The samples taken from the slopes of the masses on the results obtained from the geotechnical testing.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"3581",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Recent Optical and Photonic Technologies",title:"Recent Optical and Photonic Technologies",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Research and development in modern optical and photonic technologies have witnessed quite fast growing advancements in various fundamental and application areas due to availability of novel fabrication and measurement techniques, advanced numerical simulation tools and methods, as well as due to the increasing practical demands. The recent advancements have also been accompanied by the appearance of various interdisciplinary topics. \r\n\r\nThe book attempts to put together state-of-the-art research and development in optical and photonic technologies. It consists of 21 chapters that focus on interesting four topics of photonic crystals (first 5 chapters), THz techniques and applications (next 7 chapters), nanoscale optical techniques and applications (next 5 chapters), and optical trapping and manipulation (last 4 chapters), in which a fundamental theory, numerical simulation techniques, measurement techniques and methods, and various application examples are considered. \r\n\r\nThis book deals with recent and advanced research results and comprehensive reviews on optical and photonic technologies covering the aforementioned topics. I believe that the advanced techniques and research described here may also be applicable to other contemporary research areas in optical and photonic technologies. Thus, I hope the readers will be inspired to start or to improve further their own research and technologies and to expand potential applications. 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\r\n\r\n\tThis book will present an update of articles addressing isolation, properties, and certain applications of chitin and chitosan, including films, fibers, nanoparticles, composite materials, hydrogels, polymeric complexes, water purification, antimicrobials, textile, cosmetics, biosensors, nanoporous scaffolds, and membranes. We invite world-class researchers from around the world, industry, academia, government, and private research institutions are encouraged to publish research or review articles on chitin and chitosan.
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His research interest is in the development of sustainable and eco-friendly techniques for (a) nanoparticles synthesis and their applications for environmental remediation, (b) active films of organic solar cells, (c) nanomedicine, (d) sensors, (e) natural product extraction, purification, and analysis,(f) natural polymers, (g) peptide chemistry, (h) microwave and ultrasound-assisted organic synthesis and (i) organic synthesis. Dr. Brajesh Kumar has been credited for different national and international fellowships and he has also worked as a faculty member in various universities of India, Ecuador, and South Korea. He has also published numerous SCI/ SCIE/ Scopus research articles (h index = 29, Citations 2917) and is also an active reviewer of more than 50 Journals. 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The biomedical definition of death is primarily a scientific issue supported by the best available evidence. A medical practitioner has certain ethical and legal responsibilities regarding death, such as the effort for prevention of death, determination of death, determination of time/moment of death, declaration of death, issuing the certificate, and if needed, autopsy or organ removal for transplantation. That aspect has a lot of ethical, legal, emotional, and scientific issues. Dying is considered as a process, which affects different functions and cells of the body at different rates of decay. Doctors must decide at what moment along this process there is permanence and death can be appropriately declared. Diagnosis of death and a record of the time of the death, in most countries, are the legal responsibility of a medical practitioner. Determining the moment of death is vital to avoid the use of unnecessary medical interventions on patients who have already died and to make sure that the method of organ donation is obvious and transparent. Also, the time of death is important because of survivorship clauses in wills.
For the millennia, human has struggled with the concept and criteria of death, and thus, the line between life and death continues to be debated. The profound changes caused by the life support in organ failure, organ substitution technology, and transplantation still continue to challenge our notions of life and death [1]. Despite scientific progress in the last few decades, there remain big variations in the diagnosis criteria applied in each country with legal regulations resulting in misunderstandings among the public and health care professionals. Since the ample decades, the academic literature and the media have raised the voice in alarming language in issues of death determination and dead donation practices [2]. Difficulty arises to distinguish valid scientific critique from those criticisms supported by the fear of death itself, mistaken diagnosis or a premature declaration of death, or the fear of retrieving organs from the living.
The challenges in discussions about death are complex due to philosophical, religious, and cultural differences in the concept and definitions of death; debate about ethics, law, and religion; problems in performing research and the resultant shortfall in information and evidence on various aspects of the dying process; dispute in the validity of death determination practices; lack of understanding and/or awareness by general public and health professionals; last but not the least the emotionally charged nature of the subject matter. There are plentiful ways of dying but just one way to be dead. Hence, the baseline determination of death criteria should be rigorous, global, and acceptable for medical practice worldwide, while remaining respectful of diversities. International consensus on the clinical criteria for the death determination is of central importance to preserve public trust and promote ethical practices that respect the fundamental rights of people and promote quality health services [3].
In medical practice and law, the separation between being alive and dead should not be ambiguous. It designates the moments that follow events such as no medical or legal need to maintain resuscitation or life support, loss of personhood and individual rights, decedent’s legal will execution, disposal of the estate, life insurance settlement, burial or cremation of the body for final disposition, and religious or social ceremonies to mark the end of a life [4]. Dying is not an event rather a process, which affects various functions of the body at different rates of decay. The physician must confirm the moment along this process that there is permanence and death can be accurately declared [5]. Biological criteria of death are associated with biological features and irreversible loss of certain cognitive capabilities [6]. A patient could be declared dead legally as lack of brain function and may still have a heartbeat when on a mechanical ventilator. Though there is no justification in supporting the ventilation of a dead person, withdrawing the ventilator before the legal criteria of death may involve the doctor in both civil and criminal proceedings. The legitimate moment of death could be a wide range of time after the death has actually occurred. Many accident victims actually died at the scene of the accident but were declared dead officially on arrival at a hospital.
The scientific, biological, and medical aspects of the determination of death are still controversial. Certain ancillary and/or complementary laboratory tests could also be useful in situations where clinical testing cannot be executed or if confounding or special conditions are present. It had been recognized that there are limitations to the utilization of a number of these tests and further work will confirm the reliability of these tests. Death is a biological phenomenon, with profound social, religious, and psychological traditions, but very little background experience and available scientific information. The understanding of the biological aspect has gradually developed and strengthened as a direct result of technology, cell biology, organ donation, and transplantation, but was inadequately adjust in law, health policy, and bioethical discourse. Organ donation has forced the understanding of moment of death and acceptance or persisting controversy of where that line is.
It is urgent time demanding notion to adopt a minimum determination of death criteria to be acceptable for medical practice worldwide to achieve international consensus on clinical criteria to maintain public trust and promote ethical practices.
The concepts and practices of death undoubtedly are influenced by values and social practice. The definition of death affects not only that consider to count as death, but also questions of grieving, medical treatment, asset disposal, organ donation, and a myriad of other legal and ethical issues [7].
The philosophical investigation of human death has focused on some overarching questions—What is human death? The conceptualization (definition) of death is the answer to this ontological question that defines death as the irreversible cessation of organismic functioning along with the irreversible loss of personhood. Next question, how can be determine that death has occurred? The answer is epistemological one, which furnishes both the
Finally, how do the deaths relate, conceptually, to the essence and identity as human persons? The metaphysics of the body and soul does so in terms of the logical dualism between the material body and consciousness or the immaterial mind. In the philosophy of mind, mental phenomena are nonphysical and thus distinct and separable from the body. The dualism of body and soul/mind suggests that while being a person is, undoubtedly, a matter of having a biologically human body. The existence of a person entails the presence of a thinking being, which has reason and reflection, and can consider itself as itself, in different times and places. The individual identity of psychological persons is dependent on the brains’ neurophysiology [9]. The brain death need not be considered as biological death rather a proxy for the loss of individual identity, that is, personhood [10]. When a person has died, it does not merely mean that some biological entity no longer functions. It means some unique mind or person, realized as a cognitive or psychological entity, has ceased to exist. The personhood admits of application of the terms life and death. It has been exceedingly rare for the demise of a biological human organism to take place sometime after the death of a person. Artificial life support can maintain the biological life of an individual in the absence of their continued psychological existence. Such brain dead individuals have been considered living cadavers and twice dead [11]. Human life is operationally defined by the onset and cessation of organismal function [12]. There are two different meanings to human death being alive and having a life, the notion of personhood allows us to focus on the autobiographical meaning of death—the loss of a person [13].
Other philosophical questions—When does a human being die? Is the organismic and denouement conception of death have any practical use? Schofield et al. present a definition of death focused on the final denouement of human beings as biological organisms. According to their view, the moment of death is the last process in bodily functions that maintain homeostasis and finally ceases [14]. Reducing death to the biological denies an important characteristic of being human, intellectual, or psychological nature. The conception of death acknowledges the cognitive aspect of human existence, at the same time, accommodating embodiment, that we both have and are biological bodies [15].
Generally, people believe that death terminates the whole existence of a person. According to Christians’ belief, death puts an end to human existence on earth but does not end existence, instead opens an entrance into another sphere where existence continues either in heaven or hell after the final judgment that everybody will face it. Death is considered
Life is fundamentally grounded on the continuation of individual and collective cell function, dependent on the supply of nutrients and oxygen. Cell biology has exhibited that a layer of human cells, separated from the human organism, could also be grown in laboratory culture pending till bathed in a steady supply of nutrients and oxygen. The human being, a complex package of trillions of cells organized into organ systems, requires a cardiopulmonary delivery system for oxygen and nutrients to reach the cells. The development and evolution of modern cardiopulmonary resuscitation evolving into cardiopulmonary support technologies have been important advances informing our concepts of life and death.
The introduction of advanced medical technology poses new problems for the old standards that constitute death. The values automatically shape thinking of the death of a person, not merely a descriptive, scientific concept, but unequivocally contain evaluative content. The changing frontiers of the death drive to confront basic questions of persons and values that will adapt to address future questions. It is vital to examine the evaluative content of concepts and practices relating to death, and reflects on what it is that we value or should value in persons. The philosophical definitions of death in the absence of indisputable objective signs of death should be considered, loss of integrative functioning of the whole organism, failure to engage the environment spontaneously by respiration, loss of consciousness and sentiency, and the separation of some vital principles from the body.
The neurological criteria for death represent an interesting advance in the ways of responding to changes in death and dying. The development of medical technology and life support techniques insist increasingly on precise notions to identify the most important aspect of neurological lives. However, the whole brain standard of death suffices in the vast majority of cases, but does not fully line up the value in persons. Time has come to decide the position of the current brain death standard as it mismatch with the values and negative consequences in determining death and in organ donation. Advances in technologies seem as if they will inevitably make this question inescapable. The prominence of
Ideally, the definition of death would link the concept of life or death with its clinical manifestations as closely as possible that fall in both two categories, the
Death is the transition from being a living mortal organism to being something that, though dead, retains a physical continuity with the once-living organism. Death is a process involving the cessation of physiological functions and the determination of death is the final event in that process. Death is a gradual process at the cellular level with tissues varying in their ability to withstand deprivation of oxygen. A distinction is now being made between death at the cellular and tissue levels and death of the person. Sydney declaration states, clinically, death lies not in the preservation of isolated cells but in the fate of a person. Korein’s view of the life of the multicellular organism as a whole could no longer be explained in terms of a cellular task alone. The life of a typical unicellular organism encompasses fundamental tasks of the metabolic and reproductive attributes of a particular organism, empowering it to amplify in a direction of decreased entropy production (bacteria, amoeba, or zygote). In a multicellular organism, a large mass of cells could be alive but this does not indicate that the organism as a whole was alive. Machado refused the hypothesis that an explanation of death should include the function that contributes to the key human attributes and the highest level of control in the hierarchy of integrating functions within the human organism [18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24].
The full version of death includes three unique ingredients such as the definition of death, yardstick of brain death, and the tests to prove that the standard has been satisfied. The definition of death is typically a philosophical task, while the criteria and tests are medical tasks. Particular standards and tests must match with a given definition. The definition must represent attributes that are so important and significant to a living entity that its absence is designate death [25, 26]. The nonfunctioning entire brain provokes the permanent cessation of the functioning of the organism as a whole.
Biologically death is defined as the extinction of biological properties of life. Human death can be defined as the irreversible cessation of three interdependent and interlink vital functions of the body—the tripod of life (heart, lung, and brain). Another way death can be defined as a person is said to be dead, if he cannot take up spontaneous respiration or maintain circulation. There is growing medical consensus in a unifying concept of human death, which involves the irreversible loss of the capacity for consciousness, combined with the irreversible loss of the capacity to breathe.
Uniform determination of death (UDDA) act defines death as, an individual who has sustained either irreversible cessation of circulatory and respiratory functions, or irreversible cessation of all the functions of the entire brain, including the brain stem, is dead. Montreal forum defines death as the irreversible loss of the capability for consciousness and loss of all brainstem functions. That could result as a consequence of permanent stoppage of circulation and/or after catastrophic brain injury. In the determination of death, “permanent” refers to the cessation of function that cannot resume automatically even not be restored through intervention. The determination of death must be made in accordance with accepted medical standards.
