Dr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\\n\\n
Seeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\\n\\n
Over these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\\n\\n
We are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\\n\\n
Thank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\\n\\n
Now with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
Preparation of Space Experiments edited by international leading expert Dr. Vladimir Pletser, Director of Space Training Operations at Blue Abyss is the 5,000th Open Access book published by IntechOpen and our milestone publication!
\n\n
"This book presents some of the current trends in space microgravity research. The eleven chapters introduce various facets of space research in physical sciences, human physiology and technology developed using the microgravity environment not only to improve our fundamental understanding in these domains but also to adapt this new knowledge for application on earth." says the editor. Listen what else Dr. Pletser has to say...
\n\n\n\n
Dr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\n\n
Seeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\n\n
Over these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\n\n
We are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\n\n
Thank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\n\n
Now with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"stanford-university-identifies-top-2-scientists-over-1-000-are-intechopen-authors-and-editors-20210122",title:"Stanford University Identifies Top 2% Scientists, Over 1,000 are IntechOpen Authors and Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-authors-included-in-the-highly-cited-researchers-list-for-2020-20210121",title:"IntechOpen Authors Included in the Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020"},{slug:"intechopen-maintains-position-as-the-world-s-largest-oa-book-publisher-20201218",title:"IntechOpen Maintains Position as the World’s Largest OA Book Publisher"},{slug:"all-intechopen-books-available-on-perlego-20201215",title:"All IntechOpen Books Available on Perlego"},{slug:"oiv-awards-recognizes-intechopen-s-editors-20201127",title:"OIV Awards Recognizes IntechOpen's Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-crossref-s-initiative-for-open-abstracts-i4oa-to-boost-the-discovery-of-research-20201005",title:"IntechOpen joins Crossref's Initiative for Open Abstracts (I4OA) to Boost the Discovery of Research"},{slug:"intechopen-hits-milestone-5-000-open-access-books-published-20200908",title:"IntechOpen hits milestone: 5,000 Open Access books published!"},{slug:"intechopen-books-hosted-on-the-mathworks-book-program-20200819",title:"IntechOpen Books Hosted on the MathWorks Book Program"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"2529",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"State of the Art of Therapeutic Endocrinology",title:"State of the Art of Therapeutic Endocrinology",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:'During the last two decades, evidence of increasing trends of several endocrine-related disorders has been strengthened. These disorders often come with lack of uniform diagnosis and/ or even unclear endocrine disruption. The later is mainly due to abnormal classical changes in the blood- released hormone to its targeted organ, abnormal communication between cells within a tissue or organ (paracrine), within the same cell (intracrine) or signals which act on the same cell (autocrine). This challenging status drives endocrinologists to the urgent need to address enormous knowledge gaps in this wide field of research (Endocrinology). \nFrom the perspective point of view that "hormones control our bodies", we need to get these hormones rebalanced so we can restore overall health. That is simply endocrinology!',isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0772-9",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-7031-0",doi:"10.5772/2906",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"state-of-the-art-of-therapeutic-endocrinology",numberOfPages:234,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,hash:"dceb40f2949b5ab959e7353030595761",bookSignature:"Sameh Magdeldin",publishedDate:"October 3rd 2012",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2529.jpg",numberOfDownloads:23349,numberOfWosCitations:17,numberOfCrossrefCitations:11,numberOfDimensionsCitations:19,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:47,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"December 7th 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"January 11th 2012",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"April 16th 2012",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 15th 2012",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"August 14th 2012",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"123648",title:"Dr.",name:"Sameh",middleName:null,surname:"Magdeldin",slug:"sameh-magdeldin",fullName:"Sameh Magdeldin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/123648/images/475_n.jpg",biography:"Sameh Magdeldin is senior researcher in the Medical School,\nNiigata University, Japan, and academic associate professor in\nthe Physiology Department, Suez Canal University (SCU), Egypt.\nHe received his M.V.Sc. and Ph.D. in Physiology and his second\nPh.D. in Proteomics in July 2012. He has expertise in shotgun proteomics analysis, reversed-phase chromatography and label-free comparative proteomics\napproaches. Dr. Magdeldin has published outstanding articles on aquaporin research using proteomics technology. He also created the outstanding “All and\nNone” methodology for analyzing large-throughput proteomics data published\nin a highly respected proteomics journal. He currently serves as a guest editor,\nassociate editor and peer reviewer for several international journals. Dr. Magdeldin received several grants and awards, such as the national encouraging prize,\n8th HUPO congress young investigator award, JSN award, grant-in-aid for young\nscientists and young researcher overseas grant from the Japan Society for the\nPromotion of Science (JSPS).",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"5",institution:{name:"Niigata University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1013",title:"Pediatric Endocrinology",slug:"pediatric-endocrinology"}],chapters:[{id:"39495",title:"Regulation of Glucocorticoid Receptor Signaling and the Diabetogenic Effects of Glucocorticoid Excess",doi:"10.5772/51759",slug:"regulation-of-glucocorticoid-receptor-signaling-and-the-diabetogenic-effects-of-glucocorticoid-exces",totalDownloads:1737,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,signatures:"Henrik Ortsäter, Åke Sjöholm and Alex Rafacho",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/39495",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/39495",authors:[{id:"146039",title:"PhD.",name:"Alex",surname:"Rafacho",slug:"alex-rafacho",fullName:"Alex