knowledge are addressed and suggestions for improvement are pointed out. Then, the process of putting together the information from the toxicity and exposure assessments to evaluate risks is discussed. Tiers I and II of the risk assessment are reviewed. The challenge here is to keep objectivity in the evaluations; this may require the introduction of new methods of risk assessment. Finally, the risk assessment implies establishing a management strategy that aims at reducing or minimising the impacts of agrochemicals under normal agricultural scenarios. Recommendations are often case-specific and need to be based on sound science as well as common sense principles. The chapter concludes with a summary of issues that need to be considered for improving risk assessments of agrochemicals.",book:{id:"4637",slug:"toxicity-and-hazard-of-agrochemicals",title:"Toxicity and Hazard of Agrochemicals",fullTitle:"Toxicity and Hazard of Agrochemicals"},signatures:"Francisco Sánchez-Bayo and Henk A. Tennekes",authors:[{id:"74970",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Sánchez-Bayo",slug:"francisco-sanchez-bayo",fullName:"Francisco Sánchez-Bayo"},{id:"173845",title:"Dr.",name:"Henk",middleName:null,surname:"Tennekes",slug:"henk-tennekes",fullName:"Henk Tennekes"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"78542",title:"Mitigation of Climate Change by Nitrogen Managements in Agriculture",slug:"mitigation-of-climate-change-by-nitrogen-managements-in-agriculture",totalDownloads:274,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Soil is one of the important sources of nitrous oxide (N2O), which is generally producing through soil microbial processes, such as nitrification and denitrification. Agricultural soils receive chemical and organic fertilizers to maintain or increase crop yield and soil fertility, but several factors are influencing N2O emissions, such as types and conditions of soil and fertilizer, and rate, form, and timing of application. Mitigation of N2O is a challenging topic for future earth by using inhibitors, controlled-release fertilizers, and other amendments, but the cost and side effects should be considered for feasibility.",book:{id:"10360",slug:"nitrogen-in-agriculture-physiological-agricultural-and-ecological-aspects",title:"Nitrogen in Agriculture",fullTitle:"Nitrogen in Agriculture - Physiological, Agricultural and Ecological Aspects"},signatures:"Kazuyuki Inubushi and Miwa Yashima",authors:[{id:"108366",title:"Dr.",name:"Kazuyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Inubushi",slug:"kazuyuki-inubushi",fullName:"Kazuyuki Inubushi"},{id:"429712",title:"Dr.",name:"Miwa",middleName:null,surname:"Yashima",slug:"miwa-yashima",fullName:"Miwa Yashima"}]},{id:"48594",title:"Environmental Exposure and Health Effects Associated with Malathion Toxicity",slug:"environmental-exposure-and-health-effects-associated-with-malathion-toxicity",totalDownloads:2672,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:31,abstract:"Malathion (O,O-dimethyl-S-1,2-bis ethoxy carbonyl ethyl phosphorodithionate) is a non-systemic, wide-spectrum pesticide. It is widely used throughout the world for agricultural, residential, and public health purposes, mainly to enhance food production and to provide protection from disease vectors. Malathion preference over other organophosphate pesticides relates to its low persistence in the environment as it is highly susceptible to hydrolysis, photolysis, and biodegradation. However, numerous malathion poisoning incidents including acute and chronic cases have been reported among pesticide workers and small children through accidental exposure. Malathion toxicity is compounded by its reactive metabolites and also depends upon the product purity, route of exposure, nutritional status, and gender of exposed individuals. Its metabolic oxidation in mammals, insects, and plants leads to the formation of malaoxon which appears to be several times more acutely toxic and represents the primary cause of malathion’s toxicity. Depending on the level of exposure, several signs and symptoms of toxicity including numbness, tingling sensation, headache, dizziness, difficulty breathing, weakness, irritation of skin, exacerbation of asthma, abdominal cramps, and death have been reported. Similar to other organophosphate pesticides, malathion exerts it toxic action by binding to acetylcholinesterase enzyme and inhibiting its activity, leading to accumulation of acetylcholine in synaptic junctions, which in turn results in overstimulation of cholinergic, muscarinic, and nicotinic receptors, and subsequent induction of adverse biologic effects. This chapter provides an update and analysis of the production and use, environmental occurrence, molecular mechanisms of toxicity, genotoxicity and carcinogenicity, and adverse human health effects associated with malathion exposure.",book:{id:"4637",slug:"toxicity-and-hazard-of-agrochemicals",title:"Toxicity and Hazard of Agrochemicals",fullTitle:"Toxicity and Hazard of Agrochemicals"},signatures:"Paul B. Tchounwou, Anita K. Patlolla, Clement G. Yedjou and\nPamela D. Moore",authors:[{id:"113353",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Tchounwou",slug:"paul-tchounwou",fullName:"Paul Tchounwou"}]},{id:"64602",title:"Environmental Risk of Groundwater Pollution by Pesticide Leaching through the Soil Profile",slug:"environmental-risk-of-groundwater-pollution-by-pesticide-leaching-through-the-soil-profile",totalDownloads:3016,totalCrossrefCites:21,totalDimensionsCites:60,abstract:"Adsorption, degradation, and movement are the key processes conditioning the behavior and fate of pesticides in the soil. Six processes that can move pesticides are leaching, diffusion, volatilization, erosion and run-off, assimilation by microorganisms, and plant uptake. Leaching is the vertical downward displacement of pesticides through the soil profile and the unsaturated zone, and finally to groundwater, which is vulnerable to pollution. Pesticides are frequently leached through the soil by the effect of rain or irrigation water. Pesticide leaching is highest for weakly sorbing and/or persistent compounds, climates with high precipitation and low temperatures, and soils with low organic matter and sandy texture. On the contrary, for pesticides with a low persistence that disappear quickly, the risk of groundwater pollution considerably decreases. Different and varied factors such as physical-chemical properties of the pesticide, a permeability of the soil, texture and organic matter content of the soil, volatilization, crop-root uptake, and method and dose of pesticide application are responsible for the leaching rate of the pesticides. Soils that are high in clays and organic matter will slow the movement of water, attach easily to many pesticides, and generally have a higher diversity and population of soil organisms that can metabolize the pesticides.",book:{id:"8533",slug:"pesticides-use-and-misuse-and-their-impact-in-the-environment",title:"Pesticides",fullTitle:"Pesticides - Use and Misuse and Their Impact in the Environment"},signatures:"Gabriel Pérez-Lucas, Nuria Vela, Abderrazak El Aatik and Simón Navarro",authors:[{id:"202983",title:"Dr.",name:"Simón",middleName:null,surname:"Navarro",slug:"simon-navarro",fullName:"Simón Navarro"},{id:"202988",title:"Dr.",name:"Nuria",middleName:null,surname:"Vela",slug:"nuria-vela",fullName:"Nuria Vela"},{id:"206059",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriel",middleName:null,surname:"Pérez-Lucas",slug:"gabriel-perez-lucas",fullName:"Gabriel Pérez-Lucas"},{id:"283154",title:"Mr.",name:"Abderrazak",middleName:null,surname:"El Aatik",slug:"abderrazak-el-aatik",fullName:"Abderrazak El Aatik"}]},{id:"77770",title:"Mycorrhizal Fungi and Sustainable Agriculture",slug:"mycorrhizal-fungi-and-sustainable-agriculture",totalDownloads:284,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The 20thcentury witnessed an augmentation in agricultural production, mainly through the progress and use of pesticides, fertilizers containing nitrogen and phosphorus, and developments in plant breeding and genetic skills. In the naturally existing ecology, rhizospheric soils have innumerable biological living beings to favor the plant development, nutrient assimilation, stress tolerance, disease deterrence, carbon seizing and others. These organisms include mycorrhizal fungi, bacteria, actinomycetes, etc. which solubilize nutrients and assist the plants in up taking by roots. Amongst them, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi have key importance in natural ecosystem, but high rate of chemical fertilizer in agricultural fields is diminishing its importance. The majority of the terrestrial plants form association with Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM) or Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). This symbiosis confers benefits directly to the host plant’s growth and development through the acquisition of Phosphorus (P) and other mineral nutrients from the soil by the AMF. They may also enhance the protection of plants against pathogens and increases the plant diversity. This is achieved by the growth of AMF mycelium within the host root (intra radical) and out into the soil (extra radical) beyond. Proper management of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi has the potential to improve the profitability and sustainability of agricultural systems. AM fungi are especially important for sustainable farming systems because AM fungi are efficient when nutrient availability is low and when nutrients are bound to organic matter and soil particles.",book:{id:"10360",slug:"nitrogen-in-agriculture-physiological-agricultural-and-ecological-aspects",title:"Nitrogen in Agriculture",fullTitle:"Nitrogen in Agriculture - Physiological, Agricultural and Ecological Aspects"},signatures:"Soibam Helena Devi, Ingudam Bhupenchandra, Soibam Sinyorita, S.K. Chongtham and E. Lamalakshmi Devi",authors:[{id:"301167",title:"Dr.",name:"E. Lamalakshmi",middleName:null,surname:"Devi",slug:"e.