The presence of the two vital functions, circulation and respiration in a body, is a sure sign of life. The patient who was diagnosed with entire brain failure and has been pronounced dead the vital functions are dependent on external support from the ventilator. The supporter of neurological standard designates these apparent signs of life are artifacts of the mechanical support that conceal the very fact that death has already occurred. To judge that logic, the essential facts of mechanical assistance for these vital functions be achieved if the interrelationship of three-body systems involved in breathing and circulation is understood. The three systems are the heart and circulatory system, the lungs and respiratory system, and the central nervous system. The pathophysiological processes that eventually end in mortal condition,
The prime functions of respiration are ventilation and diffusion. The ventilation involves both inhalation and exhalation; the diffusion involves the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between atmospheric air and blood. The respiratory system brings atmospheric air by inhaling process to the alveoli where oxygen from the atmospheric air is able to move into the blood by the process of diffusion. The exhaling process of breathing facilitates to rid the body of the waste products—carbon dioxide. The walls of the alveoli are extremely thin, formed to facilitate the diffusion of gases between the sacs and the blood vessels. Oxygen is essential to the continued metabolic work of the trillions of cells in the body. The absence of an endless delivery of oxygen, brought into the body through inhalations and transported to the tissues by the
The CNS plays a crucial role in maintaining an organism’s vital functions. The reticular activating system of the brainstem is also critical to the organism’s conscious life, essential for maintaining a state of wakefulness, which is a prerequisite for any of the activities associated with consciousness. The contraction of the muscles of respiration is brought about by a signal sent from the respiratory center located at the brainstem. A relatively high level of CO2 in the blood stimulates the respiratory center to send a signal to the muscles of respiration, which excites them to contract. For life to continue, the CO2 must be expelled and new oxygen brought in. Other parts of the CNS also be involved in signaling the muscles of respiration to contract, like
To prevent the death of the organism, some external device (mechanical ventilator) for the breathing process is essential. The mechanical ventilator works by altering the pressure in the lung cavities in order that oxygen-rich atmospheric air will travel down and CO2-rich air will travel back up the respiratory tree. Gas exchange in the lungs will be of no benefit to the patient unless the blood is kept moving as well. Incoming oxygen must be delivered to tissues that required it, and accumulating carbon dioxide must be a shift to the lungs for expulsion from the body. Hence, a ventilator will help the patient as long as another vital system is functional, constituting the heart (working as a pump) and network of arteries, veins, and capillaries. The movement of blood occurs only within the body, whereas the movement of air is an exchange between the body and the surrounding atmosphere. Another relevant rationale of external support of vital systems is the indisputable fact that there is no part of the CNS that is absolutely essential for heart contractions within the way as the respiratory center in the brainstem is unconditionally essential in breathing. The heart is the most essential active part of the circulatory system and the vessels of circulation, being rigid plumbing lines that passively convey blood, pumped by the heart, are living tissues that undergo changes (some driven by CNS) to sustain a proper blood pressure. Patients of ventilator support must also be given drugs to maintain the blood pressure in a healthy range. Ventilator support designates the external supports of vital functions of breathing and circulation, in lieu of breathing effort of organism, stimulated by the respiratory centers of CNS, an external device moves the lungs and facilitates the inflow and outflow of needed air. It offers the heart muscle still to function, as the myocardium, like other cells in the body, needs oxygen to stay alive. The argument for the neurological standard of determination of death begins with facts that the respiratory motion supported in this way is not in itself a symbol of life, rather an artifact of technological intervention. Neither a beating heart, in this instance, a symbol of life, or merely the continuation of a spontaneous process would quickly cease if the ventilator is withdrawn [27].
Humans have long used criteria and technology to assist in the diagnosis of death. The link between breath and life is equally as ancient and found in both Genesis (2:7) and the Qur’an (32:9). Somatic criteria, such as the presence of decomposition and rigor mortis, are the oldest in human history. Over 800 years ago, when Maimonides codified the diagnosis of death as the absence of the heartbeat and respiration with cooling of the body [28], he was likely documenting a standard used from down of civilization.
In the eighteenth century, the physician was confirmed about death if the heart and lungs break off, but lacked adequate tests to certify it. In the twentieth century, the moment of death became less clear, and thus, the tests physicians had finally perfected proved insufficient. Historically, until the early twentieth century, physicians’ inexperience in human anatomy and physiology left them poorly equipped to accurately test for death. From the eighteenth through the mid-twentieth centuries, a person was declared dead when the heart stopped beating and lungs ceased to function. In the early part of the twentieth century, while the standard to check death was well established, the understanding of when the death occurred became the subject of great debate. The fear of premature burial was replaced by the fear of apparent death sustained by life support systems. These issues reach a climax in the latter part of the twentieth century when the cardiorespiratory definition of death was reevaluated and a novice addition of brain death was introduced. Intensifying new questions as to the moment of death, the brain death criterion demands further revision of the empirical tests. The nature of death, however, does not lend itself to one discipline rather considers metaphysics, sociology, theology, and medicine. Historically, the irreversible stoppage of heart and lung functions constituted death as the absence of heart and lung activity immediately leading to failure of the entire organism. It has become apparent that cardiac and respiratory activities were significant for separating the living from the dead. The moment of death was firmly estimated but the task of confirming criteria to check for irreversible quiescence of functions proved more challenging and often had catastrophic consequences. A consensus emerged that once the heart and lungs ceased to function the person was dead, although the empirical criteria to test for death were suspect. Because of this critical divide between theory and practice, instances of premature burial occurred. To safeguard premature burial date back to antiquity with the Thracians, Romans, and Greeks, each waited 3 days for putrefaction to start before burying their dead. The Romans took a more extreme approach by amputation of a finger to ascertain if the stump bled, in addition to calling out the person’s name three times while on the funeral pyre. Hence, the premature burial was a great worry, though it did not attain climax until the eighteenth century, accelerated by the intellectual climate. The knowledge and scientific revolution instituted a radical change in the insight of life and death [29].
Belief in the afterlife was not as important as life here due to the works of Bacon, Descartes, and Galileo, which emphasized the notion that life might be improved if not perfected by scientific manipulation. There is little practical obligation to worry oneself with an afterlife if this life could be manipulated by the art of medicine. Revulsion (drawing of disease) by the dissection of cadaver found in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries as the study of human anatomy revealed the secrets of the
During this era, fear for early burial was so prominent that led to the establishment of waiting mortuaries and security coffins with alarm mechanisms and permanent air supply. The “Academy of sciences prize” was awarded in 1846 to Dr. Eugene Bouchut for his best work on the “signs of death and the means of avoiding premature burials.” He suggested the utilization of the stethoscope, invented in 1819 by Laennec, as a technological aid to diagnose death. Other popular practices for death determination were inserting leeches near the anus, applying specially designed pincers to the nipples, or piercing the heart with a long needle with a flag at the end, which wave if the heart is still beating. Bouchut suggested that a person could be declared dead if a heartbeat was absent for 2 min. He extended the period to 5 min, in the face of opposition [36, 37, 38, 39]. Case reports from physicians (Harvey Cushing) writing around the beginning of the twentieth century had evident that patients of cerebral pathology would die from respiratory arrest and subsequent circulatory collapse. Loss of electrical activity in the brain and cerebral circulatory arrest might signify human death that was evident in subsequent decades. The advent of mechanical ventilation, halting the inevitable circulatory collapse that follows the cessation of spontaneous respiration with the advent of mechanical ventilation, and the relevance to diagnosing death using neurological standard were understood.
In 1959, two historical landmarks were published, Mollaret and Goulon proposed the term
A group of anesthesiologists observed problems of sustaining the body alive in the absence of total brain function. This problem was presented to Pope Pius XII and resulted in the publication of a papal allocution describing that
The papal allocution culminate research, by three categories of French neurologists and neurophysiologists during 1959, separately studied comatose and apneic patients separately, narrated terms death of the “systema nervosum and coma de´passe´” translated as beyond coma or ultra-coma and subsequently by others as irreversible coma. These patients were respirator dependent, in an unresponsive coma, and areflexive. EEG and deep intracranial electrical activity were entirely absent. The investigators’ conclusion was that the brains of these patients were irreversibly dysfunctional. The WMA ethical committee and its council undertake dialogue and conference on death, 2 years earlier the first heart transplant by Christian Barnard in 1967. Wijdicks wrote that the first idea for the formation of the Harvard committee was recorded in a letter from Henry Beecher to Robert H. Ebert in September 1967. The Sydney and Harvard committees worked in parallel for several months, without either being aware of the other’s work [41, 42, 43, 44, 45].
The year 1968 was a crucial time for defining human death on the neurological ground and a milestone event in the history of medical science. On August 5, 1968, the Ad Hoc committee of the Harvard medical school to examine the definition of brain death published a report, as
Since 1968, the concept of brain death has been extensively analyzed, debated, and reworked. Still, there remain much misunderstanding and confusion, especially for the general public [50]. The Declaration of Sydney touched on key philosophical issues on human death. It proclaimed that in most situations physicians could diagnose death by the classical cardiorespiratory criteria. In spite of this, two modern practices in medicine force them to revise the time of death: first the ability to maintain circulation by artificial means and second the use of cadaver organs for transplantation. The essential public addresses death as a progressive process at the cellular level with tissues varying in their capability to cope with deprivation of oxygen, but clinically death “lies not in the preservation of isolated cells but in the fate of a person.” Also, it is described that the death determination must be grounded on clinical judgment, supplemented if necessary by a number of diagnostic aids, emphasizing the EEG. Nonetheless, it asserted that the overall judgment of the physician could not be replaced by any ancillary test. The declaration went further, proposing a more philosophical and conceptual explanation about the relationship between death and the fate of a person. The Harvard committee did not provide a clear concept of death but emphasized a clinical explanation of brain death, describing in detail the anatomical substratum and tests. The Sydney declaration did not use the term brain death but declared the clinical judgment for death determination and the Harvard committee, although mentioned the term brain death, finally select irreversible coma along with a detailed set of clinical criteria for death declaration. Both the Sydney and the Harvard committees suggest the use of EEG. For the purpose of the death diagnosis and transplantation, the Sydney declaration advocates two or more physicians not involved in transplantation should make the diagnosis, while the Harvard committee voiced that the death declaration should be made first, and then, physicians not involved in the transplantation procedure should be the one to turn off the respirator. Both committees justify a legal regulation of this issue [49]. Sydney declaration was amended at 35th WMA, by the addition of a key point declaring that “It is essential to determine the irreversible cessation of all functions of the whole brain, including the brain stem” for diagnosis of brain death but the EEG was not mentioned and no other issues were modified [49, 50].
In July 1981, the President commission for the study of ethical problems in medicine and behavioral research published a report,
A scientific basis was suggested to justify brain death with the theory of the brain as the central integrator of the body. According to this theory, the organism becomes a rapidly disintegrating collection of organs following the brain death (BD). Consequently, the concept of BD is not only an ethical and/or social concept or a matter of values, rather a matter of scientific facts such as irreversible stoppage of functioning of the organism as a whole is death. The guiding principles of irreversible cessations of functioning of the entire brain are absolutely correlated with the permanent cessation of functioning of the organism as a whole as the brain is necessary for the functioning of the organism. The brain integrates, generates, interrelates, and controls complex bodily activities. A patient on a ventilator with entirely destroyed brain is merely a group of artificially sustained subsystems since the organism as a whole has ceased to function. President’s Commission report also supports that rationale, convincing the gravity of the brain and recognized the profound instability of the brain-dead organism. In adults who have an irreversible stoppage of the whole brain’s function, the mechanically generated functioning could exist only for a limited time as the heart usually stops beating within 2–10 days [51].
The enabling legislation for the President’s Commission directs it to study the ethical and legal implications of the matter of defining death, including the probability of developing a uniform definition of death [51]. The central conclusions were that the recent developments in medical treatment necessitate a restatement of the standards traditionally recognized for determining that death has occurred and such a restatement ought preferably to be a matter of statutory law, which should be uniform among all the states. The definition embodied in the statute ought to address general physiological standards instead of medical criteria and tests, which will change with advances in biomedical knowledge and refinements in technique. The death is a unique episode that could accurately be confirmed either on the traditional grounds of permanent cessation of heart and lung functions or on the basis of permanent loss of functions of the entire brain. Any statutory definition must be separate and distinct from provisions governing the donation of cadaver organs and any legal rules on decisions to terminate life-sustaining treatment. American Bar Association, American Medical Association, and the National conference of commissioners on uniform state laws together have declared the statute, the Uniform Determination of Death Act (UDDA) affirmed: “an individual is dead who has
The UDDA is a statute, to address the societal problem created in the mid-twentieth century, due to the development of mechanical ventilation and other organ-sustaining technologies, to support permanently brain-injured individuals. The justification of the UDDA was to establish a uniform definition of death, determined by
In the executive summary update of task force recommendations, declare requisite for the diagnosis of brain death in children of two neurologic examinations is performed by two independent physicians and two apnea tests, both of which may be organized by the physician managing ventilator care [56, 57]. Examinations should follow an observation period of 24 hours for neonates less than 30 days old and 12 hours for older infants and children up to age 18. It is significant to note that there may be institutional variance in the way these criteria are interpreted, and pediatricians may adapt their brain death testing methods to take into account the age-related anatomical and physiological differences between neonates, infants, and children. Parents and other family members of children undergoing brain death testing may require close attention and additional support [58, 59]. The pediatric guidelines were updated in 2011 by the American Academy of Pediatrics. A recent study reveals widespread disparities in adherence to the guidelines nationwide. It is essential to follow a standardized process to ensure accuracy in the diagnosis and inconsistencies in diagnosis could lead to false-positive brain death determinations, which could erode the public trust in the ability of physicians to declare death [58, 59, 60].
