History of manufacturing process of MEMS
\r\n\tFurther development of geophysical methods in the direction of constructing more and more adequate models of media and phenomena necessarily leads to more and more complex problems of mathematical geophysics, for which not only inverse, but also direct problems become significantly incorrect. In this regard, it is necessary to develop a new concept of regularization for simultaneously solving a system of heterogeneous operator equations.
\r\n\r\n\tCurrently, the study of processes associated not only with geophysics and astrophysics but also with biology and medicine requires even more complication of interpretation models from non-linear and heterogeneous to hierarchical. This book will be devoted to the creation of new mathematical theories for solving ill-posed problems for complicated models.
",isbn:null,printIsbn:"979-953-307-X-X",pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d93195bb64405dd9e917801649f991b3",bookSignature:"Prof. Olga Alexandrovna Hachay",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8253.jpg",keywords:"Ill-Posed, Inverse Problems, Geophysics, Seismic, Electromagnetic, Thermal, Magnetic, Medicine, \r\nMathematical, Algorithms, Hierarchical, Nonlinear, Historical Description, Regularization",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 7th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 27th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 26th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 14th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 13th 2020",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"a year",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"150801",title:"Prof.",name:"Olga",middleName:"Alexandrovna",surname:"Hachay",slug:"olga-hachay",fullName:"Olga Hachay",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/150801/images/system/150801.jpg",biography:"Dr. Olga A. Hachay graduated with a degree in Astrophysics from Ural State University in 1969. She obtained her PhD from the Pushkov Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radiowave Propagation of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IZMIRAN) in 1979 with her thesis 'The inverse problem for electromagnetic research of one-dimensional medium.”\nSince 1969, she has been a scientific member of the Institute of Geophysics Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (UB RAS), Ekaterinburg, Russia. From 1995 to 2004, she served as chief of the group of seismic and electromagnetic research. Her research interests include developing new methods for searching the structure and the state of the Earth’s upper crust, as well as elaborating a new theory of interpretation of electromagnetic and seismic fields. From 2002, she has been the main scientific researcher of the Institute of geophysics UB RAS. Since 2008, she has been a lead scientific researcher for UB RAS in the laboratory of borehole geophysics. Dr. Hachay is a member of various organizations and societies, including the American Mathematical Society, Mathematical Association of America, International Association of Geomechanics, and the European Geosciences Union, among others. \nDr. Hachay is fluent in Russian, English and German language",institutionString:"Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"15",title:"Mathematics",slug:"mathematics"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"247865",firstName:"Jasna",lastName:"Bozic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/247865/images/7225_n.jpg",email:"jasna.b@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager, my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"878",title:"Phytochemicals",subtitle:"A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec77671f63975ef2d16192897deb6835",slug:"phytochemicals-a-global-perspective-of-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/878.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4816",title:"Face Recognition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"146063b5359146b7718ea86bad47c8eb",slug:"face_recognition",bookSignature:"Kresimir Delac and Mislav Grgic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3621",title:"Silver Nanoparticles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"silver-nanoparticles",bookSignature:"David Pozo Perez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3621.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6667",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Pozo",slug:"david-pozo",fullName:"David Pozo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"37981",title:"Microscopy and Spectroscopy Analysis of Mems Corrosion Used in the Electronics Industry of the Baja California Region, Mexico",doi:"10.5772/45773",slug:"microscopy-and-spectroscopy-analysis-of-mems-corrosion-used-in-the-electronics-industry-of-the-baja-",body:'MEMS are very important devices used in the electronic industry of the northwest of Mexico where are located Mexicali as arid zone and Tijuana as marine region. In boths enviroments the humidty and temperature are factors which have influence in the operation of these microcomponents. MEMS are utilized principally in electronic systems as acoustic, audio and video, communication, industrial and medical, as a control and operation activities. In the industrial plants are primordial in the manufacturing process to improve the production yielding, with automatized systems (B.G. Lopez et al, 2007). These microdevices have advantages as a lot operation and, need small spaces in the electronic boards, but microcorrosion appears very easy and quiclky in short spaces between electrical connections. At RH levels higher than 80%, an electrochemical process ocurr in the metallic surfaces of connectors of MEMS, and its arevery difficult detect it, to the naked eye. For this reason MEMS presents deterioration in the electrical connections, and originates electrical failures, and it is not detected until are checked in the last steps of the manufacturing process or when buyers are used, causing economic losses. In base of this, an analyss was made to know the behaviour of corrosion phenomena in the MEMS used in the development of new technologies in the electronics, mechanical and electromechanical systems (Tanner et al, 2000).
MEMS technologies have evolved to develop miniaturize complex systems integrating multiple functions in small or simple packages. In Europe these microsystems are known as MST or "Micro Technology Systems", however the term of MEMS has become increasingly prevalent. Helvajian (Helvajian, 1999) and Vittorio (Vittorio, 2001) are agree that MEMS manufacturing, emerged with the development of novel semiconductors in the late of XXI century. The first was manufactured semiconductor transistor at Bell Laboratories by Shockley, Bardeen and Brattain in 1947 (Lopez B. G. et al, 2011). This led to an unparalleled development in the technology semiconductors, which subsequently creation of electronic systems increasingly faster, smaller and less expensive manufacturing. However, this same manufacturing process created a vacuum so fast in knowledge of their operations (Hindrichsen t al, 2010). This was because more and smaller circuits were manufactured with process information faster, and the interfaces of these circuits, sensors and actuators, could not easily attached to their functions in their applications. Moreover, in a principle of the manufacture of MEMS not take into account their protection against corrosion. The efficiency of MEMS is a major motivationafter development, because these micro devices proved to be more rapid, inexpensive and efficient their macroscopic devices. However the development of such solutions has been envelope by the technological limitations (Plass etal, 2003). The first research in the area of MEMS was oriented to the micro sensors obtained as a result of these investigations: the discovery of piezoelectricity. This feature present in the silicon and germanium, allows the development of micro silicon pressure sensor. According to Vittorio, the sensor silicon pressure was the first of the sensors and micro more successful. Additionally the availability of silicon as the material raw encouraged the development of micro techniques semiconductor whose range has grown to include measurements physical, chemical and biomedical. Table 1 shows a list of some of the most significant findings in the evolution of the MEMS. Among them is in the development of solid state transducers and micro sensors with micro machining techniques, producing micro actuators that can lead to the appearance of the first mechanisms and engines microscopic level (Zawada et al, 2010, Jin, 2002).
Historial development of MEMS | Period, Year |
Anisotropic silicon device with attack | Season of 1940 |
Piezoresistive silicon component | 1953 |
Semiconductor extensometers | 1957 |
Silicon pressure sensors | Season of 1960 |
Solid state transducers | Season of 1970 |
Microactuators | Season of 1980 |
Micro mechanisms and micro motors | From 1987 to 1989 |
Micro Electromechanical Systems | After 1988 |
History of manufacturing process of MEMS
The term MEMS emerged in 1987 as part of a series of workshops held in Salt Lake City, Utah, Hyannis, Massachusetts and in 1988 in Princeton, New Jersey (Pedersen et al, 2007). These workshops were the forerunners in the development and adoption of this technology. MEMS are currently considered as an interdisciplinary field of knowledge that makes use of many areas of science and engineering to solve problems. Helvajian, considers some advantages of MEMS technology on macroscopic aspects that determine its development today: definition of small geometries, precise dimensional control, design flexibility and low cost and interface The term MEMS emerged in 1987 as part of a series of workshops held in Salt Lake City, Utah, Hyannis,Massachusetts and in 1988 in Princeton, New Jersey (Olson III et al, 2007). These workshops were the forerunners in the development and adoption of this technology. MEMS are currently considered as an interdisciplinary field of knowledge that makes use of many areas of science and engineering to solve problems. Helvajian (1999) considers some advantages of MEMS technology on macroscopic aspects that determine its development today: definition of small geometries, precise dimensional control, design flexibility and low cost, interface with control electronicsand easy manufacturing procceses (Christian C et al, 2010, Kihira, 2005).
Actually the industries need more efficiency in their manufacturing processes using MEMS for the diversity of activities and the small spaces in the electronic boards. In the northwest of Mexico, the majorly of the indusrial plants manufacture electronic equipments and have a lot electronic systems with MEMS in their production operations (Lopez-Badilla Gustavo et al, 2011). This study has relevance today because it is a developing topic that improves the efficiency of the products. It is important in the societyto be applied in various daily activities to ensure the reliability of the products manufactured.
The evolution of MEMS is closely related to advances of semiconductor industry, in many process steps are similar, or identical, and adapted to the requirements (Roger, 2010). The principal features of the MEMS manufacturing processes are:
Miniaturization. The reduction in the size to be smaller and lighter with shorter response times.
Multiplicity. The capacity to produce tens, hundreds or even thousands of products in parallel, being inherited characteristic of the semiconductor production processes.
Microelectronics. The intelligence of MEMS which allows control implemented as closed systems with integrated microsensors and microactuators.
Theses advantages shows the great influence of the manufacturing processes of the electronics integrated circuits. However, it is important to note that not all microdevices have a benefit of miniaturization (Baldwin, 2009). One of the major limitations of the techniques inherit from semiconductor processes, is the works in planar scale, difficult the design of devices in three dimensions (Figure 1).
An automatized control system (ACS) is equipment which operates with a lot functions to control industrial machines. An ACS is an interconection of elements relationed to manipulate activities and control the behaviour of other devices which not has control as devices of high power to work for a purpose to control the inputs nd outputs of manufacturing processes (Lopez B. G., 2008, Cai, 2005). In ACS are used MEMS to a lot functios to check, adjust and operate with the industrial regulations of each products, with a feedback equipments to regulate the variations of the output which are signal of the inputs of the activities. An ACS may be open or closed depending on if it makes a feedback system, using the same system output as input to make decisions based on past states of the system. For example, an open system may be one that receives the amount of light of the environment and this intensity can be controlled in any objet, but uncontrolled of the source (Bateson, 1999). By other way, the closed systems can control which works regulating the effect in the objet and the source. It makes the automation as group of technologies that are used in different areas of knowledge as electronic, mechanical and electromechanical mahines, controled by computer systems, for a more autonomous or independent functions. The benefits of this are flexibility, lower cost, higher capacity and quality. An ACS with MEMS is an elemental sensor that performs the function of measuring the manufacturing process, while active an actuator which implements the control action on the industrial operations, and change the behavior of the system accodring the adequate regulations (Beeby, 2004, Chongchen, 2003). An ACS performs the actions of process control, manipulates the actuators and bases its decision on information received by the sensors. In addition MEMS are used in real life control systems to perform tasks that require powerful output, meaning that it is easier for robust systems. A diagram of control system, below showed that exprese the importance of sensors and actuators in a control system (Figure 2).
Microdiagram of MEMS utilized in industrial operations
The minimized ACS with MEMS in the last twenty years revolutionated the technologies, by the diminute spaces and the great quantity of funtions in the microelectronic boards, but its necessary a specific and adequate design to avoid the acummulation of visible and invisible water by the condensation of humidity and the variations of temperature. It originates the corrosion phenomena and deteriorates rapidly the metallic surfaces principally of copper. This generates electrical failures in the indusrial equipments and products manufactured and reduce the productive yielding (Yao, 2000). MEMS for their mechanical properties can receive physical and chemical agents from the environment, which deteriorate thier electrical pins and are complicated, analyze it.Based on this, a study was made to determine the principal physicochemical agents which react with the metals, determine the types of corrosion and propose methods to reduce or avoid the corrosion process (Tuite, 2009).
Diagram of a control system used in industrial plants in the Baja California, Mexico
Many people dont know about MEMS technology that occupe a place in our lives, such as the use of cellular phones, which has a microsystem with MEMS. Other examples is the airbag of cars that have a MEMS equipment, which determine the exact time that a collision occurs and triggers the air bag states (Nise et al, 2004, Stanley, 2006). MEMS are micromachines that will change the world, and are currently used in different activities or areas such as industrial, medical, automotive and related technologies including in the electronics systems. Below is explained a brief description of MEMS in each of the areas being developed (Wojciechowski, 2007, Virmani, 2006).
In the medical field, MEMS are implanted in body parts such as the heart, brain and other parts that are difficult to diagnose or study (Roger, 2010), and their implementation are used to prevent diseases like cancer,cardiovascular diseases, lupus and others. Today many companies are developing devices with this technology, for monitoring patients with heart and cancerigen conditions, and also utilized as a prototype chip to test for the presence of substances such as viruses or diseases like flu. Actually are used as microdevices to screen blood, inject drugs or doses of medicine to improve the heath of people (Figure 3).
MEMS used in the medical applications: (a) microelectronic circuit and (b) micromedical equipment.
In the automotive area, the electronic systems with MEMS are an important key to the smart cars with microsensors, with different functions for security in the operations of cars (Figure 4). In the automotive applications, MEMS are used to analyze and respond to a variety of mechanical and electrical actuators (Smart et al, 2007). Successful applications of MEMS are presented in the automotive market as accelerometers bags air and micro-lenses to projectors light of cars and the future applications in tihs area will reduce costs and improve the performance of the devices.
MEMS used in the automotive applications with lot applications
In the industrial area, MEMS generates more efficient heating systems, air conditioners, refrigerators, freezers, principally, to integrate these equipments, being an intelligent system, to monitoring their functions of climatic parameters as humidity, temperature levels, and pollution agents that react with metallic surfaces of systems in the robust industrial machines (Figure 5). The MEMS are used to a great variety of industries, as military (principally to embed in the body to prevent diseases) and aerospace industries (principally to monitore air pressure and vibration process in the fligths (Laurent, 2008).
MEMS used in the industrial operations.
