Types of postures used in the proposed system.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5219",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Greenhouse Gases - Selected Case Studies",title:"Greenhouse Gases",subtitle:"Selected Case Studies",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Greenhouse Gases - Selected Case Studies, is a book which covers a range of topics. The long term effective management of the natural environment, requires a detailed understanding of greenhouse gases. This has both environmental and economic implications, especially where there is any anthropogenic involvement. Numerical models are often the tool and framework used for predicting the effects, both in the long-term and short-term, of greenhouse gases. However, the relevant atmospheric processes can vary quite considerably depending upon the spatial and temporal scales under consideration. For this reason for the past few decades, scientists, engineers, meteorologists and mathematicians have all been continuing to conduct research into the many aspects which influence greenhouse gases. These issues range from: industrial science, agricultural research, carbon dioxide and other emissions. This book reports the findings from recent research in greenhouse gases, primarily in the the form of case studies, particularly from an interdisciplinary perspective. The research was carried out by researchers who specialise in areas such as: energy production, emissions from livestock, chemical industry, and metallurgical process technology.",isbn:"978-953-51-2683-6",printIsbn:"978-953-51-2682-9",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5452-5",doi:"10.5772/61589",price:100,priceEur:109,priceUsd:129,slug:"greenhouse-gases-selected-case-studies",numberOfPages:90,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"edf0ad164729f5ce157c34f9978fcc61",bookSignature:"Andrew J. Manning",publishedDate:"September 21st 2016",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5219.jpg",numberOfDownloads:6368,numberOfWosCitations:2,numberOfCrossrefCitations:3,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:5,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:10,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"June 5th 2015",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 26th 2015",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 18th 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 15th 2016",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"March 21st 2016",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"23008",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrew James",middleName:null,surname:"Manning",slug:"andrew-james-manning",fullName:"Andrew James Manning",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/23008/images/system/23008.jpeg",biography:"Professor Andrew J. Manning is a Principal Scientist (Rank Grade 9) in the Coasts & Oceans Group at HR Wallingford (UK) and has over 23 years of scientific research experience (in both industry and academia) examining natural turbulent flow dynamics, fine-grained sediment transport processes, and assessing how these interact, (including both field studies and controlled laboratory flume simulations). Andrew also lectures in Coastal & Shelf Physical Oceanography at the University of Plymouth (UK). Internationally, Andrew has been appointed Visiting / Guest / Adjunct Professor at five Universities (Hull, UK; Delaware, USA; Florida, USA; Stanford, USA; TU Delft, Netherlands), and is a highly published and world-renowned scientist in the field of depositional sedimentary flocculation processes. Andrew has contributed to more than 100 peer-reviewed publications in marine science, of which more than 60 have been published in international scientific journals, plus over 180 articles in refereed international conference proceedings, and currently has an H-index of 24. He supervises graduates, postgraduates and doctoral students focusing on a range of research topics in marine science. Andrew has led numerous research projects investigating sediment dynamics in aquatic environments around the world with locations including: estuaries, tidal lagoons, river deltas, salt marshes, intertidal, coastal waters, and shelf seas.",institutionString:"HR Wallingford",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"4",institution:{name:"HR Wallingford",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"838",title:"Meteorology",slug:"meteorology"}],chapters:[{id:"52263",title:"GHG Emissions from Livestock: Challenges and Ameliorative Measures to Counter Adversity",doi:"10.5772/64885",slug:"ghg-emissions-from-livestock-challenges-and-ameliorative-measures-to-counter-adversity",totalDownloads:1600,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Livestock and climate change are interlinked through a complex mechanism and serve the role of both contributor as well as sufferer. The livestock sector is primarily accountable for the emission of methane and nitrous oxide. Methane emission takes place from both enteric fermentation and manure management; whilst nitrous oxide emission is purely from manure management. Rumen methanogenesis due to emission intensity and loss of biological energy always remains a priority for the researchers. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from manure are determined by storage conditions and the organic content of the manure waste. Due to large livestock population, India is a major contributor of enteric methane emission, while its contribution to the excrement methane is negligible. In this chapter, information pertaining to enteric methane emission, excrement methane and nitrous oxide emissions and ameliorative/precautionary measures for reducing the intensity of emissions have been compiled and presented.",signatures:"Pradeep Kumar Malik, Atul Purushottam Kolte, Arindam Dhali,\nVeerasamy Sejian, Govindasamy Thirumalaisamy, Rajan Gupta and\nRaghavendra Bhatta",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52263",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52263",authors:[{id:"177145",title:"Dr.",name:"Pradeep Kumar",surname:"Malik",slug:"pradeep-kumar-malik",fullName:"Pradeep Kumar Malik"}],corrections:null},{id:"51481",title:"Effect of Dopants on the Properties of Zirconia‐Supported Iron Catalysts for Ethylbenzene Dehydrogenation with Carbon Dioxide",doi:"10.5772/64186",slug:"effect-of-dopants-on-the-properties-of-zirconia-supported-iron-catalysts-for-ethylbenzene-dehydrogen",totalDownloads:1512,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Due to the harmful effects of carbon dioxide to the environment, a lot of work has been carried out aiming to find new applications, which can decrease the emissions or to capture and use it. An attractive application for carbon dioxide is the synthesis of chemicals, especially for producing styrene by ethylbenzene dehydrogenation, in which it increases the catalyst activity and selectivity. In order to find efficient catalysts for the reaction, the effect of cerium, chromium, aluminum, and lanthanum on the properties of zirconia‐supported iron oxides was studied in this work. The modified supports were prepared by precipitation and impregnated with iron nitrate. The obtained catalysts were characterized by thermogravimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, specific surface area measurement, and temperature‐programmed reduction. The catalysts showed different textural and catalytic properties, which were associated to the different phases in the solids, such as monoclinic or tetragonal zirconia, hematite, maghemite, cubic ceria, monoclinic or hexagonal lantana, and rhombohedral chromia, the active phases in ethylbenzene dehydrogenation. The most promising dopant was cerium, which produces the most active catalyst at the lowest temperature, probably due to its ability of providing lattice oxygen, which activates carbon dioxide and increases the reaction rate.",signatures:"Maria do Carmo Rangel, Sirlene B. Lima, Sarah Maria Santana\nBorges and Ivoneide Santana Sobral",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51481",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51481",authors:[{id:"94651",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",surname:"Do Carmo Rangel",slug:"maria-do-carmo-rangel",fullName:"Maria Do Carmo Rangel"}],corrections:null},{id:"50902",title:"A Comparative Study of Human Health Impacts Due to Heavy Metal Emissions from a Conventional Lignite Coal-Fired Electricity Generation Station, with Post-Combustion, and Oxy- Fuel Combustion Capture Technologies",doi:"10.5772/63895",slug:"a-comparative-study-of-human-health-impacts-due-to-heavy-metal-emissions-from-a-conventional-lignite",totalDownloads:1478,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Carbon dioxide capture has become an important component for ensuring reduction of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Even though emission reduction technologies such as electrostatic precipitators (ESP) and flue gas desulfurization (FGD) are in place at most electricity-generating stations today, the large point source emitters of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other emissions, such as heavy metals, to the atmosphere are still fossil fuel electricity-generating stations. When CO2 capture is employed, these emissions can be further reduced. However, despite its important ability to reduce atmospheric emissions, the CO2 capture technology in fact still releases some emissions through its stacks into the air. Since the safety and stability of the CO2 capture technology are fundamental considerations for widespread social acceptance, the potential liability associated with the capture technology is cited as an important barrier to successful CO2 capture implementation. Liability of the technology is further clouded by a failure to clearly define what is at risk, especially regarding human health and safety. This research study will focus on investigating the risks associated with human health and safety resulting from the different versions of the technology including: (i) no capture system, (ii) post-combustion, and (iii) oxy-fuel combustion CO2 capture technology at the Boundary Dam Power Station (BDPS) in Estevan, Saskatchewan, Canada. The research objective of this study was to evaluate the risk to human health associated with the BDPS in Estevan, Saskatchewan, Canada, using the American Meteorological Society’s Environmental Protection Agency Regulatory Model (AERMOD) and cancer and non-cancer risk equations. This research presents the air dispersion modeling of the conventional lignite-fired electricity generation station at the BDPS, the inclusion of post-combustion CO2 capture technology, and the oxy-fuel carbon dioxide capture process. The heavy metals were measured near the power plant located in Estevan, Saskatchewan. This study shows that the emissions from the three stacks posed cancer risks of less than one chance in a million (1 × 10−6). There were only two emissions from the “no capture” scenario that caused inhalation cancer risks of more than 1 × 10−6. In terms of non-cancer risks, the pollutant’s concentration from the three stacks was unlikely to cause any non-cancer health effects.",signatures:"Jarotwan Koiwanit, Anastassia Manuilova, Christine Chan, Malcolm\nWilson and Paitoon Tontiwachwuthikul",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50902",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50902",authors:[{id:"177277",title:"Dr.",name:"Christine",surname:"Chan",slug:"christine-chan",fullName:"Christine Chan"}],corrections:null},{id:"51562",title:"About the Concept of the Environment Recycling—Energy (ERE) in the Romanian Steel Industry",doi:"10.5772/64589",slug:"about-the-concept-of-the-environment-recycling-energy-ere-in-the-romanian-steel-industry",totalDownloads:1778,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This paper takes as its starting point an analysis of the ecological functioning of the electric arc furnace (EAF). Thus, we present a classification of emissions generated by EAF, including limits of variation in chemical composition of “dust” issued by EAF in various countries and limit values for permissible concentrations of these emissions.The paper presents and analyzes various abstraction and treatment-related emissions for hipo-polluting operation of EAF. In this chapter, the correlations between macro system represented by metallurgical environment and interacting systems: System-Energy-Recycling Environment (ERE), Ecological system (ECO), and Recycling, Reclamation System (REC-REV) are presented. These correlations are presented in the spirit of sustainable development concepts (DC) and total quality (TQ).",signatures:"Adrian Ioana and Augustin Semenescu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51562",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51562",authors:[{id:"177153",title:"Dr.",name:"Adrian",surname:"Ioana",slug:"adrian-ioana",fullName:"Adrian Ioana"},{id:"193573",title:"Prof.",name:"Augustin",surname:"Semenescu",slug:"augustin-semenescu",fullName:"Augustin Semenescu"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"304",title:"Sediment Transport in Aquatic Environments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0eb11af1d03ad494253c41e1d3c998e9",slug:"sediment-transport-in-aquatic-environments",bookSignature:"Andrew J. 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Discourse, a construct with the personal thought which reflects personal behavior and attitude, is known as the ideology. The socially conditioned and socially constructed ideas are considered as ideology. Ideology connects peoples’ perspectives from the different fields, such as, in the context of Nepal, political leaders may develop one kind of thought; on the other hand, educationists may develop educational thoughts differently. The perspectives educationist and the political leaders create the interactive situation in which they could discuss their thoughts and generate new thoughts. Fairclough [1] identifies transforming goals with the perspectives of textual and contextual variations; discursive practices may have significant ideological effects, which they can help to produce and reproduce unequal power relations among the different bodies of the community and how they represent the things and position of people. Van Dijk [2] states that ideologies are the ideas and belief system of a particular group of people defined from the multidisciplinary ways involving social, cognitive, and discursive aspects. He further argues that ideologies are acquired, expressed, changed, and reproduced in the society, mainly in different forms of discourses such as texts and talks.