Rafacho"},{id:"146057",title:"Prof.",name:"Henrik",surname:"Ortsäter",slug:"henrik-ortsater",fullName:"Henrik Ortsäter"},{id:"164990",title:"Prof.",name:"Åke",surname:"Sjöholm",slug:"ake-sjoholm",fullName:"Åke Sjöholm"}],corrections:null},{id:"39488",title:"Neurophysiological Basis of Food Craving",doi:"10.5772/48717",slug:"neurophysiological-basis-of-food-craving",totalDownloads:2099,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Ignacio Jáuregui Lobera",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/39488",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/39488",authors:[{id:"55769",title:"Prof.",name:"Ignacio",surname:"Jáuregui Lobera",slug:"ignacio-jauregui-lobera",fullName:"Ignacio Jáuregui Lobera"}],corrections:null},{id:"39490",title:"Screening of High-Risk Pregnant Women for Thyroid Dysfunctions in a Moderately Mild Iodine-Deficient Area",doi:"10.5772/49971",slug:"screening-of-high-risk-pregnant-women-for-thyroid-dysfunctions-in-a-moderately-mild-iodine-deficient",totalDownloads:2044,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Imre Zoltan Kun, Zsuzsanna Szanto, Ildiko Kun and Bela Szabo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/39490",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/39490",authors:[{id:"146512",title:"Prof.",name:"Imre",surname:"Kun",slug:"imre-kun",fullName:"Imre Kun"},{id:"146515",title:"Dr.",name:"Zsuzsanna",surname:"Szanto",slug:"zsuzsanna-szanto",fullName:"Zsuzsanna Szanto"},{id:"146517",title:"Dr.",name:"Ildiko",surname:"Kun",slug:"ildiko-kun",fullName:"Ildiko Kun"},{id:"149723",title:"Prof.",name:"Bela",surname:"Szabo",slug:"bela-szabo",fullName:"Bela Szabo"}],corrections:null},{id:"39489",title:"Behavioral and Somatic Disorders in Children Exposed in Utero to Synthetic Hormones: A Testimony-Case Study in a French Family Troop",doi:"10.5772/48637",slug:"behavioral-and-somatic-disorders-in-children-exposed-in-utero-to-synthetic-hormones-a-testimony-case",totalDownloads:2273,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Marie-Odile Soyer-Gobillard and Charles Sultan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/39489",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/39489",authors:[{id:"147033",title:"PhD.",name:"Marie-Odile",surname:"Soyer-Gobillard",slug:"marie-odile-soyer-gobillard",fullName:"Marie-Odile Soyer-Gobillard"}],corrections:null},{id:"39492",title:"Role of Corticosteroids in Oral Lesions",doi:"10.5772/50287",slug:"role-of-corticosteroids-in-oral-lesions",totalDownloads:4414,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,signatures:"Masoumeh Mehdipour and Ali Taghavi Zenouz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/39492",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/39492",authors:[{id:"143638",title:"Dr.",name:"Masoumeh",surname:"Mehdipour",slug:"masoumeh-mehdipour",fullName:"Masoumeh Mehdipour"},{id:"160973",title:"Prof.",name:"Ali",surname:"Taghavi Zenouz",slug:"ali-taghavi-zenouz",fullName:"Ali Taghavi Zenouz"}],corrections:null},{id:"39491",title:"Functional and Molecular Aspects of Glucocorticoids in the Endocrine Pancreas and Glucose Homeostasis",doi:"10.5772/50233",slug:"functional-and-molecular-aspects-of-glucocorticoids-in-the-endocrine-pancreas-and-glucose-homeostasi",totalDownloads:1449,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:7,signatures:"Alex Rafacho, Antonio C. Boschero and Henrik Ortsäter",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/39491",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/39491",authors:[{id:"146039",title:"PhD.",name:"Alex",surname:"Rafacho",slug:"alex-rafacho",fullName:"Alex Rafacho"},{id:"146057",title:"Prof.",name:"Henrik",surname:"Ortsäter",slug:"henrik-ortsater",fullName:"Henrik Ortsäter"},{id:"146056",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",surname:"Boschero",slug:"antonio-boschero",fullName:"Antonio Boschero"}],corrections:null},{id:"39494",title:"Adherence to Guidelines and Its Effect on Glycemic Control During the Management of Type 2 Diabetes in Turkey: The ADMIRE Study",doi:"10.5772/51294",slug:"adherence-to-guidelines-and-its-effect-on-glycemic-control-during-the-management-of-type-2-diabetes-",totalDownloads:3069,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Ilhan Satman, Sazi Imamoglu, Candeger Yilmaz and ADMIRE Study Group",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/39494",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/39494",authors:[{id:"143975",title:"Prof.",name:"Ilhan",surname:"Satman",slug:"ilhan-satman",fullName:"Ilhan Satman"}],corrections:null},{id:"39493",title:"Oestrogen Dependent Regulation of Gonadal Fate",doi:"10.5772/50701",slug:"oestrogen-dependent-regulation-of-gonadal-fate",totalDownloads:1650,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Andrew John Pask",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/39493",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/39493",authors:[{id:"144623",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrew",surname:"Pask",slug:"andrew-pask",fullName:"Andrew Pask"}],corrections:null},{id:"39498",title:"Role of Corticosteroids in Treatment of Vitiligo",doi:"10.5772/48384",slug:"role-of-corticosteroids-in-treatment-of-vitiligo",totalDownloads:4615,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Nooshin Bagherani",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/39498",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/39498",authors:[{id:"143197",title:"Dr.",name:"Nooshin",surname:"Bagherani",slug:"nooshin-bagherani",fullName:"Nooshin Bagherani"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1770",title:"Gel Electrophoresis",subtitle:"Principles and Basics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"279701f6c802cf02deef45103e0611ff",slug:"gel-electrophoresis-principles-and-basics",bookSignature:"Sameh Magdeldin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1770.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"123648",title:"Dr.",name:"Sameh",surname:"Magdeldin",slug:"sameh-magdeldin",fullName:"Sameh Magdeldin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1490",title:"Affinity Chromatography",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b605cd690ec61005a6b6b27c934de321",slug:"affinity-chromatography",bookSignature:"Sameh Magdeldin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1490.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"123648",title:"Dr.",name:"Sameh",surname:"Magdeldin",slug:"sameh-magdeldin",fullName:"Sameh Magdeldin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2303",title:"Gel Electrophoresis",subtitle:"Advanced Techniques",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b6af88dfcbe43d82dc7293184207c1",slug:"gel-electrophoresis-advanced-techniques",bookSignature:"Sameh Magdeldin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2303.