MEMS promises revolutionize products allowing complete systems on a chip, and be an integration of mechanical elements, sensors, actuators, and electronics on a common silicon substrate through microfabrication technology. Using MEMS cell phones have less power consumption, greater flexibility, lower costs and better features. Other application of MEMS is the replacement of electromagnetic condenser microphone for silicon microphones. Motion capture is a vital application for accelerometers (utilized as acceleration sensors for machine interface / human) and gyroscopes (used for image stabilization by the image sensor), applied in air bagas of cars (Tuite, 2009). A more recent use of these systems are applied in the Iphone and Ipod Touch from Apple and game consoles like the Wii (Figure 6).
MEMS is the branch of micro electronic systems that operates at low level of electrical signals in any type of activities, where scientifics of this area are working every day to improve thier functions. At this level of scale analyzes with MEMS are very important for the amount of information that can be obtained, as the eye can not observe. Due to the large surface to volume ratio of the MEMS, surface effects such as electrostatic and viscosity effects dominate such as volume or mass thermal inertia (Van Spengen, 2003, Cole, 2004). The finite element analysis is an important part of the MEMS design. Sensor technology has made significant progress due to MEMS. The complexity and advanced performance of MEMS sensors has evolved with the different generations of MEMS sensors. The potential of very small machines was appreciated long before there was technology that could develop with experiments of scientifcs in the electronics area, which were presented as electronic devices with a very little space. MEMS became practical once they could be manufactured using modification of semiconductor manufacturing technologies, normally used in electronics (Maluf et al, 2004). These include molding and plating, wet and dry etching, electro discharge machining and other technologies capable of manufacturing very small devices (Gerhardus, 2006). There are different sizes of companies with strong MEMS programs. Larger companies specialized in the manufacture of components or high volume at low cost, manufacture MEMS to principally of automotive, biomedical, aerospatial, communications,and indusrial operations. The success of small businesses is to provide value in innovative solutions and absorb the cost of manufacture with high margins of sales.One of biggest problems is the absence of autonomous MEMS with micro power sources of high current density, power and electricity.Advances in the field of semiconductors are resulting three-dimensional integrated circuits with features and even moving parts (Ohring, 2003).
MEMS used in acoustic systems as cellular phones.
MEMS can solve many problems that a microprocessor with software or configuration as ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Chip) can’t develop. MEMS technology can be applied using a number of different materials and manufacturing techniques, depending of the type of device that is being created and the commercial sector which has to operate (Zawada, 2010). Researchers in MEMS use various software engineering tools to their design with simulation, prototyping and testing operations. The finite element analysis is an important part in the design of MEMS. Dynamic simulation of heat and electricity, mechanical properties can be performed by specialized softwares as ANSYS and COMSOL. Other software, such as MEMS-PRO, is used to produce a composition suitable design for be easy processes of manufacturing of electronic devices with MEMS (Figure 7) used in indusrial plants. After the process of software activities, the prototypes are ready to be tested by the researchers using various tools, as scanning laser Doppler vibrometers, microscopes, and strobes (Tuite, 2009).
MEMS used in acoustic systems as cellular phones.
The miniaturization of electromechanical machines or MEMS is a reality today. Indeed, these microdevices are already used for the performance of accelerometers, found in airbags in cars to determine the right time when a collision occurs and shoot like the inflation mechanism of the bags. This same type of MEMS is used as navigation elements, particularly in the aerospace industry, but also provides applications such as pressure, temperature and humidity (Lope-Badilla Gustavo et al, 2011). They have been incorporated into pacemaker to sense the patient\'s physical activity and change your heart rhythm. To prevent forgery of signatures has been designed to incorporate these accelerometers in pens. Thus, not only be registered owners of the firm stroke but also the velocities and accelerations imparted to the hand to the pen while signing, which would make it much more difficult to counterfeit. Also MEMS are used in heads of ink jet printers, producing the controlled evaporation of the ink at the right moment, thanks to the localized delivery of heat. Besides the advantage of size of these devices is the fact that they can be manufactured by the thousands lowering manufacturing cost significantly (Madou, 2002). MEMS, like any new technology, have had a major impact when it comes to promoting access to new scientific knowledge. This is the case called adaptive optics. The light from astronomical objects coming to ground-based telescopes necessarily passes through the atmosphere, changing its optical path by changes in air density and temperature. The result is a blurred image with poor angular resolution. To avoid this problem, an expensive solution is to place telescopes in space (such as Hubble). Another interesting and least expensive solution for its ability to use large telescopes, not limited by the dimensions that can be handled in space transport, is what brought the development of mirrors whose surface is deformed by MEMS, correcting distortions produced by the atmosphere land (Tanner et al, 2000). Another scientific application of MEMS was the realization of instruments for measuring forces between two objects whose surfaces are at submicron distances (<1um). One objective was to highlight possible deviations from the law of universal gravitation on the law established by Newton, as predicted by some theoretical models. According to these models, these deviations could be made more evident the smaller the distance between the objects (Vittorio, 2001). The problem is that at short distances are also other interactions, such as that arising from the so-called Casimir effect. This effect, linked to the appearance of an attractive force between conducting objects, whose origin is related to a quantum property (zero-point oscillations), is mainly manifested nanometric distances and depends on the geometry of the objects in question. MEMS have provided the tools to evaluate these forces and corroborate laws and deviations in the range of distances explored so far (Olson III et al, 2007, Lewis, 2004).
From its beginnings MEMS was an emerging technology and is very used actually. The use of MEMS in the electronics inustry has contributed to the development of new tecnologies to improve the microelectronic devices (MED) (Schoedrer A. et al, 2003). In the last decade, has increased its use in MED in any operations. Exposure of MEMS to aggressive environments, decrease its operating yielding (Lopez-Badilla Gustavo et al, 2011) for the presence of corrosion, for the chemical and electrochemical processes. For this reason, scientifics were analyzed new designs and materials to avoid the generation of corrosion. Is necessary the use of specialized packaging in the manufacturing processes for mantain optimal functions (Yao, 2000, L. Veleva, 2008). To technical and manager people, corrosion in MEMS is very concerned factor because its working in harsh or corrosive enviroments in the packaging processes of MEMS and its functionability in a lot operations (Ashrae, 1999). There are some parameters as variations of humidity and temperature, bad design with small and curve spaces and at the exposition of air pollutants in indoor of industrial plants acelerates the kinetics of the chemical reactions of corrosion proccess. Sometimes hermetecally sealed packages contain drops of watter vapour or any aggresive acids, which increase the corrosion rate (CR) and deteriorate very fast the electrical connections of MEMS. The most common packages of MEMS are plastic, and when these are not well sealed, water penetrates very slowly to the internal parts of these microdevices (Wojciechowski, 2007, Abdulaziz, 2003).
In the northwest of the Mexico ountry, in the state of Baja California, are located around 400 electronics industries in Mexicali (AMM, 2011) as arid zone where predominate sulfurs (ASTM, 2004) as air pollutants and Tijuana (AMT, 2011) and Ensenada (AME, 2011) as marine regions with sulfurs and chlorides (ASTM G140, 2008) corrosive agents. This research makes an evaluation of the operatig of MEMS which are of importance for the scientific techniques used for analysis, manufacturing and electrical tests. The industrial plants intestered in this study required specialized techniques and methods analysis of MEMS (Robertson et al, 2005). This study is of great importance for the electronics industry of the northwest of Mexico and other environments similar of this region, where the influence of climatic factors as relative humidity (RH) and air pollutants as sulfurs and chlorides are present for long periods of time and at concentrations higher than the air quality standars (ASTM G 4, 2008). This is important because MEMS are very efficient systems that generate a lower cost in production and more reliability (Lopez, 2008). The application of MEMS is an important issue in the electronics industry of the orhwest of Mexico, which is available for use in the improvement and optimization of systems (Lopez et al, 2010).The sudy focuses on analyzing the factors that generate corrosion in MEMS with the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) method and the Auger Electron Scanning (AES) technique. These techniques were applied to determine the agents which react with the copper surfaces of the electrical conexions and connectors and propose the design of new methods of manufacture of micro devices with MEMS and the use of new materials, to avoid or reduce the generation of corrosion (Lopez et al, 2010, Leidecker, 2006). This study was made in three steps:
Evaluation of electrical failures of MEMS in industrial plants of video games in Mexicali, cellular phones in Tijuana and portatile computers in Ensenada.
Micro and nano analysis of surfaces ith the SEM and AES techniques.
Developed of an electronic system to control humidity and temperature and make periodic monitorings to detect very fast principally the high concentration levels of sulfurs and chlorides.
The measuring of electrical signals is important in the evaluation of productive yielding of MEMS, and its process consists in the analysis of the period of oscillation, whcih is the time for one complete oscillation and its unit is second. The frequency is the number of cycles, oscillations or vibrations in the unit time and its unit is the Hertz or cycles / sec. The amplitude of oscillation is the maximum elongation or detachment of the particles with respect to its middle position and due to the oscillation introduced. The wavelength is space for the propagation speed v for a time corresponding to the period T, using measurements of length. The propagation velocity is that which reaches the oscillatory state at various points on the source of the disturbance. The amplitude of the oscillations depends on the power used to produce the initial disturbance (Figure 8).
SEM analysis represents the evaluation of surfaces with microphotographies at surface level indicating the grade of deterioration of the internal and external electrical conexiones and connectors of MEMS. This shows the pathways damaged and the agents that react with the metallic surfaces added and blocked the eletrical conductiviy (ISO 9223, 1992, ISO 11844-1, 2006, ISO 1844-2, 2005). AES technique analyze at surface level and in of this, representing the chemical agents that reacted with the copper surfaces and the dimension of thin layers formed in different areas of the electrical conexions of connectors of MEMS (Figure 9).
Electrical signal of MEMS with wave length and different periods of time.
Electrical conexions and connectors deteriored in the electronics industry of the northwest of Mexico.
The design, fabrication and use of an electronic system to mantain the humidity and temperature at 70% and 35ºC, which are the standard levels to reduce the corrosion process, was made. This equipment is very cheap and easy to apply in any place of the industrial plants evaluated. Its system detects small variations of values of RH and temperature and when any aggresive agent reacts with the metallic surfaces of conexions and connectos of MEMS (Figure 10). The fisrt step is the power supply that gets electrical energy to the system (Lopez B. Gustavo, 2011). Next are the electronic devices which detect the variations of humidity, temperaure and the electrical current to determine if any chemical agent was reacting with the copper surfaces. Also is the indication step to shows the good or bad function of the control system and in the last step is the operation that active a power electrical actuator as electrical fan or other mechanism to maintain the values of climati and electrical currect factors (Lopez B. Gustavo, 2010).
Steps of electronic and automatic control system.
The deterioration of MEMS used in the electronics industry was affeting to their operatibility and increasing the electrical failures at around 35%, representing the major factor in the download of manufacturing areas of the electronic industry. The electrochemical process was accelerated in winter very fast than in summer by the condesantion of humidity and low temperatures. There were presented differen types and procceses of deterioration: uniform, piiting and crevice corrosion. A small and big tarishings were presented in the electrical conexions and conectors of the industrial electronics equipments that were represented in the figures 11 to 13 at 500 X of the SEM evaluation and figures 14 to 16 at 5 X in the same technique (Van Ingelgem, 2007). The Auger analysis showed in combination with the SEM technique (G. L. Badilla et al, 2011), the interested zones of the metallic surfarces to determine the chemical agents which reacted with the copper surfaces (figures 17 to 19). As the theory considerations mention, the sulfurs in Mexicali as arid zone was the higher air pollutant that affected increase the corrosion rate and the chlorides in Tijuana and Ensenada as marine regions. Also the traffice vehicles and chemical agents to verted in water of cities were other pollutants to contribuite to the air pollution and deterioration of metals. Figures 11 to 13 in both pictures showed tarnishings that are an obstruction to the electrical pathways of MEMS. In Mexicali was represented the bigger tarnishing, in Tijuana some pathwys affected and in Ensenada less intensity.
At 5X level of microscopy the same analysis as figures 11 to 13, were presented the figures 14 to 16 with better view as its is showed and with a better descroption of the deterioration. In figure 14 that shows the ocurred in Mexicali, an electrical pathway was deteriored and braked. The same deterioration process was in Tijuana and Ensenada but without the brake of the pathays. With this microanalysis the description of the negative effect of the air pollutants mentioned above and the drastic variations of humidity and temperature were the principal parameters involved in the corrosion processes in each type of corrosion to determine the methods of control to avoid and reduce this phenomenon.
SEM 500X microphotographies of pathways damaged by the atmospheric corrosion in (a) summer.and (b) winter in Mexicali (2010).
SEM 500X microphotographies of pathways damaged by the atmospheric corrosion in (a) summer.and (b) winter in Tijuana (2010).
SEM 500X microphotographies of pathways damaged by the atmospheric corrosion in (a) summer.and (b) winter in Ensenada (2010).
SEM 5X microphotographies of pathways damaged by the atmospheric corrosion in (a) summer.and (b) winter in Mexicali (2010).
SEM 5X microphotographies of pathways damaged by the atmospheric corrosion in (a) summer.and (b) winter in Tijuana (2010).
SEM 5X microphotographies of pathways damaged by the atmospheric corrosion in (a) summer.and (b) winter in Ensenada (2010).
The Auger analysis determined the principal chemical agents that reacted with the copper surfaces and the percentages of these air pollutants combined with the carbon dioxide of the environment and the description of the level of copper. The evaluation shows with spectra the intensity at different kinetic energy to each chemical element in the three regions of the interest. As mentioned carbon is from the atmosphere and oxygen can be from the enviroment or of the oxidation process. SEM evaluation represents a microscopy analysis and Auger technique at nanoscale penetrating the surface and has an operation to clean individual surfaces to a specfic analysis.
AES analysis: (a) Auger map and (b) spectrum evaluation of pathway damaged by the atmospheric corrosion in Mexicali.