According to Fairclough and Wodak [3], “CDA as discourse analysis which aims to systematically explore the often opaque relationship of causality and determination between discursive practices, events, texts and wider social and cultural structures, relations and processes; to investigate how such practices, events, and texts arise out of and are ideologically shaped by the relation of power and struggles overpower, and to explore how the opacity of this relationship between discourse and society is itself a factor securing power and hegemony.”
Regarding the above definition, ideology refers to social forms of processes within which and employing which, symbolic forms circulate in the social world. Ideology is the study of “how meaning is constructed and conveyed by symbolic forms of various kinds” [4]. Another perspective suggested by Luke [5] in a different context claims that language gets power when influential people use it. There is a close relationship between language and power in several ways; societal and cultural frameworks shape the ideological interaction which is based on the language associated with power relationship.
In Refs. [6, 7], it is stated that ideology is perceived as a multidisciplinary approach which is the fundamental framework for organizing multiple ideological concepts and consumptions. Similarly, Van Dijk [6] focuses that ideologies usually control the thoughts of a social group which then represent the essential social characteristics of a group based on their identities, goals, norms, values, positions, and responses to other negative stances. However, Van Dijk [2] emphasizes the ideological consumption in both cognitive and social levels and proclaims that social cognition is a system with shared sociocultural knowledge by members of a specific group, society, or culture. On the other hand, cognitive functions are considered as the basic form of ideological properties that organize, monitor, and control attitudes of a social group and are accompanied by the experiences of a person [6].
Ideology represents the discursiveness by which it allows interaction in the correspondence of the social thoughts and responsibilities. As suggested by Van Dijk [8], ideologies are particular ways of representing and constructing a society that reproduces distributed power relations.
Ideology is not only associated with representing social reality. It reflects the social identity and construction of thought. Therefore, ideology imparts the presence of thoughts coordinated by social and cultural influences.
Ideologies are foundational social beliefs of people rather than general in nature because fundamental ideologies are not developed overnight, such as a person cannot be a feminist or socialist in few days but it takes time for framing the foundation of personal, social, and contextual ideologies including many experiences and discourses. Hodge [9] states that interaction is a basic requirement for discourse which is sturdy and transformative as it introduces different perspectives, ideas, structures, and ontologies. Ideologies always interact in different forms. For example, Van Dijk [6] contends that ideologies are endorsed in the forms of action and interaction, and ideological reproduction is often rooted in organizational and institutional contexts. For example, racist ideologies are expressed in racist talk, and feminists reproduce their ideologies in feminist talk. Therefore, many forms of interactional discourse play a vital role in communicating ideologies in the society. Ideologies are the principles that essentially function as the cognitive representations in the form of discourse, societal position, and interests of social groups which connect macrolevel analyses of social structure with microlevel studies of individual interaction. However, Martínez-Roldán and Malavé [10] contend that ideologies are not only the shared beliefs of a group, social interactions between individuals within a sociocultural context, and negotiation of meanings but also indicate multifaceted social phenomena including various social classes, groups, and social institutions within the broader societal contexts. It involves diverse social groups within different contradictory ideological groups.
The context of ideology reflects the personal framework [4]. Moreover, Fairclough and Wodak [3] state that context has the determining role in producing the ideology. In the context of communication, simply we get a contradiction of the ideologies. For example, media discourse may have a different ideology to educational and political discourses. The tenets of ideological interaction theory represent the guidelines to present the contextual variations or perspectives, as suggested in Refs. [1, 7, 8, 9]. The basic tenets of critical discourse analysis introduced by Fairclough and Wodak [3] are the baseline for determining the traits of ideological interaction perspectives.
Social dimension has the decisive capacity to determine the ideological interaction
Ideological creation in the perspectives
Culture, sex, social status, and economic status are discursive
Contextual discourses and communication abilities and skills are core thought of the ideology
The framework of ideological interaction theory is based on sociocultural perspectives. Scott and Palincsar [11] argued that cultural and social entities suggest ideological consequences. Similarly, in Refs. [12, 13], the significance of the cultural contribution to implant ideology is stated, as an ideology has an impact on the social activities, attitudes, and shared understanding in interdisciplinary fields. The social role has tribute consideration in determining the ideology. For example, the authors in Refs. [2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 14] focus on the contextual, cognitive, and attribute relevance and variable to construct the thought, and the thought is considered to the social issue; in the way, social issues may have multidimensional and diverse perspectives might be revealed as addressing the ideology.
Ideologies are expressed by text and talks as mentioned by Padilla and Vana [15]. It helps to construct new and confirm already present ideologies persuasively. Similarly, the communication skills and strategies lead to construct ideologies and prevail interactions among groups in different circumstances.
On the other hand, there are unseen priori theoretical grounds to exclude any textual structures from expressing underlying ideological principles [3]. Undeniably, the mental model of functional categories involved in events or communicative contexts.
Some of the tenets of critical discourse analysis can already be found in the critical theory of the Frankfurt School before the Second World War [3].
The framework discusses on the interaction process where society and language interact to the individual and cultural awareness and that have the effects of critical discourse approaches from the baseline, and with this reference, an individual perceives a perspective of a discourse of any educational or political situation. Moreover, the different levels of the discourses interact to the ideologies, and by the product, there is another form of ideology. For example, the Modern Era introduces diverse thoughts and beliefs guided by ideology and conscience, and more or less, they are interacting with the other ideologies around us. In this process of interactions, we generate other modified thesis and new perspectives to see things around us. As proof, we can take an example from the situation of the COVID-19 pandemic. In Nepal, the suicidal death rate is 25 times higher than the death of those infected during this lockdown period. People have different perspectives. Some people argue that the financial crisis has caused this, whereas other people believe that it happened because of fear and psychological threat; but after the interaction between these two diverse ideologies, people have come to modify their arguments by considering each other’s factual arguments. Now, the state of their ideologies shares some common ground and they have generated ideology based on their thought and social status which is the outcome of the ideological interaction theory.
The theory of ideology is articulated within a conceptual triangle [6] that informs the discourse analytic approach and connects society, discourse, and social cognition in the framework of a critical discourse analysis. Ideologies are the straightforward outlines for establishing the social cognition communal by associates of social groups, organizations, or institutions. In this respect, ideologies are both cognitive and social [6, 7, 16]. Moreover, ideologies function and interface the interface between the cognitive representations and processes underlying discourse and action, on the one hand, and the societal position and interests of social groups, on the other hand. Similarly, according to Padilla and Vana [15], this conception of ideology also allows us to establish the crucial link between macrolevel analyses of groups, social formations, and social structure and microlevel studies of situated, individual interaction, and discourse. Ideologies, then, are the overall, abstract mental systems that organize such socially shared attitudes. In Refs. [9, 17], the authors report in the different contexts that the feminist attitudes just mentioned, for instance, which may be internally structured and mutually related by general principles or propositions that together define a feminist ideology. Similar examples may be given for racist, anti-racist, corporate, or ecological attitudes and their underlying ideological systems.
As stated by Vygotsky [18], sociocultural issues play a vital role in the formation of discourses, and scaffolding creates several opportunities to interact with the different behaviors in society. On the other hand, ideological configurations are landed by the approaches of critical discourse analysis [12]. However, Lazar [19] states that the approach, specifically, feminism shows the level of interaction among the communities and personal perspectives. The way we perceive the concept is crucial for shaping the grounded reality. Scott and Palincsar [11], on the other hand, discuss the sociocultural impacts on discourse management.
Here I am presenting some examples of interaction connected to feminism and sociocultural realities.
Feminist theory focuses on analyzing the nature of gender inequality, women’s social roles, interests, choices, and female politics in the different fields such as in philosophy, sociology, psychology, literature, and education [20]. It examines the exploitation, domination, sexual objectification, oppression, patriarchy, and stereotyping. The theory of feminism mainly talks about the role of women in society, such as being economically dependent, having low status and power, doing unpaid work, loss of choice, and division of labor in different cultural and sexist beliefs.
Feminism theory first appeared in about 1794 from the United States, and it evolved dealing with contemporary issues and women’s experiences [21]. There are different concepts associated with the theory of feminism. According to Code [20], there are different waves in feminism; the first wave was initiated in about 1928 which argued for the political equality and the rights of property and representation of women in the society, by some of the leading figures of feminism such as Wollstonecraft and Suffragettes.
Similarly, the second wave of feminism started after the Second World War period, representing the female emancipation and woman liberation movement of the 1950s and 1960s which mainly argued for the social and economic equality of the women in the society, especially equal pay and equal rights. It reacted against the uneven distribution of power, women’s racial, religious, class-related, and different forms of oppressions. The third wave appeared by pointing out some of the drawbacks of second-wave feminism in the late 1980s and 1990s by representing the experiences of woman globally—women of different races, classes, ethnicities, and sexualities are positioned differently within the countries. The most recent wave of feminism deals with the female empowerment of women in the use of digital technology or social media to encourage female achievement.