-lamalakshmi-devi",fullName:"E. Lamalakshmi Devi"},{id:"311911",title:"Dr.",name:"S.K.",middleName:null,surname:"Chongtham",slug:"s.k.-chongtham",fullName:"S.K. Chongtham"},{id:"345840",title:"Dr.",name:"Ingudam",middleName:null,surname:"Bhupenchandra",slug:"ingudam-bhupenchandra",fullName:"Ingudam Bhupenchandra"},{id:"423173",title:"Mrs.",name:"Soibam",middleName:null,surname:"Helena Devi",slug:"soibam-helena-devi",fullName:"Soibam Helena Devi"},{id:"423177",title:"Dr.",name:"Soibam",middleName:null,surname:"Sinyorita",slug:"soibam-sinyorita",fullName:"Soibam Sinyorita"}]},{id:"77147",title:"Influence of Heavy Metals on the Nitrogen Metabolism in Plants",slug:"influence-of-heavy-metals-on-the-nitrogen-metabolism-in-plants",totalDownloads:263,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"As an essential element, Nitrogen is needed in large quantities for being an important component of cellular constituents and for plant metabolism, and its deficiency is one of the most common limitations for plant development. The study of the toxic effects of metal in plants involves a complex system of reactions that can be better determined once having a large attention of the different backgrounds of occurence to determinate how to proceed. The objective of this review is to add scientific knowledge, addressing the main functionalities and characteristics of this relation heavy metals – nitrogen metabolism in plant. Increasing industrialization and urbanization had anthropogenic contribution of heavy metals in biosphere and had largest availability in ecosystems. This toxicity in plants varies with plant species, specific metal, concentration, soil composition, as many heavy metals are considered to be essential for plant growth. Were provided data and reviews regarding the effect of heavy metals on nitrogen metabolism of plants and the responses of plants and the cross-talk of heavy metals and various stressors factors. Is clear to understand the relation between metals amount and the benefit or harm caused on plants, determining then, which mechanism should be activated to protect your physiological system.",book:{id:"10360",slug:"nitrogen-in-agriculture-physiological-agricultural-and-ecological-aspects",title:"Nitrogen in Agriculture",fullTitle:"Nitrogen in Agriculture - Physiological, Agricultural and Ecological Aspects"},signatures:"Vitor Nascimento, Glauco Nogueira, Gabriel Monteiro, Waldemar Júnior, Joze Melissa Nunes de Freitas and Cândido Neto",authors:[{id:"332095",title:"Dr.",name:"Cândido",middleName:null,surname:"Neto",slug:"candido-neto",fullName:"Cândido Neto"},{id:"332157",title:"Prof.",name:"Joze",middleName:null,surname:"Freitas",slug:"joze-freitas",fullName:"Joze Freitas"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"28",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:287,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 13th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11403,editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",slug:"slawomir-wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",biography:"Professor Sławomir Wilczyński, Head of the Chair of Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland. His research interests are focused on modern imaging methods used in medicine and pharmacy, including in particular hyperspectral imaging, dynamic thermovision analysis, high-resolution ultrasound, as well as other techniques such as EPR, NMR and hemispheric directional reflectance. Author of over 100 scientific works, patents and industrial designs. Expert of the Polish National Center for Research and Development, Member of the Investment Committee in the Bridge Alfa NCBiR program, expert of the Polish Ministry of Funds and Regional Policy, Polish Medical Research Agency. Editor-in-chief of the journal in the field of aesthetic medicine and dermatology - Aesthetica.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11404,editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",slug:"adriano-andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",biography:"Dr. Adriano de Oliveira Andrade graduated in Electrical Engineering at the Federal University of Goiás (Brazil) in 1997. He received his MSc and PhD in Biomedical Engineering respectively from the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU, Brazil) in 2000 and from the University of Reading (UK) in 2005. He completed a one-year Post-Doctoral Fellowship awarded by the DFAIT (Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada) at the Institute of Biomedical Engineering of the University of New Brunswick (Canada) in 2010. Currently, he is Professor in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering (UFU). He has authored and co-authored more than 200 peer-reviewed publications in Biomedical Engineering. He has been a researcher of The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq-Brazil) since 2009. He has served as an ad-hoc consultant for CNPq, CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), FINEP (Brazilian Innovation Agency), and other funding bodies on several occasions. He was the Secretary of the Brazilian Society of Biomedical Engineering (SBEB) from 2015 to 2016, President of SBEB (2017-2018) and Vice-President of SBEB (2019-2020). He was the head of the undergraduate program in Biomedical Engineering of the Federal University of Uberlândia (2015 - June/2019) and the head of the Centre for Innovation and Technology Assessment in Health (NIATS/UFU) since 2010. He is the head of the Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering (UFU, July/2019 - to date). He was the secretary of the Parkinson's Disease Association of Uberlândia (2018-2019). Dr. Andrade's primary area of research is focused towards getting information from the neuromuscular system to understand its strategies of organization, adaptation and controlling in the context of motor neuron diseases. His research interests include Biomedical Signal Processing and Modelling, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation Engineering, Neuroengineering and Parkinson's Disease.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11405,editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",slug:"luis-villarreal-gomez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",biography:"Dr. Luis Villarreal is a research professor from the Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana, Baja California, México. Dr. Villarreal is the editor in chief and founder of the Revista de Ciencias Tecnológicas (RECIT) (https://recit.uabc.mx/) and is a member of several editorial and reviewer boards for numerous international journals. He has published more than thirty international papers and reviewed more than ninety-two manuscripts. His research interests include biomaterials, nanomaterials, bioengineering, biosensors, drug delivery systems, and tissue engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"81821",title:"Pneumococcal Carriage in Jordanian Children and the Importance of Vaccination",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104999",signatures:"Adnan Al-Lahham",slug:"pneumococcal-carriage-in-jordanian-children-and-the-importance-of-vaccination",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Streptococcal Infections",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10828.jpg",subseries:{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"81813",title:"Schistosomiasis: Discovery of New Molecules for Disease Treatment and Vaccine Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104738",signatures:"Andressa Barban do Patrocinio",slug:"schistosomiasis-discovery-of-new-molecules-for-disease-treatment-and-vaccine-development",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"New Horizons for Schistosomiasis Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10829.jpg",subseries:{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"81644",title:"Perspective Chapter: Ethics of Using Placebo Controlled Trials for Covid-19 Vaccine Development in Vulnerable Populations",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104776",signatures:"Lesley Burgess, Jurie Jordaan and Matthew