AES analysis: (a) Auger map and (b) spectrum evaluation of pathway damaged by the atmospheric corrosion in Tijuana.
AES analysis: (a) Auger map and (b) spectrum evaluation of pathway damaged by the atmospheric corrosion in Tijuana.
The use of MEMS in the electronics industry is an important technology applied to improve the manufacturing processes and their commercial products. This microdevices support to diverse operations in the industrial plants increasing the productive yielding. With climatic factors and pollution parameters controlled is possible avoid the presence of aggresive environments and the generation of corrosion in the electrical conexions and conectors of MEMS used in indoor of the electronics industry. This contrbuite to mantain in good conditions the indusrial equipments and machines of companies. In Mexical considered as arid zone, the principal air pollutants that react with the metallic surfces are sulphurs and in Tijuana and Ensenada, that are marine regions, the chlorides are the principal chemical agents that deteriorate the copper surfaces of electrical conexions and connectors. This study represents an analysis of the presence of corrosion in MEMS of industrial electronic systems, evaluated by the SEM and Auger techniques, and describe the percentage of each chemical agent that react to estimate the type of corrosion ocurred and know the grade of deterioration that origiante the electrical failures. Also was designed, fabricated and tested an electronic system to detect drastic variations of humidity and temperature and low concentrations of air pollutants with a filter that determine a bad operation of electronic equipment, detecting and indicating the begin of the corrosion process that can ocurr. At levels 80% to 90% of RH and 30 ºC to 35 ºC of temperature, the corrosion was uniform and was presented in winter and some periods of summer especially in some days of July and August. At levels around 60% to 80% of RH and 35 ºC to 45 ºC in Mexicali principally; the deterioration was as a pitting corrosion. In the ranges of RH and temperature mentioned above, the concentration levels of sulphurs in Mexicali and chlorides and Tijuana and Ensenada overpass the air quality standards and the corrosion rate was higher. The thin films formed in the metallic surfaces of electrical conexions and conectors acelerate the electrochemical process and increase the CR very fast. Mexicali was the city where the CR was higher followe of Tijuana and at the final case was Ensenada. A factor important is the traffic vehicle that emmit sulfurs, nitrogen oxides and CO, and Mexicali being the city where the corrosion process affect with a major intensity, is smaller in population around 3 times less than Tijuana and have less automoviles, but the emission of sulfhidric acid of the geothemoelectrical plant that generate electricty to Mexicali and other small cities in this region, is an important factor, which cause the deterioration of metallic surfaces as copper used in MEMS. With electronic system controller (ESC) of climatic and enviromental parameters in indoor of the electronics industry, the corrosion decrease and the electrical failures was reducing, obtained a good productive yielding, and this manitained less concerned to the manager and technical people. The indusrial plants of this region principally in Mexicali make new rules and proccedings to avoid the corrosion process, as control of microclima in indoor of the electronics industry, install filtes with better quality to detect finite particles and the use of this ECS to detect gases with a special filter of air pollution. Also were developed courses to managers and technical people to avoid the corrosion pehnomena and if this appears, was suggesting some methods to control. With these resources the corrosion decreasing in the last six months and the manufacturing processes were in good conditons with efficient productive yielding.
‘Emotional Finance’, as inaugurated by Richard Taffler and David Tuckett, received a warm reception in the early 2010s from regulators, the financial press, and investment management industry’s main professional body, the CFA Institute. Yet outside their immediate social and professional circles, the wider academic community largely ignored both Emotional Finance’s challenge to Behavioural Finance and its theoretical and methodological approach, which is, at its core, an application of Kleinian psychoanalysis to interpreting the individual psychology of traders and to describing the group psychology of financial markets. A decade after the financial crisis, industry professionals rarely talk about ‘Emotional Finance’ at all, except insofar as they see ‘emotional biases’ as a sub-species of behavioural biases, which hardly amounts to a successful challenge to Behavioural Finance [1]. Because Taffler and Tuckett’s approach is inherently interdisciplinary, few practicing psychoanalysts have felt equipped to comment upon their characterisation of financial markets, and yet fewer finance academics have the training or inclination to reckon with Taffler and Tuckett’s idiosyncratic handling of psychoanalytic theory.
Emotional Finance, as an intellectual project, rests on four related claims: first, that financial assets are categorically different from other kinds of commodities; second, that financial innovation peculiarly lends itself to being experienced as a ‘phantastic object’; third, that regulators can and should design institutional mechanisms that acknowledge the psychodynamics of the dealing room; and fourth, that the recent financial crisis ought to be handled in a manner similar to the post-Apartheid South African regime’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission. While agreeing that financial bubbles are banal and that emotional responses to the vicissitudes of the market are nothing remarkable, this chapter argues that financial assets are not categorically distinct; that the term ‘phantastic object’ is superfluous and its application is a variant of the ‘sharpshooter’ fallacy; that narrative causation is not formally equivalent to causality; that the relationship between group psychology and individual psychodynamics is under-theorised; and that financial instability is not the same as financial bubbles. Finally, there are other bigger threats to financial stability than those identified by the techniques employed by advocates of Emotional Finance, especially given the periods of relative calm in financial markets between the Great Financial Crisis (2007-2008) and its sequelae in the Eurozone Debt Crisis (2009-2012) and the recent crisis caused by the global coronavirus pandemic in Q2 2020.
By far the most problematic claim of Emotional Finance is that financial assets are somehow a special category. In Minding the Markets, Tuckett claims there are three characteristics of financial assets that make them unusually amenable to obtaining the status of a ‘phantastic object’: their volatility, their abstract quality, and the difficulty in determining whether or not a manager’s success was attributable to skill or luck ([2], p. xvii). Of these, the volatility argument is the most straightforward and also most peculiar. While it is certainly true that individual listed securities, futures contracts, or financial derivatives contracts may be highly volatile, financial markets themselves are notable for their lack of volatility. This is straightforward to demonstrate empirically because the volatility of the ‘S&P 500’ (as measured by the implied volatility of index options for the following 30 days) is itself a tradable index called the VIX or CBOE Volatility Index. Its performance since its inception in 1985 can be seen below in Figure 1.
CBOE Volatility Index (VIX) from December 1985 to October 2020 (daily closings). http://www.cboe.com/products/vix-index-volatility/vix-options-and-futures/vix-index/vix-historical-data (CBOE - Chicago Board Options Exchange).
For most of the last thirty-five years, the VIX has hovered around 15 to 25, with a high of 150 during the October 1987 ‘flash crash’. In the fourth quarter of 2008, after the Lehman collapse, it peaked at around 80. What does this mean? The VIX is a measure of volatility over a 30-day period, annualised, such that a VIX of 20 means that the market is expected to move up or down by 5.8% (or 20/√12) over the next 30 days. Even a VIX of 80 in means that the market is expected to move 23.12% up or down over the next 30 days, which most recently occurred in Q2 2020 with the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. The daily volatility, by contrast, is calculated by dividing the number by √256, or the number of trading days in an average year, which for a VIX of 20, means that the market is expected to move up or down by 1.25% daily.
How does this compare to other commodities, say crude oil, or even to gold, that supposedly safe haven? Figure 2 answers this question. In the case of crude oil, the CBOE also publishes an Oil Volatility Index, which is markedly higher than the S&P 500, which compares favourably to a volatility index for gold over the thirty-year period from 1990-2020.
Comparison of Oil, Stocks, and Gold Volatility Indices 1990-2020. http://www.cboe.com/products/vix-index-volatility/volatility-on-etfs/cboe-crude-oil-etf-volatility-index-ovx (CBOE - Chicago Board Options Exchange); http://www.cboe.com/products/vix-index-volatility/volatility-on-etfs/cboe-gold-etf-volatility-index-gvz (CBOE - Chicago Board Options Exchange); http://www.cboe.com/products/vix-index-volatility/vix-options-and-futures/vix-index/vix-historical-data (CBOE - Chicago Board Options Exchange).
Some might complain that this is because oil and gold are exchange-traded and thus subject to added volatility, but, in fact, there is good evidence that exchange-based futures trading lowers volatility rather than amplifies it. We know this because of a natural experiment afforded by the Onion Futures Act of 1958, which banned futures trading in onions [3]. The price volatility of onions is considerably greater than that of either the S&P 500 or of crude oil. The charts in Figure 3 would not surprise economists or finance academics.
Onions vs Crude Oil, Onions vs S&P 500. (a and b) https://www.investing.com/indices/us-spx-500-historical-data (Investing.com Historical Data); https://www.indexmundi.com/commodities/?commodity=crude-oil&months=360 (Index Mundi data archive); https://usda.library.cornell.edu/concern/publications/k643b116n?locale=en (USDA Data Library); https://bsic.it/the-onion-paradox-or-why-futures-are-good-for-the-economy/ (Bocconi Student Investors Club Blog).
As acknowledged above, individual stocks may move more than the market as a whole, but most investment managers hedge this risk by holding a portfolio composed of a variety of different asset classes, let alone constituents among them. Retail investors, rather than professional money managers, may find themselves credit-constrained and forced to sell if a security falls quickly in value, but most fund managers have either automated stop-losses or the discretion with which to cut their losses. Moreover, over longer time horizons, financial assets are not particularly volatile compared to house prices in major markets in last fifteen years as shown in Figure 4.
Annual House Price Inflation Rates, 2006-2020. https://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/setupDownloads.do (Eurostat Data Archive); https://apps.bea.gov/iTable/iTable.cfm?reqid=19&step=3&isuri=1&1921=survey&1903=11#reqid=19&step=3&isuri=1&1921=survey&1903=11 (BEA, National Data).
The volatility of the stock market against the risk-free rate is not especially significant even during the Dotcom Crashes. As many commentators noticed at the time of the Lehman collapse, the problem was that most fund managers had spent the majority of their career chasing returns and had little experience of market snaps of any kind. Additionally, market snaps of the kind experienced during the 2008 crash or even the Eurobond crisis of 2011-12 pale in comparison to economic shocks such as that experienced during the coronavirus pandemic in Q1-Q2 2020 as illustrated in Figure 5.
VIX to 10 yr. Treasury Note Yield Ratio, 1990-2020. https://www.macrotrends.net/2016/10-year-treasury-bond-rate-yield-chart (Macrotrends Data Archive); http://www.cboe.com/products/vix-index-volatility/vix-options-and-futures/vix-index/vix-historical-data (CBOE - Chicago Board Options Exchange).
This is why financial engineers worked so hard in the period from 2003 to 2006 to create instruments, like mortgage-backed securities and collateralised debt obligations, that gave investors leveraged access to a much more volatile housing market.
There is no reason to contest much of Tuckett’s characterisation of the problems with the ‘efficient-markets hypothesis’ except to say that it is was originally developed as a simplifying assumption that made certain classes of models tractable. The slippage that allowed it to become a (flawed) description of reality, let alone an operative ideal and normative regulatory goal, is ideological and not the consequence of the internal logic of the idea. Some markets are efficient and do not forecast prices reliably, as Holbrook Working discovered when he explored North American grain markets in the interwar period or securities in the postwar moment [4, 5].
The second quality of financial assets, identified by Tuckett, which makes them amenable to the psychodynamic processes that he describes is their putative ‘abstractness’. This is surely in the eyes of the beholder. As early as Adam Smith [6], economic writers identified two (or three) distinct forms of value: value-in-use and value-in-exchange. Value-in-use can be further distinguished as value-in-consumption or in the income generated by a particular asset, i.e. you could live in a house or rent it out, you could eat the produce of your garden or sell it, etc. Value-in-exchange is what it commands either on an open market or in a barter transaction. For financial assets, there is often little consumable ‘value-in-use’ except at the margins, insofar as some investors may buy Class A or B shares in Berkshire Hathaway in order to meet Warren Buffett at his annual junket in Omaha and other investors (especially aggressive hedge funds) may purchase shares in order to control a company, oust its leadership, merge it with another, or even liquidate it. Most often, however, financial assets either generate income (which Tuckett suggests is usually calculated through a capital asset pricing model) or are sold on for speculative gains or losses. Modern finance theory holds that efficient markets should arbitrage value-in-use (income) and value-in-exchange, so that the dividend is ‘priced into’ the share, but in practice many investors are driven by a combination of dividend income and capital gains, and the protection of the latter in the U.S. and UK tax codes has been distorting investment behaviour these last thirty years or so.
Yet, in practice, these instruments are not abstract to those who trade them. Bonds have par values, generate coupon payments, have interest rates and calculable yields based on their prices. Equities may or may not pay dividends, but can be valued on that basis or on the book value of the firm. A variety of options, including the right to buy or sell a security at a particular price, have been well known for over 500 years ([7], p. 2-3). More complex financial derivatives were not abstract so much as they were opaque, in that they were tied to underlying assets that were, themselves, difficult to value. But even if we were to call that ‘abstraction’, it is by no means obvious that this is the sort of abstraction that lends itself to phantasy. It is equally plausible that relatively simple, graspable items in everyday life are the stuff of phantasies. The very complexity of some of the more recent species of financial assets (especially collateralised debt obligations that were tied to securitised mortgages) made them difficult to value, but the problem was not that investment managers fantasised about them, but rather that rating agencies were put under pressure to score them more highly than they deserved.
Elsewhere Tuckett contrasts financial assets with a television set, where ‘a “rational” consumer can consult a range of information about the price and quality and on that basis make a decision’ ([2], p. 21). He goes on to argue that the buyer might notice he got a bad deal, might observe the prices of televisions fluctuates as models sell out quickly or not at all, or as new models appear, and he might have buyer’s remorse, and even sell it on the second-hand market. Yet Tuckett maintains that ‘with financial assets the situation is very different [from television sets] as they have no intrinsic value but one determined by ambiguous information and varying expectations about an uncertain future that plays out in time’ ([2], p. 21). This is simply untrue. Bonds represent claims, either preferential or subordinated, on the business revenue or tax revenue of the firm or sovereign that issued them, equities represent residual claims against the book value of a firm, whereas financial derivatives (swaps, options, etc) represent contractual arrangements that can, and have, been litigated. The fortunes made by vulture funds that purchased collateralised debt obligations composed of subprime mortgages or of junior Greek debt is an indication that these financial assets do have values that are calculable.