In December 2008, the President’s council on bioethics published a white paper (controversies in the determination of death) in which the neurological standard was carefully reexamined [27]. The council built the insight in biological reality by appropriately describing the clinical and pathophysiological understanding of brain death, which offers substantial reassurance to the ultimate validity of the neurological standard. It effectively gives a new foundation to the justification for the neurological standard of death. The council strongly agreed that “
The council works was a historical decision that answers lot of
Whether a patient in the condition of total brain failure is actually dead and can it be said with sufficient certainty to ground a course of action as the mortal remains of a human being. To ascertain those, up to this time, two facts about the diagnosis of total brain failure have been taken to provide basic support for a declaration of death: first, that the body of a patient with
Another view of the neurological standard was also pointed within the council for certainty about the vital status of patients with total brain failure, the only rational and defensible conclusion of such patients are severely injured, but not yet dead. Hence, only the traditional signs of permanent cessation of heart and lung function should be used to declare a patient dead. Accordingly, medical interventions for patients with total brain failure should be withdrawn only after they have been judged to be
The understanding of medical futility [61, 62] has been developed in several papers by Edmund D. Pellegrino. Futility is the condition of a patient’s disease, which is beyond medical rescue, such as beyond the powers of medical technology to help. Clinical futility is present when any medical intervention is considered as ineffective, non-beneficial, and disproportionately burdensome for the patient. The clinical judgments of the futility of a given therapeutic intervention involve a rational balancing of three factors: efficacy of the given intervention, the purpose of which doctor alone can make; second, the advantage of that intervention, the patients and/or their surrogates can make; and third, the burdens of the intervention (cost, discomfort, pain, or inconvenience), jointly assessed by both physicians and patients and/or their surrogates. Adjusting the relationship among those three criteria is at the heart of prudent, precautionary, and proportionate action [27].
Lastly, the council members on bioethics had opined that the current neurological standard for declaring death, grounded in a careful diagnosis of total brain failure, is biologically and philosophically defensible. The council also concluded that,
The DDR has been secured for the ethical and social acceptability of organ transplantation protocols from their primitive days. This rule demands assurance of the death of the donor as the first step in any ethically legitimate transplantation protocol (other than those involving healthy, living donors). Additionally, the death of the patient must not be accelerated, nor end-of-life care made vulnerable in any way, to accommodate the transplantation protocols [27]. No protocol can demand ethical approval without trustiness to the present rule, in any ethically legitimate transplantation protocol (other than those involving healthy, living donors).
Relaxation of the DDR is a morally and ethically inappropriate and rationally specious way to deal with the uncertainties of the standard for the death of the donor. It leaves the options of the criteria for death to individual preference, amounting to the eventual abolition of any stable criteria for death. Numerous additional dangers are the use of assisted suicide to facilitate organ donation, legitimizing the utilization of patients in permanent vegetative states or of less-than-perfect infants as donors [27]. It exposes “undeclared” patients to “presumed” consent to donation [27, 62, 63].
Montreal forum was formed to address the global challenge in response to the request from various countries to “WHO and Transplantation Society” to provide guidance for leading practices and health policy in death determination by neurological and/or circulatory criteria. The guidelines would promote safe practices assuring the absence of diagnostic errors in death determination, safeguarding patients and health care professionals, upgrading public and professional confidence in the dead donation process along with strengthening the availability of organs obtained by ethically legitimate donation and procurement practices. The principles adopted by the forum for discussion were the safeguarding the interests of dying patients overrides facilitating deceased donation for transplantation; task restricted to a scientific, medical, and biological basis for death determination; the principle of the “dead donor rule” applied to deceased donation practices; use of available best scientific and medical evidence for decisions; guidelines and recommendations must have utility, applicability, and be workable in a wide range of global health care practice settings. The key issues of the forum considered death as a biological event with a focus on the physiological aspect of the dying process and death determination and respectfully recognized the impact of attending religious, ethical, legal, spiritual, philosophical, and cultural aspects of death [1].
Forum outcome of the review developed some
The forum came to a consensus on an operational (practical and concrete) definition of human death based on measurable and observable biomedical standards that “Death occurs when there is permanent loss of capacity for consciousness and irreversible loss of all brainstem functions.” This might result from permanent stoppage of circulation and/or after catastrophic brain injury. The “permanent” refers to loss of function that cannot resume automatically and will not be returned through intervention. Death is a single phenomenon founded on stoppage of brain function (loss of capacity for consciousness and brainstem reflexes) with two mechanisms to reach that point: permanent absence of circulation or subsequent to a catastrophic brain injury—two entrances, one exit. It is understood that the overwhelming majority of death determination in the world occurs after the stoppage of circulation and usually occurs external to health care settings. In some regions, the dead donation practices include re-establishing circulation (CPR, extracorporeal organ support) following death for the preservation of organs. Future research will enrich this issue for the clarity that constitutes re-establishing circulation, physiologically meaningful circulation, circulation versus oxygenation, and distinctions between organ targeted, regional, and whole-body circulation [1, 64].
During the 50 years since the publication of reports on the determination of death by neurologic criteria by Harvard University and the WMA (Sydney declaration) in 1968, brain death/death on neurological criteria (BD/DNC) protocols have been developed in many countries around the world. However, some countries still do not have medical standards for BD/DNC, and there is also international and intranational variability between the protocols that do exist [65, 66, 67, 68].
Discrepancies were noted in the studies by Wijdicks, Wahlster et al., and Chua et al. between protocols in this region in the criteria used for diagnosis of BD/DNC. Nonetheless, these studies were all limited reviews, though they addressed a number of examiners, observation time, the time between examinations, concordance/discordance with AAN—brain death/death by neurological criteria practice parameters, target value and methods of apnea testing, and requirement for ancillary testing. They did not explore the more distinct aspects of BD/DNC protocols, such as the technique used to rule out the effect of drugs on the evaluation, minimum temperature and blood pressure for an evaluation to be performed, a technique used to assess each component of the examination and findings of BD/DNC, preparation for rationale to discard apnea testing, accepted ancillary tests, need for communication with a person’s family, time of death, and stopping of organ support [68]. The existence of a protocol in a given country is dependent on acceptance of BD/DNC as death, access to resources (neurosciences/critical care experts), the presence of a transplant network, and local laws. Religious beliefs markedly influence the acceptance of BD/DNC as death. Although religious views in these countries are distinct from those in the rest of the world, the diversity of political, economic, legal, social, and religious climates throughout the region mirrors that globally [65, 66, 67, 68].
A review by Lewisa et al. in 2020 was published in a clinical neurology journal to find out the similarities and differences in the official protocols for the determination of death in Asia Pacific countries (57 of 197 UN) and concluded that protocols for conducting a BD/DNC determination vary markedly. In their report, only 24 of the 37 countries had brain death protocols (69%), but vary in definition such as whole-brain death and brain stem death; a number of examinations vary from single to double, separated by 6–48 hours; and the prerequisites, clinical examination, apnea testing procedure, and indications for/selection of ancillary tests varied. But agreed on that the damage to be irreversible or be permanent, all function/all activities are to be absent before declaring BD/DNC. Also, it is emphasized to harmonize protocols both within this region and worldwide [65, 66, 67, 68].
Traditionally, death occurs with the confirmation of irreversible cessation of cardiorespiratory function [3, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58]. The use of artificial maintenance of life support and organ transplant leads to introduce a new criterion of death determination of permanently nonfunctioning brain, called irreversible coma equated to brain death. In recent years, however, controversy has arisen about the clinical and ethical validity of the neurological standard.
Source: Ref. [
AAN clinical criteria on the determination of brain death [53, 54, 55, 56] can be considered to consist of four steps: Prerequisites, Neurological assessment (coma, absence of brain stain reflex, apnea), Ancillary test, and Documentation.
Prerequisites for clinical criteria of brain death determination.
Establish permanent and predicted explanation of coma:
The explanation of coma is often establish by history, clinical examination, neuroimaging, and laboratory tests.
Rule out the existence of any CNS-depressant drug effect by history, drug screen, calculation of clearance; or, if available, drug plasma levels below the therapeutic range. Prior use of hypothermia (following CPR) may delay drug metabolism. The legitimate alcohol limit for driving (blood alcohol content 0.08%) is a practical threshold below which an examination to determine brain death could adequately proceed.
Should be no current administration or existence of neuromuscular blocking agents (train of four twitches with maximal ulnar nerve stimulation).
Should be no critical electrolyte, acid–base, or endocrine disorder (severe acidosis or laboratory values markedly deviated from the norm).
Ensure normal core temperature.
Raise the body temperature and to sustain a normal or near-normal temperature (36°C) use a warming blanket. To prevent delaying an increase in PaCO2, normal or near-normal core temperature is preferred during the apnea test.
Ensure normal systolic blood pressure. Hypotension or hypovolemia should be corrected by vasopressors or vasopressin. Neurologic examination is commonly reliable with a systolic blood pressure ≥ 100 mm Hg.
Perform neurologic examination (one neurological examination is enough to declare brain death in the USA). A certain period of time has to be passed since the onset of the brain insult to rule out the possibility of recovery (usually several hours). However, some US state statutes require two examinations.
Legally, all physicians are authorized to determine brain death in the USA. Neurologists, neurosurgeons, and intensive care specialists may have specialized expertise. It appears rational that all physicians making a determination of brain death be absolutely familiar with brain death criteria and have demonstrated competence in this complex examination.
Neurological assessment for clinical criteria for brain death determination.
Coma:
Profound loss of consciousness with no response to any stimuli. No evidence of responsiveness. No motor response on noxious stimuli other than spinally mediated reflexes.
Absence of brainstem reflexes:
Lack of pupillary response to bright light is produced in both eyes. Usually, pupils are fixed in a midsize or dilated position (4–9 mm). Constricted pupils signify the possibility of drug intoxication. A magnifying glass can be used in doubtful cases.
Oculocephalic testing and oculovestibular reflex testing: Absence of ocular movements. Once the integrity of the cervical spine is ensured, the head is briskly rotated horizontally and vertically. No movement of the eyes relative to head movement. The oculovestibular reflex is tested by irrigating each ear with ice water after the patency of the external auditory canal is confirmed. The head is elevated to 30°. Each external auditory canal is irrigated (one ear at a time) with approximately 50 ml of ice water. Eye movement was absent during 1 minute of observation. Both sides are tested, with an interval of several minutes.
Absence of corneal reflex: Touching the cornea with a piece of tissue paper, a cotton swab, or squirts of water, no eyelid movement will be demonstrated.
Absence of facial muscle movement to a noxious stimulus: Deep pressure on the supraorbital ridge and the condyles at temporomandibular joints produce no grimacing or facial muscle movement.
Lack of pharyngeal and tracheal reflexes. This reflex is tested after stimulation of the posterior pharynx with a tongue blade or suction device. The tracheal reflex is most reliably tested by examining the cough response to tracheal suctioning.
Apnea test:
Absence of a breathing drive is tested with a CO2 challenge. Usually, a rise in PaCO2 above normal levels is the typical practice but requires preparation before the test.
Prerequisites for apnea test: (1) Normotension, (2) Normothermia, (3) Euvolemia, (4) Eucapnia (PaCO2 35–45 mm Hg), (5) Lack of hypoxia, and (6) No prior evidence of CO2 retention (COPD, excessive obesity).
Procedure:
Ensure a systolic blood pressure ≥ 100 mm Hg, if needed by vasopressors.
It is mandatory to pre-oxygenate with 100% oxygen for at least 10 minutes to a PaO2 > 200 mm Hg.
Diminish frequency of ventilation to 10 breaths per minute to eucapnia.
Diminish positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) to 5 cm H2O (oxygen desaturation with decreasing PEEP suggest problems with apnea testing).
If pulse oximetry oxygen saturation persists >95%, obtain a baseline blood gas.
Detach the patient from the ventilator.
Maintain oxygenation (deliver 100% O2 at 6 L/min by endotracheal tube).
Observe closely for 8–10 minutes for respiratory movements. Respiration may be abdominal or may include a brief gasp.
Exclude if systolic blood pressure decreases to <90 mm Hg.
Exclude if oxygen saturation measured by pulse oximetry is <85% for 30 seconds.
If the respiratory drive is absent, repeat blood gas (PaO2, PaCO2, pH, bicarbonate, base excess) after approx. 8 minutes.
The apnea test is positive if respiratory movements are absent and arterial PCO2 is ≥60 mm Hg (supports the clinical diagnosis of brain death).
If the test is inconclusive but the patient is hemodynamically stable during the procedure, the test could be repeated for a longer period of time (10–15 minutes) after the patient is again adequately pre-oxygenated.
Supportive tests to diagnose brain death.