Wilson",slug:"perspective-chapter-ethics-of-using-placebo-controlled-trials-for-covid-19-vaccine-development-in-vu",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"80546",title:"Streptococcal Skin and Skin-Structure Infections",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102894",signatures:"Alwyn Rapose",slug:"streptococcal-skin-and-skin-structure-infections",totalDownloads:48,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Streptococcal Infections",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10828.jpg",subseries:{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"6667",title:"Influenza",subtitle:"Therapeutics and Challenges",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6667.jpg",slug:"influenza-therapeutics-and-challenges",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"105e347b2d5dbbe6b593aceffa051efa",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Influenza - Therapeutics and Challenges",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7064",title:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7064.jpg",slug:"current-perspectives-in-human-papillomavirus",publishedDate:"May 2nd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"d92a4085627bab25ddc7942fbf44cf05",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7123",title:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7123.jpg",slug:"current-topics-in-neglected-tropical-diseases",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",hash:"61c627da05b2ace83056d11357bdf361",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"7839",title:"Malaria",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7839.jpg",slug:"malaria",publishedDate:"December 11th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Fyson H. Kasenga",hash:"91cde4582ead884cb0f355a19b67cd56",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Malaria",editors:[{id:"86725",title:"Dr.",name:"Fyson",middleName:"Hanania",surname:"Kasenga",slug:"fyson-kasenga",fullName:"Fyson Kasenga",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/86725/images/system/86725.jpg",biography:"Dr. Kasenga is a graduate of Tumaini University, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical College, Moshi, Tanzania and Umeå University, Sweden. He obtained a Master’s degree in Public Health and PhD in Public Health and Epidemiology. He has a background in Clinical Medicine and has taken courses at higher diploma levels in public health from University of Transkei, Republic of South Africa, and African Medical and Research Foundation (AMREF) in Nairobi, Kenya. Dr. Kasenga worked in different places in and outside Malawi, and has held various positions, such as Licensed Medical Officer, HIV/AIDS Programme Officer, HIV/AIDS resource person in the International Department of Diakonhjemet College, Oslo, Norway. He also managed an Integrated HIV/AIDS Prevention programme for over 5 years. He is currently working as a Director for the Health Ministries Department of Malawi Union of the Seventh Day Adventist Church. Dr. Kasenga has published over 5 articles on HIV/AIDS issues focusing on Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV (PMTCT), including a book chapter on HIV testing counseling (currently in press). Dr. Kasenga is married to Grace and blessed with three children, a son and two daughters: Happy, Lettice and Sungani.",institutionString:"Malawi Adventist University",institution:{name:"Malawi Adventist University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malawi"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"11449",title:"Telehealth / Telemedicine – The Far-Reaching Medicine for Everyone and Everywhere",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11449.jpg",hash:"71545975025beddf27aa2931e0af5408",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"April 8th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"201262",title:"Dr.",name:"Tang-Chuan",surname:"Wang",slug:"tang-chuan-wang",fullName:"Tang-Chuan Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11451",title:"Molecular Docking - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11451.jpg",hash:"8c918a1973786c7059752b28601f1329",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 4th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"179007",title:"Dr.",name:"Erman Salih",surname:"Istifli",slug:"erman-salih-istifli",fullName:"Erman Salih Istifli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11452",title:"Cryopreservation - Applications and Challenges",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11452.jpg",hash:"a6c3fd4384ff7deeab32fc82722c60e0",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"June 8th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"300385",title:"Dr.",name:"Marian",surname:"Quain",slug:"marian-quain",fullName:"Marian Quain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11453",title:"Biomimetics - Bridging the Gap",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11453.jpg",hash:"173e62fa4d7bf5508cec3bdd8e3cb32d",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"June 16th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"222709",title:"Prof.",name:"Ziyad S.",surname:"Haidar",slug:"ziyad-s.-haidar",fullName:"Ziyad S. Haidar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:49,paginationItems:[{id:"80495",title:"Iron in Cell Metabolism and Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101908",signatures:"Eeka Prabhakar",slug:"iron-in-cell-metabolism-and-disease",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - Iron a Double‐Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81799",title:"Cross Talk of Purinergic and Immune Signaling: Implication in Inflammatory and Pathogenic Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104978",signatures:"Richa Rai",slug:"cross-talk-of-purinergic-and-immune-signaling-implication-in-inflammatory-and-pathogenic-diseases",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81764",title:"Involvement of the Purinergic System in Cell Death in Models of Retinopathies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103935",signatures:"Douglas Penaforte Cruz, Marinna Garcia Repossi and Lucianne Fragel Madeira",slug:"involvement-of-the-purinergic-system-in-cell-death-in-models-of-retinopathies",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81756",title:"Alteration of Cytokines Level and Oxidative Stress Parameters in COVID-19",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104950",signatures:"Marija Petrusevska, Emilija Atanasovska, Dragica Zendelovska, Aleksandar Eftimov and Katerina Spasovska",slug:"alteration-of-cytokines-level-and-oxidative-stress-parameters-in-covid-19",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}},{id:"81681",title:"Immunomodulatory Effects of a M2-Conditioned Medium (PRS® CK STORM): Theory on the Possible Complex Mechanism of Action through Anti-Inflammatory Modulation of the TLR System and the Purinergic System",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104486",signatures:"Juan Pedro Lapuente",slug:"immunomodulatory-effects-of-a-m2-conditioned-medium-prs-ck-storm-theory-on-the-possible-complex-mech",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81647",title:"Diabetes and Epigenetics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104653",signatures:"Rasha A. Alhazzaa, Thomas Heinbockel and Antonei B. Csoka",slug:"diabetes-and-epigenetics",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"81580",title:"Graft-Versus-Host Disease: Pathogenesis and Treatment",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104450",signatures:"Shin Mukai",slug:"graft-versus-host-disease-pathogenesis-and-treatment",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81533",title:"Prenylation of Natural Products: An Overview",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104636",signatures:"Kantharaju Kamanna and Aravind Kamath",slug:"prenylation-of-natural-products-an-overview",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Kantharaju",surname:"Kamanna"}],book:{title:"Modifications of Biomolecules",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11098.jpg",subseries:null}},{id:"81067",title:"Encapsulation of Essential Oils and Their Use in Food Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103147",signatures:"Hamdy A. Shaaban and Amr Farouk",slug:"encapsulation-of-essential-oils-and-their-use-in-food-applications",totalDownloads:47,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"81099",title:"SK Channels and Heart Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104115",signatures:"Katherine Zhong, Shawn Kant, Frank Sellke and Jun Feng",slug:"sk-channels-and-heart-disease",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:3,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:9,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:17,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:19,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:12,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"9883",title:"Biosensors",subtitle:"Current and Novel Strategies for Biosensing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9883.jpg",slug:"biosensors-current-and-novel-strategies-for-biosensing",publishedDate:"May 5th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Luis Jesús Villarreal-Gómez and Ana Leticia Iglesias",hash:"028f3e5dbf9c32590183ac4b4f0a2825",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Biosensors - Current and Novel Strategies for Biosensing",editors:[{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",slug:"luis-villarreal-gomez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9959",title:"Biomedical Signal and Image Processing",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9959.jpg",slug:"biomedical-signal-and-image-processing",publishedDate:"April 14th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Yongxia Zhou",hash:"22b87a09bd6df065d78c175235d367c8",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Biomedical Signal and Image Processing",editors:[{id:"259308",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongxia",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"yongxia-zhou",fullName:"Yongxia Zhou",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259308/images/system/259308.