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"123648",title:"Dr.",name:"Sameh",surname:"Magdeldin",slug:"sameh-magdeldin",fullName:"Sameh Magdeldin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4726",title:"Recent Advances in Proteomics Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"859400536370791c6bcb3e464b0c5835",slug:"recent-advances-in-proteomics-research",bookSignature:"Sameh Magdeldin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4726.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"123648",title:"Dr.",name:"Sameh",surname:"Magdeldin",slug:"sameh-magdeldin",fullName:"Sameh Magdeldin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2666",title:"Diabetes Mellitus",subtitle:"Insights and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49a714ae0be8a338523befe4ffc9352f",slug:"diabetes-mellitus-insights-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Oluwafemi O. Oguntibeju",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2666.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"32112",title:"Prof.",name:"Oluwafemi",surname:"Oguntibeju",slug:"oluwafemi-oguntibeju",fullName:"Oluwafemi Oguntibeju"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3829",title:"Antioxidant-Antidiabetic Agents and Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"148f7976e4249aa1f0180cca370e36ce",slug:"antioxidant-antidiabetic-agents-and-human-health",bookSignature:"Oluwafemi Oguntibeju",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3829.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"32112",title:"Prof.",name:"Oluwafemi",surname:"Oguntibeju",slug:"oluwafemi-oguntibeju",fullName:"Oluwafemi Oguntibeju"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1035",title:"Type 1 Diabetes",subtitle:"Complications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b7ba654e889d323762cc9fb4a014cdbf",slug:"type-1-diabetes-complications",bookSignature:"David Wagner",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1035.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"45994",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Wagner",slug:"david-wagner",fullName:"David Wagner"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3857",title:"Glucose Homeostasis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6d19b59871b430fbcfc4bd297e242d",slug:"glucose-homeostasis",bookSignature:"Leszek Szablewski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3857.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"49739",title:"Dr.",name:"Leszek",surname:"Szablewski",slug:"leszek-szablewski",fullName:"Leszek Szablewski"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3266",title:"Type 1 Diabetes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"21684525ccb8c6acd89bc43ce177f90b",slug:"type-1-diabetes",bookSignature:"Alan P. Escher and Alice Li",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3266.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"46023",title:"Dr.",name:"Alan",surname:"Escher",slug:"alan-escher",fullName:"Alan Escher"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"665",title:"Global Perspective on Diabetic Foot Ulcerations",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b702efe619adff42227dadb5b4bda12b",slug:"global-perspective-on-diabetic-foot-ulcerations",bookSignature:"Thanh Dinh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/665.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"69737",title:"Dr.",name:"Thanh",surname:"Dinh",slug:"thanh-dinh",fullName:"Thanh Dinh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"68579",slug:"corrigendum-to-industrial-heat-exchanger-operation-and-maintenance-to-minimize-fouling-and-corrosion",title:"Corrigendum to: Industrial Heat Exchanger: Operation and Maintenance to Minimize Fouling and Corrosion",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/68579.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68579",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68579",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/68579",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/68579",chapter:{id:"52929",slug:"industrial-heat-exchanger-operation-and-maintenance-to-minimize-fouling-and-corrosion",signatures:"Teng Kah Hou, Salim Newaz Kazi, Abu Bakar Mahat, Chew Bee Teng,\nAhmed Al-Shamma’a and Andy Shaw",dateSubmitted:"March 23rd 2016",dateReviewed:"October 10th 2016",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"April 26th 2017",book:{id:"6080",title:"Heat Exchangers",subtitle:"Advanced Features and Applications",fullTitle:"Heat Exchangers - Advanced Features and Applications",slug:"heat-exchangers-advanced-features-and-applications",publishedDate:"April 26th 2017",bookSignature:"S M Sohel Murshed and Manuel Matos Lopes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6080.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"24904",title:"Prof.",name:"S. M. Sohel",middleName:null,surname:"Murshed",slug:"s.-m.-sohel-murshed",fullName:"S. M. Sohel Murshed"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"93483",title:"Dr.",name:"Salim Newaz",middleName:null,surname:"Kazi",fullName:"Salim Newaz Kazi",slug:"salim-newaz-kazi",email:"salimnewaz@um.edu.my",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaya",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"187135",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kah Hou",middleName:null,surname:"Teng",fullName:"Kah Hou Teng",slug:"kah-hou-teng",email:"alex_teng1989@hotmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Liverpool John Moores University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"194347",title:"Prof.",name:"Abu Bakar",middleName:null,surname:"Mahat",fullName:"Abu Bakar Mahat",slug:"abu-bakar-mahat",email:"ir_abakar@um.edu.my",position:null,institution:null},{id:"194348",title:"Dr.",name:"Bee Teng",middleName:null,surname:"Chew",fullName:"Bee Teng Chew",slug:"bee-teng-chew",email:"chewbeeteng@um.edu.my",position:null,institution:null},{id:"194349",title:"Prof.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Shamma'A",fullName:"Ahmed Al-Shamma'A",slug:"ahmed-al-shamma'a",email:"A.Al-Shamma'a@ljmu.ac.uk",position:null,institution:null},{id:"194350",title:"Prof.",name:"Andy",middleName:null,surname:"Shaw",fullName:"Andy Shaw",slug:"andy-shaw",email:"A.Shaw@ljmu.ac.uk",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"52929",slug:"industrial-heat-exchanger-operation-and-maintenance-to-minimize-fouling-and-corrosion",signatures:"Teng Kah Hou, Salim Newaz Kazi, Abu Bakar Mahat, Chew Bee Teng,\nAhmed Al-Shamma’a and Andy Shaw",dateSubmitted:"March 23rd 2016",dateReviewed:"October 10th 2016",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"April 26th 2017",book:{id:"6080",title:"Heat Exchangers",subtitle:"Advanced Features and Applications",fullTitle:"Heat Exchangers - Advanced Features and Applications",slug:"heat-exchangers-advanced-features-and-applications",publishedDate:"April 26th 2017",bookSignature:"S M Sohel Murshed and Manuel Matos Lopes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6080.