The ancillary tests such as EEG, cerebral angiography, nuclear scan, TCD, CTA, and MRI/MRA are at present used for adults in clinical practice. Three tests may be preferred such as EEG, nuclear scan, or cerebral angiogram, as the most hospital has the logistic to perform and interpret. The supportive tests can be done when there is no scope for apnea test or uncertainty exists. The ancillary tests are usually practiced to shorten the duration of the observation period. The interpretation of each of these tests requires expertise. In adults, ancillary tests are not needed for the clinical diagnosis of brain death and cannot replace a neurologic examination.
Documentation of the time of death.
The moment of brain death must be documented in medical records and is the time the arterial PCO2 reached the target value. But in patients where the apnea test is discarded, the time of death is when the ancillary test has been officially interpreted. A checklist is filled out, signed, and dated.
For the millennia, the human has fought with the concept and criteria of and the line between life and death continues to be debated. The profound changes caused by life-sustaining technology and transplantation continue to challenge our notions of life and death. The cardiopulmonary approach is an age-old practice for the determination of death that ensures social acceptance without any debate. The public is also used to rely on the somatic standard for criteria of death such as cooling of the body, absence of breath, loss of consciousness, rigor mortis, putrefaction, and so on.
Despite scientific progress in the last few decades, there remain big variations in the diagnosis criteria applied in each country with legal regulations resulting in misunderstandings among the public and health care professionals. However, the Harvard committee in 1968 develops a set of criteria of the permanently nonfunctioning brain, called irreversible coma equated to brain death. On the same date, the WMA declared a guideline for the determination of death known as the
The global philosophical, ethical, legal, and biomedical controversies of determining death due to life support, organ supports, and organ transplantation issues console us in the historic report published (1981) by President commission for the study of ethical problems in medicine and behavioral research,
WHO in 2014 published clinical criteria on the determination of death, mentioning various ways to determine death but there is only one way of being dead, so the two classic algorithms of brain death and circulatory death merge into a single endpoint identified as death and should not imply that brain death and circulatory death are two distinct phenomena [3]. They prepare a workable flowchart of cardiocirculatory algorithm and neurological algorithm to declare death. That guideline provides a minimum determination of death criteria to be acceptable for medical practice worldwide to achieve international consensus on clinical criteria to maintain public trust and promote ethical practices that respect fundamental rights of people and minimize philosophical, ethical, and biomedical debate in the human death. The WHO clinical criteria of 2014 did not mention the detail of clinical examination. Harvard report describes the clinical criteria and AAN guidelines on clinical criteria already accepted globally.
American Association of Neurology (AAN) in 2019 validated that brain death is the irreversible loss of all functions of the entire brain and is also equivalent to circulatory death. The testing methods of brain death take into account the age-related anatomical and physiological differences between neonates, infants, and children. Parents and other family members of children undergoing brain death testing may require close attention and additional support [58, 59].
International Guidelines for the Determination of Death—Phase I. Montreal Forum Report; 2012. Available from: http://www.who.int/patientsafety/montreal-forum-report.pdf
Clinical Criteria for the Determination of Death. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO
Controversies in the Determination of death: A white paper by the President Council on Bioethics (2008). Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10822/559343
Evidence-based guideline update: Determining brain death in adults (Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology). Neurology 2010;74(23):1911–1918. DOI:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181e242a8
All praise to Almighty to bless me with good health to complete this chapter. Acknowledge to all staff of the Forensic Medicine department of IMC and my family member for their sincere cooperation. Special thanks to Prof. Sharfuddin Ahmed, VC of BSMMU for encouraging me to complete. Also thanks to Dr. Ferdausi Rahman for her review of some portion of scripts.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Prof. Md Shah Alam developed the conception and design of the article and drafted the manuscript, providing important intellectual content.
Not applicable.
AAN | American Association of Neurology |
BD | brain death |
CNS | central nervous system |
CTA | computed tomography angiography |
CDD | controlled death donor |
COPD | chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
DDR | death donor rule |
MRA | magnetic resonance angiogram |
PVS | persistent vegetative state |
TCD | transcranial Doppler |
CCA | cerebral circulatory arrest |
BSMMU | Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Bangladesh |
DNC | death on neurological criteria |
UDDA | unifying determination of death act |
WHO | World Health Organization |
WMA | World Medical Association/World Medical Assembly |
Open pit mine slope stability and the rock fall risk assessment were studied in high steep excavation site in order to avoid landslides or rock falls occurred several times in Avgamasya Asphaltite mining sites, Şırnak. The high steep slopes were reaching over 120 m high with partly 60–65 degree shale/soil slopes developing major free landslide hazard in harsh climate conditions in recent years. The coal seam was so vertical diving at the working area of miners, made compulsory to pre-search and take precautions by a hot melted asphalt/fly ash mixture filling through tension cracks over rock falling and free sliding cavities in the hazardous mining operation area in the open pit asphaltite mining. The critical issues and precautions for free failure in Avagamasya Open Pit Site No 2 were mentioned as below:
Basic instability parameters searched by many researchers mentioned above anisotropy as often caused sudden failure by hazardous fractures and cracks in excavation and mining sites [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10].
Tensile cracks and shear loads that occurred in the free slip surfaces on heterogeneous breccias formations in Şırnak geology [11, 12] and cracks and land of asphaltite mining investigated by standards [13, 14, 15, 16].
Hazard risk can be examined as water income and levels in the mine [17, 18]. In the pit slopes, these values of pore pressure u are synchronized the stress and the ground water income patterns should be extracted [19, 20].
During the works, asphalt filling stabilization of cracks on the safety of the slopes [21, 22, 23, 24] and steps are formed in the work stages, the safety of the truck transportation road and the safety of the excavation area were ensured by anchorage reinforcement [25, 26, 27, 28, 29].
A steeper safe stepping of the slopes and a suitable minimum fly ash addition pouring and crack area of asphalt filling design has been developed lower horizontal adhesive stabilization and less cracks [30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36]. High compacting vibration, drainage and low excavation capacity were also affected excavation time, free slope, crack yields and steep displacements following discontinuous failures [37, 38].
Ideally, extensometer patterns and wire cables in the stereo net were explored awareness of slide by examining the fractures in the Avgamasya asphaltite mining area. Tele monitoring of boreholes and level mirrors was made daily. In addition, acoustic sound noise analysis was also carried out. Since drilling inspection holes and daily wire follow-up was costly, taking measurements with tension wire extensometers in bevel chucks showed more reliable horizontal deformation values. Accordingly, 45 and 50 degree angles of Şırnak asphaltite quarries were found to be reliable [28, 32]. Two different design models have been developed in order to obtain these stability values. According to these models, it is thought that the slopes may be exposed to planar and wedge type shifts and frees sliding over the slip planes depending on the fracture bedding and density (Figures 1 and 2).
Avgamasya location of Asphaltite quarry No 2 in Şırnak.
Seismical formation layers of Asphaltite quarry No 2 in Şırnak.
The observation of different asphaltite qualities in the field and the diversity of production provide the identification of qualified coal seams needed. Depending on the strength and hardness properties of coal, it is more difficult to determine the chemical structure and strength of asphaltites and side rocks containing heterogeneous structures compared to many other types of coal. The strength and failure type of the country rock differ. The components that make up the coal differ depending on the distribution, orientation, amount and strength and hardness values of these components in the asphaltite sample. This situation is determined relatively within a homogeneous asphaltite matrix. More qualified asphaltite shows softer mechanical strength. Hard veins are also very important in the country rocks. Asphaltite quality and development can be determined underground by seismic reflection and resistivity measurements, depending on the density Figures 3 and 4.
S1 and S2 slope free slip surface perched water table through free slip surface.
S1 and S2 slope free slip surface slip surface water saturation.
Asphaltite and shale, marly shale, marly limestone and various marly formations that are the subject of this study can also be revealed. The Siirt Formation, which is outcropping in the west–east directions of Şırnak province, is important in bedding and forms important rock units in asphaltite bedding in terms of rock mechanics. This unit generally consists of marls containing clay and shale and clays with asphaltite. Sulphate-rich water resources are also located in these units consisting of claystone rocks. Due to its different mechanical strengths and densities, it helps to find underground bedding. In addition, it has been evaluated within the scope of this study since it creates various engineering data.
In operation, the drilling cores are subjected to mechanical tests on site and under laboratory conditions. The micro structural and mineralogical studies carried out. Compression tests were carried out on samples with relatively weak asphaltite and claystone levels and hard, higher strength asphaltite veins with diameters of 34 mm and 84 mm.
With the findings obtained, it was determined that asphaltites containing components with different strength and hardness properties show different fractures. It is aimed to determine the changes in different breaking stresses and strengths for each borehole and logs.
Possible bedding will be examined with seismic reflection method and exploration drillings will be opened at the location points displayed on the map below. Drilling exploration locations will be opened at 1000 m depth at the points shown on the map. Seismic reflection data describe possible asphaltite bedding as shown in the Figure 2.
Uniaxial compression strength tests without environmental stress were carried out in the Şırnak University laboratory with a 2000 kN capacity hydraulic controlled test device. Axial and circumferential deformation gauges are placed at the levels of half of the sample lengths, as shown in the figure, so that their measurements are not affected by changes in the sample edges. The axial strain gauges were placed tightly on both sides of the specimens, mutually. Measuring range of axial deformation gauges on the sample is 50 mm for 84 mm diameter samples and 35 mm for 34 mm diameter samples as shown in Figures 5 and 6. The circumferential strain (rad) was calculated with the help of strain gauges connected to the chain wrapped around the sample. During the test (Figure 7), digital feedback was provided by circumferential strain and the control value used was set at 0.05 mm/min. The rock properties were defined.
Typical Mohr coulomb envelope of the Asphaltite mine shale rocks studied.
Typical chlorite and calcite belts of the Asphaltite mine shale rocks studied.
Schematic view of the unaxial compression strength test setup.
Water drained layered surfaces confirmed the geotechnical stability caused anisotrophical pore pressure developed and compression strength developed. The below equation showed the shear on fre slip surface with cohesive mater.
where the shear force and stress and nominal load and compression stress at angle was
Vertical unaxial strength and Horizontal strength of the specimens were changed.
GEO5 model weight slice chart construction carried out as given below serial equation sum:
Regarding the crack distribution and density orientation and intersection with water perched tables shown (Figure 5) as shear risk factor
10 m length slice at
The studied stages were as below:
Slope Stability Chart modeling was managed as shown in Figure 3.
The Stability mechanism and control by asphalt crack filling and cable net pillar construction was avoiding pore pressure for each slice as given Eq. (5)
u deformation intrinsic friction resistance, F weight slice, a shear fracture inclination angle t time, μ crack mud viscosity i weight slice.
The safety factor in free sliding has been investigated by following the stress cracks by transforming the slope deformations based on the internal friction angle patterns. Fracture agglomeration and cohesion-free free fall displacements can be observed above 50 mm. In order to increase the viscosity in the cracks, the waste liquid polymer materials were poured into these gaps to provide stability. The joint density over slip surface for each slice was calculated by the Equations sequentially as below:
safety water saturated rock parameters regarding pore water content
Safety factor was calculated by perched water table and water saturation
As seen in Figure 8, the samples subjected to the tests generally present a heterogeneous rock texture consisting of claystone levels and anhydrite veins and layers of different frequencies. The thickness and elongation of the calcite veins in the claystone levels range from mm to cm. Its mineralogical composition is generally composed of anhydrite and clay minerals. Typically, the clay content and anhydrite content are inversely proportional to the samples. In other words, samples with low clay content generally contain higher density calcite veins.
Different chlorite shale matrices according calcite to shale content.
Changes in the microstructure and mineralogy of the clay matrix, which appeared homogenous macroscopically, were determined in the microscopic examination of the samples subjected to experiments. As seen in Figure 5, the brown, dark brown and black regions usually contain clay matrix and rarely scattered calcite lumps in it. The areas seen in more gray tones form fine-grained anhydrides dispersed in fine-grained clays and form calcite-rich clay matrix. The anhydrite content and distribution in the clay matrix varies in sections. Besides, different types of matrix can be found in the same example.
As a result of the experiments conducted under environmental stress conditions, it was determined that the highest strength values ϭ varied between 9 and 81 MPa depending on the mineralogical composition of the samples. Failures occurred along the clay matrix in samples with low uniaxial compressive strength values. The samples with high values ϭ are the samples containing more than 84% marl. The general images of these examples show a homogeneous structure. The uniaxial compressive strength values ϭ obtained were accepted as extreme values ϭ indicating the strength properties of marl veins and clay matrix. In cases where the clay content is more than 10%, the uniaxial compression strength decreases very little. The opposite situation develops when the clay content is less than 7–10%. In this case, uniaxial compressive strength increases significantly due to the relatively increasing marl veins.
After these results, the relations between mass distribution of clays and σc under uniaxial conditions are evaluated in Figure 9. The standard test results similar to the ϭ values were obtained in uniaxial compression strength were encountered. When the clay content is more than 7–10%, the σc values decrease with an almost constant orientation.
Change of ϭ uniaxial compressive strength value according to clay content.