What is more difficult to calculate, and is indeed often uncertain, is the depth of the secondary market at a given time, and hence the liquidity risk. Tuckett commits the same error as proponents of the efficient-markets hypothesis do when he ignores what is known in the trade as “the limits of arbitrage”, in that he assumes that buyers are not credit constrained and only buy or sell because of their sense of the direction of the market. The reality is very different, in that people and institutions can be forced to sell for a range of reasons (to raise money to meet current obligations) and institutions, like pension funds, can be forced to purchase risky assets because they have to match their assets with their liabilities to generate the returns needed to meet obligations that are years away. Liquidity risk is particularly acute in a financial crisis where people are not buying or selling anything at any price, but anyone who has tried to sell a television set near the end of the month can tell you that the used market also depends on the proximity of the average consumer to a weekly or monthly pay day, depending on the price level. Sensitivity to liquidity risk is difficult to know ex-ante, but it is not analytically difficult to grasp.
Moreover, the distinction between risk and uncertainty in Tuckett’s account is problematic. Risk is calculable based on an ergodic assumption that the future will be like the past. To a surprising degree, this assumption holds in financial markets, as the ‘equity risk premium’ (the premium paid to investors for buying equities over government debt securities) has not changed much in 150 years, and, as the finance literature has decisively shown, has made owners of shares better off than those who eschew the risks attendant to them [8, 9].
Moreover, as Figure 6 illustrates, the majority of the ‘total return’ from stocks comes from dividends not from price appreciation, which belies the idea that shares do not have a ‘value-in-use’ or income component that is tangible and real.
Nominal and Real Returns from Stocks and the Stock Index, 1927-2020. (a) https://www.statista.com/statistics/1032048/value-us-dollar-since-1640/ (Statista archive); https://www.macrotrends.net/1333/historical-gold-prices-100-year-charthttps://onlygold.com/gold-prices/historical-gold-prices/ (Macrotrends); https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/DGS20#0https://www.multpl.com/s-p-500-historical-prices/table/by-year (St Louis Federal Reserve Archive); https://seekingalpha.com/article/4311451-stocks-bonds-bills-and-inflation-returns-for-94-years-ending-december-2019 (Seeking Alpha Blog). (b) https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/%5EGSPC/history?period1=-1325635200&period2=1603238400&interval=1mo&filter=history&frequency=1mo&includeAdjustedClose=true; https://www.officialdata.org/us/stocks/s-p-500/1927?amount=100&endYear=2020 (Yahoo Finance); https://www.in2013dollars.com/us/inflation/1927#:~:text=In%20other%20words%2C%20%24100%20in,inflation%20rate%20was%20%2D1.69%25. (CPI Inflation Calculator).
The returns above are for U.S. equities as an asset class (i.e. they represent ‘beta’), and say nothing about particular securities or vintages. Yet it is precisely because retail investors and professional money managers can buy (and sell) index-funds that active managers have to try to ‘beat’ the market. That is where the pressure comes, to generate ‘alpha’, which Tuckett correctly notices is ephemeral, and, according to adherents of the efficient-markets hypothesis, at best idiosyncratic and at worst a statistical mirage. The money managers that Tuckett identified have an incentive to depict their performance as a result of their skill, but given the survivorship bias (firms that get unlucky fail and disappear), the charge that even the big winners are probably ‘lucky monkeys’ is not without some real plausibility.
So, yes, returns are ‘uncertain,’ but what does this mean? ‘Uncertainty’ refers to the ‘unknown unknowns’ of Knight and Keynes, but hardly matters much to the everyday operation of markets, which have remained remarkably continuous and well-funded in all but a handful of cases (some of the more exotic CDOs still do not trade at any price) through the last crisis. The reason that discussions of ‘uncertainty’ were back in vogue in the 2010s is that markets in 2003-2007 under-priced risk, because the models could not account for uncertainty. Once-in-a-lifetime events (the so-called Black Swans) are important to risk managers, but for Tuckett’s argument to work they have to be an everyday feature of markets, which they, by definition, are not. Tuckett is describing the life of an onion trader not a financial asset manager. This is precisely why more recent work on emotions in financial markets has eschewed the problematic articulated by Taffler and Tuckett in favour of understanding how emotions affect participants in markets under ordinary trading conditions [10].
While a middle class, middle-aged Londoner might indeed see a television as ordinary and mundane and a share as ‘exotic’ and ‘abstract’, but as seen in the London riots of 2011, ordinary people did risk their livelihoods, reputation (and a possible criminal record) and even lives to snatch televisions and trainers from shops. Before globalisation, not so long ago, consumers in emerging markets invested television sets with almost magical properties. If television sets are in the eye of the beholder, it is equally plausible that various financial instruments are mundane, familiar and more or less rationally estimable by people who trade them every day. Is financial innovation, in its first incarnation then, any different?
Tuckett thinks so. He cites tulips, subscription shares (in the South Sea Bubble), and a host of other items ([2], p. 18) as inherently generating outsized excitement because they represented ‘financial innovation’, but these assertions are not proven. In some cases, as with tulips and subscription shares, the characterisation of them as novel financial innovations is just wrong ([7], pp. 2-4), as futures trading in Baltic grain had preceded that in tulips by over half a century, and the Bank of England offered subscription shares to English investors decades before the South Sea Company directors did. In other cases, it is easier to explain the erratic valuations in terms of Akerlof’s lemon problem, which can be summarised as those who cannot tell good wine from bad will overpay for the latter and undervalue the former [11]. This is not to deny that bubbles form in financial markets or that they are further fuelled by fantastic narratives about the value of the assets, which are their focal point. But let us not forget that the ‘bubble’ in the early noughties was not in collateralised debt obligations, but rather in housing market where price rises were fuelled by the advent of subprime mortgages, which are neither especially abstract nor backed by something intangible. The trouble is not with the role of fantasies in bubbles, but rather with the theoretical formulation of these ‘phantastic objects.’ In short, there is nothing unique about financial assets.
The theoretical edifice of Emotional Finance equally depends on the usefulness of the term, ‘phantastic object’, as a plausible unit of analysis. Tuckett [2] gives his most recent definition of a phantastic object as ‘subjectively very attractive “objects” (people, ideas or things) which we find highly exciting and idealise, imagining (feeling rather than thinking) they can satisfy our deepest desires, the meaning of which we are only partially aware’ ([2], p. xi). According to Tuckett, he had ‘coined the term’ as an attempt to explain a situation where ‘a story gets told about an object of apparent desire (such as a dotcom share, a tulip bulb, or a complex financial derivative), which becomes capable of generating excitement in a situation where outcomes are inherently uncertain’ ([2], p. xiv). He reports that ‘the term conjoins “phantasy” as in unconscious phantasy and “object” as in representation.’ What does this mean? Tuckett further explains: ‘the phantasy stimulated is about more than just a story of getting rich. Rather it is a story about participation in an imagined object relationship in which the possessor of the desired object plays with the omnipotent phantasy of having permanent and exclusive access to it and all good things’ ([2], p. xiv). Although Freud and Klein both long ago recognised that all object relationships are ambivalent, Tuckett sees ambivalence (and with it a degree of abstraction, ambiguity and uncertainty) as necessary ingredients of this heady emotional stew [12, 13]. Yet the insistence on ambivalence, for emphasis, is hardly a cardinal sin.
The more serious problem arises, however, when we pick apart this notion of ‘phantasy.’ For Tuckett and Taffler, the usual citation is Freud’s meditation on creative writing and daydreaming [14]. Here Freud develops a theory, no longer accepted even in literary theory, that a child’s fantastical play is very similar to the creative writer, because both the child and the writer are able to distinguish their intensely rich libido-cathected worlds and the characters they create for them from external reality ([14], p. 142-3). Phantasies, both conscious and unconscious, come to replace play, for Freud, as ‘the growing child when he stops playing, gives up nothing but the link with real objects; instead of playing, he now phantasises’ ([14], p. 144). Adults populate their phantasies with their internal objects both in manifest and disguised forms. In that limited sense, Tuckett’s ‘phantastic object’ is simply any object that has found a place in an adult’s unconscious phantasy, or what Freud constructed as the ‘psychical reality’, which is unique to each individual. Exactly how ‘financial assets’ become the paradigmatic ‘phantastic object’ remains to be shown, unless what Tuckett really means is that financial assets evoke some memory of a part-object or maternal breast.
To complicate matters, Freud recognises that children rarely conceal their fantastical play, whereas ‘the adult, on the contrary, is ashamed of his phantasies and hides them from other people. He cherishes them as his most intimate possessions, and as a rule he would rather confess his misdeeds than tell anyone his phantasies ([14], p. 144). If so, it is all the more remarkable that the fund managers whom Tuckett interviewed were willing to tell their ‘phantasies’ to him, over the course of one meeting of 70 minutes or so, unless, if by analogy to Freud’s neurotic patient who hopes for a cure, they confess their phantasies to Tuckett in hopes of absolution for speculative excess ([14], p. 145).
Freud’s explanation of what causes adults to hide their phantasies in shame arises from the fact that they are ‘either ambitious wishes, which serve to elevate the subject’s personality; or they are exotic (sic) [erotic] ones’ ([14], p. 146). But he cautions, ‘we will not lay stress on the opposition between the two trends; we would rather emphasise the fact that they are often united’ and just as often reparative ([14], p. 146-7). Even the most overtly ‘ambitious, egotist wishes’ have some element of sexual gratification involved, if merely auto-erotic in the most narcissistic of states. Freud finishes by comparing ‘phantasies’ to ‘dreams’ and noting their quality of wish fulfilment ([14], p. 148). All of this is very familiar to psychoanalysts, but Tuckett’s neologism has lost the crucial sense, found in Freud, of erotic wish fulfilment, presumably because draining it of the erotic makes the concept more palatable to Tuckett’s audience. The Strachey translation’s tendency to render ‘fantasy’ as ‘phantasy’ (which is now the conventional usage in Britain) further reinforces the impression that it has little to do with sex, however alien the spelling may seem to American readers.
If we allow that conscious and unconscious narratives which adults weave about their internal objects are invested with libido and contain sexual gratification and conquest as elements of their function as wish fulfilment, then there is nothing unusual, let alone alarming, about a particular investment or set of investments acting as the vehicle, in such a fantasy, to unlimited wealth and with those resources the means to sexual conquest. Buyers of lottery tickets do this every day. To the extent that a particular object occupies a stereotyped place in such narratives, such that it becomes ‘very attractive’ and ‘idealised’ to an individual, let alone a group, then we have something closer to a ‘fetish’ or ‘an inanimate object worshipped … for its magical powers or as being inhabited by a spirit’ ([15], p. 57). Fetish objects also provoke the ‘divided states’ that Tuckett describes ([2], p. xi), possess ‘magical powers’ and lead to ‘potency the [fetishist may] otherwise lack’ ([15], p. 57). Whereas many sexual fetishes function by synecdoche (feet, hair, clothes, footwear, etc), others do so by metonymy, offering a substitute object ([16], p. 132). There are two further features that sharpen the similarities between ‘fetish object’ and ‘phantastic object’, namely ‘(a) the fetish has multiple meanings derived by condensation, displacement and symbolisation from other objects, and (b) the fetishist behaves as though [the fetish object] actually were these other objects and is no more disturbed by incongruity or absurdity than a dreamer is while dreaming’ ([15], p. 57). Ironically, Tuckett’s example of Aladdin’s lamp is usually explained as a fetish object rather than a phantastic one. The use of ‘pseudo-psychoanalytic’ language (‘phantastic object’ in place of ‘fetish object’) may be more acceptable to the audience, but it has the consequence of dislocating the concept within a wider psychoanalytic discourse.
Although Tuckett does not acknowledge this in his own discussion, the Emotional Finance presentation of ‘phantastic objects’ also depends on these meanings derived from ‘condensation, displacement and symbolisation’ ([15], p. 57). Before exploring that in detail, it is first worth considering the alternative source of ‘phantastic object’ as offered by Tuckett, namely in the definition of ‘phantasy’ offered by Laplanche and Pontalis in their rival to the Rycroft volume ([17], pp. 317-321), which invokes the principle that ‘the use of the term “phantasy” cannot fail to evoke the distinction between imagination and reality (perception). If this distinction is made into a major psycho-analytic axis of reference, we are brought to define phantasy as a purely illusory production which cannot be sustained when confronted with a correct apprehension of reality’ ([17], p. 315). As they note, ‘certain of Freud’s writings appear to back up this type of approach. Thus in “Formulations on the Two Principles of Mental Functioning” (1911b), Freud sets the internal world, tending towards satisfaction by means of illusion, against an outside world which gradually imposes the reality principle upon the subject through the mediation of the perceptual system’ ([17], p. 315).
For Taffler and Tuckett, the ‘reality’ of financial markets ultimately strips the ‘phantastic objects’ of their value if not their meaning, as the inevitable crash and de-idealisation leads to anger and revulsion [18]. As Laplanche and Pontalis also notice, modern psychoanalytic usage extends ‘phantasy’ to a range of conscious, preconscious and unconscious fantasies, thereby muddling the extent to which repression plays a role ([17], p. 315). They suggest, instead, distinguishing between day-dreams that serve as compromise-formations, common ‘unconscious phantasies’ that appear as precursors to neurotic symptoms, and unconscious fantasies that offer the seeds of wish fulfilment in dreams. With Tuckett’s formulation, the narratives about ‘phantastic objects’ appear to be mostly preconscious, in that the fund managers are not necessarily aware of them until prompted by their interlocutor, but then venture them freely. Whether or not this is plausible in a psychoanalytic sense remains debatable, as Tuckett’s formulation appears to ignore both the roles of secondary revision and of repression.