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"24904",title:"Prof.",name:"S. M. Sohel",middleName:null,surname:"Murshed",slug:"s.-m.-sohel-murshed",fullName:"S. M. Sohel Murshed"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"93483",title:"Dr.",name:"Salim Newaz",middleName:null,surname:"Kazi",fullName:"Salim Newaz Kazi",slug:"salim-newaz-kazi",email:"salimnewaz@um.edu.my",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaya",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"187135",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kah Hou",middleName:null,surname:"Teng",fullName:"Kah Hou Teng",slug:"kah-hou-teng",email:"alex_teng1989@hotmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Liverpool John Moores University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"194347",title:"Prof.",name:"Abu Bakar",middleName:null,surname:"Mahat",fullName:"Abu Bakar Mahat",slug:"abu-bakar-mahat",email:"ir_abakar@um.edu.my",position:null,institution:null},{id:"194348",title:"Dr.",name:"Bee Teng",middleName:null,surname:"Chew",fullName:"Bee Teng Chew",slug:"bee-teng-chew",email:"chewbeeteng@um.edu.my",position:null,institution:null},{id:"194349",title:"Prof.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Shamma'A",fullName:"Ahmed Al-Shamma'A",slug:"ahmed-al-shamma'a",email:"A.Al-Shamma'a@ljmu.ac.uk",position:null,institution:null},{id:"194350",title:"Prof.",name:"Andy",middleName:null,surname:"Shaw",fullName:"Andy Shaw",slug:"andy-shaw",email:"A.Shaw@ljmu.ac.uk",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"6080",title:"Heat Exchangers",subtitle:"Advanced Features and Applications",fullTitle:"Heat Exchangers - Advanced Features and Applications",slug:"heat-exchangers-advanced-features-and-applications",publishedDate:"April 26th 2017",bookSignature:"S M Sohel Murshed and Manuel Matos Lopes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6080.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"24904",title:"Prof.",name:"S. M. Sohel",middleName:null,surname:"Murshed",slug:"s.-m.-sohel-murshed",fullName:"S. M. Sohel Murshed"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"7710",leadTitle:null,title:"Quality Management and Quality Control",subtitle:"New Trends and Developments",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Quality management (QM) practices are the basis for the successful implementation and maintenance of any QM system. Quality control (QC) is identified as a QM component. Therefore, QM effectiveness is dependent on the QC strategy. QC practice is more or less complex depending on the type of production. The book is focused on new trends and developments in QM and QC in several types of industries from a worldwide perspective. Its content has been organized into two sections and seven chapters written by well-recognized researchers worldwide. Several approaches are debated based on sample traceability, analytical method validation, required parameters, class of exponential regression-type estimators of the population means, determination of impurities, viewpoints, and case studies.",isbn:"978-1-78923-878-5",printIsbn:"978-1-78923-877-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-119-2",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77523",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"quality-management-and-quality-control-new-trends-and-developments",numberOfPages:144,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"226e5d555cafed8a4d1b410959863661",bookSignature:"Paulo Pereira and Sandra Xavier",publishedDate:"April 10th 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7710.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:5625,numberOfWosCitations:3,numberOfCrossrefCitations:2,numberOfDimensionsCitations:5,numberOfTotalCitations:10,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 4th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"September 25th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 24th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 12th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 13th 2019",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 years",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"178637",title:"Dr.",name:"Paulo António Rodrigues",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"paulo-antonio-rodrigues-pereira",fullName:"Paulo António Rodrigues Pereira",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178637/images/system/178637.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Pereira received his Ph.D. in Biotechnology from the Catholic University of Portugal. He has been recruited as a quality and laboratory expert for seminars and professional laboratory meetings throughout Europe, Africa, and South America.\r\n23+ years of experience in the medical laboratory, having held key scientific leadership roles:\r\n13+ years as a senior researcher\r\n8+ years as a consultant of a metrology laboratory based on ISO/IEC 17025 specifications and related standards\r\n17+ years as a consultant and auditor of quality management systems based on ISO 9001, ISO/IEC 17025, and ISO 15189 standards\r\n16+ years as a quality manager in the Portuguese Institute of Blood and Transplantation, including national coordination over 6+ years\r\n6+ years as a teacher of quality assurance\r\nDr. Pereira is the author of several peer-review scientific articles, indexed book chapters and indexed books' Editor. He serves as a member of several Editorial Boards.",institutionString:"Portuguese Institute of Blood and Transplantation",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],coeditorOne:{id:"264942",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandra Maria Miranda",middleName:null,surname:"Xavier Da Silva",slug:"sandra-maria-miranda-xavier-da-silva",fullName:"Sandra Maria Miranda Xavier Da Silva",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/264942/images/system/264942.jpg",biography:"Dr. Xavier received her Ph.D. in Nursing from the University of Lisbon, Portugal.\n22+ years professional experience in nursing\n12+ years of teaching in a university\n4+ years of professional practice as the Head of Nursing\n7+ years as a researcher in the Unit of Investigation and Development in Nursing (UI & DE), Higher School of Nursing of Lisbon, Portugal\nDr. Xavier is the author of several books’ chapter and scientific articles in indexed journals.\nShe serves as a reviewer of scientific and technical articles in indexed journals.\nShe is also a recognized speaker at various national and international meetings.\nShe is a member of juries for the attribution of academic degrees.