Thus, in conditions where the clay content is less than 7–10%, σc values τ show a significant increase with the decrease of the clay percentage. In view of these results, it is thought that the initial fractures were controlled by the mechanical properties of the claystone levels, as the claystone levels were weaker than the low calcite belt levels.
The presence of chlorite belts is shown in claystone matrices of different type belts and different anisotropic strength properties together in the same sample. In the slip area of Avgamasya Open Pit quarry No 2. shale face the sliding shale formations is shown in Figures 10 and 11.
Free rock slide and falling site in Şırnak Asphaltite open quarry No 2, satellite view 1/18000.
Free rock slide and falling site in Şırnak Asphaltite open quarry No 2, free slide over excavation area, 1/1000.
Stack weight in the slip area to determine the geotechnical stability in American Standards (ASTM and GEO5) based. In the area where the strengthening cabling of the masses and the presented soil rock interface of the phase content is given in Tables 1 and 2.
Sample No | Asphalt Ash compost fill | Asphalt+Fine Shale compost fill | S1 | S2 | S3 | S4 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
height(m) | 800 | 850 | 925 | 921 | 933 | 927 |
Wopt,% | 15.90 | 13,70 | 10,80 | 11,40 | ||
c′(kpa) | 52 | 88 | 0,52 | 0,59 | 0,63 | 0,55 |
φ′ | 24,2 | 22,5 | 32,50 | 22,50 | 21,00 | 20,00 |
Lı(%) | 11.8 Mpa ϭ | 9.6 Mpa ϭ | 26 | 15 | 28 | 17 |
Pı(%) | 42 RQD | 40 RQD | 19 | 11 | 18 | 22 |
Ip (%) | 46 RMR | 44 RMR | 10 | 9 | 8 | 12 |
γs g/cm3 | 2,70 | 2,70 | 2,40 | 2,50 | 2,40 | 2,30 |
Soil | zayıf | zayıf | SP | SP | SP | SP |
γdoğal g/cm3 | 1,94 | 2,14 | 1,82 | 1,76 | 1,90 | 1,70 |
γkuru g/cm3 Kum ve çakıllı | 1,94 | 2,14 | 1,65 | 1,6 | 1,78 | 1.60 |
γdoygun g/cm3 | 2,0 | 2,23 | 2,02 | 1,84 | 2,0 | 1,8 |
The samples taken from the slopes of the masses on the results obtained from the geotechnical testing.
Örnek no | S11 | S21 | S31 | S41 |
---|---|---|---|---|
γk max g/cm3 | 1,68 | 1,93 | 2,05 | 1,90 |
wopt % | 15,9 | 19,0 | 12,3 | 13,0 |
Permeability (k) (cm/s) | 5,63*10−4 | 6*10−4 | 3,0*10−4 | 5,62*10−4 |
Permiability of the samples taken from the slopes.
Slip face of shale and limestone rock pillar parameters are given in Table 3 below.
Specification of rock fill | Asphalt Ash compost fill | Asphalt+Fine Shale compost fill |
---|---|---|
Natural unit weight, γn (kN/m3) | 16 | 18 |
Saturated unit weight, γd (kN/m3) | 16 | 18 |
Cohesion, c (kN/m2) | 52 | 88 |
Intern. Friction Angle, ϕ (°) | 30 | 34 |
Physical and mechanical properties of asphalt composite fill.
Free slide rock stability to assess the risk of slipping GEO5 program used and was advantageous. Rock stability GEO5 program provided safety analysis at 1.35 safety factor. Stability analysis of weight slices as wide 3 m blocks as possible cut into slices. On Slope S1 free slip surface formed like 2m mesh using GEO 5 FEM program by groundwater data section submerged discharge gave the critical red level slip surface effect and poor stability factor was practiced by lower mesh cross section [19, 20]. Using GEO5 on slip slice chart is advantageous at different slip surface pore pressure in program as in Figure 12, depending on the rock surface or planar wedge type drift is not formed in particular from 30 to 40 m length was determined.
S1 cross-section of rock slope of the study area, circular free rock sliding surfaces, sensitivity analysis rock stability using GEO5 program.
Safety factor was in the ASTM standard as based GEO 5 rock stability safety factor of over 1.35. Using the parameters determined by model chart analysis of GEO 5, the appropriate support system for the long-term stability of the slopes was determined. Accordingly, it was decided to make asphalt cohesive support with fly ash material in front of the slope. Subsequently, 2 m long rock bolts were placed to provide short-term slope stability. After this stage, it was understood that a compost of asphalt-cover structure should be made on the crack section. The slope was required to ensure the long-term stability of the Asphaltite open pit quarry.
The stack S2 hillside after rains made the small size of the movements that have been identified in field studies. No. S2 to develop pile slope is covered with talus and 10 m mesh rock stability GEO5 programs were created problem due to heterogeneous structure and complexity with the program (Figure 3A). S2 The top of the stack and the maximum height difference between the heel point 45 m, the slope of the maximum height of 50 m, the slope of the surface tilt angle is 40°.
Regarding cohesive resistive parameters obtained from the asphalt composed rock formations made in c ‘= 1.9 kpa, φ ‘= 22°, γnat. = 1.97 = 2.27 g/cm3 g/cm3, and are used to γdry. According to γdry and γnat calculated separately on the potential slip surface deformation iso values seen in Figure 13.
S1 section of the study area slopes 10 m slice topology, b. Deformation rock stabilty stability analysis GEO5 programs, cut red 30 mm unstable displacement.
S2 after water perched table on the slope of a deep instability, high shear force occurred. The instability was observed. Similarly the slope S3 indicates instability and displacement reached 30 m depth slip circular surface in Bishop Theory. (Figure 12)
In addition, 1 m wide and 10 m high pillar construction by cable cover by a safety factor values were above 1.5 (Figure 14)
S2 section of the study area slopes 10 m slice topology, b. deformation rock stabilty analysis GEO5 programs, cut red 30 mm unstable displacement.
When using a pillar to reduce instabilities under perched water tables in the slip deformation displacement was shown in Figure 8 and displacement m below the maximum possible shift of the substrate reached 9 m depth.
The rock and filled asphalt waste fly ash compost shear stability ranged from 10 to 13 kPa with 610 kPa reaching a possible shift in the base.
Therefore, the existing design was updated in this way and the safety coefficient of the slopes was obtained over 1.5 when the asphalt cohesive support structure was filled with 2 m filling as seen in Figure 4. As a result, the long-term security conditions of the shale slopes could only be achieved with these suggested measurements. and pillar cabled support. Cracks occurring in the S1 S2 and S3 slope as seen in Figure 2 reflected the free sliding situation where the safety coefficient was below 1 for 2 m blocks. For the stabilization case where the safety coefficient was over 1.35, the slip surface water parameters of the rock material on the slip surface were determined by slice weight analysis. Since the proposed analysis method was available for anchorage rock slopes, GEO 5 was directly used in this study. Because it was clear that completely degraded shale forming a weak slope over asphalt filled stabilized rock mass or completely free slip ground. GEO 5 method was preferred as the most suitable method for characterization of the free stability of the slope. RocScience software was also using finite element mesh programs and the parameters at this case of complete failure were determined. GEO5 analyzes were performed using the slice method. In this method, the safety coefficient is obtained by decreasing the shear strength parameters of the material forming the slope. GEO5 program calculated the 1.35 safety coefficient using shear force and resistive load. The reduced resistive load reduction method produced slide on slice weight principles. On the effective pore pressure, the rock failure by shear performs on below Eq (23).
As a result of analysis, shear resistive work performed in the field of geotechnical stabilization, the future should be considered a danger to very large fills and the filling cracked field should be determined according to the method of stabilization. Also within the project study area will be opened due to urban use preventive methods to investigate the instability in the region and it is important to develop a separate.
The stability was increased by compost rock cracks filled with asphalt/fly ash density reducing the water sorption content of uniaxial test blocks for 25 volume % rock cavity by 85% asphalt and 15% fly ash filling as shown in Figure 15.
The Bulk Density of the asphalt/fly ash filled Rock composite regarding Fly Ash Addition Vol%.
The uniaxial compression strength of shale was increased to over 9 MPa by compost rock cracks filled with asphalt/fly ash density reducing the water sorption content of uniaxial test blocks for 25 volume % rock cavity by 85% asphalt and 15% fly ash filling as shown in Figure 16.
The Compression Strength and Is of the asphalt/fly ash filled Rock composite regarding Bulk Weight.
The uniaxial compression strength of shale was decreased to lower 8 MPa by compost rock cracks filled with increased fly ash content increasing the water sorption content. The uniaxial compression strength decreased to lower values in tested blocks for 25 volume % rock cavity by 80% asphalt and 20% fly ash filling as shown in Figure 17.
The water saturation of shale tested blocks was decreased over 70% by compost rock cracks filled with increased asphalt content over 60 vol % with increasing the cohesive filler content in tested shale blocks for 25 volume % rock cavity as shown in Figure 17.
The Water discharge of the asphalt/fly ash filled Rock composite regarding Asphalt Weight.
In the scope of this study, both the numerical analysis and the proposed new asphalt flay ash fillings were evaluated for the reinforcement of free slides and stabilization of the migrating slope excavation, as well as the necessary weight slice analyses by GEO5 to ensure slope stability in the case sections of Avgamasya Pit Quarry No 2. The asphalt filling performance for free rock sliding was managed for slopes S1 S2 and other critical sub water perched face as seen in Figure 3 caused water filled cracks and weak sub face soil texture.
As a free slide soil -shale slip type was driven possible in rock falls of 2–5 m facing slopes, the main concepts of asphalt flay ash mixture filling was considered for stability and reinforcing weight slices over analyzed slip surface as explained above. Here, the rock cohesion was improved as an isolated block between water planes. The critical slopes were investigated that this block will not slip on planes with certain friction coefficients by improved cohesive matter of asphalt bound filling. The most important part of the problem was to determine the numerical values of crack filling performance by asphalt ash mixture that characterize the region in the stabilization analysis based on this theoretical idea. Numerical values of cohesion in stability problems determined by crack discontinuity. It can be summarized as the orientation of the surfaces, the average friction coefficients between these surfaces, the dimensions of the sliding wedge and the crack water pressures between the surfaces. Since these asphalt bound composite rocks were tested in various measuring techniques, the stability analysis of a rock slope should be done within the maximum and minimum cohesion values of these binder compost properties. The smallest of the safety numbers to be obtained should be used in the reference sizing, by the extensometer wire measurements as seen in Figure 18.
Asphalt Crack Landfill Application cross-section on hazardous free slip area.
The rock fall, 3 m length crack elevation, asphalt compost filling made difference between the top and the heel point on 15 m. 30 m maximum height of the slope. The frequency distributions of the discontinuity orientations in the region are obtained in the form of a contour diagram as a result of placing a large number of discontinuity orientation measurements in a co-area network and a certain statistical evaluation. From this diagram, the maximum frequency orientations are called the dominant discontinuity orientations and they determine the planes to be used in stability analysis (Eq. (7)).
The mechanical properties of these discontinuity planes in terms of the stability of the rock slopes were free failures and friction coefficients. These properties can be determined as a result of shear tests of samples with discontinuity taken from the field. The Friction matter was critical in shale slopes due to low friction angle of below 22o. The force required to slide a block weighing W on a horizontal plane in a direction parallel to the plane must exceed the co-failure and friction force between the two surfaces. If the cohesion between two surfaces is assumed to be zero, the force required for shear should be W tgϕ,n weight slice chart. (Figure 19). The shear driving force reduced by strength planar levels auger bored and asphalt fill - wire net anchorage were applied as seen in Figure 19.
Free slide shear load and driving forse over slice of slip surface on the base of water saturation of rock/AsphaltComposite.
The free slip motion, shear forces in a slope was varied depending on the volume of the mass that is able to slide. Accordingly, the shape and therefore the weight of the mass that can slide should be found. In order to perform this procedure, it is necessary to know the properties of the mass that can slide and to be included in one of the rock or ground class. Since the soil rock facing slip grounds was considered as heterogeneous, continuous and mostly anisotropic, and the mechanical properties of rocks, which had a discontinuous environment, and therefore the slice method was considered to be applied in even those free rock falls. It was impossible to apply the stability analysis model methods for rock falls applied to the open pit mines and road slopes of the heavily cracked rock slopes with the thought that the material itself was cut during the slope deterioration. Although The free soil slide was occurring with weight slice Bishop methods at 50–60 m length, the rock free slide was calculated for this shale formation so that a vertical limestone slope was fallen down at a height of 7–8 m That was the most common case to be broken as well in the past.
Although the idea of rock blocks sliding on a plane in rock slopes is an element, it is seen that rock wedges (weight blocks) bounded by two or more surfaces are formed as a result of the intersection of various discontinuities in nature, and their stability is more common in engineering works. In such cases, the rock wedge can slide, not on a plane, but on two planes, and its movement can be in the direction of the intersection of two planes. If it is, the event may occur.
The asphalt composed landfill of cable anchorage slopes developed cohesive resistivity and decreased perched water level on free sliding surfaces and the safety factor values reached over 1.5 and 1.8.