As with Freud, Laplanche and Pontalis also link phantasies to desire, which does not even merit an index entry in Tuckett [2]. In Laplanche and Portalis, they emphasise the extent to which wish fulfilment evokes the ‘hallucinatory memory of satisfaction’ (1973, p. 318), or the maternal breast, which is a kind of primordial ‘phantasy-object’. Yet they also acknowledge, ‘the relationship between phantasy and desire seems to us to be more complicated than that. Even in their least elaborate forms, phantasies do not appear to be reducible to an intentional aim on the part of the desiring subject …’, and crucially ‘it is not an object that the subject imagines and aims at, so to speak, but rather a sequence in which the subject has his own part to play and which the permutations of roles and attributions are possible’ ([17], p. 318). Read that way, Tuckett’s ‘phantastic object’ is, in effect, a contradiction in terms, in that it is not the object itself that the subject desires, but rather the outcome of the script, i.e. unbridled wealth, beautiful women (or men), and universal gratification. In other words, we’re back to ordinary explanations that turn on greed, lust, and gluttony.
As to the relationship between the internalisation of the so-called ‘phantastic object’ and the processes Rycroft alludes to of ‘condensation, displacement and symbolisation’, these are, in effect, what Tuckett evokes when he describes the ‘divided states’ of idealisation and de-idealisation that he postulates occur in the minds of traders. There may well be a value in thinking about how financial assets relate to Marxian and Freudian notions of ‘fetishism,’ but Tuckett forecloses this possibility with his neologism.
To summarise, there are two separate etymologies of ‘phantastic object’ in Tuckett’s writings with Taffler on the subject. The strain that depends most heavily on Freud is very hard to distinguish from more conventional uses of ‘fetish object’ while the version that depends strictly on Laplanche and Pontalis is oxymoronic. Either ‘phantastic objects’ are essentially fetish objects, denuded of the explicit eroticism, or they are an inherently self-contradictory attempt to bridge the gap between part-objects expressed in paranoid-schizoid states (where what the infant desires is the maternal breast) and vehicles for the realisation of erotic phantasies in less regressed states of mind. The love affair, in short, is not with the financial asset or the car or the suit, but rather still with idea of ‘getting the girl’ or ‘winning the game.’
The latter is simply an instance of superfluity and proliferation of neologisms, which in turn muddles the waters, whereas the former suggests something of the very problematic hermeneutic strategy employed by those who advocate for Emotional Finance.
Interpretation is not explanation; causation is not causality. In the social sciences, this is almost a cliché, but they are important caveats. Causality rests on the identification of a specific mechanism by which X has an effect on Y. Explanations can be realistic in the sense that they try to account for external reality, or epistemic (anti-realist) in the sense that they strive for the internal consistency of the empirical model. Much of Tuckett’s complaint with modern economics is that it strives for the latter, whereas the natural sciences present themselves as interested in the former, except perhaps in cosmology.
In finance, the movement of prices is easy to explain: they rise when there are more buyers than sellers, they fall when there are more sellers than buyers. The willingness to buy or sell is, indeed, partly influenced by individual expectations of future prices, such that for markets to function there has to be heterogeneity of belief. There is nothing at all surprising about that. Predicting the movement of prices is an occult science, whether practiced by ‘chartists’ who do ‘technical analysis’ or by punters who pontificate on the market outlook for a particular stock. Interpreting price behaviour (explaining why markets rose or fell) lies somewhere in between, though much of it depends on normative judgments about ‘value’. To imagine that you are in an asset-price bubble is to imagine that the current prices of an asset have diverged from some ‘rational’ judgement of fundamental value.
Tuckett retains that notion of ‘rationality’, though he attributes it to an uncertain, yet-to-be-experienced ‘objective reality’ rather than to the price discovery mechanisms of the market. Now he is by no means alone in that, as Behavioural Economics speaks of ‘bounded rationality,’ but the problem is whether or not any of this can be apprehended ex-ante. Tuckett identifies the ‘drowning out’ of naysayers as a feature of the euphoria he describes, yet some of these naysayers, like Nouriel Roubini, have successfully predicted ten out of the last three crises, whereas Warren Buffett made an even greater fortune on Berkshire Hathaway’s derivatives book, even as he preached about ‘weapons of mass destruction’. Some people are hypocrites, others are stereotyped market commentators, and even stopped clocks are right twice a day. It should not be forgotten that the people who made the most money in the Great Financial Crisis where those who shorted subprime mortgages, often against the interests of their own clients. The most successful currency trade in modern times, the Black Wednesday bear raid organised by Soros, was, in fact, a mean-reversion trade designed to force sterling out of the European Exchange Rate Mechanism. It just took two billion pounds to do it. In other words, the trick about shorting anything is timing it. To echo the line often mis-ascribed to Keynes, ‘markets can remain irrational longer than you can remain solvent.’
Tuckett [2] variously declaims any attempts at quantification, though his most recent work aims in that direction by attempting to exploit insights from Big Data [19, 20, 21, 22, 23]. Instead, what Tuckett’s approach is offering is an interpretative strategy, which serves mostly as an elaboration of the latter stages of the Minsky-Kindleberger model of an asset-price bubble [24], which identifies states of ‘displacement, new opportunities, boom, euphoria, dismissal, unease, panic, revulsion’ ([2], p. 16). What the Minsky-Kindleberger model describes is not a mechanism of causality but a causal chain. Psychoanalysis, with its roots in Aristotelian casuistry (with the assumption of a relationship, albeit a complex one, between infantile conflicts and adult neuroses), is especially well-suited to such an exercise. Moreover, psychoanalytic theories of causation are also multi-valent. Aristotle identified four cases: material, formal, efficient and final. Freudian psychoanalysis, on the other hand, tends to consider symptoms simultaneously in terms of ‘origins, genesis, function, meaning and expectation’ ([25], pp. 22-36). For example, your euphoria might well have its genesis in the rising price of a stock (or falling if you shorted it), might have its origins in an outpouring of enthusiasm for a new technology in which the particular firm has an advantage, might be a function of the fact that institutional investors have decided they need exposure to that sector, may mean that firms that rely on older technologies will experience hard times, might have been expected given the success of a similar technology in a more advanced country. None of these interpretations of your euphoria have anything to do with causality in any formal sense (that the number of buyers in the market started to outnumber the number of sellers); but rather this strategy reflects a mode of analysis of narrative causation that is liberating because it disrupts established narratives and opens up the possibilities of new ones. This is why Tuckett eventually became interested in ‘conviction narratives’, because that seemed to present a means of moving from causation to casuality [20, 22]. Unfortunately, this strategy creates a hermeneutic circle.
As post-structuralist literary critics subsequently noticed, these narratives generally are organised around one of four tropes: metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, and irony, which correspond to the emplotments of romance, tragedy, comedy/farce and satire [26]. Tuckett’s case studies of investment managers do all follow similar trajectories, but figural causation is an artefact of the mimetic function of narrative not a feature of reality [27]. The reason that people have not learned from previous crises is because there is less to learn than some might imagine. To suggest otherwise is to suggest that there is some path dependent group psychological structuring of financial bubbles, such that they all have the same denouement, regardless of the particular asset at their core. To the extent that this is true, it is obvious (and just an elaboration of Minksy-Kindleberger), and to the extent that it is not obvious, it is wrong (in that the focal point of bubbles does matter) for reasons that should become clear in the next two sections.
As Tuckett explains, ‘groupfeel’ has replaced his earlier usage of ‘groupthink’ as a way of aggregating the individual emotion states of participants in a market. He is surely correct that groups display elements of ‘consensus seeking, group polarisation, out-group stereotyping, and the suppression of dissent’ ([2], p. 66-67), but what becomes harder to understand is why he sees financial markets as ‘groups’ in the sense that a notion of ‘groupfeel’ would apply. Financial markets are nothing if not competitive arenas, and despite the existence of social spaces in which collusion might occur (c.f. LIBOR-fixing), the notion that the market is subject to these dynamics is implausible. Individual firms may be, which is significant only insofar as some bulge-bracket firms become the dominant dealers in particular financial assets. Tuckett is likewise correct that the structure of the industry means individual managers may be more concerned with short-term performance than with longer-term results, but that has nothing to do with phantastic objects and everything to do with how compensation is structured. This is also one of the few areas in which the market does ‘zero-sum,’ as those managers who outperform the market benchmark are richly rewarded in fees, whereas those who underperform benchmarks get sacked. That said, zero-sum games are not especially known for displaying the sorts of group psychologies found elsewhere.
Behavioural Finance, instead, offers ‘herding’ as a heuristic that mangers use to main-chase the perceived ‘market leaders’. This is not necessarily an emotional response (as one might prefer to think oneself smarter than other traders), but rather a rational one of achieving safe but possibly sub-optimal returns. Even so, it is a simplification to suggest that risk-on/risk-off maps to divided states (paranoid-schizoid and depressive positions), unless one assumes that the ‘market norm’ is one of stagnation, which, at least in equities, is discredited by the data presented in Figure 6. What Tuckett has, in fact, done is taken a typical risk management heuristic of the directors of trading desks on dealing floors, which is to remove from the floor traders who are losing on a given day and to cap the winnings of those who appear to be ‘streaking’, and used it as a synecdoche for the market as a whole. That interpretative strategy makes very little sense, however, when you consider that the reason that the risk manager is pulling the trader is that the frustration and disappointment causes him to exaggerate risk, whereas the success encourages him to underrate risk vis-à-vis the market as a whole. Crucially, in Tuckett’s model, the problem is not the distance between the judgements of individuals and the group, but rather the distance between the phantasies of market participants and his notion of ‘reality’, which can only be apprehended ex-post, but seems in fact to be based upon some notion of equilibrium and rationality that hovers behind the precise notions that he and Taffler try to critique [28], hence the hermeneutic circle.
The final problem with Emotional Finance is the specification of the problem. Financial bubbles are nothing new. One recent work of economic theory written by a former practitioner called them ‘banal’ and ubiquitous [29]. Janeway suggests that problem is not with asset-price bubbles, per se, but rather that some of them are productive whereas others destructive. Asset-price bubbles that focus on ‘general purpose technologies’ or infrastructure (canals, steamships, railways, electrification, information computing technology, etc) tend to be socially beneficial. The rush of speculation generates a tolerance for Schumpterian waste. Once the music stops, individual firms may go bankrupt, but the roads, canals, bridges, and rail lines remain.
Debt-leveraged bubbles, particularly in real estate, can wipe out private wealth and cause contagion to other aspects of the economy, generating great hardship, but those are usually generated by central banks that use household balance sheets to smooth aggregate demand, as happened in the late 1990s and early 2000s. Tuckett’s analysis makes no distinction on the basis of the focal point of the bubble. Bubbles are all equally suspect, in that they are formed around ‘phantastic objects’ that promise fool’s gold. Underlying Tuckett’s work is the peculiar fantasy that it is possible to train regulators to identify asset-price bubbles based on their recognition of a kind of prodromal euphoric state as evidenced in the chatter of traders, particularly on the Bloomberg platform. The idea is then to install circuit-breakers, as a kind of market nanny decides ‘enough is enough.’ The problem with this is that it begs the regulatory equivalent of the Texas sharpshooter fallacy, whereby a gunman sprays the side of a barn with a shotgun and only then steps up to draw the bulls-eye. We can only guess at the number of ‘dangerous’ bubbles that will be so averted!
One final point remains to be made. Tuckett calls for a ‘Truth and Reconciliation’ Commission to investigate the financial crisis in the same manner as the Apartheid-era crimes in South Africa. Leaving aside the question of how successful the latter was, the former is hardly worthy of such an intellectual and moral project. The Great Financial Crisis was not the end of the world as we know it, particularly from the vantage point of 2020 when the effects of COVID-19 lockdowns are so much greater. If the Great Financial Crisis was a searing experience for the Millenial generation, it was not because of economic realities, but because of the political responses to the crisis. Austerity policies which produced widening inequality in the developed world are neither ‘necessary evils’ nor the product of the ‘inner logic of capitalism,’ but rather are ideological and political projects pursued with the blessings of the median-voter.
The most dangerous thing about Tuckett’s proposals for ‘minding markets’ is that they de-politicise the regulatory process, putting it in the realm of regulating human emotion, rather than in the sphere of political economy. For Tuckett, based in the United Kingdom, the irony of the financial crisis is that the neo-liberal experiment in ‘light touch’ regulation and low levels of taxation (especially on capital gains) happened under New Labour. The Tories came to power on the back of New Labour’s mistakes, and have followed the ‘tried and true’ strategy of austerity while blaming the ‘pain’ on their predecessors and on the European Union. The electoral calculus of such a strategy produced Brexit. The glee with which the political elite have pursued these aims and the docility of the electorate in the face them is a much worthier target of study via notions like ‘groupfeel’ and ‘phantasies’ that produce master narratives. Rather than minding impersonal markets, we’d do better to mind our own tendency to deny the damage done by those who used the financial crisis to justify policies that they fully intended to pursue anyway. If 9/11 was George Bush’s excuse for invading Iraq, the collapse of Lehman Brothers in its vicissitudes offered the Tories a pretext for dismantling the welfare state. In the era of COVID-19, the main challenge for regulators and central banks alike will be resisting pressure from politicians the world over to encourage bull markets deliberately in order to maintain consumer and investment confidence in the face of damage to the real economy and especially the attendant job losses. In addressing such questions, ‘Emotional Finance’ has little to offer, despite the sense of Déjà vu involved.