\nShe is a member of several Scientific Commissions of various meetings.",institutionString:"Polytechnic Institute of Beja",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"78",title:"Quality Management",slug:"business-management-and-economics-quality-management"}],chapters:[{id:"65214",title:"Quality Management Practices in Indian SMEs",slug:"quality-management-practices-in-indian-smes",totalDownloads:501,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"277471",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ayon",surname:"Chakrab",slug:"ayon-chakrab",fullName:"Ayon Chakrab"}]},{id:"65275",title:"Total Quality Management in a Resource-Starved Nation",slug:"total-quality-management-in-a-resource-starved-nation",totalDownloads:455,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",surname:"Emeje",slug:"martins-emeje",fullName:"Martins Emeje"}]},{id:"65978",title:"Sample Traceability in Toxicology",slug:"sample-traceability-in-toxicology",totalDownloads:450,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"277601",title:"Prof.",name:"Laura",surname:"Börgel",slug:"laura-borgel",fullName:"Laura Börgel"},{id:"288979",title:"Ms.",name:"Melissa",surname:"Schulthess",slug:"melissa-schulthess",fullName:"Melissa Schulthess"}]},{id:"65518",title:"Analytical Method Validation as the First Step in Drug Quality Control",slug:"analytical-method-validation-as-the-first-step-in-drug-quality-control",totalDownloads:660,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"52160",title:"MSc",name:"Sigrid",surname:"Mennickent",slug:"sigrid-mennickent",fullName:"Sigrid Mennickent"},{id:"53986",title:"MSc.",name:"Marta",surname:"De Diego",slug:"marta-de-diego",fullName:"Marta De Diego"}]},{id:"65074",title:"Quality in Testing Laboratories: A Real Case in a Spanish Fuel Laboratory",slug:"quality-in-testing-laboratories-a-real-case-in-a-spanish-fuel-laboratory",totalDownloads:468,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"188987",title:"Dr.",name:"Mª Mercedes Del Coro",surname:"Fernández-Feal",slug:"ma-mercedes-del-coro-fernandez-feal",fullName:"Mª Mercedes Del Coro Fernández-Feal"},{id:"194816",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis R.",surname:"Sánchez-Fernández",slug:"luis-r.-sanchez-fernandez",fullName:"Luis R. Sánchez-Fernández"},{id:"194821",title:"Dr.",name:"Blanca",surname:"Sánchez-Fernández",slug:"blanca-sanchez-fernandez",fullName:"Blanca Sánchez-Fernández"}]},{id:"65066",title:"Determination of Essential Parameters for Quality Control in Fabrication of Piezoelectric Micropumps",slug:"determination-of-essential-parameters-for-quality-control-in-fabrication-of-piezoelectric-micropumps",totalDownloads:367,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"18182",title:"Dr.",name:"Matej",surname:"Možek",slug:"matej-mozek",fullName:"Matej Možek"},{id:"22398",title:"Dr.",name:"Danilo",surname:"Vrtačnik",slug:"danilo-vrtacnik",fullName:"Danilo Vrtačnik"},{id:"22399",title:"Dr.",name:"Drago",surname:"Resnik",slug:"drago-resnik",fullName:"Drago Resnik"},{id:"22400",title:"BSc.",name:"Borut",surname:"Pečar",slug:"borut-pecar",fullName:"Borut Pečar"}]},{id:"65419",title:"Determination of Impurities in Pharmaceuticals: Why and How?",slug:"determination-of-impurities-in-pharmaceuticals-why-and-how-",totalDownloads:2725,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"36122",title:"PhD.",name:"Kung-Tien",surname:"Liu",slug:"kung-tien-liu",fullName:"Kung-Tien Liu"},{id:"153497",title:"Dr.",name:"Chien-Hsin",surname:"Chen",slug:"chien-hsin-chen",fullName:"Chien-Hsin Chen"}]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"177731",firstName:"Dajana",lastName:"Pemac",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/177731/images/4726_n.jpg",email:"dajana@intechopen.com",biography:"As a Commissioning Editor at IntechOpen, I work closely with our collaborators in the selection of book topics for the yearly publishing plan and in preparing new book catalogues for each season. This requires extensive analysis of developing trends in scientific research in order to offer our readers relevant content. Creating the book catalogue is also based on keeping track of the most read, downloaded and highly cited chapters and books and relaunching similar topics. I am also responsible for consulting with our Scientific Advisors on which book topics to add to our catalogue and sending possible book proposal topics to them for evaluation. Once the catalogue is complete, I contact leading researchers in their respective fields and ask them to become possible Academic Editors for each book project. Once an editor is appointed, I prepare all necessary information required for them to begin their work, as well as guide them through the editorship process. I also assist editors in inviting suitable authors to contribute to a specific book project and each year, I identify and invite exceptional editors to join IntechOpen as Scientific Advisors. I am responsible for developing and maintaining strong relationships with all collaborators to ensure an effective and efficient publishing process and support other departments in developing and maintaining such relationships."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"878",title:"Phytochemicals",subtitle:"A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec77671f63975ef2d16192897deb6835",slug:"phytochemicals-a-global-perspective-of-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/878.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4816",title:"Face Recognition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"146063b5359146b7718ea86bad47c8eb",slug:"face_recognition",bookSignature:"Kresimir Delac and Mislav Grgic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3621",title:"Silver Nanoparticles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"silver-nanoparticles",bookSignature:"David Pozo Perez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3621.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6667",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Pozo",slug:"david-pozo",fullName:"David Pozo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"16104",title:"Evaluation of a New Method and Diagnostic Test in Semen Analysis",doi:"10.5772/16798",slug:"evaluation-of-a-new-method-and-diagnostic-test-in-semen-analysis",body:'\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
1. Introduction
\n\t\t\t
Sperm concentration is an important parameter affecting fertility. Animal species of agricultural interest are mainly produced by artificial insemination (AI) which contributes highly to the development of worldwide swine production, making the impact of the male in reproductive efficiency of the pig herds more crucial (Jounala et al., 1998).
\n\t\t\t
The efficiency of AI (fertility rate and prolificacy) is directly dependent on the quality of semen doses and on the number of spermatozoa used for insemination (Camus et al., 2011). In commercial farms, routine examination of boar semen is performed aiming to predict the male’s fertility. Evaluation of concentration is crucial to adapt dilution rate and to optimize sperm concentration which will directly impact fertility performance. In the first part of a present chapter we address the basic concepts of a method comparison study and present an example of a method comparison experiment concerning determination of sperm concentration.