While analyzing the transcribed text of Muniba’s video speech, this research connects feminism which covers the gender-based realities in the society to its transformation to social activities. The critical discourses value the diverse perspectives in the society based on the concept of power, domination, and social equality focusing on groups, organizations, and institutions. Personal and cultural knowledge may have the crucial role in ideological interaction [19]. He further says that group knowledge is shared by the social group of society. Reality lies in the knowledge and attitude representing the ideologies of social groups such as socialists, ecologists, feminists, as well as anti-feminists and can be analyzed in terms of local and global interaction among groups and social organizations.
Throughout analyzing this discourse, the term feminism refers not only to female-oriented characteristics but also to gender practices with constructing values. Similarly, the concept reflects gender identity, responsibility, belief, and the traditions of the social practices concerning the ground reality of women in the society. Lazar [22] reports that feminism is one of the critical perspectives of social transformation and emancipation with the values of gender-based realities that existed in society. Further, he argues that the society has the dividend role from the perspectives of gender and that focuses to the categories of cultural influences, social identity, sexuality, discrimination, power practices, social position, ideology; particularly, asymmetrical power relations and gender ideology are the major discussions of feminism. Urbain [23] discusses the feminist movement from society to pedagogy; the main concern lies in the core aspects of the feminist movement, care, diversity, and collaboration.
The video that I selected has a good connection to the disability and material feminist theory; for example, Mays [24] discusses domestic violence, social oppression as a moment of gender and disability dimensions. The psychosociological context has several emerging issues of feminism; however, the real situation that the disabled female has been coping with in the sociocultural setting demands exploring gender and disability dimensions.
In the speech, she has described about how people in the society including her relatives behave her after being physically disable in a car accident and how she dealt with socially diversified ideologies to live a successful and motivating life despite her physical inability. As we know, feminism focuses on gender identity with the aspects of society as well as cultural configurations. Van Dijk [25] discusses several approaches regarding the socio-cognitive perspectives where feminism remains as the core component. He further supports that social inequalities have been introducing several hidden realities such as attainment of knowledge of diverse groups or issues, practicing the social and cultural values associated with the ideological awareness, and social equity in the society.
For the exploration of the issue material, feminist interpretations and disability theory associated with cultural dimension have the prominent focus to experience the gendered and disabling capacities in the sociocultural environment. The women are biased due to the male dominance in the process of decision-making and power relations. Some questions such as: Are there no provision of women’s independence? Is there no value to women’s decisions? Why society marks a huge gap between male and female for education, job, and lifestyle? triggered my mind while observing the nature of society. I wanted to introduce and explore the different aspects of society where females live. I found the speech motivating to describe the hidden potentialities of the women who want to introduce their existence and prove their perfection in their physical imperfection. This empowers all the women around the world to recognize their inner capacities, to face problems created by the social system, patriarchy, and power relations. It is observed in the speech that despite many challenges, the females can raise their voices to unlock the more significant opportunities and possibilities in society.
The speech is full of positive and negative feelings of pain, sorrows, fear, and determination. She has unhappy feelings about being disabled in the accident due to her belief in misfortune and fate. She explained the situation as follows:
The next day, the doctor came to me and said, “Your spine injury is so bad you won’t be able to walk again.” I took a deep breath. And I said it’s all right. The next day doctor came and said, “Because of your spine injury and the fixation that you have in your back, you won’t be able to give birth to a child again.” That day, I was devastated [26].
The women with disabilities are depicted as weak, helpless, vulnerable, dependent, and incapable bodies [27]; the doctor had reported her as unable to give birth and walk normally. The word devastated illuminates her deep and sad feeling of disappointment, hopelessness, and unhappiness.
In another context, Mazari [26] opines, “I’m tired of looking at these white walls in the hospital and wearing these white scrubs. Bring me some colours, bring me some small canvas. I want to paint.” The word tired of is related to her unhappiness as she was convicted for full 2 years in the complete bed rest and “I want to paint” shows that she wanted to overcome all those negativities and forget the pain by painting.
According to her, “So the very first painting I made was on my deathbed where I painted for the very first time, it was not just an art piece or just my passion. It was my therapy.” To signify that she expresses her internal pain into that painting as she has a passion for portraying herself in the beautiful arts. In this way, she develops a feeling and emotion of fear, sadness, and negativity to determination. The feeling of determination has overcome her reality when she says,
After 2 years and two and a half months when I was able to sit in a wheelchair, that was the day when I had the rebirth. So, I have to accept myself the way I am, the sooner the better.
This shows her strong sense of accepting herself as the way she is. Finally, she tried to motivate the audience to summarize all her life experiences and the struggle she faced by sharing some happy and successful moments in her expressions. She says, “I became the national goodwill ambassador for UN Women, Pakistan. And now I speak for the rights of women and children. We talk about inclusion, diversity, gender equality which is a must.”
Mays [24] argued that women with disabilities experience social domination and domestic violence continuously as a result of gender and disability dimensions. It is praiseworthy and inspirational to all people that despite all these miseries, illness, injuries, hatred, ignorance, disability, and lack of acceptance, she overcame her depressing feelings and faced the world as an average and happy person. By accepting all the challenges and personal limitations, how she managed her life to return in a new transformative form shows her a motivational and robust figure in the world. Muniba wanted to convey that every bad experience teaches us the best lessons in life, when she says, in the first line of her speech “They see my disability, I see my ability,’ they call me to disable, I call me differently able.” The words delivered by her reflect her strong sense of self-determination and confidence. She takes the suffering of spinal cord injury as a challenge and becomes more determined to express her feelings through her art and paintings. She further suggests to all the audience and says,
Live your life fully, accept yourself the way you are, be kind to yourself, and only you can be kind to others, love yourself and spread the love if you accept the way are, the world will recognize you, it’s all starts from within.
Through her speech, she has proven to the world as a capable and inspiring lady despite her disability. She is spreading motivation to all the people around the world to have a positive sense of self-acceptance and kindness to the self before spreading compassion to the world.
The cultural aspects of feminism believe in gender equality, and radical feminism believes that women are dominated by the practice of patriarchy in the family [28]. Mazari expresses that she
From the linguistic perspective, the language, and utterance, linguistic aspects such as grammar, vocabulary, cohesion, and structure used in the speech of Muniva Mazari were analyzed, which were found as per the principle of consistency and comprehensiveness.
The motivational discourse of Muniba Mazari illustrates that if people want to explore their hidden talents regardless of their physical disabilities, social inequalities, domination, and weaknesses, they can transform into a recognized person contributing to the society, nation, and the world. Human life is full of challenges, hardship, and turmoil but a strong sense of determination makes people break all those barriers. Disability is not a limitation to those who take it as an opportunity to explore their inner capacities. Ignorance and inequalities make victim suffer a lot but finally makes a person more strong-minded and goal-oriented as Muniba Mazari who has been working for many social campaigns, spreading awareness on gender discrimination, women, and child rights.
Muniba’s speech is the reflection of the societal structure including gender discrimination, violence, domination, and ignorance of the disability. Some of the important realities she exposed in her speech are how women are living in the society, how their decision-making affects their life, how they react to the unexpected incidents in life, how the disable people need familial and social acceptance, how females are standing in their career, and how they feel being discriminated and ignored by the society and dear ones. Her speech reflects personal experiences representing life before and after disability. The speaker focuses on motivating people, particularly women, to recognize self-power of potentialities, to spread love, care, and kindness to the self and the rest of the world by fighting against social and gender discriminations.
In another context, critical discourse analysis deals with multiple perspectives guided by ideology, power, social activities, action, and ethics. Kalina and Powell [12] argue that the approaches of the constructivist thoughts have been recognized as the best practices with multiple meanings around the globe. Constructivism has several branches; among them, the sociocultural theory of Vygotsky might have a good connection with the discourse. Turuk [29] opines that human understanding is the fundamental concept of sociocultural theory as it connects with different levels of connections such as zone of proximal development (ZPD). Vygotsky [30] claims that a child is a dependent phenomenon, and the sociocultural environment ensures the engagement of the task, activities, and instructions to actualize the shape of learning.
Sociocultural theory reflects the sociocultural influences as well as relationship traits in learning behaviors. The meaning and learning situation is situated in social values and cultural traditions. In the same way, the theory introduces the collaborative and interactive situation. In the context of personality development, Jaramillo [31] explains that learners’ success depend upon the collaboration. Similarly, sociocultural theory creates spaces for learner’s active participation and motives with regard to the unit of the developmental framework, and the letter written by Lincoln demands the social and cultural setting regarding child psychology.
On the other hand, Vygotsky [18] claims that sociocultural theory differs from cognitive approaches, in that, the cognitive approaches assign several internal processes to gain the knowledge gaining channels with reference to socially as well as culturally mediated prospects. Kalina and Powell [12] support the model of sociocultural learning modality and focus on the collaborative act, coordination skills, negotiation strategies, and creative as well as critical behaviors for the successful adaptation of learning behaviors.
Therefore, the theory focuses to the gap between the inter-psychological/social and intra-psychological/individual aspects and believes that collaborative and psycho-centric instruction helps learners to understand and see how interactions take place and enable learners to achieve the goals within a social instructional network; with the assumption, I used this theory, though others’ theories are also equally possible to connect with the text that I have selected for the analysis.
Lincoln’s primary concern is that the teacher should be able to instruct his child on the thought that educational scholarship should accompany the first instruction of character. He took education as a journey to gain values of faith, love, and courage and asked the teacher to teach his son moral and ethical values as his son could realize the world and his responsibility. These values square measure ones that transcend content learning and facilities to make the premise of one’s identity. Lincoln desires the teacher to reflect the truth that education is character based. Similarly, he instructs his son’s principal to show his son a way to be a decent, honorable, and ethical person.