Asphaltite open pit mine and asphaltite excavation seam was hard to control against free sliding rock surrounding areas. There were 60 m even higher steeper slopes at angles over 65o. There were sliding large land marly shale masses or shattered shale rock formations. Underground water and harsh climatic conditions contain high risk hazard areas in operation site with higher risk factor of free slide. In order to eliminate rock falls and related events, significant precautions should be taken. The rock fall risk may ease to take precautions using asphalt composite filling. Even the application of elimination rock falls by wire net may reduce water content of soil. In this research, the pillar of 3 m and wire net were used with stabilization. The stability mixture of asphalt fill at certain thickness of 20 mm increased the safety. The low strength and porosity was critical for slide. The hazardous area could be safer by cohesive asphalt bound of rock cracks and long free rock slip surfaces out of water pressure.
Rock samples performed on the laboratory test results in the slope material not permeable that the cohesion value of 54–184.7 kPa, angle of internal friction of the 30.5–32.4o varied among marly shale/limestone with standard classifications. Stability analysis performed in the models srowed in Figure 5 were unstable free slide rock interfaces. By use asphalt stabilization and pillar the hazardous free sliding slopes were converted to the stable condition. Shear force causing free slide was redueed by asphalt flyash mixture filling by cohesion of 400 kPa and 2 MPa shear strength with rock at 19 MPa uniaxial strength.
High strength landfill mass improved the slope stability. However, low strength foam concrete landfill might result in higher water discharge and drier soil condition. The pillar bottom layers avoided water saturation of cracks and slip surface bottom area even sequential top surfaces of slopes.
Dissociation detailed inclinometer observations provided in rocks on free slide area also offered a positive contribution to stability problems.
For those reasons, asphalt composite crack fill can use virtual any classical slope stability programs, rock slope stability calculations in order to do construction safety and dry soil matters as given factor over 1.35.
c ‘kg/cm2 | Effective Cohesion |
c kg/cm2 | Cohesion |
Φ’ο | Effective internal friction angle |
Φο | Internal friction angle |
τ kg/cm2 | Shear stress |
σ kg/cm2 | Normal stress |
Ip | Plasticity index |
Ll | Liquid limit |
Pl | Plastic limit |
Wopt | Optimum water content |
γNatural g/cm3 | Natural unit volume weight |
Saturated g/cm3 | Saturated unit volume weight |
γDry g/cm3 | Dry unit volume weight |
γkmax g/cm3 | Maximum dry unit volume weight |
γs g/cm3 | Grain unit volume weight |
k | Permeability coefficient |
S1, S2, S3, S4 | Şırnak free slide slopes no. 1, 2, 3, 4 |
S11 | Sample taken from Şırnak Asphaltite Open Pit Mine free slide slope no. |
SP | In the combined ground classification; poorly graded sand, gravel sand, fine material no |
SW | In combined ground classification; well-graded sand, gravelly sand, little or no fine material |
SC | In the combined ground classification; claystone sand, sand-clay mixture |
GW | In combined ground classification; well graded gravel, gravel-sand mixture, fine material little or no |
Ji | Joint density sequence at slice i |
N | Serial distribution of Discontinuity |
Rc | Shear risk factor |
F | Safety factor |
σ | Compression Stress |
τθi | Shear Stress at slip surface at slice i |
u | pore presssure |
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\n\nCSIC affiliated authors can also take advantage of a central Open Access fund (amounting to 10,000 EUR) to cover up to 50% of the rest of the OAPF until it expires. Effective for chapters accepted from January 1, 2020.
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\n\nCorresponding authors will receive a 10% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters or monograph publications. To use the discount you will need to verify your institutional email address. These discounts are valid from 2020 to 2022.
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\n\n\n\nImportant: You must be a member or grantee of the above listed institutions in order to apply for their Open Access publication funds.
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Ciurean, Dagmar Schröter and Thomas Glade",authors:[{id:"163703",title:"Prof.",name:"Thomas",middleName:null,surname:"Glade",slug:"thomas-glade",fullName:"Thomas Glade"},{id:"164141",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Roxana",middleName:"Liliana",surname:"Ciurean",slug:"roxana-ciurean",fullName:"Roxana Ciurean"},{id:"164142",title:"Dr.",name:"Dagmar",middleName:null,surname:"Schroeter",slug:"dagmar-schroeter",fullName:"Dagmar Schroeter"}]},{id:"63707",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80780",title:"Drinking Water Treatment and Challenges in Developing Countries",slug:"drinking-water-treatment-and-challenges-in-developing-countries",totalDownloads:8058,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:28,abstract:"Safe drinking water remains inaccessible to many humans in the developing countries. Research continuously innovates to develop efficient and cheap methods to sustain clean water for developing countries. Developing nations are a broad term that includes countries that are less industrialised and have lower per capita income levels than developed countries. This chapter will discuss clean water for drinking water purposes. Pollution concerns of water in developing countries will be categorised in terms of physical, chemical and biological pollutants such as turbidity, organic matter and bacteria. Natural and anthropogenic pollution concerns linking with seasonal factors will be outlined. The multi-barrier approach to drinking water treatment will be discussed. Abstraction points used will be researched. Water treatment systems, medium- to small-scale approaches, will be discussed. The processes involved in removing the contaminants including physical processes such as sedimentation, filtration such as slow-sand filtration, coagulation and flocculation, and disinfectant processes such as chlorination will be reviewed. Other important methods including solar disinfection, hybrid filtration methods and arsenic removal technologies using innovative solid phase materials will be included in this chapter. Rainwater harvesting technologies are reviewed. Safe storage options for treated water are outlined. Challenges of water treatment in rural and urban areas will be outlined.",book:{id:"6682",slug:"the-relevance-of-hygiene-to-health-in-developing-countries",title:"The Relevance of Hygiene to Health in Developing Countries",fullTitle:"The Relevance of Hygiene to Health in Developing Countries"},signatures:"Josephine Treacy",authors:[{id:"238173",title:"Dr.",name:"Josephine",middleName:null,surname:"Treacy",slug:"josephine-treacy",fullName:"Josephine Treacy"}]},{id:"44219",doi:"10.5772/54973",title:"Disaster Management Discourse in Bangladesh: A Shift from Post-Event Response to the Preparedness and Mitigation Approach Through Institutional Partnerships",slug:"disaster-management-discourse-in-bangladesh-a-shift-from-post-event-response-to-the-preparedness-and",totalDownloads:4124,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:28,abstract:null,book:{id:"3054",slug:"approaches-to-disaster-management-examining-the-implications-of-hazards-emergencies-and-disasters",title:"Approaches to Disaster Management",fullTitle:"Approaches to Disaster Management - Examining the Implications of Hazards, Emergencies and Disasters"},signatures:"C. Emdad Haque and M. Salim Uddin",authors:[{id:"163390",title:"Dr.",name:"C. Emdad",middleName:null,surname:"Haque",slug:"c.-emdad-haque",fullName:"C. Emdad Haque"},{id:"168399",title:"Mr.",name:"Mohammed S",middleName:null,surname:"Uddin",slug:"mohammed-s-uddin",fullName:"Mohammed S Uddin"}]},{id:"59705",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74943",title:"Augmented Reality Trends in Education between 2016 and 2017 Years",slug:"augmented-reality-trends-in-education-between-2016-and-2017-years",totalDownloads:2513,totalCrossrefCites:19,totalDimensionsCites:27,abstract:"The aim of this chapter is to review literature regarding using augmented reality (AR) in education articles published in between 2016 and 2017 years. The literature source was Web of Science and SSCI, SCI-EXPANDED, A&HCI, CPCI-S, CPCI-SSH, and ESCI indexes. Fifty-two articles were reviewed; however, 14 of them were not been included in the study. As a result, 38 articles were examined. Level of education, field of education, and material types of AR used in education and reported educational advantages of AR have been investigated. All articles are categorized according to target groups, which are early childhood education, primary education, secondary education, high school education, graduate education, and others. AR technology has been mostly carried out in primary and graduate education. “Science education” is the most explored field of education. Mobile applications and marker-based materials on paper have been mostly preferred. The major advantages indicated in the articles are “Learning/Academic Achievement,” “Motivation,” and “Attitude”.",book:{id:"6543",slug:"state-of-the-art-virtual-reality-and-augmented-reality-knowhow",title:"State of the Art Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Knowhow",fullTitle:"State of the Art Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Knowhow"},signatures:"Rabia M. Yilmaz",authors:[{id:"225838",title:"Dr.",name:"Rabia",middleName:null,surname:"Yilmaz",slug:"rabia-yilmaz",fullName:"Rabia Yilmaz"}]},{id:"45760",doi:"10.5772/56967",title:"Parenting and Culture – Evidence from Some African Communities",slug:"parenting-and-culture-evidence-from-some-african-communities",totalDownloads:9634,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:27,abstract:null,book:{id:"3440",slug:"parenting-in-south-american-and-african-contexts",title:"Parenting in South American and African Contexts",fullTitle:"Parenting in South American and African Contexts"},signatures:"Patricia Mawusi Amos",authors:[{id:"162496",title:"Mrs.",name:"Patricia",middleName:"Mawusi",surname:"Mawusi Amos",slug:"patricia-mawusi-amos",fullName:"Patricia Mawusi Amos"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"58890",title:"Philosophy and Paradigm of Scientific Research",slug:"philosophy-and-paradigm-of-scientific-research",totalDownloads:14128,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:17,abstract:"Before carrying out the empirical analysis of the role of management culture in corporate social responsibility, identification of the philosophical approach and the paradigm on which the research carried out is based is necessary. Therefore, this chapter deals with the philosophical systems and paradigms of scientific research, the epistemology, evaluating understanding and application of various theories and practices used in the scientific research. The key components of the scientific research paradigm are highlighted. Theories on the basis of which this research was focused on identification of the level of development of the management culture in order to implement corporate social responsibility are identified, and the stages of its implementation are described.",book:{id:"5791",slug:"management-culture-and-corporate-social-responsibility",title:"Management Culture and Corporate Social Responsibility",fullTitle:"Management Culture and Corporate Social Responsibility"},signatures:"Pranas Žukauskas, Jolita Vveinhardt and Regina Andriukaitienė",authors:[{id:"179629",title:"Prof.",name:"Jolita",middleName:null,surname:"Vveinhardt",slug:"jolita-vveinhardt",fullName:"Jolita Vveinhardt"}]},{id:"74550",title:"School Conflicts: Causes and Management Strategies in Classroom Relationships",slug:"school-conflicts-causes-and-management-strategies-in-classroom-relationships",totalDownloads:2339,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"Conflicts cannot cease to exist, as they are intrinsic to human beings, forming an integral part of their moral and emotional growth. Likewise, they exist in all schools. The school is inserted in a space where the conflict manifests itself daily and assumes relevance, being the result of the multiple interpersonal relationships that occur in the school context. Thus, conflict is part of school life, which implies that teachers must have the skills to manage conflict constructively. Recognizing the diversity of school conflicts, this chapter aimed to present its causes, highlighting the main ones in the classroom, in the teacher-student relationship. It is important to conflict face and resolve it with skills to manage it properly and constructively, establishing cooperative relationships, and producing integrative solutions. Harmony and appreciation should coexist in a classroom environment and conflict should not interfere, negatively, in the teaching and learning process. This bibliography review underscore the need for during the teachers’ initial training the conflict management skills development.",book:{id:"7827",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",fullTitle:"Interpersonal Relationships"},signatures:"Sabina Valente, Abílio Afonso Lourenço and Zsolt Németh",authors:[{id:"324514",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sabina",middleName:"N.",surname:"Valente",slug:"sabina-valente",fullName:"Sabina Valente"},{id:"326375",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Abílio",middleName:"Afonso",surname:"Lourenço",slug:"abilio-lourenco",fullName:"Abílio Lourenço"},{id:"329177",title:"Dr.",name:"Zsolt",middleName:null,surname:"Németh",slug:"zsolt-nemeth",fullName:"Zsolt Németh"}]},{id:"52475",title:"Teenage Pregnancies: A Worldwide Social and Medical Problem",slug:"teenage-pregnancies-a-worldwide-social-and-medical-problem",totalDownloads:8307,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"Teenage pregnancies and teenage motherhood are a cause for concern worldwide. From a historical point of view, teenage pregnancies are nothing new. For much of human history, it was absolutely common that girls married during their late adolescence and experienced first birth during their second decade of life. This kind of reproductive behavior was socially desired and considered as normal. Nowadays, however, the prevention of teenage pregnancies and teenage motherhood is a priority for public health in nearly all developed and increasingly in developing countries. For a long time, teenage pregnancies were associated with severe medical problems; however, most of data supporting this viewpoint have been collected some decades ago and reflect mainly the situation of per se socially disadvantaged teenage mothers. According to more recent studies, teenage pregnancies are not per se risky ones. A clear risk group are extremely young teenage mothers (younger than 15 years) who are confronted with various medical risks, such as preeclampsia, preterm labor, and small for gestational age newborns but also marked social disadvantage, such as poverty, unemployment, low educational level, and single parenting. In the present study, the prevalence and outcome of teenage pregnancies in Austria are focused on.",book:{id:"5392",slug:"an-analysis-of-contemporary-social-welfare-issues",title:"An Analysis of Contemporary Social Welfare Issues",fullTitle:"An Analysis of Contemporary Social Welfare Issues"},signatures:"Sylvia Kirchengast",authors:[{id:"188289",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvia",middleName:null,surname:"Kirchengast",slug:"sylvia-kirchengast",fullName:"Sylvia Kirchengast"}]},{id:"58060",title:"Pedagogy of the Twenty-First Century: Innovative Teaching Methods",slug:"pedagogy-of-the-twenty-first-century-innovative-teaching-methods",totalDownloads:8845,totalCrossrefCites:17,totalDimensionsCites:23,abstract:"In the twenty-first century, significant changes are occurring related to new scientific discoveries, informatization, globalization, the development of astronautics, robotics, and artificial intelligence. This century is called the age of digital technologies and knowledge. How is the school changing in the new century? How does learning theory change? Currently, you can hear a lot of criticism that the classroom has not changed significantly compared to the last century or even like two centuries ago. Do the teachers succeed in modern changes? The purpose of the chapter is to summarize the current changes in didactics for the use of innovative teaching methods and study the understanding of changes by teachers. In this chapter, we consider four areas: the expansion of the subject of pedagogy, environmental approach to teaching, the digital generation and the changes taking place, and innovation in teaching. The theory of education, figuratively speaking, has two levels. At the