The author would like to acknowledge a number of people with whom she has discussed this subject over the years, including Professor Michelle Baddeley, Dr Stanley H. Shapiro, Dr Frederick Fisher, Dr Margot Waddell, and Dr David Bell, and the members of the London Consortium’s ‘Psychoanalytic Thought, History and Political Life Forum,’ which was where she gave a version of this paper as a seminar in June 2014. Special thanks to the organisers, Dr Shaul Bar-Haim, Dr Benjamin Poore, and Dr Helen Tyson, and particularly to Professor Daniel Pick, Professor Jacqueline Rose, Dr Matt ffytche, Dr Manuel Batsch, and Dr Akshi Singh for their comments. A version was also circulated in September 2015 at the New Imago Forum at Jesus College, Oxford where useful suggestions were made. The author would also like to thank her research assistant, Mr Eskil Välilä, for redrawing the graphs with updated data, which required considerable research, and for rendering them to suit the formatting guidelines for this publication.
The author declares no conflict of interest.
Figure 1:
Figure 2:
Figure 3 (a and b):
Figure 4:
Figure 5:
Figure 6a:
Figure 6b:
IntechOpen aims to ensure that original material is published while at the same time giving significant freedom to our Authors. To that end we maintain a flexible Copyright Policy guaranteeing that there is no transfer of copyright to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their Work.
',metaTitle:"Publication Agreement - Chapters",metaDescription:"IN TECH aims to guarantee that original material is published while at the same time giving significant freedom to our authors. For that matter, we uphold a flexible copyright policy meaning that there is no transfer of copyright to the publisher and authors retain exclusive copyright to their work.\n\nWhen submitting a manuscript the Corresponding Author is required to accept the terms and conditions set forth in our Publication Agreement as follows:",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/publication-agreement-chapters",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"The Corresponding Author (acting on behalf of all Authors) and INTECHOPEN LIMITED, incorporated and registered in England and Wales with company number 11086078 and a registered office at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, United Kingdom, SW7 2QJ conclude the following Agreement regarding the publication of a Book Chapter:
\\n\\n1. DEFINITIONS
\\n\\nCorresponding Author: The Author of the Chapter who serves as a Signatory to this Agreement. The Corresponding Author acts on behalf of any other Co-Author.
\\n\\nCo-Author: All other Authors of the Chapter besides the Corresponding Author.
\\n\\nIntechOpen: IntechOpen Ltd., the Publisher of the Book.
\\n\\nBook: The publication as a collection of chapters compiled by IntechOpen including the Chapter. Chapter: The original literary work created by Corresponding Author and any Co-Author that is the subject of this Agreement.
\\n\\n2. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S GRANT OF RIGHTS
\\n\\n2.1 Subject to the following Article, the Corresponding Author grants and shall ensure that each Co-Author grants, to IntechOpen, during the full term of copyright and any extensions or renewals of that term the following:
\\n\\nThe aforementioned licenses shall survive the expiry or termination of this Agreement for any reason.
\\n\\n2.2 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of any Co-Author) reserves the following rights to the Chapter but agrees not to exercise them in such a way as to adversely affect IntechOpen's ability to utilize the full benefit of this Publication Agreement: (i) reprographic rights worldwide, other than those which subsist in the typographical arrangement of the Chapter as published by IntechOpen; and (ii) public lending rights arising under the Public Lending Right Act 1979, as amended from time to time, and any similar rights arising in any part of the world.
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author confirms that they (and any Co-Author) are and will remain a member of any applicable licensing and collecting society and any successor to that body responsible for administering royalties for the reprographic reproduction of copyright works.
\\n\\nSubject to the license granted above, copyright in the Chapter and all versions of it created during IntechOpen's editing process (including the published version) is retained by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\\n\\nSubject to the license granted above, the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author retains patent, trademark and other intellectual property rights to the Chapter.
\\n\\n2.3 All rights granted to IntechOpen in this Article are assignable, sublicensable or otherwise transferrable to third parties without the Corresponding Author's or any Co-Author’s specific approval.
\\n\\n2.4 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author) will not assert any rights under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 to object to derogatory treatment of the Chapter as a consequence of IntechOpen's changes to the Chapter arising from translation of it, corrections and edits for house style, removal of problematic material and other reasonable edits.
\\n\\n3. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S DUTIES
\\n\\n3.1 When distributing or re-publishing the Chapter, the Corresponding Author agrees to credit the Book in which the Chapter has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen. The Corresponding Author warrants that each Co-Author will also credit the Book in which the Chapter has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen, when they are distributing or re-publishing the Chapter.
\\n\\n3.2 When submitting the Chapter, the Corresponding Author agrees to:
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author will be held responsible for the payment of the Open Access Publishing Fees.
\\n\\nAll payments shall be due 30 days from the date of the issued invoice. The Corresponding Author or the payer on the Corresponding Author's and Co-Authors' behalf will bear all banking and similar charges incurred.
\\n\\n3.3 The Corresponding Author shall obtain in writing all consents necessary for the reproduction of any material in which a third-party right exists, including quotations, photographs and illustrations, in all editions of the Chapter worldwide for the full term of the above licenses, and shall provide to IntechOpen upon request the original copies of such consents for inspection (at IntechOpen's option) or photocopies of such consents.
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author shall obtain written informed consent for publication from people who might recognize themselves or be identified by others (e.g. from case reports or photographs).
\\n\\n3.4 The Corresponding Author and any Co-Author shall respect confidentiality rights during and after the termination of this Agreement. The information contained in all correspondence and documents as part of the publishing activity between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author are confidential and are intended only for the recipient. The contents may not be disclosed publicly and are not intended for unauthorized use or distribution. Any use, disclosure, copying, or distribution is prohibited and may be unlawful.
\\n\\n4. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S WARRANTY
\\n\\n4.1 The Corresponding Author represents and warrants that the Chapter does not and will not breach any applicable law or the rights of any third party and, specifically, that the Chapter contains no matter that is defamatory or that infringes any literary or proprietary rights, intellectual property rights, or any rights of privacy. The Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) the Chapter is the original work of themselves and any Co-Author and is not copied wholly or substantially from any other work or material or any other source; (ii) the Chapter has not been formally published in any other peer-reviewed journal or in a book or edited collection, and is not under consideration for any such publication; (iii) they themselves and any Co-Author are qualifying persons under section 154 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988; (iv) they themselves and any Co-Author have not assigned and will not during the term of this Publication Agreement purport to assign any of the rights granted to IntechOpen under this Publication Agreement; and (v) the rights granted by this Publication Agreement are free from any security interest, option, mortgage, charge or lien.
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author also warrants and represents that: (i) they have the full power to enter into this Publication Agreement on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author; and (ii) they have the necessary rights and/or title in and to the Chapter to grant IntechOpen, on behalf of themselves and any Co-Author, the rights and licenses expressed to be granted in this Publication Agreement. If the Chapter was prepared jointly by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, the Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) each Co-Author agrees to the submission, license and publication of the Chapter on the terms of this Publication Agreement; and (ii) they have the authority to enter into this Publication Agreement on behalf of and bind each Co-Author. The Corresponding Author shall: (i) ensure each Co-Author complies with all relevant provisions of this Publication Agreement, including those relating to confidentiality, performance and standards, as if a party to this Publication Agreement; and (ii) remain primarily liable for all acts and/or omissions of each such Co-Author.
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author agrees to indemnify and hold IntechOpen harmless against all liabilities, costs, expenses, damages and losses and all reasonable legal costs and expenses suffered or incurred by IntechOpen arising out of or in connection with any breach of the aforementioned representations and warranties. This indemnity shall not cover IntechOpen to the extent that a claim under it results from IntechOpen's negligence or willful misconduct.
\\n\\n4.2 Nothing in this Publication Agreement shall have the effect of excluding or limiting any liability for death or personal injury caused by negligence or any other liability that cannot be excluded or limited by applicable law.
\\n\\n5. TERMINATION
\\n\\n5.1 IntechOpen has a right to terminate this Publication Agreement for quality, program, technical or other reasons with immediate effect, including without limitation (i) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author commits a material breach of this Publication Agreement; (ii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being an individual) is the subject of a bankruptcy petition, application or order; or (iii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being a company) commences negotiations with all or any class of its creditors with a view to rescheduling any of its debts, or makes a proposal for or enters into any compromise or arrangement with any of its creditors.
\\n\\nIn case of termination, IntechOpen will notify the Corresponding Author, in writing, of the decision.
\\n\\n6. INTECHOPEN’S DUTIES AND RIGHTS
\\n\\n6.1 Unless prevented from doing so by events outside its reasonable control, IntechOpen, in its discretion, agrees to publish the Chapter attributing it to the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\\n\\n6.2 IntechOpen has the right to use the Corresponding Author’s and any Co-Author’s names and likeness in connection with scientific dissemination, retrieval, archiving, web hosting and promotion and marketing of the Chapter and has the right to contact the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author until the Chapter is publicly available on any platform owned and/or operated by IntechOpen.
\\n\\n6.3 IntechOpen is granted the authority to enforce the rights from this Publication Agreement, on behalf of the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, against third parties (for example in cases of plagiarism or copyright infringements). In respect of any such infringement or suspected infringement of the copyright in the Chapter, IntechOpen shall have absolute discretion in addressing any such infringement which is likely to affect IntechOpen's rights under this Publication Agreement, including issuing and conducting proceedings against the suspected infringer.
\\n\\n7. MISCELLANEOUS
\\n\\n7.1 Further Assurance: The Corresponding Author shall and will ensure that any relevant third party (including any Co-Author) shall, execute and deliver whatever further documents or deeds and perform such acts as IntechOpen reasonably requires from time to time for the purpose of giving IntechOpen the full benefit of the provisions of this Publication Agreement.
\\n\\n7.2 Third Party Rights: A person who is not a party to this Publication Agreement may not enforce any of its provisions under the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999.
\\n\\n7.3 Entire Agreement: This Publication Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties in relation to its subject matter. It replaces and extinguishes all prior agreements, draft agreements, arrangements, collateral warranties, collateral contracts, statements, assurances, representations and undertakings of any nature made by or on behalf of the parties, whether oral or written, in relation to that subject matter. Each party acknowledges that in entering into this Publication Agreement it has not relied upon any oral or written statements, collateral or other warranties, assurances, representations or undertakings which were made by or on behalf of the other party in relation to the subject matter of this Publication Agreement at any time before its signature (together "Pre-Contractual Statements"), other than those which are set out in this Publication Agreement. Each party hereby waives all rights and remedies which might otherwise be available to it in relation to such Pre-Contractual Statements. Nothing in this clause shall exclude or restrict the liability of either party arising out of its pre-contract fraudulent misrepresentation or fraudulent concealment.
\\n\\n7.4 Waiver: No failure or delay by a party to exercise any right or remedy provided under this Publication Agreement or by law shall constitute a waiver of that or any other right or remedy, nor shall it preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy. No single or partial exercise of such right or remedy shall preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy.
\\n\\n7.5 Variation: No variation of this Publication Agreement shall be effective unless it is in writing and signed by the parties (or their duly authorized representatives).
\\n\\n7.6 Severance: If any provision or part-provision of this Publication Agreement is or becomes invalid, illegal or unenforceable, it shall be deemed modified to the minimum extent necessary to make it valid, legal and enforceable. If such modification is not possible, the relevant provision or part-provision shall be deemed deleted.
\\n\\nAny modification to or deletion of a provision or part-provision under this clause shall not affect the validity and enforceability of the rest of this Publication Agreement.
\\n\\n7.7 No partnership: Nothing in this Publication Agreement is intended to, or shall be deemed to, establish or create any partnership or joint venture or the relationship of principal and agent or employer and employee between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author, nor authorize any party to make or enter into any commitments for or on behalf of any other party.
\\n\\n7.8 Governing law: This Publication Agreement and any dispute or claim (including non-contractual disputes or claims) arising out of or in connection with it or its subject matter or formation shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the law of England and Wales. The parties submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts to settle any dispute or claim arising out of or in connection with this Publication Agreement (including any non-contractual disputes or claims).
\\n\\nLast updated: 2020-11-27
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"
The Corresponding Author (acting on behalf of all Authors) and INTECHOPEN LIMITED, incorporated and registered in England and Wales with company number 11086078 and a registered office at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, United Kingdom, SW7 2QJ conclude the following Agreement regarding the publication of a Book Chapter:
\n\n1. DEFINITIONS
\n\nCorresponding Author: The Author of the Chapter who serves as a Signatory to this Agreement. The Corresponding Author acts on behalf of any other Co-Author.
\n\nCo-Author: All other Authors of the Chapter besides the Corresponding Author.
\n\nIntechOpen: IntechOpen Ltd., the Publisher of the Book.
\n\nBook: The publication as a collection of chapters compiled by IntechOpen including the Chapter. Chapter: The original literary work created by Corresponding Author and any Co-Author that is the subject of this Agreement.
\n\n2. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S GRANT OF RIGHTS
\n\n2.1 Subject to the following Article, the Corresponding Author grants and shall ensure that each Co-Author grants, to IntechOpen, during the full term of copyright and any extensions or renewals of that term the following:
\n\nThe aforementioned licenses shall survive the expiry or termination of this Agreement for any reason.
\n\n2.2 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of any Co-Author) reserves the following rights to the Chapter but agrees not to exercise them in such a way as to adversely affect IntechOpen's ability to utilize the full benefit of this Publication Agreement: (i) reprographic rights worldwide, other than those which subsist in the typographical arrangement of the Chapter as published by IntechOpen; and (ii) public lending rights arising under the Public Lending Right Act 1979, as amended from time to time, and any similar rights arising in any part of the world.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author confirms that they (and any Co-Author) are and will remain a member of any applicable licensing and collecting society and any successor to that body responsible for administering royalties for the reprographic reproduction of copyright works.