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Southern California",institution:{name:"University of Southern California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9973",title:"Data Acquisition",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Applications in Biomedical Engineering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9973.jpg",slug:"data-acquisition-recent-advances-and-applications-in-biomedical-engineering",publishedDate:"March 17th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",hash:"75ea6cdd241216c9db28aa734ab34446",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Data Acquisition - Recent Advances and Applications in Biomedical Engineering",editors:[{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9905",title:"Biometric Systems",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9905.jpg",slug:"biometric-systems",publishedDate:"February 10th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",hash:"c730560dd2e3837a03407b3a86b0ef2a",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Biometric Systems",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Kuwait"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8622",title:"Peptide Synthesis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8622.jpg",slug:"peptide-synthesis",publishedDate:"December 18th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Jaya T. Varkey",hash:"de9fa48c5248dbfb581825b8c74f5623",volumeInSeries:0,fullTitle:"Peptide Synthesis",editors:[{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7497",title:"Computer Vision in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7497.jpg",slug:"computer-vision-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"September 18th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Monika Elzbieta Machoy",hash:"1e9812cebd46ef9e28257f3e96547f6a",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Computer Vision in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8633",title:"Novel Diagnostic Methods in Ophthalmology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8633.jpg",slug:"novel-diagnostic-methods-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Anna Nowinska",hash:"da2c90e8db647ead30504defce3fb5d3",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Novel Diagnostic Methods in Ophthalmology",editors:[{id:"261466",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:"Karolina",surname:"Nowińska",slug:"anna-nowinska",fullName:"Anna Nowińska",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261466/images/system/261466.jpeg",institutionString:"Medical University of Silesia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7437",title:"Nanomedicines",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7437.jpg",slug:"nanomedicines",publishedDate:"February 13th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh",hash:"0e1f5f6258f074c533976c4f4d248568",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Nanomedicines",editors:[{id:"63182",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Akhyar",middleName:null,surname:"Farrukh",slug:"muhammad-akhyar-farrukh",fullName:"Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63182/images/system/63182.png",institutionString:"Forman Christian College",institution:{name:"Forman Christian College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6843",title:"Biomechanics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6843.jpg",slug:"biomechanics",publishedDate:"January 30th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hadi Mohammadi",hash:"85132976010be1d7f3dbd88662b785e5",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Biomechanics",editors:[{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7560",title:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods",subtitle:"Image Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7560.jpg",slug:"non-invasive-diagnostic-methods-image-processing",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mariusz Marzec and Robert Koprowski",hash:"d92fd8cf5a90a47f2b8a310837a5600e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods - Image Processing",editors:[{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7218",title:"OCT",subtitle:"Applications in Ophthalmology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7218.jpg",slug:"oct-applications-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Michele Lanza",hash:"e3a3430cdfd6999caccac933e4613885",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"OCT - Applications in Ophthalmology",editors:[{id:"240088",title:"Prof.",name:"Michele",middleName:null,surname:"Lanza",slug:"michele-lanza",fullName:"Michele Lanza",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240088/images/system/240088.png",institutionString:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institution:{name:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6692",title:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6692.jpg",slug:"medical-and-biological-image-analysis",publishedDate:"July 4th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Robert Koprowski",hash:"e75f234a0fc1988d9816a94e4c724deb",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",editors:[{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",value:9,count:1},{group:"subseries",caption:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",value:8,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",value:7,count:9}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:5},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:3}],authors:{paginationCount:302,paginationItems:[{id:"198499",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Glossman-Mitnik",slug:"daniel-glossman-mitnik",fullName:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/198499/images/system/198499.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Daniel Glossman-Mitnik is currently a Titular Researcher at the Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados (CIMAV), Chihuahua, Mexico, as well as a National Researcher of Level III at the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Mexico. His research interest focuses on computational chemistry and molecular modeling of diverse systems of pharmacological, food, and alternative energy interests by resorting to DFT and Conceptual DFT. He has authored a coauthored more than 255 peer-reviewed papers, 32 book chapters, and 2 edited books. He has delivered speeches at many international and domestic conferences. He serves as a reviewer for more than eighty international journals, books, and research proposals as well as an editor for special issues of renowned scientific journals.",institutionString:"Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados",institution:{name:"Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"76477",title:"Prof.",name:"Mirza",middleName:null,surname:"Hasanuzzaman",slug:"mirza-hasanuzzaman",fullName:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/76477/images/system/76477.png",biography:"Dr. Mirza Hasanuzzaman is a Professor of Agronomy at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Bangladesh. He received his Ph.D. in Plant Stress Physiology and Antioxidant Metabolism from Ehime University, Japan, with a scholarship from the Japanese Government (MEXT). Later, he completed his postdoctoral research at the Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of the Ryukyus, Japan, as a recipient of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) postdoctoral fellowship. He was also the recipient of the Australian Government Endeavour Research Fellowship for postdoctoral research as an adjunct senior researcher at the University of Tasmania, Australia. Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s current work is focused on the physiological and molecular mechanisms of environmental stress tolerance. Dr. Hasanuzzaman has published more than 150 articles in peer-reviewed journals. He has edited ten books and written more than forty book chapters on important aspects of plant physiology, plant stress tolerance, and crop production. According to Scopus, Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s publications have received more than 10,500 citations with an h-index of 53. He has been named a Highly Cited Researcher by Clarivate. He is an editor and reviewer for more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and was a recipient of the “Publons Peer Review Award” in 2017, 2018, and 2019. He has been honored by different authorities for his outstanding performance in various fields like research and education, and he has received the World Academy of Science Young Scientist Award (2014) and the University Grants Commission (UGC) Award 2018. He is a fellow of the Bangladesh Academy of Sciences (BAS) and the Royal Society of Biology.",institutionString:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",institution:{name:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",country:{name:"Bangladesh"}}},{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBDeQAO/Profile_Picture_1623411145568",biography:"Kusal K. Das is a Distinguished Chair Professor of Physiology, Shri B. M. Patil Medical College and Director, Centre for Advanced Medical Research (CAMR), BLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapur, Karnataka, India. Dr. Das did his M.S. and Ph.D. in Human Physiology from the University of Calcutta, Kolkata. His area of research is focused on understanding of molecular mechanisms of heavy metal activated low oxygen sensing pathways in vascular pathophysiology. He has invented a new method of estimation of serum vitamin E. His expertise in critical experimental protocols on vascular functions in experimental animals was well documented by his quality of publications. He was a Visiting Professor of Medicine at University of Leeds, United Kingdom (2014-2016) and Tulane University, New Orleans, USA (2017). For his immense contribution in medical research Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India conferred him 'G.P. Chatterjee Memorial Research Prize-2019” and he is also the recipient of 'Dr.Raja Ramanna State Scientist Award 2015” by Government of Karnataka. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Biology (FRSB), London and Honorary Fellow of Karnataka Science and Technology Academy, Department of Science and Technology, Government of Karnataka.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University), India",institution:null},{id:"243660",title:"Dr.",name:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda",middleName:null,surname:"Biradar",slug:"mallanagouda-shivanagouda-biradar",fullName:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda Biradar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243660/images/system/243660.jpeg",biography:"M. S. Biradar is Vice Chancellor and Professor of Medicine of\nBLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India.\nHe obtained his MD with a gold medal in General Medicine and\nhas devoted himself to medical teaching, research, and administrations. He has also immensely contributed to medical research\non vascular medicine, which is reflected by his numerous publications including books and book chapters. Professor Biradar was\nalso Visiting Professor at Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University)",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"289796",title:"Dr.",name:"Swastika",middleName:null,surname:"Das",slug:"swastika-das",fullName:"Swastika Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/289796/images/system/289796.jpeg",biography:"Swastika N. Das is Professor of Chemistry at the V. P. Dr. P. G.\nHalakatti College of Engineering and Technology, BLDE (Deemed\nto be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India. She obtained an\nMSc, MPhil, and PhD in Chemistry from Sambalpur University,\nOdisha, India. Her areas of research interest are medicinal chemistry, chemical kinetics, and free radical chemistry. She is a member\nof the investigators who invented a new modified method of estimation of serum vitamin E. She has authored numerous publications including book\nchapters and is a mentor of doctoral curriculum at her university.",institutionString:"BLDEA’s V.P.Dr.P.G.Halakatti College of Engineering & Technology",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248459/images/system/248459.png",biography:"Akikazu Takada was born in Japan, 1935. After graduation from\nKeio University School of Medicine and finishing his post-graduate studies, he worked at Roswell Park Memorial Institute NY,\nUSA. He then took a professorship at Hamamatsu University\nSchool of Medicine. In thrombosis studies, he found the SK\npotentiator that enhances plasminogen activation by streptokinase. He is very much interested in simultaneous measurements\nof fatty acids, amino acids, and tryptophan degradation products. By using fatty\nacid analyses, he indicated that plasma levels of trans-fatty acids of old men were\nfar higher in the US than Japanese men. . He also showed that eicosapentaenoic acid\n(EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels are higher, and arachidonic acid\nlevels are lower in Japanese than US people. By using simultaneous LC/MS analyses\nof plasma levels of tryptophan metabolites, he recently found that plasma levels of\nserotonin, kynurenine, or 5-HIAA were higher in patients of mono- and bipolar\ndepression, which are significantly different from observations reported before. In\nview of recent reports that plasma tryptophan metabolites are mainly produced by\nmicrobiota. He is now working on the relationships between microbiota and depression or autism.",institutionString:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",institution:{name:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"137240",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"mohammed-khalid",fullName:"Mohammed Khalid",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/137240/images/system/137240.png",biography:"Mohammed Khalid received his B.S. degree in chemistry in 2000 and Ph.D. degree in physical chemistry in 2007 from the University of Khartoum, Sudan. He moved to School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Australia in 2009 and joined Dr. Ron Clarke as a postdoctoral fellow where he worked on the interaction of ATP with the phosphoenzyme of the Na+/K+-ATPase and dual mechanisms of allosteric acceleration of the Na+/K+-ATPase by ATP; then he went back to Department of Chemistry, University of Khartoum as an assistant professor, and in 2014 he was promoted as an associate professor. In 2011, he joined the staff of Department of Chemistry at Taif University, Saudi Arabia, where he is currently an assistant professor. His research interests include the following: P-Type ATPase enzyme kinetics and mechanisms, kinetics and mechanisms of redox reactions, autocatalytic reactions, computational enzyme kinetics, allosteric acceleration of P-type ATPases by ATP, exploring of allosteric sites of ATPases, and interaction of ATP with ATPases located in cell membranes.",institutionString:"Taif University",institution:{name:"Taif University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"63810",title:"Prof.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Morales-Montor",slug:"jorge-morales-montor",fullName:"Jorge Morales-Montor",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63810/images/system/63810.png",biography:"Dr. Jorge Morales-Montor was recognized with the Lola and Igo Flisser PUIS Award for best graduate thesis at the national level in the field of parasitology. He received a fellowship from the Fogarty Foundation to perform postdoctoral research stay at the University of Georgia. He has 153 journal articles to his credit. He has also edited several books and published more than fifty-five book chapters. He is a member of the Mexican Academy of Sciences, Latin American Academy of Sciences, and the National Academy of Medicine. He has received more than thirty-five awards and has supervised numerous bachelor’s, master’s, and Ph.D. students. Dr. Morales-Montor is the past president of the Mexican Society of Parasitology.",institutionString:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"217215",title:"Dr.",name:"Palash",middleName:null,surname:"Mandal",slug:"palash-mandal",fullName:"Palash Mandal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217215/images/system/217215.jpeg",biography:null,institutionString:"Charusat University",institution:null},{id:"49739",title:"Dr.",name:"Leszek",middleName:null,surname:"Szablewski",slug:"leszek-szablewski",fullName:"Leszek Szablewski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49739/images/system/49739.jpg",biography:"Leszek Szablewski is a professor of medical sciences. He received his M.S. in the Faculty of Biology from the University of Warsaw and his PhD degree from the Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences. He habilitated in the Medical University of Warsaw, and he obtained his degree of Professor from the President of Poland. Professor Szablewski is the Head of Chair and Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw. Professor Szablewski has published over 80 peer-reviewed papers in journals such as Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, Biochim. Biophys. Acta Reviews of Cancer, Biol. Chem., J. Biomed. Sci., and Diabetes/Metabol. Res. Rev, Endocrine. He is the author of two books and four book chapters. He has edited four books, written 15 scripts for students, is the ad hoc reviewer of over 30 peer-reviewed journals, and editorial member of peer-reviewed journals. Prof. Szablewski’s research focuses on cell physiology, genetics, and pathophysiology. He works on the damage caused by lack of glucose homeostasis and changes in the expression and/or function of glucose transporters due to various diseases. He has given lectures, seminars, and exercises for students at the Medical University.",institutionString:"Medical University of Warsaw",institution:{name:"Medical University of Warsaw",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"173123",title:"Dr.",name:"Maitham",middleName:null,surname:"Khajah",slug:"maitham-khajah",fullName:"Maitham Khajah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/173123/images/system/173123.