Furthermore, he wants his son to avoid jealousy. He further needs his son to understand each learning from a book and enjoying the refinement and wonder of nature. He needs his son to follow his integrity and to find out to track what he thinks is true, though it is unpopular. He should moreover learn that it’s additionally honorable to fail than to comprehend accomplishment through dishonesty. Lincoln needs his son to feel comfortable to express unhappiness and nevertheless to find out to laugh once he is unhappy. Lincoln asks the principal to be kind to his son, however, do not spoil him and show his son patience. In the end, Lincoln needs his son to find out to be on his own.
In my observation, I found that Lincoln connected learner to
The
Similarly, knowledge reveals the several facets of the common goals such as content development, social responsibility, cultural well-being, political insights, and emotional radicals. According to the letter, Lincoln highly emphasized the values that he expected from the teachers.
The letter is the representation of the social guideline as to the triangularity (learners, teachers, and parents) with the diverse nature of social and cultural rhetorics. The letter is an example of the expectation of parents from the teachers, as they want their children to be accustomed to the diverse realities of the multidimensional world. It mainly focuses on the determination of individual principles concerning the sociocultural perspectives in the multidisciplinary rationale of transformational ethics. The letter covers several areas like psychology, sociology, linguistics, pedagogy, and other various disciplines and approaches. The writer only focused on the teacher’s responsibility as concerning the issue, and it would be better if he could incorporate parents’ role at home as students are at school for some limited time. Consequently, he needs to shortly talk on the home environment that he had been providing to his son. Therefore, every parent should play a vital role and be responsible for shaping the future of their children as they need to deal with different realities and the people around them.
Eventually, the letter illustrates and prioritizes that education is not only about teaching the books and using materials, but it should be practical and connected with the realities of society and the world too. This educational discourse is a mirror of the society that reflects how education should be incorporated in practical and real life.
This letter proves that education is a multidisciplinary approach that not only includes teaching and learning inside the four walls, but it is a process of habit formation, teaching students the real values and norms connecting with the social behaviors and real world outside. In Ref. [32], it is argued that Lincoln believed losing something is connected with learning because it is another way out or looking for alternatives to get another path to proceed with the task.
Regarding the sociocultural perspectives, learners’ motivation, teachers’ responsibility, parents’ expectations, and societal needs are associated with forming cultural identities. Therefore, the letter reflects the social changes and adaptation. However, the learners are expected to be found to the determining curriculum, and they might develop their insights through the hidden curriculum or natural orders of learning praxis.
In the above contexts, generally, we find the interaction of the ideology with the individual and society.
Frankfort school introduces the relationship between theory and society, social inquiry, and the interconnection of the social life with the economy, psychology, ethics, traditions, values, and focus on social and historical contexts [33]. In the same vein, Kim [16] argues that the primary consideration is the transformation of knowledge. The knowledge has radical consequences, and subjective and intersubjective practices are implied.
Social framework and cultural consciousness are in the central concern for the study of social inquiries and activities. Critical consciousness, cultural inheritance, and sociopolitical adaptation and aspirations are critical considerations in educational practices.
In Refs. [15, 34], the authors believe on multidisciplinary and transdisciplinary educational policy in the field of critical pedagogy. It has a connection to ideology, power, economics, politics, and knowledge diversity. Discursive practice, social phenomena, and cultural diversity are the key issues discussed in the articles. Weiss and Wodak [7] suggest critical pedagogy, value system, power relations, critical consciousness, and critical literacy rather than functional literacy to promote a subjective form of knowledge, culture, and understanding. Following Refs. [4, 5, 8, 35, 36], the role of education should be for developing a critical consciousness; furthermore, the educational approaches are highly context-sensitive and democratic approaches take an ethical stance on social issues to transform society into an approach or attitude rather than a step method. The socio-transformative practices’ impact is seen accompanied by sociopolitical, socio-historic contexts which contribute to the production and interpretation of the text and are crucial aspects of the analysis. However, social responsibility connected with ideological concern is crucial for critical pedagogy, and power relations determine that. The societal framework is the connecting paradigm where different social theories and approaches surround the mind, ideology, and perspectives.
Hand Gestures play very significant roles in our day-to-day communication, and often they convey more than words. As technology and information are growing rapidly in every sector of our life, interaction with machines has become an unavoidable part of life. Thus, a deep urge for natural interaction with machines is growing all around [1, 2]. One of the biggest accomplishments in the domain of Hand Gesture Recognition (HGR) is Sign language recognition (SLR) where machines interpret the static hand posture of a human standing in front of a camera [3]. Recently, implementation of HGR-based automotive interface in BMW cars is very much appreciated. Here, five gestures are used for contactless control of music volume and incoming calls while driving [4]. Project Soli is the ongoing project of Google’s Advanced Technology; in this project a miniature radar is developed that understands the real-time motion of the human hand at various scales [5].
Hand gestures are very versatile as they comprise static as well as dynamic characteristics, physical as well as behavioral characteristics, for example, movement in any direction, fingers can bend to many angles. Hand skeleton has a complex structure with a very high freedom factor, and thus its two-dimensional RGB data sequence has unpredictable variations. Visual recognition of dynamic hand gestures is complex because the complete process requires the determination of hand posture along with a cognitive estimation of the trajectory of motion of that posture [3, 6, 7, 8, 9]. Due to these intricacies to date, vision-based HGR applications mainly dominate with static hand gesture recognition.
In context with computer vision and pattern recognition, a human hand is described as a biological target with a complex structure. Uneven surface, broken contours, and erratic pattern of movement are some of the natural characteristics that complicate DHGR [10]. Thus, in comparison to the other commonly tracked moving object, a hand is a non-rigid subtle object and covers a very small area in the image frame. The scientific challenges accompanied in the online tracking of the hand region in an unconstrained environment in RGB images captured using a simple camera are categorized as follows: [3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11].
Intrinsic Challenges: Intrinsic challenges are related to a target that is “Hand” physical and behavioral nature. The features such as
Hand Appearance: The number of joints in the hand skeleton, the appearance of the same hand posture has a large variation, known as shape deformation. Different postures have a wide difference in occupancy area in an image frame, and some postures only cover 10% of the image frame, which is a very small target size in computer vision. In a real-time unconstrained environment, the two-dimensional (2-D) posture shows large variation during movement.
Manner of Movement: There is a large diversity among human beings in performing the gesture of the same meaning, in terms of speed and path of movement. The moving pattern of the hand is erratic, irregular, and produces blur in the image sequence. Furthermore, the two-dimensional data sequence of a moving hand is greatly affected by background conditions, thus tracking and interpretation of dynamic hand gestures are a challenging task in the HGR domain. The unpredictable variation in target trajectory makes the detection and classification process complex in pattern recognition.
Extrinsic Challenges: These challenges mainly arise due to the environment in which the hand movement is captured. Some of the major factors that deeply impact the real-time visual tracking of the dynamic hand gestures are as follows:
Background: In the real-time HGR applications, backgrounds are unconstrained, we cannot use fixed background models to differentiate between the foreground and the background. Thus, the core challenge in the design of a real-time hand tracking system is the estimation of discriminative features between background and target hand posture.
Illumination: Illumination conditions in real-time applications are uneven and also unstable. Thus, 2-D (two-dimensional) projection of the 3-D (three-dimensional) hand movement produces loss of information in RGB images. This loss is the major reason for errors in the visual tracking of hand movement.
Presence of other skin color objects in the surroundings: The presence of objects with similar RGB values such as the face, neck, arm, etc., is the serious cause for track loss in the RGB-based visual tracking techniques.
There are four main components in cognitive recognition of dynamic hand gestures [3, 10, 11, 12].
Data Acquisition.
Interest Region Detection.
Tracking of Interest Region.
Classification of Trajectory.
In Dynamic Hand Gesture Recognition (DHGR), acquisition of signals plays a very important role in deciding the technique to recognize and deduce the hand pattern into meaningful information. Contact-based sensors and contactless sensors are two main types of sensors to acquire hand movement signals. Contact-based sensors are those sensors that are attached to the body parts of a user example. Data gloves are hand gloves, accelerometers are attached the arm region, and egocentric sensors are put on the head to record hand movement. Wearable sensor devices are equipped with inertial, magnetic sensors, mechanical, ultrasonic, or barometric [7]. Andrea Bandini et al. [13], in their survey, presented many advantages of egocentric vision-based techniques as they can acquire hand signals very closely. Although the contact-based techniques require fewer computations, but wearing these devices gives uneasiness to the subject. Due to the electrical and magnetic emission of signals, it is likely to produce hazardous effects on the human body.
Contactless sensors or vision-based sensor technology is becoming encouraging technology to develop natural human-machine interfaces [1, 2, 3, 4, 14]. These devices consist of visual sensors, with a single or a group of cameras situated at a distance from the user to record the hand movement. In vision-based methods, the acquired data is image type, a user does not have to wear any devices, and he can move his hand naturally in an unconstrained pattern. The important assets of vision-based techniques are large flexibility for users, low hardware requirements, and no health issues. These methods have the potential to develop any natural interface for remote human-machine interaction, this can ease the living of physically challenged or elderly people with impaired mobility [2, 9, 15].
In vision-based methods, the information is two-dimensional, three-dimensional, or multiview images. Two-dimensional images are RGB images with only intensity information about the object, captured using simple cameras and. Three-dimensional images are captured from advanced sensor cameras such as Kinect, Leap Motion, Time of flight, etc.; these cameras collect RGB along with depth information of the object in the scene. The third and the most popular choice in HGR is multiview images; here two or more cameras are placed at different angles to capture the hand movement from many views [3, 6, 8].
Wang J. et al. [16] used two calibrated cameras to record hand gestures under stable lighting conditions. They initially segmented the hand region using YCbCr color space and then applied SIFT algorithm for feature extraction. After then, they tracked using Kalman Filter. But due to similarity with other objects, the author imposes position constraints to avoid track loss.