\n\nSubject to the license granted above, copyright in the Chapter and all versions of it created during IntechOpen's editing process (including the published version) is retained by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\n\nSubject to the license granted above, the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author retains patent, trademark and other intellectual property rights to the Chapter.
\n\n2.3 All rights granted to IntechOpen in this Article are assignable, sublicensable or otherwise transferrable to third parties without the Corresponding Author's or any Co-Author’s specific approval.
\n\n2.4 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author) will not assert any rights under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 to object to derogatory treatment of the Chapter as a consequence of IntechOpen's changes to the Chapter arising from translation of it, corrections and edits for house style, removal of problematic material and other reasonable edits.
\n\n3. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S DUTIES
\n\n3.1 When distributing or re-publishing the Chapter, the Corresponding Author agrees to credit the Book in which the Chapter has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen. The Corresponding Author warrants that each Co-Author will also credit the Book in which the Chapter has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen, when they are distributing or re-publishing the Chapter.
\n\n3.2 When submitting the Chapter, the Corresponding Author agrees to:
\n\nThe Corresponding Author will be held responsible for the payment of the Open Access Publishing Fees.
\n\nAll payments shall be due 30 days from the date of the issued invoice. The Corresponding Author or the payer on the Corresponding Author's and Co-Authors' behalf will bear all banking and similar charges incurred.
\n\n3.3 The Corresponding Author shall obtain in writing all consents necessary for the reproduction of any material in which a third-party right exists, including quotations, photographs and illustrations, in all editions of the Chapter worldwide for the full term of the above licenses, and shall provide to IntechOpen upon request the original copies of such consents for inspection (at IntechOpen's option) or photocopies of such consents.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author shall obtain written informed consent for publication from people who might recognize themselves or be identified by others (e.g. from case reports or photographs).
\n\n3.4 The Corresponding Author and any Co-Author shall respect confidentiality rights during and after the termination of this Agreement. The information contained in all correspondence and documents as part of the publishing activity between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author are confidential and are intended only for the recipient. The contents may not be disclosed publicly and are not intended for unauthorized use or distribution. Any use, disclosure, copying, or distribution is prohibited and may be unlawful.
\n\n4. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S WARRANTY
\n\n4.1 The Corresponding Author represents and warrants that the Chapter does not and will not breach any applicable law or the rights of any third party and, specifically, that the Chapter contains no matter that is defamatory or that infringes any literary or proprietary rights, intellectual property rights, or any rights of privacy. The Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) the Chapter is the original work of themselves and any Co-Author and is not copied wholly or substantially from any other work or material or any other source; (ii) the Chapter has not been formally published in any other peer-reviewed journal or in a book or edited collection, and is not under consideration for any such publication; (iii) they themselves and any Co-Author are qualifying persons under section 154 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988; (iv) they themselves and any Co-Author have not assigned and will not during the term of this Publication Agreement purport to assign any of the rights granted to IntechOpen under this Publication Agreement; and (v) the rights granted by this Publication Agreement are free from any security interest, option, mortgage, charge or lien.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author also warrants and represents that: (i) they have the full power to enter into this Publication Agreement on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author; and (ii) they have the necessary rights and/or title in and to the Chapter to grant IntechOpen, on behalf of themselves and any Co-Author, the rights and licenses expressed to be granted in this Publication Agreement. If the Chapter was prepared jointly by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, the Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) each Co-Author agrees to the submission, license and publication of the Chapter on the terms of this Publication Agreement; and (ii) they have the authority to enter into this Publication Agreement on behalf of and bind each Co-Author. The Corresponding Author shall: (i) ensure each Co-Author complies with all relevant provisions of this Publication Agreement, including those relating to confidentiality, performance and standards, as if a party to this Publication Agreement; and (ii) remain primarily liable for all acts and/or omissions of each such Co-Author.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author agrees to indemnify and hold IntechOpen harmless against all liabilities, costs, expenses, damages and losses and all reasonable legal costs and expenses suffered or incurred by IntechOpen arising out of or in connection with any breach of the aforementioned representations and warranties. This indemnity shall not cover IntechOpen to the extent that a claim under it results from IntechOpen's negligence or willful misconduct.
\n\n4.2 Nothing in this Publication Agreement shall have the effect of excluding or limiting any liability for death or personal injury caused by negligence or any other liability that cannot be excluded or limited by applicable law.
\n\n5. TERMINATION
\n\n5.1 IntechOpen has a right to terminate this Publication Agreement for quality, program, technical or other reasons with immediate effect, including without limitation (i) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author commits a material breach of this Publication Agreement; (ii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being an individual) is the subject of a bankruptcy petition, application or order; or (iii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being a company) commences negotiations with all or any class of its creditors with a view to rescheduling any of its debts, or makes a proposal for or enters into any compromise or arrangement with any of its creditors.
\n\nIn case of termination, IntechOpen will notify the Corresponding Author, in writing, of the decision.
\n\n6. INTECHOPEN’S DUTIES AND RIGHTS
\n\n6.1 Unless prevented from doing so by events outside its reasonable control, IntechOpen, in its discretion, agrees to publish the Chapter attributing it to the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\n\n6.2 IntechOpen has the right to use the Corresponding Author’s and any Co-Author’s names and likeness in connection with scientific dissemination, retrieval, archiving, web hosting and promotion and marketing of the Chapter and has the right to contact the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author until the Chapter is publicly available on any platform owned and/or operated by IntechOpen.
\n\n6.3 IntechOpen is granted the authority to enforce the rights from this Publication Agreement, on behalf of the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, against third parties (for example in cases of plagiarism or copyright infringements). In respect of any such infringement or suspected infringement of the copyright in the Chapter, IntechOpen shall have absolute discretion in addressing any such infringement which is likely to affect IntechOpen's rights under this Publication Agreement, including issuing and conducting proceedings against the suspected infringer.
\n\n7. MISCELLANEOUS
\n\n7.1 Further Assurance: The Corresponding Author shall and will ensure that any relevant third party (including any Co-Author) shall, execute and deliver whatever further documents or deeds and perform such acts as IntechOpen reasonably requires from time to time for the purpose of giving IntechOpen the full benefit of the provisions of this Publication Agreement.
\n\n7.2 Third Party Rights: A person who is not a party to this Publication Agreement may not enforce any of its provisions under the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999.
\n\n7.3 Entire Agreement: This Publication Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties in relation to its subject matter. It replaces and extinguishes all prior agreements, draft agreements, arrangements, collateral warranties, collateral contracts, statements, assurances, representations and undertakings of any nature made by or on behalf of the parties, whether oral or written, in relation to that subject matter. Each party acknowledges that in entering into this Publication Agreement it has not relied upon any oral or written statements, collateral or other warranties, assurances, representations or undertakings which were made by or on behalf of the other party in relation to the subject matter of this Publication Agreement at any time before its signature (together "Pre-Contractual Statements"), other than those which are set out in this Publication Agreement. Each party hereby waives all rights and remedies which might otherwise be available to it in relation to such Pre-Contractual Statements. Nothing in this clause shall exclude or restrict the liability of either party arising out of its pre-contract fraudulent misrepresentation or fraudulent concealment.
\n\n7.4 Waiver: No failure or delay by a party to exercise any right or remedy provided under this Publication Agreement or by law shall constitute a waiver of that or any other right or remedy, nor shall it preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy. No single or partial exercise of such right or remedy shall preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy.
\n\n7.5 Variation: No variation of this Publication Agreement shall be effective unless it is in writing and signed by the parties (or their duly authorized representatives).
\n\n7.6 Severance: If any provision or part-provision of this Publication Agreement is or becomes invalid, illegal or unenforceable, it shall be deemed modified to the minimum extent necessary to make it valid, legal and enforceable. If such modification is not possible, the relevant provision or part-provision shall be deemed deleted.
\n\nAny modification to or deletion of a provision or part-provision under this clause shall not affect the validity and enforceability of the rest of this Publication Agreement.
\n\n7.7 No partnership: Nothing in this Publication Agreement is intended to, or shall be deemed to, establish or create any partnership or joint venture or the relationship of principal and agent or employer and employee between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author, nor authorize any party to make or enter into any commitments for or on behalf of any other party.
\n\n7.8 Governing law: This Publication Agreement and any dispute or claim (including non-contractual disputes or claims) arising out of or in connection with it or its subject matter or formation shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the law of England and Wales. The parties submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts to settle any dispute or claim arising out of or in connection with this Publication Agreement (including any non-contractual disputes or claims).
\n\nLast updated: 2020-11-27
\n\n\n\n
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5766},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5227},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1717},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10367},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:897},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15789}],offset:12,limit:12,total:118188},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"10"},books:[{type:"book",id:"8969",title:"Deserts and Desertification",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"4df95c7f295de7f6003e635d9a309fe9",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Yajuan Zhu, Dr. Qinghong Luo and Dr. Yuguo Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8969.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"180427",title:"Dr.",name:"Yajuan",surname:"Zhu",slug:"yajuan-zhu",fullName:"Yajuan Zhu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10754",title:"Global Warming and Climate Change",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8994a915a306910a01cbe2027aa2139b",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Stuart Arthur Harris",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10754.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"12539",title:"Dr.",name:"Stuart",surname:"Harris",slug:"stuart-harris",fullName:"Stuart Harris"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10756",title:"Urban Agglomeration",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"65f2a1fef9c804c29b18ef3ac4a35066",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Luis Loures",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10756.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"108118",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",surname:"Loures",slug:"luis-loures",fullName:"Luis Loures"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10761",title:"Glaciology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"bd112c839a9b8037f1302ca6c0d55a2a",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10761.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10762",title:"Cosmology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f28a2213571fb878839bcbacb9827a1d",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10762.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10851",title:"Volcanology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"6cfc09f959efecf9ba95654b1bb4b987",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Angelo Paone and Prof. Sung-Hyo Yun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10851.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"182871",title:"Prof.",name:"Angelo",surname:"Paone",slug:"angelo-paone",fullName:"Angelo Paone"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10949",title:"Clay and Clay Minerals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"44d08b9e490617fcbf7786c381c85fbc",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10949.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10950",title:"Landslides",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8fcc0f63c22c087239f07a8e06ec2549",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10950.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10952",title:"Soil Science - Emerging Technologies, Global Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3dbedd2099c57a24eaab114be4ba2b48",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Michael Thomas Aide and Dr. Indi Braden",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10952.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"185895",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",surname:"Aide",slug:"michael-aide",fullName:"Michael Aide"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10954",title:"Dark Matter - Recent Observations and Theoretical Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b0fbd6ee0096e4c16e9513bf01273ab3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Michael L. Smith",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10954.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"59479",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael L.",surname:"Smith",slug:"michael-l.