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Maitham A. Khajah received his degree in Pharmacy from Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, in 2003 and obtained his PhD degree in December 2009 from the University of Calgary, Canada (Gastrointestinal Science and Immunology). Since January 2010 he has been assistant professor in Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics. His research interest are molecular targets for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and the mechanisms responsible for immune cell chemotaxis. He cosupervised many students for the MSc Molecular Biology Program, College of Graduate Studies, Kuwait University. Ever since joining Kuwait University in 2010, he got various grants as PI and Co-I. He was awarded the Best Young Researcher Award by Kuwait University, Research Sector, for the Year 2013–2014. He was a member in the organizing committee for three conferences organized by Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, as cochair and a member in the scientific committee (the 3rd, 4th, and 5th Kuwait International Pharmacy Conference).",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"195136",title:"Dr.",name:"Aya",middleName:null,surname:"Adel",slug:"aya-adel",fullName:"Aya Adel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195136/images/system/195136.jpg",biography:"Dr. Adel works as an Assistant Lecturer in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. Dr. Adel is especially interested in joint attention and its impairment in autism spectrum disorder",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"94911",title:"Dr.",name:"Boulenouar",middleName:null,surname:"Mesraoua",slug:"boulenouar-mesraoua",fullName:"Boulenouar Mesraoua",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94911/images/system/94911.png",biography:"Dr Boulenouar Mesraoua is the Associate Professor of Clinical Neurology at Weill Cornell Medical College-Qatar and a Consultant Neurologist at Hamad Medical Corporation at the Neuroscience Department; He graduated as a Medical Doctor from the University of Oran, Algeria; he then moved to Belgium, the City of Liege, for a Residency in Internal Medicine and Neurology at Liege University; after getting the Belgian Board of Neurology (with high marks), he went to the National Hospital for Nervous Diseases, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom for a fellowship in Clinical Neurophysiology, under Pr Willison ; Dr Mesraoua had also further training in Epilepsy and Continuous EEG Monitoring for two years (from 2001-2003) in the Neurophysiology department of Zurich University, Switzerland, under late Pr Hans Gregor Wieser ,an internationally known epileptologist expert. \n\nDr B. Mesraoua is the Director of the Neurology Fellowship Program at the Neurology Section and an active member of the newly created Comprehensive Epilepsy Program at Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar; he is also Assistant Director of the Residency Program at the Qatar Medical School. \nDr B. Mesraoua's main interests are Epilepsy, Multiple Sclerosis, and Clinical Neurology; He is the Chairman and the Organizer of the well known Qatar Epilepsy Symposium, he is running yearly for the past 14 years and which is considered a landmark in the Gulf region; He has also started last year , together with other epileptologists from Qatar, the region and elsewhere, a yearly International Epilepsy School Course, which was attended by many neurologists from the Area.\n\nInternationally, Dr Mesraoua is an active and elected member of the Commission on Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR ) , a regional branch of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE), where he represents the Middle East and North Africa(MENA ) and where he holds the position of chief of the Epilepsy Epidemiology Section; Dr Mesraoua is a member of the American Academy of Neurology, the Europeen Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society.\n\nDr Mesraoua's main objectives are to encourage frequent gathering of the epileptologists/neurologists from the MENA region and the rest of the world, promote Epilepsy Teaching in the MENA Region, and encourage multicenter studies involving neurologists and epileptologists in the MENA region, particularly epilepsy epidemiological studies. \n\nDr. Mesraoua is the recipient of two research Grants, as the Lead Principal Investigator (750.000 USD and 250.000 USD) from the Qatar National Research Fund (QNRF) and the Hamad Hospital Internal Research Grant (IRGC), on the following topics : “Continuous EEG Monitoring in the ICU “ and on “Alpha-lactoalbumin , proof of concept in the treatment of epilepsy” .Dr Mesraoua is a reviewer for the journal \"seizures\" (Europeen Epilepsy Journal ) as well as dove journals ; Dr Mesraoua is the author and co-author of many peer reviewed publications and four book chapters in the field of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurology",institutionString:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",institution:{name:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",country:{name:"Qatar"}}},{id:"282429",title:"Prof.",name:"Covanis",middleName:null,surname:"Athanasios",slug:"covanis-athanasios",fullName:"Covanis Athanasios",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/282429/images/system/282429.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"Neurology-Neurophysiology Department of the Children Hospital Agia Sophia",institution:null},{id:"190980",title:"Prof.",name:"Marwa",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoud Saleh",slug:"marwa-mahmoud-saleh",fullName:"Marwa Mahmoud Saleh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190980/images/system/190980.jpg",biography:"Professor Marwa Mahmoud Saleh is a doctor of medicine and currently works in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. She got her doctoral degree in 1991 and her doctoral thesis was accomplished in the University of Iowa, United States. Her publications covered a multitude of topics as videokymography, cochlear implants, stuttering, and dysphagia. She has lectured Egyptian phonology for many years. Her recent research interest is joint attention in autism.",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259190/images/system/259190.png",biography:"Dr. Naqvi is a radioanalytical chemist and is working as an associate professor of analytical chemistry in the Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Advance separation techniques, nuclear analytical techniques and radiopharmaceutical analysis are the main courses that he is teaching to graduate and post-graduate students. In the research area, he is focusing on the development of organic- and biomolecule-based radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis and therapy of infectious and cancerous diseases. Under the supervision of Dr. Naqvi, three students have completed their Ph.D. degrees and 41 students have completed their MS degrees. He has completed three research projects and is currently working on 2 projects entitled “Radiolabeling of fluoroquinolone derivatives for the diagnosis of deep-seated bacterial infections” and “Radiolabeled minigastrin peptides for diagnosis and therapy of NETs”. He has published about 100 research articles in international reputed journals and 7 book chapters. Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology (PINSTECH) Islamabad, Punjab Institute of Nuclear Medicine (PINM), Faisalabad and Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology (INOR) Abbottabad are the main collaborating institutes.",institutionString:"Government College University",institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"58390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyula",middleName:null,surname:"Mozsik",slug:"gyula-mozsik",fullName:"Gyula Mozsik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58390/images/system/58390.png",biography:"Gyula Mózsik MD, Ph.D., ScD (med), is an emeritus professor of Medicine at the First Department of Medicine, Univesity of Pécs, Hungary. He was head of this department from 1993 to 2003. His specializations are medicine, gastroenterology, clinical pharmacology, clinical nutrition, and dietetics. His research fields are biochemical pharmacological examinations in the human gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa, mechanisms of retinoids, drugs, capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves, and innovative pharmacological, pharmaceutical, and nutritional (dietary) research in humans. He has published about 360 peer-reviewed papers, 197 book chapters, 692 abstracts, 19 monographs, and has edited 37 books. He has given about 1120 regular and review lectures. He has organized thirty-eight national and international congresses and symposia. He is the founder of the International Conference on Ulcer Research (ICUR); International Union of Pharmacology, Gastrointestinal Section (IUPHAR-GI); Brain-Gut Society symposiums, and gastrointestinal cytoprotective symposiums. He received the Andre Robert Award from IUPHAR-GI in 2014. Fifteen of his students have been appointed as full professors in Egypt, Cuba, and Hungary.",institutionString:"University of Pécs",institution:{name:"University of Pecs",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"277367",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Daniel",middleName:"Martin",surname:"Márquez López",slug:"daniel-marquez-lopez",fullName:"Daniel Márquez López",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/277367/images/7909_n.jpg",biography:"Msc Daniel Martin Márquez López has a bachelor degree in Industrial Chemical Engineering, a Master of science degree in the same área and he is a PhD candidate for the Instituto Politécnico Nacional. His Works are realted to the Green chemistry field, biolubricants, biodiesel, transesterification reactions for biodiesel production and the manipulation of oils for therapeutic purposes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196544/images/system/196544.jpg",biography:"Angel Catalá studied chemistry at Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where he received a Ph.D. in Chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From 1964 to 1974, he worked as an Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of Medicine at the same university. From 1974 to 1976, he was a fellow of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor of Biochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata. He is a member of the National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and the Argentine Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for many years in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Dr. Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, published more than 100 papers in peer-reviewed journals, several chapters in books, and edited twelve books. He received awards at the 40th International Conference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999 in Dijon, France. He is the winner of the Bimbo Pan-American Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South America, Human Nutrition, Professional Category. In 2006, he won the Bernardo Houssay award in pharmacology, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Dr. Catalá belongs to the editorial board of several journals including Journal of Lipids; International Review of Biophysical Chemistry; Frontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics; World Journal of Experimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International; World Journal of Biological Chemistry, Diabetes, and the Pancreas; International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy; and International Journal of Nutrition. He is the co-editor of The Open Biology Journal and associate editor for Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity.",institutionString:"Universidad Nacional de La Plata",institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",country:{name:"Argentina"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",slug:"francisco-javier-martin-romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",biography:"Francisco Javier Martín-Romero (Javier) is a Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the University of Extremadura, Spain. He is also a group leader at the Biomarkers Institute of Molecular Pathology. Javier received his Ph.D. in 1998 in Biochemistry and Biophysics. At the National Cancer Institute (National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD) he worked as a research associate on the molecular biology of selenium and its role in health and disease. After postdoctoral collaborations with Carlos Gutierrez-Merino (University of Extremadura, Spain) and Dario Alessi (University of Dundee, UK), he established his own laboratory in 2008. The interest of Javier's lab is the study of cell signaling with a special focus on Ca2+ signaling, and how Ca2+ transport modulates the cytoskeleton, migration, differentiation, cell death, etc. He is especially interested in the study of Ca2+ channels, and the role of STIM1 in the initiation of pathological events.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"217323",title:"Prof.",name:"Guang-Jer",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",slug:"guang-jer-wu",fullName:"Guang-Jer Wu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217323/images/8027_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"148546",title:"Dr.",name:"Norma Francenia",middleName:null,surname:"Santos-Sánchez",slug:"norma-francenia-santos-sanchez",fullName:"Norma Francenia Santos-Sánchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148546/images/4640_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272889",title:"Dr.",name:"Narendra",middleName:null,surname:"Maddu",slug:"narendra-maddu",fullName:"Narendra Maddu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272889/images/10758_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"242491",title:"Prof.",name:"Angelica",middleName:null,surname:"Rueda",slug:"angelica-rueda",fullName:"Angelica Rueda",position:"Investigador Cinvestav 3B",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242491/images/6765_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"88631",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Petyaev",slug:"ivan-petyaev",fullName:"Ivan Petyaev",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lycotec (United Kingdom)",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"423869",title:"Ms.",name:"Smita",middleName:null,surname:"Rai",slug:"smita-rai",fullName:"Smita Rai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"424024",title:"Prof.",name:"Swati",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"swati-sharma",fullName:"Swati Sharma",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"439112",title:"MSc.",name:"Touseef",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"touseef-fatima",fullName:"Touseef Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"424836",title:"Dr.",name:"Orsolya",middleName:null,surname:"Borsai",slug:"orsolya-borsai",fullName:"Orsolya Borsai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"422262",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Paola Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Palmeros-Suárez",slug:"paola-andrea-palmeros-suarez",fullName:"Paola Andrea Palmeros-Suárez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Guadalajara",country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"12",type:"subseries",title:"Human Physiology",keywords:"Anatomy, Cells, Organs, Systems, Homeostasis, Functions",scope:"Human physiology is the scientific exploration of the various functions (physical, biochemical, and mechanical properties) of humans, their organs, and their constituent cells. The endocrine and nervous systems play important roles in maintaining homeostasis in the human body. Integration, which is the biological basis of physiology, is achieved through communication between the many overlapping functions of the human body's systems, which takes place through electrical and chemical means. Much of the basis of our knowledge of human physiology has been provided by animal experiments. Because of the close relationship between structure and function, studies in human physiology and anatomy seek to understand the mechanisms that help the human body function. The series on human physiology deals with the various mechanisms of interaction between the various organs, nerves, and cells in the human body.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/12.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11408,editor:{id:"195829",title:"Prof.",name:"Kunihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Sakuma",slug:"kunihiro-sakuma",fullName:"Kunihiro Sakuma",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195829/images/system/195829.jpg",biography:"Professor Kunihiro Sakuma, Ph.D., currently works in the Institute for Liberal Arts at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. He is a physiologist working in the field of skeletal muscle. He was awarded his sports science diploma in 1995 by the University of Tsukuba and began his scientific work at the Department of Physiology, Aichi Human Service Center, focusing on the molecular mechanism of congenital muscular dystrophy and normal muscle regeneration. His interest later turned to the molecular mechanism and attenuating strategy of sarcopenia (age-related muscle atrophy). His opinion is to attenuate sarcopenia by improving autophagic defects using nutrient- and pharmaceutical-based treatments.