Poon G. et al. [17] also supported multiple camera setups that can observe the hand region from diversified angles to minimize the errors due to self-occlusion. They proposed three camera setups to recognize bimanual gestures in HGR. Similarly, Bautista A.G. et al. [18] used three cameras in their system to avoid complex background and illumination. Marin G. et al. [19] suggested combining Kinect data with Leap motion camera data to exploit the complementary characteristics of both the cameras. Kainz O. et al. [20] combined leap motion sensor signals and surface electromyography signals to propose a hand tracking scheme.
Andreas Aristidou discussed that high complexity in hand structure and movement make the animation of a hand model a challenge. They preferred a marker-based optical motion capture system to acquire the orientation of the hand [21]. With the same opinion, Lizy Abraham et al. [22] placed infrared LEDs on the hand to improve the consistency of accuracy in tracking. According to the study conducted by Mais Yasen et al. [9], surface electromyography (sEMG) as wearable sensors and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) as classifiers are the most preferable choices in hand gesture recognition.
The important factor in HGR is that information obtained using a monocular camera is not sufficient to extract the moving hand region. The loss of information in RGB images is maximum due to unpredictable background, self-occlusion, illumination variation, and erratic pattern of the hand movement [8, 10, 14].
The second component in the design of DHGR is description of the region of interest or “target modeling.” In this section, features that are repetitive, unique, and invariant to general variations, e.g., illumination, rotation, translation of the hand region are collected. These features model the target of tracking and are responsible for detecting and localizing the target in all frames of a video. This step is very significant because it helps to detect the target in an unconstrained environment [10, 12].
Li X. et al. [12] presented a very detailed study of the building blocks of visual object tracking and the associated challenges. They stated that effective modeling of the appearance of the target is the core issue for the success of a visual tracker. Practically, effective modeling is greatly affected by many factors such as target speed, illumination conditions, state of occlusion, complexity in shape, and camera stability, etc. Skin color features are the most straightforward characteristic of the hand used in the HGR domain to identify the hand region in the scene. Huang H. et al. simply detected skin color for contour extraction and then classified them using VGGNet [23]. M. H. Yao et al. [24] extracted 500 particles using the CAMShift algorithm for tracking the moving hand region. In this case, the real-time performance of the HGR system decreases when a similar color object (face or arm region) interferes. As the number of particles increases the complexity of the system increases. The HGR technique proposed by Khaled H. et al. [25] emphasized the use of both shape and skin color features for hand area detection because of background conditions, shadows, visual overlapping of the objects. They stated that noise added due to camera movement is one of the major problems in real-time hand tracking. Liu P. et al. [26] proposed a single-shot multibox detector ConvNet architecture that is like Faster R-CNN to detect hand gestures in a complex environment. Bao P. et al. [27] expressed that since the size of hand posture is very small, therefore misleading behavior or the overfitting problem becomes prominent in regular CNN.
In the method discussed in [10], we have shown that though the local representation of the hand is a comparatively more robust approach to detect the hand region, but they often suffer from background disturbance in a real-time tracking. In general, hand-crafted features result in large computations and loss of trajectory visual while tracking in real-time hand movement is very common. Henceforth, it is difficult for hand-crafted features to perfectly describe all variations in target as well as background [10, 12]. According to Shin J. et al. [28], the trackers that visually trace the object, based on appearance and position, must have a high tolerance for appearance and position. Tran D. et al. [29] initially detected the palm region from depth data collected by Kinect V2 skeletal tracker followed by morphological processing. They determined hand contour using a border tracing algorithm on binary image converted using a fixed threshold. After detecting fingertip by K-cosine algorithm, hand posture is classified using 3DCNN.
Matching of hand gesture trajectory is another important phase in the cognitive recognition of DHGR. The main constrain in generating similarity index in HGR is the speed of hand motion and the path of movement. Both these factors are highly dependent on the user’s mood and surrounding conditions at the instant of movement. Similarity matching based on distance metrics generally fails to track efficiently as hand gestures of the same meaning do not follow the same path always.
Dan Zhao et al. [30] used a hand shape fisher vector to find the movement of the finger and then classified it by linear SVM. Plouffe et al. [31] proposed Dynamic Time Wrapping (DTW) to match the similarity between target and trained gesture. In [32], a two-level speed normalization procedure is proposed using DTW and Euclidean distance-based techniques. In this method, for each test gesture, 10 best-trained gestures are selected using the DTW algorithm. Out of these 10 gestures, the most accurate gesture is selected by calculating Euclidean distance. Pablo B. et al. [33] suggested a combination of the Hidden Markov Model (HMM) and DTW, in the prediction stage.
The proposed system is designed by using a web camera; it is a simple RGB camera. The use of the RGB camera is limited in the field of hand gesture tracking because of various difficulties as discussed above (Figure 1).
Architecture of the proposed system.
The proposed system is divided into three modules:
This module is also known as the “hand detection module.” Here the posture of the hand, which is used by the user in real-time hand movement events, is detected. When the user moves his hand in front of the web camera attached to any machine acquires a video of 5–6 seconds at a rate of 15 frames per second. This video comprises a raw data sequence of length 100–150 frames; it is saved in a temporary folder, resizing all the frames to size [240, 240]. In this module, detection of an online Active Hand Template (AHT) is made using Faster Region-based Convolutional Neural Network (Faster R-CNN).
We have proposed the design of an online hand detection scheme (AHT) using Faster Region-based Convolutional Neural Network (Faster R-CNN) [34], on Residual Network (ResNet101) [35], a deep neural architecture. Three major issues that are encountered in online tracking of hand motion captured using simple cameras are as follows:
A hand is a versatile object in comparison with other objects. The area occupied in the image frame has a high variation that depends on the posture selected.
It is not fixed that the subject starts the motion from the first frame or the fixed position in the frame.
Anthropometric and scale variation in the hand are very prominently seen during hand movement in RGB images.
Thus, the essential requisite of any technique is to cope with the abovementioned factors. In the proposed method, these issues are solved by using Faster-RCNN, a Deep Neural Network (DNN) architecture. Deep learning algorithms (DLAs) are models for a machine to learn and execute any task as human beings perform. Deep networks directly learn features from raw data by exploiting local information of the target, with no manual extraction or elimination of background. Convolutional Neural Network (ConvNet) is a powerful tool in the computer vision field that mainly deals with images.
Ren S. et al. [34] modified fast RCNN to Faster Region-based Convolutional Neural Network (Faster R-CNN). They added a region proposal network (RPN) (a separate CNN network) that simultaneously estimates objectness score and regresses the boundaries of the object using the anchor box concept.
The architecture of the proposed Faster R-CNN developed on ResNet 101 is shown in Figure 2. Region Proposal Network (RPN) is an independent small-sized ConvNet, designed to directly generate region proposals from an image of any size without using a fixed edge box algorithm. The process of RPN is shown in Figure 3; here region proposals are generated from the activation feature map of the last shared convolutional layer between the RPN network and Fast-RCNN. It is implemented with an
The architecture of the proposed faster R-CNN.
Process in RPN.
Anchor boxes are bounding boxes with predefined height and width to capture the scale and aspect ratio of the target object. There are pyramids of anchors. The anchor-based method is translation invariant and detects objects of multiple scales and aspect ratios. For every tiled anchor box, the RPN predicts the probability of object, background, and intersection over union (IoU) values. The advantage of using the anchor boxes in a sliding window-based detector is to detect, encode, and classify the object in the region in a single process [34].
The design of the proposed Faster-RCNN technique is accomplished on Residual network (Resnet) resnet 101. Resnet architecture network was proposed in 2015 by Kaiming He et al. [35], to ease the learning process in a deeper network. They exhibited that a resnet architecture eight times deeper than VGG16 still has less complexity in training on ImageNet dataset. The proposed use of resnet 101 in the design of Faster R-CNN solves the complex problems in object classification by using a large number of hidden layers without increasing the training error. Furthermore, the network does not have a vanishing and exploding gradient problem because of the “skip connection” approach.
This module handles the feature extraction process of the AHT that helps in the continuous localization of the moving hand region. Our method processes a hybrid framework that combines Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) and Faster-RCNN. A framework with hybrid characteristics is selected because in real-time movement, the geometrical shape of any posture changes many times, and thus it is difficult to detect the moving hand region with only hand-crafted features i.e., SIFT. Whenever the posture is changed above the threshold (number of matched features <= 3), then AHT is determined using Faster R-CNN, and the previous AHT is updated with new AHT. During this process, a bounding box is also constructed around the centroid of the hand movement to determine the current two-dimensional area covered by the hand region.
In motion modeling, we have used SIFT algorithm designed by David Lowe [36], for local feature extraction of AHT. As compared with global features such as color, contour, texture, local features have high distinctiveness, better detection accuracy toward local image distortions, viewpoint change, and partial occlusion. Therefore, SIFT detects the object in the cluttered background without performing any segmentation or preprocessing algorithms [36, 37]. The combination of SIFT and Faster-RCNN is helpful in real-time fast-tracking of the non-rigid subtle object hand.
SIFT algorithm comprises of feature detector as well as a feature descriptor. In general, features are high-contrast areas example point, edge, or small image patch, in an image. These features are extracted such that they are detectable even in noise, scale variation, and during the change in illumination. Each SIFT feature is defined by four parameters:
In our approach, we find the SIFT features of the AHT template obtained in module-I, since it contains only the target hand posture and is small as compared with the image frame [240, 240]. Therefore, this approach saves time in matching unnecessary features and pruning them further [20, 21].
Let there be m key features in AHT frame, given as
Initially, we find the first nearest neighbors (FNN) of all the SIFT features in AHT with SIFT features in the current frame. The First Nearest Neighbors (FNNs) are defined as the pairs of key points in two different frames with a minimum sum of squared differences for the given descriptor vector
where
In the second step, matching is improved by performing Lowe’s Second Nearest Neighbor (SNN) test using Eq. (2).
SNN test is done by calculating the ratio between the FNND of
Further to find the geometrically consistent points, we apply the geometric verification test (Eq. (3)) on the key points obtained after SNN.