macro-level, in the “education-society” relationship, decentralization and diversification, internationalization of education, and the introduction of digital technologies occur. At the micro-level in the “teacher-learner” relationship, there is an active mix of traditional and innovative methods, combination of an activity approach with an energy-informational environment approach, cognition with constructivism and connectivism.",book:{id:"5980",slug:"new-pedagogical-challenges-in-the-21st-century-contributions-of-research-in-education",title:"New Pedagogical Challenges in the 21st Century",fullTitle:"New Pedagogical Challenges in the 21st Century - Contributions of Research in Education"},signatures:"Aigerim Mynbayeva, Zukhra Sadvakassova and Bakhytkul\nAkshalova",authors:[{id:"201997",title:"Dr.",name:"Aigerim",middleName:null,surname:"Mynbayeva",slug:"aigerim-mynbayeva",fullName:"Aigerim Mynbayeva"},{id:"209208",title:"Dr.",name:"Zukhra",middleName:null,surname:"Sadvakassova",slug:"zukhra-sadvakassova",fullName:"Zukhra Sadvakassova"},{id:"209210",title:"Dr.",name:"Bakhytkul",middleName:null,surname:"Akshalova",slug:"bakhytkul-akshalova",fullName:"Bakhytkul Akshalova"}]},{id:"58894",title:"Research Ethics",slug:"research-ethics",totalDownloads:3373,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Research ethics is closely related to the ethical principles of social responsibility. This research covers a wide context of working with people, so the researchers raised a task not only to gain confidence in the respondents’ eyes, to receive reliable data, but also to ensure the transparency of the science. This chapter discusses the theoretical and practical topics of research, after evaluation of which ethical principles of organization and conducting the research are presented. There is a detailed description of how and what ethical principles were followed on the different stages of the research.",book:{id:"5791",slug:"management-culture-and-corporate-social-responsibility",title:"Management Culture and Corporate Social Responsibility",fullTitle:"Management Culture and Corporate Social Responsibility"},signatures:"Pranas Žukauskas, Jolita Vveinhardt and Regina Andriukaitienė",authors:[{id:"179629",title:"Prof.",name:"Jolita",middleName:null,surname:"Vveinhardt",slug:"jolita-vveinhardt",fullName:"Jolita Vveinhardt"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"23",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"81124",title:"Views of South Sudanese Secondary School Teachers about the Use of Humour in the Mathematics Classroom",slug:"views-of-south-sudanese-secondary-school-teachers-about-the-use-of-humour-in-the-mathematics-classro",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103007",abstract:"This chapter reports the views of South Sudanese secondary school teachers about the use of humour in the mathematics classroom as a teaching and learning tool. The use of humour as a pedagogical toolkit in a mathematics classroom is something that has not yet been seriously or widely considered and how the teachers, especially South Sudanese teachers, would react to the use of humour in the classroom was not yet known. An opinion survey containing six (6) close-ended questionnaire items or statements related to the use of humour in the classroom was distributed to ten (10) secondary schools located within and around Juba city. About sixty-five (65) South Sudanese secondary school teachers responded to the survey. Posed was a research question intended to explore the general views, attitudes, or opinions of South Sudanese secondary school teachers: What do South Sudanese secondary school teachers think about the use of Humour-Supported Instructional Approach (H-SIA), a proposed-alternative method of teaching and learning mathematics at secondary school level? Findings of this opinions survey indicate that South Sudanese secondary school teachers’ overall average views are positive toward the use of humour in the classroom setting. The average majority of the surveyed secondary school teachers appeared keen and seemed eager to welcome experimentation with new ways of teaching and learning in the classroom. Hence, it is recommended that classroom teachers be always encouraged and allowed a certain degree of freedom to explore and try out new ways of teaching and learning. It is suggested, however, that teachers be first provided with necessary proper training about how to use humour appropriately, effectively, and creatively in the classroom environments.",book:{id:"11279",title:"Advances in Research in STEM Education",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11279.jpg"},signatures:"William Deng Tap, Helicopter Mark Bulbul and Biar Simon Ajang"},{id:"83112",title:"Anomalies in Nigeria Presidential Election Data and the Way Forward",slug:"anomalies-in-nigeria-presidential-election-data-and-the-way-forward",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106657",abstract:"Nigeria presently runs a presidential system of government and the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) is saddled with the responsibility of conducting elections, every four years. A fraud-free and credible election is a necessary ingredient to the growth of democracy. However, election fraud has become a major challenge in the Nigerian political system. Till date, reports show that elections in Nigeria have been marred with vote buying, falsification of results, underage voting, and the use of security forces to intimidate voters, among others. Hence, the authors suggest the need for transparency in the voting process and in the collation of results. There is also a need for an electoral reform to address the issue of electronic voting and electronic transmission of results. Electronic voting should be supported and encouraged by all stakeholders. The INEC, executive and legislative arms of government are advised to work in tandem to provide credible electoral process and improve on the conducts of elections in Nigeria. The chapter concludes with suggestion on the possibility of adopting election forensic techniques to address anomalies in Nigeria electoral results. The authors believe that this chapter contribution will be of great benefit to Nigeria and Africa as a whole.",book:{id:"11435",title:"Election and Democracy in the Digital Age - Status, Challenges, and Trends",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11435.jpg"},signatures:"Sunday Tunmibi and Wole Olatokun"},{id:"83121",title:"Social Media and Democracy",slug:"social-media-and-democracy",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106660",abstract:"The purpose of this chapter is to analyze the implications of freedom of speech regarding political discussions on social media platforms, such as Facebook. The paper will look at the following aspects: the occasion when social media users have to discuss politics as a hobby and as a means to keep their ideas out of the view of face-to-face social circles, to engage in social issues and even be part of protests, to discuss politicians’ public image, and attempt to change some users’ perception about it. Within social media, we witness debates or simple displays of emotions, allowing users to speak their minds and interact with other users, showing empathy toward them. The benefits of this are related to the therapeutic effects of speaking about what upsets them or angers them and finding like-minded users.",book:{id:"11435",title:"Election and Democracy in the Digital Age - Status, Challenges, and Trends",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11435.jpg"},signatures:"Irina-Ana Drobot"},{id:"83113",title:"Agoraphobic Dispositions towards Action Research: Teacher Education Students’ Perceptions and Experiences",slug:"agoraphobic-dispositions-towards-action-research-teacher-education-students-perceptions-and-experien",totalDownloads:7,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106188",abstract:"One of the contemporary global education thrusts in teacher education is the generation of context-based theory through engagement in action research. While practicing in the classroom, the teacher education student is essentially in the laboratory creating procedural knowledge. Action research in the classroom involves reflective practice, which is indispensable to praxis. Despite the efficacy of action research in facilitating mathetics (learning how to learn), there are some militating situations that are fuelled by diehard traditional perceptions and practices. An exploration of teacher education students’ perceptions and experiences with action research was done with 16 informants who were selected purposively and exposed to in-depth interviews. The data were thematically analyzed and the findings were that some students develop agoraphobic dispositions toward action research due to some miseducative experiences that are largely attributed to traditional educational practices. The teacher education students are exposed to vices like technical rationality instead they should be oriented toward epistemic and pragmatic rationalities that are the linchpins of professional development. The experiences that precipitate agoraphobic dispositions in action research should be known and subsequently obliterated.",book:{id:"11481",title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice for STEAM and social sciences education",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg"},signatures:"Davison Zireva"},{id:"83053",title:"Apologies in L2 French in Canadian Context",slug:"apologies-in-l2-french-in-canadian-context",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106557",abstract:"This article presents the results of an analysis of apology strategies in native and non-native French in Canadian context. The data used were obtained through a Discourse Completion Task questionnaire that was completed by a group of native French speakers (FL1) and a group of learners of French as a second language (FL2). The goal was to identify and compare pragmatic and linguistic choices made by both groups when apologizing in three different situations. Several differences and similarities emerged between the two groups regarding the use of exclamations to introduce apologies, direct apologies, indirect apologies, and supportive acts. For instance, it was found that the FL1 speakers used “expressions of regret”, “offers of apology” 15 and “requests for forgiveness” to apologize directly, while the FL2 speaking informants used 16 only “expressions of regret” and “offers of apology”. While the respondents of both groups 17 mostly chose “offers of repair” to apologize indirectly, they displayed divergent preferences 18 regarding the use of other indirect apology strategies. Differences were also documented 19 with respect to the use of intensification devices in direct apologies and the use of supportive acts. Implications of the findings for L2 French pedagogy were also discussed.",book:{id:"11480",title:"Second Language Acquisition - Learning Theories and Recent Approaches",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11480.jpg"},signatures:"Bernard Mulo Farenkia"},{id:"83049",title:"An Ethnographic Study on Sense of a Community: The “Awramba” Experience",slug:"an-ethnographic-study-on-sense-of-a-community-the-awramba-experience",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105953",abstract:"The study was conducted on “Awramba” Community who are living in “Amhara” region, south “Gondor” Zone, Ethiopia. The general objective of this study was to capture an understanding of sense of community in “Awramba” community. The study tried to answer the following questions: How the community was established? What are the criteria to be part of the community? What are the shared values of social practice that has survived for the test of time? What is the historical background of the “Awramba” Community? The researcher used realist ethnography method to achieve the above objective and to answer the questions. In-depth interview and observational guide techniques were applied to collect reliable data for the study. The observation and in-depth interview data were analyzed qualitatively. The study showed the following themes: Membership criteria of the community are based on adhering to the community norm. They have a strong sense of community based on shared story, cooperative work, marriage and mourning values, religious view, gender equality, commitment to be honest, and solving their problem by themselves. The emotional connection of the “Awramba” community is strengthened by their common celebration of the yearly anniversary of New Year and scheduled meeting.",book:{id:"11429",title:"Sustainability, Ecology, and Religions of the World",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11429.jpg"},signatures:"Nassir-Maru Yesuf"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:150},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:91,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:333,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:144,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:125,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:23,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. 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He previously worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Ben-Gurion University of Negev, Israel; University of the Free State, South Africa; and Central University of Technology Bloemfontein, South Africa. He obtained his Ph.D. in Organic Chemistry from Nagaoka University of Technology, Japan. He has published more than seventy-four journal articles and attended several national and international conferences as speaker and chair. Dr. Kendrekar has received many international awards. He has several funded projects, namely, anti-malaria drug development, MRSA, and SARS-CoV-2 activity of curcumin and its formulations. He has filed four patents in collaboration with the University of Central Lancashire and Mayo Clinic Infectious Diseases. His present research includes organic synthesis, drug discovery and development, biochemistry, nanoscience, and nanotechnology.",institutionString:"Visiting Scientist at Lipid Nanostructures Laboratory, Centre for Smart Materials, School of Natural Sciences, University of Central Lancashire",institution:null},{id:"428125",title:"Dr.",name:"Vinayak",middleName:null,surname:"Adimule",slug:"vinayak-adimule",fullName:"Vinayak Adimule",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/428125/images/system/428125.jpg",biography:"Dr. Vinayak Adimule, MSc, Ph.D., is a professor and dean of R&D, Angadi Institute of Technology and Management, India. He has 15 years of research experience as a senior research scientist and associate research scientist in R&D organizations. He has published more than fifty research articles as well as several book chapters. He has two Indian patents and two international patents to his credit. 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He worked as a Executive Research & Development @ Cadila Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Ahmedabad. He received DBT-postdoc fellow @ Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore under the supervision of Prof. P. Balaram, later he moved to NIH-postdoc researcher at Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA, after his return from postdoc joined NITK-Surthakal as a Adhoc faculty at department of chemistry. Since from August 2013 working as a Associate Professor, and in 2016 promoted to Profeesor in the School of Basic Sciences: Department of Chemistry and having 20 years of teaching and research experiences.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rani Channamma University, Belagavi",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/158492/images/system/158492.jpeg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Yusuf Tutar conducts his research at the Hamidiye Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences, Turkey. He is also a faculty member in the Molecular Oncology Program. He obtained his MSc and Ph.D. at Oregon State University and Texas Tech University, respectively. He pursued his postdoctoral studies at Rutgers University Medical School and the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIDDK), USA. His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",biography:"Martins Emeje obtained a BPharm with distinction from Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria, and an MPharm and Ph.D. from the University of Nigeria (UNN), where he received the best Ph.D. award and was enlisted as UNN’s “Face of Research.” He established the first nanomedicine center in Nigeria and was the pioneer head of the intellectual property and technology transfer as well as the technology innovation and support center. Prof. Emeje’s several international fellowships include the prestigious Raman fellowship. He has published more than 150 articles and patents. He is also the head of R&D at NIPRD and holds a visiting professor position at Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria. He has a postgraduate certificate in Project Management from Walden University, Minnesota, as well as a professional teaching certificate and a World Bank certification in Public Procurement. Prof. Emeje was a national chairman of academic pharmacists in Nigeria and the 2021 winner of the May & Baker Nigeria Plc–sponsored prize for professional service in research and innovation.",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"436430",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Mesut",middleName:null,surname:"Işık",slug:"mesut-isik",fullName:"Mesut Işık",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/436430/images/19686_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bilecik University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"268659",title:"Ms.