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tokyo Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:{id:"331519",title:"Dr.",name:"Kotomi",middleName:null,surname:"Sakai",slug:"kotomi-sakai",fullName:"Kotomi Sakai",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000031QtFXQA0/Profile_Picture_1637053227318",biography:"Senior researcher Kotomi Sakai, Ph.D., MPH, works at the Research Organization of Science and Technology in Ritsumeikan University. She is a researcher in the geriatric rehabilitation and public health field. She received Ph.D. from Nihon University and MPH from St.Luke’s International University. Her main research interest is sarcopenia in older adults, especially its association with nutritional status. Additionally, to understand how to maintain and improve physical function in older adults, to conduct studies about the mechanism of sarcopenia and determine when possible interventions are needed.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ritsumeikan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},series:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261"},editorialBoard:[{id:"213786",title:"Dr.",name:"Henrique P.",middleName:null,surname:"Neiva",slug:"henrique-p.-neiva",fullName:"Henrique P. Neiva",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/213786/images/system/213786.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Beira Interior",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"39275",title:"Prof.",name:"Herbert Ryan",middleName:null,surname:"Marini",slug:"herbert-ryan-marini",fullName:"Herbert Ryan Marini",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/39275/images/9459_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Messina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"196218",title:"Dr.",name:"Pasquale",middleName:null,surname:"Cianci",slug:"pasquale-cianci",fullName:"Pasquale Cianci",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196218/images/system/196218.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Foggia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{id:"81566",title:"New and Emerging Technologies for Integrative Ambulatory Autonomic Assessment and Intervention as a Catalyst in the Synergy of Remote Geocoded Biosensing, Algorithmic Networked Cloud Computing, Deep Learning, and Regenerative/Biomic Medicine: Further Real",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104092",signatures:"Robert L. Drury",slug:"new-and-emerging-technologies-for-integrative-ambulatory-autonomic-assessment-and-intervention-as-a-",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"81286",title:"Potassium Derangements: A Pathophysiological Review, Diagnostic Approach, and Clinical Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103016",signatures:"Sairah Sharif and Jie Tang",slug:"potassium-derangements-a-pathophysiological-review-diagnostic-approach-and-clinical-management",totalDownloads:24,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Potassium in Human Health",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10794.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"80895",title:"Heart Rate Variability as a Marker of Homeostatic Level",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102500",signatures:"Moacir Fernandes de Godoy and Michele Lima Gregório",slug:"heart-rate-variability-as-a-marker-of-homeostatic-level",totalDownloads:25,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Moacir",surname:"Godoy"},{name:"Michele",surname:"Gregório"}],book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"80433",title:"Heart Autonomic Nervous System: Basic Science and Clinical Implications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101718",signatures:"Elvan Wiyarta and Nayla Karima",slug:"heart-autonomic-nervous-system-basic-science-and-clinical-implications",totalDownloads:50,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"80316",title:"Central Control of the Larynx in Mammals",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102009",signatures:"Manuel Víctor López-González, Marta González-García, Laura Carrillo-Franco, Amelia Díaz-Casares and Marc Stefan Dawid-Milner",slug:"central-control-of-the-larynx-in-mammals",totalDownloads:36,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"80402",title:"General Anesthesia and Autonomic Nervous System: Control and Management in Neurosurgery",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101829",signatures:"Irina Alexandrovna Savvina, Anna Olegovna Petrova and Yulia Mikhailovna Zabrodskaya",slug:"general-anesthesia-and-autonomic-nervous-system-control-and-management-in-neurosurgery",totalDownloads:58,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"80035",title:"Healthy Lifestyle, Autonomic Nervous System Activity, and Sleep Status for Healthy Aging",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101837",signatures:"Miki Sato, Feni Betriana, Ryuichi Tanioka, Kyoko Osaka, Tetsuya Tanioka and Savina Schoenhofer",slug:"healthy-lifestyle-autonomic-nervous-system-activity-and-sleep-status-for-healthy-aging",totalDownloads:60,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"80175",title:"Signaling Pathways Regulating Axogenesis and Dendritogenesis in Sympathetic Neurons",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102442",signatures:"Vidya Chandrasekaran",slug:"signaling-pathways-regulating-axogenesis-and-dendritogenesis-in-sympathetic-neurons",totalDownloads:68,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Vidya",surname:"Chandrasekaran"}],book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"80176",title:"Impacts of Environmental Stressors on Autonomic Nervous System",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101842",signatures:"Mayowa Adeniyi",slug:"impacts-of-environmental-stressors-on-autonomic-nervous-system",totalDownloads:66,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"79655",title:"The Autonomic Nervous System, Sex Differences, and Chronobiology under General Anesthesia in In Vivo Experiments Involving Rats",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101075",signatures:"Pavol Svorc Jr and Pavol Svorc",slug:"the-autonomic-nervous-system-sex-differences-and-chronobiology-under-general-anesthesia-in-in-vivo-e",totalDownloads:91,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"79194",title:"Potassium in Solid Cancers",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101108",signatures:"Jessica Iorio, Lisa Lastraioli and Elena Lastraioli",slug:"potassium-in-solid-cancers",totalDownloads:119,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Potassium in Human Health",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10794.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"78820",title:"Potassium Homeostasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100368",signatures:"Shakuntala S. Patil and Sachin M. Patil",slug:"potassium-homeostasis",totalDownloads:108,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Potassium in Human Health",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10794.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"78193",title:"Potassium and Cardiac Surgery",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99735",signatures:"Shawn Kant, Frank W. Sellke and Jun Feng",slug:"potassium-and-cardiac-surgery",totalDownloads:176,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Potassium in Human Health",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10794.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10795",title:"Plant Stress Physiology",subtitle:"Perspectives in Agriculture",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10795.jpg",slug:"plant-stress-physiology-perspectives-in-agriculture",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman and Kamran Nahar",hash:"c5a7932b74fe612b256bf95d0709756e",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Plant Stress Physiology - Perspectives in Agriculture",editors:[{id:"76477",title:"Prof.",name:"Mirza",middleName:null,surname:"Hasanuzzaman",slug:"mirza-hasanuzzaman",fullName:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/76477/images/system/76477.png",institutionString:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",institution:{name:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Bangladesh"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:287,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:null},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/147124",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"147124"},fullPath:"/profiles/147124",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()