Here
This module deals with the cognitive recognition of the trajectory. Here the cognitive recognition means vision-based intellectual development of machine for the interpretation of hand movement. Because hand movements do not have a fixed pattern, by nature movement patterns are erratic. Due to this characteristic, till now static hand gesture recognition is more preferred than dynamic hand gesture recognition. We have determined the centroids of hand location in the tracked frames. To derive the meaning of hand movement, we have used the modified back-propagation Artificial Neural Network (m-BP-ANN) Match of test trajectory to train database. This cognitive stage is very significant for DHG because the way we collect and transform the centroid of hand movement
We have made use of the concept of the quadrant system of the Cartesian plane to transform the image frame into a 2-D plane. The two-dimensional Cartesian system divides the plane of the frame into four equal regions called Quadrants. Each quadrant is bound by two half-axes, with the center in the middle of a frame. The translation of the image frame axis to a Cartesian axis is done using Eqs. (4) and (5):
Here
Back-propagation (BP) is a supervised training procedure in feed-forward neural networks. It works on minimizing the cost function of the network using the delta rule or gradient descent method. The value of the weights with which we obtain the minimum cost function is the solution for the given learning problem. The error function
The minimization of the error function is carried out using gradient descent or delta rule. It determines the amount of weight update based on gradient direction along with step size. It is given by Eq. (7):
In the traditional BP, the optimization of the multidimensional cost function is difficult because step size is fixed, since the performance parameters are highly dependent on the learning rate
The term momentum (
In the proposed prototype, we have developed eight vision-based commands to operate and machine remotely by showing hand gestures. The proposed model of ANN has three layers, input layer, hidden layer, and output layer as shown in Figure 4. The input layer has 4 neurons, the hidden layer has 10 neurons, and the outer layer consists of 8 neurons.
Architecture of the proposed ANN model.
In this research work, we have taken three hand postures (as shown in Table 1) to demonstrate the vision-based tracking efficiency of our proposed concept. It is the unique feature of this work as most of the techniques demonstrate tracking of hand movements performed by a single posture [32]. For consolidated evaluation, we have taken approximately 100 data sequences captured in different environments as shown in Figure 5. Our database is a collection of publicly available dataset [32] and self-prepared data sequence. In [32], hand movements are mainly performed by a single hand posture (Posture III as shown in Table 1) and in a constrained laboratory environment.
Dataset for training faster R-CNN.
In self-prepared dataset, we have collected hand movements performed by six participants of three different age groups: two kids (age 10–16 years), two adults (age 20–40 years), and two seniors (age 65 years). In this, the hand movement is carried out using three different postures (as illustrated in Table 1), in linear as well as circular pattern. In self-collected dataset, 15 frames per second are taken through the web camera, and gesture length varies from 120 to 160 frames.
The evaluation of the proposed online adaptive hand tracking methodology is carried out on four test parameters. The methodology is also compared with the contemporary techniques that are based on RGB images or webcam images. The four test parameters are as follows:
Accuracy in hand detection in real-time complex images, i.e., video is captured in unconstrained background and covers natural variations occurring in geometrical contour of the postures.
Parametric evaluation of the proposed Faster R-CNN on resnet101 architecture on training and validation data.
The efficiency of a hybrid tracking system in complex environment.
Effectiveness of cognitive recognition of hand trajectory as machine command.
Figure 6 demonstrates the outcome of the hand recognition stage of different data sequences captured (using three hand postures demonstrated in Table 1) in different backgrounds under d
Various outcomes of module-I (simple background, complex background, the subject is also visible in camera range).
ifferent illumination conditions. To test the accuracy of the hand detection scheme in recognizing the hand region, we have considered nearly all possible combinations: only the hand is visible in the camera view, subject face along with arm region is in the camera view, illumination conditions are unstable, background has same color as the hand region, etc. Thus, the hand detection results in Figure 6 illustrate the following distinguishing key features of our proposed system:
Large diversity is present in hand shape and sizes also, the same posture differs in geometrical shapes and area of coverage in the image frame. Our technique does not require any foreground and background modeling. It detects the hand region by automatic learning, the discriminative deep features of the hand postures.
The subject’s state of mind at the instance of hand movement is not alike. Thus, it is not necessary that the hand is completely visible from the first frame. Our technique is not affected by the location from which the user starts their motion, it is also unaffected by the face region or other body parts of the user present in the data sequence.
The proposed hand detection module, developed on Faster R-CNN architecture, has been evaluated on the following parameters:
Accuracy: It is the parameters by which the network is evaluated and selected. It gives the count of accurate predictions.
Loss: The loss curve is the most useful diagnostic curve that accounts for variation in the predicted and actual value. Loss information helps to learn the optimization behavior of the model parameters.
Model Behavior: It talks about the learning behavior of the model. Learning pattern helps to diagnose the character of the train or validation dataset concerning the problem domain.
Root Mean Square Error (RMSE): It calculates the standard deviation between the actual value and the predicted value. The RMSE is applied in regression analysis and classification of the predicted bounding box with the ground truth bounding box. It is calculated during the training process for both train data and validation data.
Table 2 illustrates detailed performance outcomes of the proposed Faster R-CNN based on the abovementioned parameters. The observations are taken at intervals of 50, 100, 150, 200, 220 iterations. The outcomes illustrate following points of our proposed architecture on Faster R-CNN constructed on resnet101:
As the number of iterations increases, the accuracy of train data increases, and it reaches the maximum value at the 200th iteration.
Validation data achieve the maximum accuracy at 220th iterations.
There is a linear decrement in the RMSE and the loss values of both the train and validation dataset. This linear decrement reflects the stable learning behavior of the proposed model.
It is observed that at the 200th iteration, RMSE and loss of train data reached at its minimum value of 0.14 and 0.154, respectively. Similarly, in the case of the validation dataset, the value of RMSE and loss reached their minimal at the 200th iteration.
Types of postures used in the proposed system.
No. of iteration | Train data accuracy | Validation data accuracy | Train data RMSE | Validation data RMSE | Train data loss | Validation data loss |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 30.24 | 78.26 | 0.23 | 0.22 | 2.9331 | 2.2522 |
50 | 97.07 | 98.80 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.9396 | 0.6902 |
100 | 98.32 | 98.87 | 0.15 | 0.19 | 0.4791 | 0.6049 |
150 | 99.03 | 98.85 | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.2671 | 0.5956 |
200 | 99.07 | 97.86 | 0.14 | 0.17 | 0.1544 | 0.55544 |
220 | 98.92 | 98.76 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.2052 | 0.6262 |
Outcomes in the training process of the proposed faster R-CNN model.
Based on above outcomes, the characteristic features of the proposed trained resnet101 are:
Accuracy: 98.76%
Loss: 0.17
The behavior of the Network: Well fit.
In this section, we have evaluated the tracking efficiency of our proposed hybrid method. The data sequences captured are of variable length ranging from 100 to 150 frames. Figure 7 shows results of tracking in different data sequences, approximately 10–12 frames of each data sequence are shown here to highlight the tracking efficiency of module II. Each frame is illustrated by its frame number, a yellow box enclosing the hand region and a yellow dot inside the yellow box represent the instant position of the centroid of the hand region. Figure 7(a) shows the tracking of P-I posture in a cluttered background. This data sequence is captured in a background that has many similar colored objects as that of the hand. Our proposed system discriminates and localizes the hand region efficiently due to the robust deep feature learning capability of our hybrid tracking system. It is also noticeable that the hand is properly identified even when the hand region was blurred due to sudden erratic movement by the subject as shown in frame 99 of the data sequence.
Tracking outcomes of different data sequence are shown in (a), (b), (c), and (d) shows the cognitive recognition of hand movement in (c).
Figure 7(b) displays the tracking results of the P-III hand posture in improper illumination conditions. It can be noticed that in Figure 7(a) and (b), the FoS are frame 3 and frame 15, respectively. This data sequence is mainly affected by the color reflection of the background wall, and thus, it is visible that the edges of the P-III posture are nearly mixed with the background in some frames.
Figure 7(c) demonstrates the tracking results of a data sequence [32] in which a teenage girl is moving her hand (posture P-III) in front of her face. It is noticeable that the hand region and face region nearly overlap in frame 17. The fast change in the hand position in the frames indicates that the subject is moving her hand in a speedy manner. The change in the distance between the two positions of the hand frame 45 to frame 59 along with the change from a clear image of the hand region to the blurred image of the hand image proves the fast movement of the hand. During the movement, the subject is also changing the orientation of the hand posture as can be seen from the frames 59, 73, 80, 87.
Cognitive efficiency means the development of the semantic between the trajectory of the dynamic hand gestures and machine command. Since, hand gestures do not follow a fixed line of movement to convey the same meaning. Therefore, syntax formation to match train data and test data is a challenge. Hence, the main limitation in DHGR is the development of a process that can convert the trajectory of hand movement to machine command. Our proposed method handles this difficult challenge in a schematic manner.
In our proposed technique, we have developed eight vision-based commands “INSTRUCTION 1–8” (abbreviated as INT-1 to INT-8). For the vision-based instruction, we have drafted a process to convert trajectory of the hand movement obtained in module-II to a machine command by using Cartesian plane system as illustrated in Figure 8.
Conversion of trajectory of hand movement to machine command.
Figure 7(d) illustrates the process in developing cognitive ability to recognize hand movement by the machine. This process consists of three steps: (i) trajectory plot of the hand movement, (ii) position of start and end point in Cartesian plane, and (iii) conversion to machine command. Figure 7(d) demonstrates the results of the cognitive recognition of a data sequence shown in Figure 7(c) [32]; here an adult girl moves her hand from right to left and the machine recognizes this movement as command 7.
Figure 9(a) shows tracking results of P-III posture performed by a teenage boy. In this data sequence, we can notice that scale change of the hand region is very prominent (as the size of the hand region is continuously changing from frame to frame). The posture area is big in frame 37, and it gradually decreases till frame 147. This indicates the distance between the subject’s hand and the camera, it is minimum in frame 37 and maximum at frame 147. Figure 9(b) displays the result of cognitive recognition of the trajectory in the three steps in trajectory to command interpretation of left initiated data sequences The movement starts from the bottom left, moves in a zigzag manner, and finally reaches close to the initial starting place. The PoS and end location of this sequence both are in the third and fourth quadrant respectively; thus, “INSTRUCTION 8” is generated through this hand movement.