\n\t\t\t
Various laboratory methods techniques are used to evaluate sperm quality, such as sperm concentration, motility, viability, and morphology. However, there is no single semen assay that provides complete information about semen quality (Holt & Medrano, 1997; Johnson et al., 2000; Liu & Baker, 2002). Studies in domestic animals showed that these semen characteristics were often not significantly correlated to fertility, while the most valid assessment of boar semen quality is to obtain viable pregnancies and normal offspring following AI (Tsakmakidis et al., 2010). Since fertilization is a complex process involving a huge number of events, fertility research must not only device more predictive laboratory tests, but also properly combine different assays aiming to predict male fertilizing ability, as spermatozoa should satisfy many requirements for successful fertilization (Quintero-Moreno et al., 2004). Assessment of metabolic status of spermatozoa could provide a useful tool for evaluation of semen quality, because sufficient metabolism for energy production is one of the several attributes that a sperm must posses to fertilize an oocyte. In the second part of this chapter developing and diagnostic evaluation of a spectrophotometric application of the resazurin reduction assay will be presented.
\n\t\t\t
Learning objectives of a chapter are to:
\n\t\t\t
Investigate repeatability in continuous data
Perform method agreement
Construct Bland-Altman plots
Explain limits of agreement between two methods
Chose an appropriate regression analysis used in the interpretation of comparing data
Define the diagnostic parameters: specificity, sensitivity, accuracy, predictive values of a test
Recognize the validity and usefulness of the test
Evaluate the performance of a diagnostic test using ROC (receiver operating characteristic) analysis
Construct and compare ROC curves
Determine optimal cut-off point for a test
Explain the developing of a new method in semen evaluation
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
2. Method agreement for determining sperm concentration
\n\t\t\t
Semen samples, which often contain a variety of cells (immature germ cells, blood cells, epithelial cells, and cellular debris) in addition to spermatozoa, differ markedly from blood samples because of their heterogeneity. There is also no specific standard available for sperm cells of each species. It is therefore important to compare a new, more appropriate or additional method to a conventional one. The counting chamber technique for estimating sperm count appears to be adequate because of its simplicity, low cost and reproducibility. However, photometers are widely used routinely for determining sperm concentration by many AI organisations, for bulls and boars as well as other species (Woelders, 1991). They need to be evaluated before use, because accurate concentration measurement is the first and crucial step of the semen preparation process for production of semen doses (Camus et al., 2011). Correct assessment of sperm concentration is essential to ensure that the number of sperm per insemination dose meets requirements and that the maximal number of doses can be produced per ejaculate.
\n\t\t\t
The increasing use of AI in swine emphasizes the need for the distribution of good quality sperm by the AI centres (Vyt et al., 2004). Boar sperm quality is routinely assessed by measuring concentration, morphology and motility of spermatozoa (Johnson et al., 2000). Determination of sperm concentration is essential in evaluating fertility, whether in vivo or in vitro. However, there is no agreed method for use as a standard. Knuth et al. (1989) showed that introduction of an unevaluated laboratory method, without appropriate quality control, can cause a bias in semen analysis. However, the methodology of semen evaluation is complex, and standardization is difficult (Brazil et al., 2004). For example, the first large scale, nation-wide proficiency testing program for clinical andrology laboratories in the United States reported that the inter-laboratory coefficient of variation for manual sperm concentration determination was 80%, with a range for a single semen specimen of 3 – 492 x 106 /ml (Keel et al., 2000). The accuracy, reliability and repeatability of different instruments that evaluate sperm concentration of raw semen have already been compared in several previous studies (Christensen et al., 2004; Hansen et al., 2006; Prathalingam et al., 2006; Anzar et al., 2009; Camus et al., 2011). Variation in the results from different laboratories could be due to the lack of standardisation of methods between laboratories (Maatson, 1995).
\n\t\t\t
The reason for comparing methods is often that a quicker, more convenient and more economical adaptation has been made to an existing method. Studies comparing a new method with an established method are performed to assess whether the new measurements are comparable with existing ones (Jensen & Kjelgaard-Hansen, 2006).
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
2.1. Precision of the evaluated methods
\n\t\t\t\t
It is necessary to establish that a method is repeatable before comparing two measurements for reproducibility (Petrie & Watson, 1999). Repeatability of boar semen concentration assessment depends on instruments and procedures, for example CV for instruments FACS, HEMO, Photo C254, SpermVision, UltiMate and SP-100 were 2.7, 7.1, 10.4, 8.1, 5.4 and 3.1%, respectively (Hansen et al., 2006). Imade et al. (1993) reported similar overall precision (5.9%) for the Makler chamber, whereas CV for sperm counts in sperm suspensions can be higher, for example 18.6% (Christensen et al., 2005) or even 26.3% (Mahmoud et al, 1997). It is generally admitted that intra-observer CVs are often greater than 10%. Although guidelines for standardizing the procedure have been proposed, relatively important degrees of intra- and inter- technician or inter-laboratory variability have been reported. In the external quality assessment (EQA) reported by Neuwinger and coworkers (1990), which involved 10 experienced German laboratories in the evaluation of 8 sperm samples, the mean CV was 37.5%. From the data of the external quality control obtained under the British Fertility Society and reported by Matson (1995), the calculated inter-individual CV for sperm concentration was 64.7% for 24 semen samples collected by technicians from 20 laboratories.