-smith",fullName:"Michael L. Smith"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:14},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:1}],offset:12,limit:12,total:10},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9671",title:"Macrophages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"03b00fdc5f24b71d1ecdfd75076bfde6",slug:"macrophages",bookSignature:"Hridayesh Prakash",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9671.jpg",editors:[{id:"287184",title:"Dr.",name:"Hridayesh",middleName:null,surname:"Prakash",slug:"hridayesh-prakash",fullName:"Hridayesh Prakash"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7841",title:"New Insights Into Metabolic Syndrome",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef5accfac9772b9e2c9eff884f085510",slug:"new-insights-into-metabolic-syndrome",bookSignature:"Akikazu Takada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7841.jpg",editors:[{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8558",title:"Aerodynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db7263fc198dfb539073ba0260a7f1aa",slug:"aerodynamics",bookSignature:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy and Aly-Mousaad Aly",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8558.jpg",editors:[{id:"35542",title:"Prof.",name:"Mofid",middleName:null,surname:"Gorji-Bandpy",slug:"mofid-gorji-bandpy",fullName:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7847",title:"Medical Toxicology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db9b65bea093de17a0855a1b27046247",slug:"medical-toxicology",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Tomohisa Ogawa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7847.jpg",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoglu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10432",title:"Casting Processes and Modelling of Metallic Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c5c9df938666bf5d1797727db203a6d",slug:"casting-processes-and-modelling-of-metallic-materials",bookSignature:"Zakaria Abdallah and Nada Aldoumani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10432.jpg",editors:[{id:"201670",title:"Dr.",name:"Zak",middleName:null,surname:"Abdallah",slug:"zak-abdallah",fullName:"Zak Abdallah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5229},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9671",title:"Macrophages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"03b00fdc5f24b71d1ecdfd75076bfde6",slug:"macrophages",bookSignature:"Hridayesh Prakash",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9671.jpg",editors:[{id:"287184",title:"Dr.",name:"Hridayesh",middleName:null,surname:"Prakash",slug:"hridayesh-prakash",fullName:"Hridayesh Prakash"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10432",title:"Casting Processes and Modelling of Metallic Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c5c9df938666bf5d1797727db203a6d",slug:"casting-processes-and-modelling-of-metallic-materials",bookSignature:"Zakaria Abdallah and Nada Aldoumani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10432.jpg",editors:[{id:"201670",title:"Dr.",name:"Zak",middleName:null,surname:"Abdallah",slug:"zak-abdallah",fullName:"Zak Abdallah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7841",title:"New Insights Into Metabolic Syndrome",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef5accfac9772b9e2c9eff884f085510",slug:"new-insights-into-metabolic-syndrome",bookSignature:"Akikazu Takada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7841.jpg",editors:[{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9550",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Contemporary Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b4ac1ee5b743abf6f88495452b1e5e7",slug:"entrepreneurship-contemporary-issues",bookSignature:"Mladen Turuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"319755",title:"Prof.",name:"Mladen",middleName:null,surname:"Turuk",slug:"mladen-turuk",fullName:"Mladen Turuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8098",title:"Resources of Water",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d251652996624d932ef7b8ed62cf7cfc",slug:"resources-of-water",bookSignature:"Prathna Thanjavur Chandrasekaran, Muhammad Salik Javaid, Aftab Sadiq",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8098.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"167917",title:"Dr.",name:"Prathna",middleName:null,surname:"Thanjavur Chandrasekaran",slug:"prathna-thanjavur-chandrasekaran",fullName:"Prathna Thanjavur Chandrasekaran"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10432",title:"Casting Processes and Modelling of Metallic Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c5c9df938666bf5d1797727db203a6d",slug:"casting-processes-and-modelling-of-metallic-materials",bookSignature:"Zakaria Abdallah and Nada Aldoumani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10432.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"201670",title:"Dr.",name:"Zak",middleName:null,surname:"Abdallah",slug:"zak-abdallah",fullName:"Zak Abdallah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9671",title:"Macrophages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"03b00fdc5f24b71d1ecdfd75076bfde6",slug:"macrophages",bookSignature:"Hridayesh Prakash",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9671.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"287184",title:"Dr.",name:"Hridayesh",middleName:null,surname:"Prakash",slug:"hridayesh-prakash",fullName:"Hridayesh Prakash"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8415",title:"Extremophilic Microbes and Metabolites",subtitle:"Diversity, Bioprospecting and Biotechnological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"93e0321bc93b89ff73730157738f8f97",slug:"extremophilic-microbes-and-metabolites-diversity-bioprospecting-and-biotechnological-applications",bookSignature:"Afef Najjari, Ameur Cherif, Haïtham Sghaier and Hadda Imene Ouzari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8415.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196823",title:"Dr.",name:"Afef",middleName:null,surname:"Najjari",slug:"afef-najjari",fullName:"Afef Najjari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9731",title:"Oxidoreductase",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"852e6f862c85fc3adecdbaf822e64e6e",slug:"oxidoreductase",bookSignature:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9731.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"224662",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmoud Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Mansour",slug:"mahmoud-ahmed-mansour",fullName:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"998",title:"Oral Implantology",slug:"oral-implantology",parent:{title:"Dentistry",slug:"dentistry"},numberOfBooks:5,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:179,numberOfWosCitations:232,numberOfCrossrefCitations:106,numberOfDimensionsCitations:306,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"oral-implantology",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"7056",title:"An Update of Dental Implantology and Biomaterial",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fab27916553ca6427ec1be823a6d81f2",slug:"an-update-of-dental-implantology-and-biomaterial",bookSignature:"Mazen Ahmad Almasri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7056.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"150413",title:"Dr.",name:"Mazen Ahmad",middleName:null,surname:"Almasri",slug:"mazen-ahmad-almasri",fullName:"Mazen Ahmad Almasri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5185",title:"Dental Implantology and Biomaterial",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b6bdd65b23207e491dd8a3c1edc41dc",slug:"dental-implantology-and-biomaterial",bookSignature:"Mazen Ahmad Jawad Amin Almasri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5185.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"150413",title:"Dr.",name:"Mazen Ahmad",middleName:null,surname:"Almasri",slug:"mazen-ahmad-almasri",fullName:"Mazen Ahmad Almasri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4548",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f375fecfc0c281e814ac8bcec7faf6f1",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology",bookSignature:"Ilser Turkyilmaz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4548.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"171984",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ilser",middleName:null,surname:"Turkyilmaz",slug:"ilser-turkyilmaz",fullName:"Ilser Turkyilmaz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"451",title:"Implant Dentistry",subtitle:"The Most Promising Discipline of Dentistry",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"af264376cc47bfd447ff2a0c2cf1bdc7",slug:"implant-dentistry-the-most-promising-discipline-of-dentistry",bookSignature:"Ilser Turkyilmaz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/451.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"26024",title:"Prof.",name:"Ilser",middleName:null,surname:"Turkyilmaz",slug:"ilser-turkyilmaz",fullName:"Ilser Turkyilmaz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"179",title:"Implant Dentistry",subtitle:"A Rapidly Evolving Practice",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a02b0b58e53fa2f96f1ca450e8ec3ad3",slug:"implant-dentistry-a-rapidly-evolving-practice",bookSignature:"Ilser Turkyilmaz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/179.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"26024",title:"Prof.",name:"Ilser",middleName:null,surname:"Turkyilmaz",slug:"ilser-turkyilmaz",fullName:"Ilser Turkyilmaz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:5,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"18416",doi:"10.5772/16475",title:"Dental Implant Surface Enhancement and Osseointegration",slug:"dental-implant-surface-enhancement-and-osseointegration",totalDownloads:18255,totalCrossrefCites:32,totalDimensionsCites:79,book:{slug:"implant-dentistry-a-rapidly-evolving-practice",title:"Implant Dentistry",fullTitle:"Implant Dentistry - A Rapidly Evolving Practice"},signatures:"S.Anil, P.S. Anand, H. Alghamdi and J.A. Jansen",authors:[{id:"25232",title:"Prof.",name:"Sukumaran",middleName:null,surname:"Anil",slug:"sukumaran-anil",fullName:"Sukumaran Anil"},{id:"28373",title:"Prof.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Jansen",slug:"john-jansen",fullName:"John Jansen"},{id:"77058",title:"Dr.",name:"Seham",middleName:null,surname:"Alyafei",slug:"seham-alyafei",fullName:"Seham Alyafei"},{id:"82073",title:"Dr.",name:"Subhash",middleName:null,surname:"Narayanan",slug:"subhash-narayanan",fullName:"Subhash Narayanan"}]},{id:"18415",doi:"10.5772/16936",title:"Osseointegration and Bioscience of Implant Surfaces - Current Concepts at Bone-Implant Interface",slug:"osseointegration-and-bioscience-of-implant-surfaces-current-concepts-at-bone-implant-interface",totalDownloads:11903,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:35,book:{slug:"implant-dentistry-a-rapidly-evolving-practice",title:"Implant Dentistry",fullTitle:"Implant Dentistry - A Rapidly Evolving Practice"},signatures:"Mustafa Ramazanoglu and Yoshiki Oshida",authors:[{id:"26726",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoshiki",middleName:null,surname:"Oshida",slug:"yoshiki-oshida",fullName:"Yoshiki Oshida"},{id:"29841",title:"Prof.",name:"Mustafa",middleName:null,surname:"Ramazanoglu",slug:"mustafa-ramazanoglu",fullName:"Mustafa Ramazanoglu"}]},{id:"18426",doi:"10.5772/18746",title:"Factors Affecting the Success of Dental Implants",slug:"factors-affecting-the-success-of-dental-implants",totalDownloads:16756,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:26,book:{slug:"implant-dentistry-a-rapidly-evolving-practice",title:"Implant Dentistry",fullTitle:"Implant Dentistry - A Rapidly Evolving Practice"},signatures:"Carlos Nelson Elias",authors:[{id:"32438",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Elias",slug:"carlos-elias",fullName:"Carlos Elias"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"18426",title:"Factors Affecting the Success of Dental Implants",slug:"factors-affecting-the-success-of-dental-implants",totalDownloads:16753,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:26,book:{slug:"implant-dentistry-a-rapidly-evolving-practice",title:"Implant Dentistry",fullTitle:"Implant Dentistry - A Rapidly Evolving Practice"},signatures:"Carlos Nelson Elias",authors:[{id:"32438",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Elias",slug:"carlos-elias",fullName:"Carlos Elias"}]},{id:"18415",title:"Osseointegration and Bioscience of Implant Surfaces - Current Concepts at Bone-Implant Interface",slug:"osseointegration-and-bioscience-of-implant-surfaces-current-concepts-at-bone-implant-interface",totalDownloads:11901,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:35,book:{slug:"implant-dentistry-a-rapidly-evolving-practice",title:"Implant Dentistry",fullTitle:"Implant Dentistry - A Rapidly Evolving Practice"},signatures:"Mustafa Ramazanoglu and Yoshiki Oshida",authors:[{id:"26726",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoshiki",middleName:null,surname:"Oshida",slug:"yoshiki-oshida",fullName:"Yoshiki Oshida"},{id:"29841",title:"Prof.",name:"Mustafa",middleName:null,surname:"Ramazanoglu",slug:"mustafa-ramazanoglu",fullName:"Mustafa Ramazanoglu"}]},{id:"18432",title:"Clinical Complications of Dental Implants",slug:"clinical-complications-of-dental-implants",totalDownloads:55277,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"implant-dentistry-a-rapidly-evolving-practice",title:"Implant Dentistry",fullTitle:"Implant Dentistry - A Rapidly Evolving Practice"},signatures:"Su-Gwan Kim",authors:[{id:"27797",title:"Prof.",name:"Su-Gwan",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",slug:"su-gwan-kim",fullName:"Su-Gwan Kim"}]},{id:"18427",title:"Soft Tissue Biology and Management in Implant Dentistry",slug:"soft-tissue-biology-and-management-in-implant-dentistry",totalDownloads:9031,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"implant-dentistry-a-rapidly-evolving-practice",title:"Implant Dentistry",fullTitle:"Implant Dentistry - A Rapidly Evolving Practice"},signatures:"Yeung Stephen C H",authors:[{id:"28557",title:"Prof.",name:"Stephen",middleName:null,surname:"Yeung",slug:"stephen-yeung",fullName:"Stephen Yeung"}]},{id:"21543",title:"Various Ways to Enhance the Results of Maxillary Sinus Augmentation Procedures",slug:"various-ways-to-enhance-the-results-of-maxillary-sinus-augmentation-procedures",totalDownloads:5176,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"implant-dentistry-the-most-promising-discipline-of-dentistry",title:"Implant Dentistry",fullTitle:"Implant Dentistry - The Most Promising Discipline of Dentistry"},signatures:"Jun-Beom Park",authors:[{id:"27806",title:"Dr.",name:"Jun-Beom",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jun-beom-park",fullName:"Jun-Beom Park"}]},{id:"61244",title:"The Growth of Dental Implant Literature from 1966 to 2016: A Bibliometric Analysis",slug:"the-growth-of-dental-implant-literature-from-1966-to-2016-a-bibliometric-analysis",totalDownloads:601,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"an-update-of-dental-implantology-and-biomaterial",title:"An Update of Dental Implantology and Biomaterial",fullTitle:"An Update of Dental Implantology and Biomaterial"},signatures:"Andy Wai Kan Yeung and Wai Keung Leung",authors:[{id:"29992",title:"Prof.",name:"W. Keung",middleName:null,surname:"Leung",slug:"w.-keung-leung",fullName:"W. Keung Leung"},{id:"224320",title:"Dr.",name:"Wai Kan Andy",middleName:null,surname:"Yeung",slug:"wai-kan-andy-yeung",fullName:"Wai Kan Andy Yeung"}]},{id:"63591",title:"Abutment Selection for Anterior Implant-Supported Restorations",slug:"abutment-selection-for-anterior-implant-supported-restorations",totalDownloads:1062,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"an-update-of-dental-implantology-and-biomaterial",title:"An Update of Dental Implantology and Biomaterial",fullTitle:"An Update of Dental Implantology and Biomaterial"},signatures:"Pinar Turkoglu, Adnan Kose and Deniz Sen",authors:[{id:"145578",title:"Dr.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Gültekin",slug:"pinar-gultekin",fullName:"Pınar Gültekin"},{id:"260407",title:"Dr.",name:"Adnan",middleName:null,surname:"Kose",slug:"adnan-kose",fullName:"Adnan Kose"},{id:"260408",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"deniz-sen",fullName:"Deniz Sen"}]},{id:"18430",title:"An Important Dilemma in Treatment Planning: Implant or Endodontic Therapy?",slug:"an-important-dilemma-in-treatment-planning-implant-or-endodontic-therapy-",totalDownloads:5646,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"implant-dentistry-a-rapidly-evolving-practice",title:"Implant Dentistry",fullTitle:"Implant Dentistry - A Rapidly Evolving Practice"},signatures:"Funda Kont Cobankara and Sema Belli",authors:[{id:"28846",title:"Dr.",name:"Funda",middleName:null,surname:"Kont Çobankara",slug:"funda-kont-cobankara",fullName:"Funda Kont Çobankara"},{id:"75862",title:"Prof.",name:"Sema",middleName:null,surname:"Belli",slug:"sema-belli",fullName:"Sema Belli"}]},{id:"48007",title:"Role of Implants in Maxillofacial Prosthodontic Rehabilitation",slug:"role-of-implants-in-maxillofacial-prosthodontic-rehabilitation",totalDownloads:3033,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",fullTitle:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology"},signatures:"Derek D’Souza",authors:[{id:"89596",title:"Dr.",name:"Derek",middleName:"S J",surname:"DSouza",slug:"derek-dsouza",fullName:"Derek DSouza"}]},{id:"18417",title:"Implant Stability - Measuring Devices and Randomized Clinical Trial for ISQ Value Change Pattern Measured from Two Different Directions by Magnetic RFA",slug:"implant-stability-measuring-devices-and-randomized-clinical-trial-for-isq-value-change-pattern-measu",totalDownloads:12702,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:16,book:{slug:"implant-dentistry-a-rapidly-evolving-practice",title:"Implant Dentistry",fullTitle:"Implant Dentistry - A Rapidly Evolving Practice"},signatures:"Jong-Chul Park, Jung-Woo Lee, Soung-Min Kim and Jong-Ho Lee",authors:[{id:"31057",title:"Prof.",name:"Jong-Ho",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",slug:"jong-ho-lee",fullName:"Jong-Ho Lee"},{id:"48351",title:"Prof.",name:"Jong-Chul",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jong-chul-park",fullName:"Jong-Chul Park"},{id:"83313",title:"Dr.",name:"JungWoo",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",slug:"jungwoo-lee",fullName:"JungWoo Lee"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"oral-implantology",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/144721/dong-jun",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"144721",slug:"dong-jun"},fullPath:"/profiles/144721/dong-jun",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()