Tracking results of P-III posture performed by a teenage boy. (b) Cognitive recognition of hand movement.
In this section, we compare our process and results with two different approaches used recently in the field of DHGR. In the first approach [32] technique utilizes true RGB images. This approach mainly involves hand-crafted features for hand detection and tracking. The research work conducted by Singha J. et al. [32] focused on only fist posture tracking in a fixed background, they have achieved 92.23% efficiency when no skin color object is present in the surroundings. One of the prominent limitations in their approach is that they have applied sequence of algorithms for precise detection of hand region. This method is complex and unsuitable for real-time implementation of DHGR.
In the approach proposed by Tran DS et al. [29] for fingertip tracking, depth coordinates of fingertip provided by the inbuilt software of the advanced sensor-based camera are directly used. According to the researchers, RGB camera images are largely affected by illumination variation, and thus, to avoid background and illumination complexities in DHGR, they utilized RGB-D data sequences captured through the Microsoft Kinect V2 camera. It is a skeletal tracker camera that provides the position of 25 joints of the human skeleton including fingertips. This method is designed for tracking only seven hand movements comprised of 30–45 frames in three fixed backgrounds; besides, subjects are also trained to perform correct hand movement. In this research work, each frame is allotted an individual 3DCNN for classification. Thus, the experiments can perform fingertip tracking only for short gesture length. The training time of the 3D CNN is 1 hr. 35 minute with a six-core processor of 16GB RAM, which indicates the complex architecture of the technique. The accuracy of the trained 3D CNN model is 92.6% on validation data. Table 3 illustrates and compares different technical aspect of the above two mentioned approaches with our proposed method:
Parameters | Research work-I (2018) [36] | Research work-II (2020) [29] | Proposed research work |
---|---|---|---|
Camera/Image type | Simple webcam/RGB | Microsoft Kinect Sensor version 2/depth, | Webcam/RGB |
Preprocessing | Face segmentation using ViolaJones and the background subtraction using skin filtering | Noise Removal using median filtering and morphological processing. Conversion to binary image | Not Required |
Initial stage-Hand detection | Three frames differencing on colored and grayscale images. | Hand Contour is extracted using Moore -Neighbor algorithm. Fingertip extraction using K-cosine algorithm. | Designed Faster-RCNN constructed on ResNet101. Used region-based network (RPN) for defining hand region. |
Feature Extraction | Eigen features of the detected hand region. Remove unwanted features using compact criteria | Position of Fingertip calculated through inbuilt software of the camera. | SIFT feature extraction of AHT |
Tracking methods | KLT features followed 44 features matching by compact criteria | For each frame, a 3D CNN is allotted. | Combination of Faster RCNN with SIFT algorithm. |
Classification | Results of ANN, SVM, kNN classifiers are fused to get the final classified value | Ensemble learning to generate a final probability for classification | Using ANN with Cartesian quadrant system. |
Background to conduct experiments | Fixed laboratory environment without any skin color object | Three fixed backgrounds | Any real-time background. |
Accuracy of Methodology | 92.23% | 92.60% | 95.83% |
Limitations | KLT features get reduced in subsequent frames. | (i) Preprocessing is required (ii) For each frame separate 3D CNN is required this makes the system slow. (iii) fixed gesture length of 20 frames. | Initially trained for five gestures and can be extended for many more postures |
Comparative analysis of two recent methods with the proposed methodology based on different parameters.
This research work presents solutions to many crucial and unresolved challenges in vision-based tracking of hand movement captured using a simple camera. The methodology has the potential to provide a complete solution from hand detection to tracking and finally for cognitive recognition of trajectory to machine command for contactless Human-Machine interaction via dynamic hand gestures. Since the proposed design is implemented around a single RGB webcam, thus the system is economical and user-friendly. The accuracy achieved in the online and adaptive hand detection scheme with Faster R-CNN is 98.76%. The proposed hybrid tracking scheme exhibits high efficiency to adapt scale variation, illumination variation, and background conditions. It also exhibits high accuracy when camera is in motion during the movement. The overall accuracy achieved by our proposed system in complex conditions is 95.83%.
The comparative analysis demonstrates that our system gives users the freedom to select posture and to start the hand movement from any point in the image frame. Also, we do not impose any strict conditions in terms of geometrical shape of any posture. The hybrid framework and cognitive recognition features of our proposed method give a robust solution to classify any hand trajectory in a simple manner. This feature has not been discussed in any existing technique working with RGB images till date. The cumulative command interpretation efficiency of our system in real-time environment is 96.2%. The various results justify the “online” hand detection and “adaptive” tracking feature of the proposed technique. In the future, the method can be further extended to track multiple hand movements.
No funding is received
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. 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He is the co-editor of The Open Biology Journal and associate editor for Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity.",institutionString:"Universidad Nacional de La Plata",institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6924",title:"Adenosine Triphosphate in Health and Disease",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6924.jpg",slug:"adenosine-triphosphate-in-health-and-disease",publishedDate:"April 24th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Gyula Mozsik",hash:"04106c232a3c68fec07ba7cf00d2522d",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Adenosine Triphosphate in Health and Disease",editors:[{id:"58390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyula",middleName:null,surname:"Mozsik",slug:"gyula-mozsik",fullName:"Gyula Mozsik",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58390/images/system/58390.png",biography:"Gyula Mózsik MD, Ph.D., ScD (med), is an emeritus professor of Medicine at the First Department of Medicine, Univesity of Pécs, Hungary. He was head of this department from 1993 to 2003. His specializations are medicine, gastroenterology, clinical pharmacology, clinical nutrition, and dietetics. His research fields are biochemical pharmacological examinations in the human gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa, mechanisms of retinoids, drugs, capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves, and innovative pharmacological, pharmaceutical, and nutritional (dietary) research in humans. He has published about 360 peer-reviewed papers, 197 book chapters, 692 abstracts, 19 monographs, and has edited 37 books. He has given about 1120 regular and review lectures. He has organized thirty-eight national and international congresses and symposia. He is the founder of the International Conference on Ulcer Research (ICUR); International Union of Pharmacology, Gastrointestinal Section (IUPHAR-GI); Brain-Gut Society symposiums, and gastrointestinal cytoprotective symposiums. He received the Andre Robert Award from IUPHAR-GI in 2014. 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He\nreceived a short-term scholarship to carry out his post-doctoral\nstudies abroad, from Japan International Cooperation Agency\n(JICA), in coordination with the Egyptian government. Dr.\nShalaby speaks fluent English and his native Arabic. He has 77\ninternationally published research papers, has attended 15 international conferences, and has contributed to 18 international books and chapters.\nDr. Shalaby works as a reviewer on over one hundred international journals and is\non the editorial board of more than twenty-five international journals. He is a member of seven international specialized scientific societies, besides his local one, and\nhe has won seven prizes.",institutionString:"Cairo University",institution:{name:"Cairo University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"11669",title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",hash:"9117bd12dc904ced43404e3383b6591a",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 3rd 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"415310",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Erik",surname:"Froyen",slug:"erik-froyen",fullName:"Erik Froyen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11674",title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",hash:"5d7d49bd80f53dad3761f78de4a862c6",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 6th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"238047",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaia",surname:"Favero",slug:"gaia-favero",fullName:"Gaia Favero"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11672",title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",hash:"c00855833476a514d37abf7c846e16e9",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 6th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"14794",title:"Prof.",name:"Murat",surname:"Şentürk",slug:"murat-senturk",fullName:"Murat Şentürk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11670",title:"Chitin-Chitosan - Isolation, Properties, and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11670.jpg",hash:"69f009be08998711eecfb200adc7deca",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 26th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"176093",title:"Dr.",name:"Brajesh",surname:"Kumar",slug:"brajesh-kumar",fullName:"Brajesh Kumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"12215",title:"Cell Death and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12215.jpg",hash:"dfd456a29478fccf4ebd3294137eb1e3",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"June 24th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"59529",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",surname:"Xu",slug:"ke-xu",fullName:"Ke Xu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11673",title:"Stem Cell Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11673.jpg",hash:"13092df328080c762dd9157be18ca38c",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"July 13th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"203598",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Diana",surname:"Kitala",slug:"diana-kitala",fullName:"Diana Kitala"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:43,paginationItems:[{id:"82374",title:"The Potential of the Purinergic System as a Therapeutic Target of Natural Compounds in Cutaneous Melanoma",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105457",signatures:"Gilnei Bruno da Silva, Daiane Manica, Marcelo Moreno and Margarete Dulce Bagatini",slug:"the-potential-of-the-purinergic-system-as-a-therapeutic-target-of-natural-compounds-in-cutaneous-mel",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82103",title:"The Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Its Regulation in the Progression of Neurological and Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105543",signatures:"Mary Dover, Michael Kishek, Miranda Eddins, Naneeta Desar, Ketema Paul and Milan Fiala",slug:"the-role-of-endoplasmic-reticulum-stress-and-its-regulation-in-the-progression-of-neurological-and-i",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82212",title:"Protein Prenylation and Their Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104700",signatures:"Khemchand R. 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She is now a lecturer at the University of Witwatersrand, South Africa, and a principal researcher at the Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office (HE2RO), South Africa. Dr. Moolla holds a Ph.D. in Psychology with her research being focused on mental health and resilience. In her professional work capacity, her research has further expanded into the fields of early childhood development, mental health, the HIV and TB care cascades, as well as COVID. She is also a UNESCO-trained International Bioethics Facilitator.",institutionString:"University of the Witwatersrand",institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"342152",title:"Dr.",name:"Santo",middleName:null,surname:"Grace Umesh",slug:"santo-grace-umesh",fullName:"Santo Grace Umesh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/342152/images/16311_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"333647",title:"Dr.",name:"Shreya",middleName:null,surname:"Kishore",slug:"shreya-kishore",fullName:"Shreya Kishore",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333647/images/14701_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Shreya Kishore completed her Bachelor in Dental Surgery in Chettinad Dental College and Research Institute, Chennai, and her Master of Dental Surgery (Orthodontics) in Saveetha Dental College, Chennai. She is also Invisalign certified. She’s working as a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Orthodontics, SRM Dental College since November 2019. She is actively involved in teaching orthodontics to the undergraduates and the postgraduates. Her clinical research topics include new orthodontic brackets, fixed appliances and TADs. She’s published 4 articles in well renowned indexed journals and has a published patency of her own. Her private practice is currently limited to orthodontics and works as a consultant in various clinics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"323731",title:"Prof.",name:"Deepak M.",middleName:"Macchindra",surname:"Vikhe",slug:"deepak-m.