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
2.2. Method agreement
\n\t\t\t\t
According to the literature, a very common way of investigating method agreement is to perform a paired t-test or to calculate a correlation coefficient to provide a measure of agreement. However, in this instance, neither method is appropriate for the following reasons (Petrie & Watson, 1999). The paired t-test tests the null hypothesis that the difference is zero. If the differences between pairs are large – indicating that the methods do not agree – but are evenly scattered around zero, then the result is non-significant. We can only conclude that there is no bias, not that the methods agree. Correlation is a statistical method used to quantify any association between two continuous variables (Ma & Smith, 2003). The correlation coefficient provides a measure of the linear association between the measurements obtained by the two methods. It provides an indication of how close the observations in the scatter diagram are to a straight line. R measures the strength of a relation between two variables, not the agreement between them (Bland and Altman, 1999). For example, the Pearson correlation coefficient gives no information of value in method comparison studies, because R can be highly significant even when there is an obvious bias between the two methods. It measures the strength of association, rather than agreement, although in the literature it has been used in many studies, such as comparison between different methods to determine sperm concentration (Prathalingam et al., 2006). R was also used to evaluate agreement between assessments within lab technician in sperm analysis (Christensen et al., 2005). In order to assess agreement, it is necessary to know how close the points are to the line of equality, i.e. the 45º line (Petrie & Watson, 1999). Therefore, in the study of Sokol et al. (2000), comparison of two methods for measuring sperm concentration using only Wilcoxon signed rank test and F-test, appears to be insufficient.
\n\t\t\t\t
Scatter plots and absolute and relative bias plots give the best overview of comparisons of data (Twormey, 2004; Twormey, 2005). Absolute bias plots are also called Bland and Altman plots, usually used for method comparison (Bland and Altman, 1999). In absolute bias plots, the biases are plotted against their average value for each sample. The mean of these differences (\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\td\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t¯\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t) is an estimate of the average bias of one method relative to that of the other. If this value is zero, then the two measurements agree on average. However, this does not imply that they agree for each individual measurement.
\n\t\t\t\t
In order to assess how well the paired measurements agreed with each other, limits of agreement have to be determined. The upper and lower limits of agreement are calculated as
where \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\td\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t¯\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t is the mean of differences for all the samples (average bias) and sdiff is the standard deviation of the differences; 2sdiff is also referred to as the British Standard Institution repeatability (or, reproducibility, as appropriate) coefficient and indicates the maximum difference likely to occur between two measurements. This coefficient is the value below which the bias between paired results may be expected to lie (Petrie & Watson, 1999).
\n\t\t\t\t
We performed method agreement between two clinical laboratory methods for determining boar sperm concentration using the statistical programme Analyse-it, General + Clinical Laboratory statistics, version 1.71, where linear regression, Deming regression and Passing Bablok regression can be applied in the evaluation. We chose Deming regression, because it is appropriate for describing the relationship between two variables, both measured with error. In the case of observed increasing imprecision, i.e. where a proportional bias between methods is detected, the Passing Bablock regression procedure is more accurate than Deming’s method. When the assumption that the independent variable is determined without error is satisfied, linear regression should be used to describe the agreement between two methods (Jones & Payne, 1997). The intercept is calculated, as in conventional least squares regression, as the mean of y minus the product of the slope and the mean of x. The standard error (SE) of the intercept defines how much the line might vary in the y direction, and SE of the slope defines how much the line might pivot about the central point through the means of x and y. Thus, SEs allow calculation of the confidence intervals of the slope and the intercept (Jones & Payne, 1997).
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
2.3. Experiment: Agreement between two methods of sperm concentration measurement
\n\t\t\t\t
In the present study we compared two clinical laboratory methods for determining boar sperm concentration, the Makler chamber and the photometer (Photometer SDM5, Minitüb, Germany) (Mrkun et al., 2007). Prior to method comparison, precision of each method was assessed. Scatter plots with fitted regression line, and absolute and relative bias plots were used to get the best overview of comparative data (Twormey, 2004; Twormey, 2005). Deming regression was applied to describe the relationship between variables both measured with error by proposing that the sum of the squares of the deviations from a line should be minimised in both the x and the y directions at the same time, thus taking account of the analytical imprecision of each method (Jones & Payne, 1997). The purpose of this study was to compare the two methods and to assess method agreement together with the appropriate regression analysis used in the interpretation of the data.
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
2.3.1. Semen samples
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Twenty-three semen samples were obtained from eight 12 to 24 month old boars of various breeds. Each semen sample was collected with gloved hand using a clean semen collecting flask that filters out gel, dust and bristles, while the boar mounted a dummy sow. Semen samples were diluted 1:2 with BTS semen extender (Beltsville Thawing Solution, Truadeco, Netherlands) and delivered to the laboratory.
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
2.3.2. Counting with the Makler chamber
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Immediately before each semen aliquot was analysed, the entire semen specimen was vortexed. To render the spermatozoa immotile and to prepare the semen samples for the Makler chamber (Sefi Medical Instruments, Israel), semen samples were diluted 1:2 with distilled water. 6 parallel dilutions of each semen sample were prepared and the average of the measurements on each used as the representative value.
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Following dilution, sperm suspensions were again vortexed and an aliquot of 5 µl was loaded into the Makler chamber. The next step was to assess whether sperm were evenly distributed or whether there were movements in the fluid in the counting chamber. If either of these problems was observed; the chamber was cleaned and refilled. The fields were chosen according to a prescribed pattern: 10 fields spaced left to right and 10 fields spaced top to bottom. Chosen fields formed a plus sign centred in the middle of the chamber, excluding the areas 2-3 mm from the chamber edges. Only recognizable spermatozoa, including lost heads, were counted, while other cells and lost tails were ignored. The concentration in the original semen sample was calculated from the total number of sperm in the counting area.
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
2.3.3. Counting with a photometer
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Sperm concentration was determined by measuring the sample opacity, as the percentage transmittance of light through a sample, using a photometer (Photometer SDM5, MiniTüb, Germany). Boar ejaculates are normally too opaque, so a small semen sample was diluted with an isotonic solution before measuring. A blank tube was loaded with 3.5 ml 0.9% NaCl and a sample tube with 70 µl semen sample added to 0.9% NaCl. Sperm concentration was determined from a previous calibration of the spectrophotometer, performed by the manufacturer (Photometer SDM5, MiniTüb, Germany). Six measurements were made for each semen dilution.