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/268659/images/8143_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Zhan received his undergraduate and graduate training in the fields of preventive medicine and epidemiology and statistics at the West China University of Medical Sciences in China during 1989 to 1999. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics for two years at the Cancer Research Institute of Human Medical University in China. In 2001, he went to the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) in USA, where he was a post-doctoral researcher and focused on mass spectrometry and cancer proteomics. Then, he was appointed as an Assistant Professor of Neurology, UTHSC in 2005. He moved to the Cleveland Clinic in USA as a Project Scientist/Staff in 2006 where he focused on the studies of eye disease proteomics and biomarkers. He returned to UTHSC as an Assistant Professor of Neurology in the end of 2007, engaging in proteomics and biomarker studies of lung diseases and brain tumors, and initiating the studies of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) in cancer. In 2010, he was promoted to Associate Professor of Neurology, UTHSC. Currently, he is a Professor at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in China, Fellow of Royal Society of Medicine (FRSM), the European EPMA National Representative in China, Regular Member of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), European Cooperation of Science and Technology (e-COST) grant evaluator, Associate Editors of BMC Genomics, BMC Medical Genomics, EPMA Journal, and Frontiers in Endocrinology, Executive Editor-in-Chief of Med One. He has\npublished 116 peer-reviewed research articles, 16 book chapters, 2 books, and 2 US patents. His current main research interest focuses on the studies of cancer proteomics and biomarkers, and the use of modern omics techniques and systems biology for PPPM in cancer, and on the development and use of 2DE-LC/MS for the large-scale study of human proteoforms.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Xiangya Hospital Central South University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"418340",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyotirmoi",middleName:null,surname:"Aich",slug:"jyotirmoi-aich",fullName:"Jyotirmoi Aich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038Ugi5QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:48:28.png",biography:"Biotechnologist with 15 years of research including 6 years of teaching experience. Demonstrated record of scientific achievements through consistent publication record (H index = 13, with 874 citations) in high impact journals such as Nature Communications, Oncotarget, Annals of Oncology, PNAS, and AJRCCM, etc. Strong research professional with a post-doctorate from ACTREC where I gained experimental oncology experience in clinical settings and a doctorate from IGIB where I gained expertise in asthma pathophysiology. A well-trained biotechnologist with diverse experience on the bench across different research themes ranging from asthma to cancer and other infectious diseases. An individual with a strong commitment and innovative mindset. Have the ability to work on diverse projects such as regenerative and molecular medicine with an overall mindset of improving healthcare.",institutionString:"DY Patil Deemed to Be University",institution:null},{id:"349288",title:"Prof.",name:"Soumya",middleName:null,surname:"Basu",slug:"soumya-basu",fullName:"Soumya Basu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035QxIDQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:47:01.jpg",biography:"Soumya Basu, Ph.D., is currently working as an Associate Professor at Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India. With 16+ years of trans-disciplinary research experience in Drug Design, development, and pre-clinical validation; 20+ research article publications in journals of repute, 9+ years of teaching experience, trained with cross-disciplinary education, Dr. Basu is a life-long learner and always thrives for new challenges.\r\nHer research area is the design and synthesis of small molecule partial agonists of PPAR-γ in lung cancer. She is also using artificial intelligence and deep learning methods to understand the exosomal miRNA’s role in cancer metastasis. Dr. Basu is the recipient of many awards including the Early Career Research Award from the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. She is a reviewer of many journals like Molecular Biology Reports, Frontiers in Oncology, RSC Advances, PLOS ONE, Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, etc. She has edited and authored/co-authored 21 journal papers, 3 book chapters, and 15 abstracts. She is a Board of Studies member at her university. She is a life member of 'The Cytometry Society”-in India and 'All India Cell Biology Society”- in India.",institutionString:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",institution:{name:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"354817",title:"Dr.",name:"Anubhab",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"anubhab-mukherjee",fullName:"Anubhab Mukherjee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y0000365PbRQAU/ProfilePicture%202022-04-15%2005%3A11%3A18.480",biography:"A former member of Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, USA, Dr. Anubhab Mukherjee is an ardent votary of science who strives to make an impact in the lives of those afflicted with cancer and other chronic/acute ailments. He completed his Ph.D. from CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India, having been skilled with RNAi, liposomal drug delivery, preclinical cell and animal studies. He pursued post-doctoral research at College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A & M University and was involved in another postdoctoral research at Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California. In 2015, he worked in Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology as a visiting scientist. He has substantial experience in nanotechnology-based formulation development and successfully served various Indian organizations to develop pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products. He is an inventor in many US patents and an author in many peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and books published in various media of international repute. Dr. Mukherjee is currently serving as Principal Scientist, R&D at Esperer Onco Nutrition (EON) Pvt. 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He is currently investigating the role of extracellular vesicles in premalignant lung cell migration and detecting the metastatic phenotype of lung cancer via artificial intelligence-based analyses of exosomal Raman signatures. Dr. Paul also works on spatial multiplex immunofluorescence-based tissue mapping to understand the immune repertoire in lung cancer. Dr. Paul has published in more than sixty-five peer-reviewed international journals and is highly cited. He is the recipient of many awards, including the UCLA Vice Chancellor’s award and the 2022 AAISCR-R Vijayalaxmi Award for Innovative Cancer Research. 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In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. I am interested in studying host-pathogen interactions at the biomaterial interface.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329248",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Faheem",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"md.-faheem-haider",fullName:"Md. Faheem Haider",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329248/images/system/329248.jpg",biography:"Dr. Md. Faheem Haider completed his BPharm in 2012 at Integral University, Lucknow, India. In 2014, he completed his MPharm with specialization in Pharmaceutics at Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India, in 2018. He was selected for the GPAT six times and his best All India Rank was 34. Currently, he is an assistant professor at Integral University. Previously he was an assistant professor at IIMT University, Meerut, India. He has experience teaching DPharm, Pharm.D, BPharm, and MPharm students. He has more than five publications in reputed journals to his credit. Dr. Faheem’s research area is the development and characterization of nanoformulation for the delivery of drugs to various organs.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329795",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Aftab",middleName:"Aftab",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"mohd-aftab-siddiqui",fullName:"Mohd Aftab Siddiqui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329795/images/system/329795.png",biography:"Dr. Mohd Aftab Siddiqui is an assistant professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India, where he obtained a Ph.D. in Pharmacology in 2020. He also obtained a BPharm and MPharm from the same university in 2013 and 2015, respectively. His area of research is the pharmacological screening of herbal drugs/natural products in liver cancer and cardiac diseases. He is a member of many professional bodies and has guided many MPharm and PharmD research projects. Dr. Siddiqui has many national and international publications and one German patent to his credit.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"4",type:"subseries",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Invasive Infections, Epidemiology, Cell Membrane, Fungal Virulence, Diagnosis, Treatment",scope:"Fungi are ubiquitous and there are almost no non-pathogenic fungi. Fungal infectious illness prevalence and prognosis are determined by the exposure between fungi and host, host immunological state, fungal virulence, and early and accurate diagnosis and treatment. \r\nPatients with both congenital and acquired immunodeficiency are more likely to be infected with opportunistic mycosis. Fungal infectious disease outbreaks are common during the post- disaster rebuilding era, which is characterised by high population density, migration, and poor health and medical conditions.\r\nSystemic or local fungal infection is mainly associated with the fungi directly inhaled or inoculated in the environment during the disaster. The most common fungal infection pathways are human to human (anthropophilic), animal to human (zoophilic), and environment to human (soilophile). Diseases are common as a result of widespread exposure to pathogenic fungus dispersed into the environment. \r\nFungi that are both common and emerging are intertwined. In Southeast Asia, for example, Talaromyces marneffei is an important pathogenic thermally dimorphic fungus that causes systemic mycosis. Widespread fungal infections with complicated and variable clinical manifestations, such as Candida auris infection resistant to several antifungal medicines, Covid-19 associated with Trichoderma, and terbinafine resistant dermatophytosis in India, are among the most serious disorders. \r\nInappropriate local or systemic use of glucocorticoids, as well as their immunosuppressive effects, may lead to changes in fungal infection spectrum and clinical characteristics. Hematogenous candidiasis is a worrisome issue that affects people all over the world, particularly ICU patients. CARD9 deficiency and fungal infection have been major issues in recent years. Invasive aspergillosis is associated with a significant death rate. Special attention should be given to endemic fungal infections, identification of important clinical fungal infections advanced in yeasts, filamentous fungal infections, skin mycobiome and fungal genomes, and immunity to fungal infections.\r\nIn addition, endemic fungal diseases or uncommon fungal infections caused by Mucor irregularis, dermatophytosis, Malassezia, cryptococcosis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidiosis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, and other fungi, should be monitored. \r\nThis topic includes the research progress on the etiology and pathogenesis of fungal infections, new methods of isolation and identification, rapid detection, drug sensitivity testing, new antifungal drugs, schemes and case series reports. It will provide significant opportunities and support for scientists, clinical doctors, mycologists, antifungal drug researchers, public health practitioners, and epidemiologists from all over the world to share new research, ideas and solutions to promote the development and progress of medical mycology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11400,editor:{id:"174134",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuping",middleName:null,surname:"Ran",slug:"yuping-ran",fullName:"Yuping Ran",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9d6QAC/Profile_Picture_1630330675373",biography:"Dr. Yuping Ran, Professor, Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. Completed the Course Medical Mycology, the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Netherlands (2006). International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS) Fellow, and International Emerging Infectious Diseases (IEID) Fellow, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA. Diploma of Dermatological Scientist, Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Ph.D. of Juntendo University, Japan. Bachelor’s and Master’s degree, Medicine, West China University of Medical Sciences. Chair of Sichuan Medical Association Dermatology Committee. General Secretary of The 19th Annual Meeting of Chinese Society of Dermatology and the Asia Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (2013). In charge of the Annual Medical Mycology Course over 20-years authorized by National Continue Medical Education Committee of China. Member of the board of directors of the Asia-Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (APSMM). Associate editor of Mycopathologia. Vice-chief of the editorial board of Chinses Journal of Mycology, China. Board Member and Chair of Mycology Group of Chinese Society of Dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188"},editorialBoard:[{id:"302145",title:"Dr.",name:"Felix",middleName:null,surname:"Bongomin",slug:"felix-bongomin",fullName:"Felix Bongomin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/302145/images/system/302145.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gulu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Uganda"}}},{id:"45803",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Payam",middleName:null,surname:"Behzadi",slug:"payam-behzadi",fullName:"Payam Behzadi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/45803/images/system/45803.jpg",institutionString:"Islamic Azad University, Tehran",institution:{name:"Islamic Azad University, Tehran",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:18,paginationItems:[{id:"83115",title:"Fungi and Oomycetes–Allies in Eliminating Environmental Pathogens",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106498",signatures:"Iasmina Luca",slug:"fungi-and-oomycetes-allies-in-eliminating-environmental-pathogens",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Animal Welfare - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11579.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82991",title:"Diseases of the Canine Prostate Gland",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105835",signatures:"Sabine Schäfer-Somi",slug:"diseases-of-the-canine-prostate-gland",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82773",title:"Canine Transmissible Venereal Tumor: An Infectious Neoplasia in Dogs",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106150",signatures:"Chanokchon Setthawongsin, Somporn Techangamsuwan and Anudep Rungsipipat",slug:"canine-transmissible-venereal-tumor-an-infectious-neoplasia-in-dogs",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82797",title:"Anatomical Guide to the Paranasal Sinuses of Domestic Animals",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106157",signatures:"Mohamed A.M. 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