-vikhe",fullName:"Deepak M. Vikhe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/323731/images/13613_n.jpg",biography:"Dr Deepak M.Vikhe .\n\n\t\n\tDr Deepak M.Vikhe , completed his Masters & PhD in Prosthodontics from Rural Dental College, Loni securing third rank in the Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University. He was awarded Dr.G.C.DAS Memorial Award for Research on Implants at 39th IPS conference Dubai (U A E).He has two patents under his name. He has received Dr.Saraswati medal award for best research for implant study in 2017.He has received Fully funded scholarship to Spain ,university of Santiago de Compostela. He has completed fellowship in Implantlogy from Noble Biocare. \nHe has attended various conferences and CDE programmes and has national publications to his credit. His field of interest is in Implant supported prosthesis. Presently he is working as a associate professor in the Dept of Prosthodontics, Rural Dental College, Loni and maintains a successful private practice specialising in Implantology at Rahata.\n\nEmail: drdeepak_mvikhe@yahoo.com..................",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204110",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed A.",middleName:null,surname:"Madfa",slug:"ahmed-a.-madfa",fullName:"Ahmed A. Madfa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204110/images/system/204110.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madfa is currently Associate Professor of Endodontics at Thamar University and a visiting lecturer at Sana'a University and University of Sciences and Technology. He has more than 6 years of experience in teaching. His research interests include root canal morphology, functionally graded concept, dental biomaterials, epidemiology and dental education, biomimetic restoration, finite element analysis and endodontic regeneration. Dr. Madfa has numerous international publications, full articles, two patents, a book and a book chapter. Furthermore, he won 14 international scientific awards. Furthermore, he is involved in many academic activities ranging from editorial board member, reviewer for many international journals and postgraduate students' supervisor. Besides, I deliver many courses and training workshops at various scientific events. Dr. Madfa also regularly attends international conferences and holds administrative positions (Deputy Dean of the Faculty for Students’ & Academic Affairs and Deputy Head of Research Unit).",institutionString:"Thamar University",institution:null},{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",biography:"Dr. Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif is working at the Faculty of dentistry, University for October university for modern sciences and arts (MSA). Her areas of expertise include: periodontology, dental laserology, oral implantology, periodontal plastic surgeries, oral mesotherapy, nutrition, dental pharmacology. She is an editor and reviewer in numerous international journals.",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null},{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null},{id:"178412",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Guhan",middleName:null,surname:"Dergin",slug:"guhan-dergin",fullName:"Guhan Dergin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178412/images/6954_n.jpg",biography:"Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gühan Dergin was born in 1973 in Izmit. He graduated from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1999. He completed his specialty of OMFS surgery in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry and obtained his PhD degree in 2006. In 2005, he was invited as a visiting doctor in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of the University of North Carolina, USA, where he went on a scholarship. Dr. Dergin still continues his academic career as an associate professor in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry. He has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178414",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Emes",slug:"yusuf-emes",fullName:"Yusuf Emes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178414/images/6953_n.jpg",biography:"Born in Istanbul in 1974, Dr. Emes graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry in 1997 and completed his PhD degree in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in 2005. He has papers published in international and national scientific journals, including research articles on implantology, oroantral fistulas, odontogenic cysts, and temporomandibular disorders. Dr. Emes is currently working as a full-time academic staff in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"192229",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ana Luiza",middleName:null,surname:"De Carvalho Felippini",slug:"ana-luiza-de-carvalho-felippini",fullName:"Ana Luiza De Carvalho Felippini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192229/images/system/192229.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"University of São Paulo",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"256851",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayşe",middleName:null,surname:"Gülşen",slug:"ayse-gulsen",fullName:"Ayşe Gülşen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256851/images/9696_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ayşe Gülşen graduated in 1990 from Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ankara and did a postgraduate program at University of Gazi. \nShe worked as an observer and research assistant in Craniofacial Surgery Departments in New York, Providence Hospital in Michigan and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan. \nShe works as Craniofacial Orthodontist in Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi, Ankara Turkey since 2004.",institutionString:"Univeristy of Gazi",institution:null},{id:"255366",title:"Prof.",name:"Tosun",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"tosun-tosun",fullName:"Tosun Tosun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255366/images/7347_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul, Turkey in 1989;\nVisitor Assistant at the University of Padua, Italy and Branemark Osseointegration Center of Treviso, Italy between 1993-94;\nPhD thesis on oral implantology in University of Istanbul and was awarded the academic title “Dr.med.dent.”, 1997;\nHe was awarded the academic title “Doç.Dr.” (Associated Professor) in 2003;\nProficiency in Botulinum Toxin Applications, Reading-UK in 2009;\nMastership, RWTH Certificate in Laser Therapy in Dentistry, AALZ-Aachen University, Germany 2009-11;\nMaster of Science (MSc) in Laser Dentistry, University of Genoa, Italy 2013-14.\n\nDr.Tosun worked as Research Assistant in the Department of Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul between 1990-2002. \nHe worked part-time as Consultant surgeon in Harvard Medical International Hospitals and John Hopkins Medicine, Istanbul between years 2007-09.\u2028He was contract Professor in the Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DI.S.C.), Medical School, University of Genova, Italy between years 2011-16. \nSince 2015 he is visiting Professor at Medical School, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria. \nCurrently he is Associated Prof.Dr. at the Dental School, Oral Surgery Dept., Istanbul Aydin University and since 2003 he works in his own private clinic in Istanbul, Turkey.\u2028\nDr.Tosun is reviewer in journal ‘Laser in Medical Sciences’, reviewer in journal ‘Folia Medica\\', a Fellow of the International Team for Implantology, Clinical Lecturer of DGZI German Association of Oral Implantology, Expert Lecturer of Laser&Health Academy, Country Representative of World Federation for Laser Dentistry, member of European Federation of Periodontology, member of Academy of Laser Dentistry. Dr.Tosun presents papers in international and national congresses and has scientific publications in international and national journals. He speaks english, spanish, italian and french.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"256417",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Sadry",slug:"sanaz-sadry",fullName:"Sanaz Sadry",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256417/images/8106_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272237",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinar",middleName:"Kiymet",surname:"Karataban",slug:"pinar-karataban",fullName:"Pinar Karataban",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272237/images/8911_n.png",biography:"Assist.Prof.Dr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban, DDS PhD \n\nDr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban was born in Istanbul in 1975. After her graduation from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1998 she started her PhD in Paediatric Dentistry focused on children with special needs; mainly children with Cerebral Palsy. She finished her pHD thesis entitled \\'Investigation of occlusion via cast analysis and evaluation of dental caries prevalance, periodontal status and muscle dysfunctions in children with cerebral palsy” in 2008. She got her Assist. Proffessor degree in Istanbul Aydın University Paediatric Dentistry Department in 2015-2018. ın 2019 she started her new career in Bahcesehir University, Istanbul as Head of Department of Pediatric Dentistry. In 2020 she was accepted to BAU International University, Batumi as Professor of Pediatric Dentistry. She’s a lecturer in the same university meanwhile working part-time in private practice in Ege Dental Studio (https://www.egedisklinigi.com/) a multidisciplinary dental clinic in Istanbul. Her main interests are paleodontology, ancient and contemporary dentistry, oral microbiology, cerebral palsy and special care dentistry. She has national and international publications, scientific reports and is a member of IAPO (International Association for Paleodontology), IADH (International Association of Disability and Oral Health) and EAPD (European Association of Pediatric Dentistry).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"202198",title:"Dr.",name:"Buket",middleName:null,surname:"Aybar",slug:"buket-aybar",fullName:"Buket Aybar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202198/images/6955_n.jpg",biography:"Buket Aybar, DDS, PhD, was born in 1971. She graduated from Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, in 1992 and completed her PhD degree on Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Istanbul University in 1997.\nDr. Aybar is currently a full-time professor in Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. She has teaching responsibilities in graduate and postgraduate programs. Her clinical practice includes mainly dentoalveolar surgery.\nHer topics of interest are biomaterials science and cell culture studies. She has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books; she also has participated in several scientific projects supported by Istanbul University Research fund.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"260116",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Yaltirik",slug:"mehmet-yaltirik",fullName:"Mehmet Yaltirik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260116/images/7413_n.jpg",biography:"Birth Date 25.09.1965\r\nBirth Place Adana- Turkey\r\nSex Male\r\nMarrial Status Bachelor\r\nDriving License Acquired\r\nMother Tongue Turkish\r\n\r\nAddress:\r\nWork:University of Istanbul,Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine 34093 Capa,Istanbul- TURKIYE",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"172009",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatma Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Uzuner",slug:"fatma-deniz-uzuner",fullName:"Fatma Deniz Uzuner",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/172009/images/7122_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Deniz Uzuner was born in 1969 in Kocaeli-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1986, she attended the Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. \nIn 1993 she attended the Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics for her PhD education. After finishing the PhD education, she worked as orthodontist in Ankara Dental Hospital under the Turkish Government, Ministry of Health and in a special Orthodontic Clinic till 2011. Between 2011 and 2016, Dr. Deniz Uzuner worked as a specialist in the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University in Ankara/Turkey. In 2016, she was appointed associate professor. Dr. Deniz Uzuner has authored 23 Journal Papers, 3 Book Chapters and has had 39 oral/poster presentations. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society. 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