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
2.3.4. Precision of the evaluated methods
\n\t\t\t\t\t
The precision of each method was determined by making 6 measurements of each of 23 semen samples. Coefficients of variation (CV) were calculated for each method and scatter graphs of CV versus average sperm count for each semen sample were constructed. In our study CVs were calculated to be 6.6 ± 3.5 % and 1.6 ± 0.6 % for Makler chamber and photometer, respectively. Both methods yielded acceptable precision (Christensen et al., 2005), although the precision of the Makler chamber was significantly poorer.
\n\t\t\t\t\t
In a diagram of the CV plotted against the average for each sperm concentration, the scatter of the points is random for the photometer (Fig.1). In contrast, for the Makler chamber, the size of CV is related to the size of the sperm concentration, shown by the higher CVs for lower sperm counts (Fig.2).
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Figure 1.
Coefficient of variation (CV) versus mean sperm count for the photometer methodMean counts were calculated as the average of six parallel counts for each sample
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
Figure 2.
Coefficient of variation (CV) versus mean sperm count determined by the Makler chamber methodMean counts were calculated as the average of six parallel counts for each sample
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
2.3.5. Method agreement between Mackler chamber and photometer
\n\t\t\t\t\t
We were interested in assessing the similarity between sperm counts measured with Makler chamber and photometer, so we compared pairs of measurements. For this purpose, we calculated the differences between pairs of measurements of sperm counts – by Makler chamber and photometer – obtained by each method for each sperm sample.
\n\t\t\t\t\t
The mean percentage bias between methods was – 0.6 ± 6.9 %. The scatter of the points lies in the interval –15 to 15 % (Fig. 3), which is in the range of satisfactory between-run reproducibility of the assay. From the absolute bias plot (Fig. 4) it is also evident that the scatter is random, indicating that the size of the difference between sperm counts obtained by two methods is not related to the size of the counts. Thus, no proportional bias has been detected. Average absolute bias was close to zero (–1.092 ± 15.237 M/ml). Sperm counts obtained with Makler chamber and photometer agree; 90% of the differences lie within the limits of agreement (Fig. 4), confirming that the level of agreement between the methods was satisfactory. Therefore, measurements of sperm concentration with photometer and counting chamber techniques are equally appropriate for estimating sperm counts.
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Using scatter diagrams with regression lines fitted, we established that the paired measurements, sperm counts obtained with Makler chamber and with photometer, were close to the line of equality. Deming regression was used to solve the problem of describing the relationship between sperm counting with methods, both measured with error. Deming’s method gives only a single regression line, whether x or y is used as the ‘’independent variable’’ (Fig. 5).
\n\t\t\t\t\t
The estimated intercept for the regression line, 4.7069 M/ml, does not differ much from zero. The estimated regression equation indicates that the points are close to the line of equality, i.e. the 45 º line and SE of the slope (0.0600) indicates that there is almost no pivoting of the line about central point through the means of x and y.
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Figure 3.
Relative bias plot of sperm concentration obtained by Makler chamber versus concentration obtained by photometer
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Figure 4.
Absolute bias plot of sperm concentrations obtained by Makler chamber versus concentrations obtained by photometer showing average bias and limits of agreement
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
Figure 5.
Scatter diagram of sperm concentration obtained by photometer versus sperm concentration obtained with Makler chamber, with Deming regression line fitted- - - - -: line of equality (Y=X)______ : Deming regression line: c (photometer) = 4.7069 + 0.9706 x c (Makler chamber)
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
3. Development and diagnostic evaluation of spectrophotometric application of the resazurin reduction assay to evaluate boar sperm quality
\n\t\t\t
There are several attributes that a sperm must posses to fertilize an oocyte, including motility, normal morphology, sufficient metabolism for energy production, and membrane integrity. Although various analytical techniques have been developed to evaluate sperm quality, including sperm concentration, motility, viability and morphology, there is no single method that provides complete information about semen quality (Holt & Medrano, 1997; Johnson et al., 2000). Due to the complexity of the fertilization process, single tests are not able to predict fertility. Instead, a set of semen tests has to be selected with high relevance for important sperm traits and low redundancy of assay results (Petrunkina et al., 2007). Moreover, particularly in pig industry, the choice of semen test has considered cost effectiveness. Routine testing of fresh boar sperm predominantly aims to identify subfertile boar ejaculates. In number of countries, liquid preserved boar semen is used after several days of in vitro storage. It’s well known that boars differ in their capacity to maintain sperm function during preservation in vitro. These differences can only be partially visualized by standard sperm parameters, such as loss of motility and membrane integrity (Waberski et al., 2011). However, the battery of diagnostic methods used by the industry is as yet restricted (Tejerina et al., 2008). A reliable, simple, cost effective and rapid method of assessing the quality of boar spermatozoa would be of benefit to livestock producers and veterinary practitioners (Dart et al., 1994). Reproductive performance depends on metabolic processes; therefore assessment of metabolic status of spermatozoa could provide valuable information for predicting sperm fertilizing capacity. The resazurin reduction assay, one of the methods for evaluating the metabolic status of spermatozoa, depends on the ability of metabolically active spermatozoa to reduce the resazurin redox dye to resorufin. Dehydrogenase activity of spermatozoa is manifested as a visual colour change from blue (resazurin) to pink (resorufin) and further to white (dihydroresorufin) (Glass et al., 1991; Fuse et al., 1993; Reddy Venkata Rami et al., 1997). The resazurin reduction assay using visual detection of colour change is quite subjective and varies between evaluators (Wang et al., 1998). The colour change of resazurin is usually matched with a colour chart, consisting of a spectrum of colours from blue to pink, varying between investigators. The possibility of human error therefore, has led to the spectrophotometric modification of the resazurin reduction test. It has been mostly used for the evaluation of human semen (Mahmoud et al., 1994, Rahman & Kula, 1997; Zalata et al., 1998; Reddy Venkata Rami & Bordekar; 1999) but, to our knowledge, in veterinary medicine only for evaluating ram (Wang et al., 1998) and boar semen quality (Zrimšek et al., 2004). The visual assay has been used for evaluating stallion (Carter & Ericsson, 1998), bull (Dart et al., 1994), sheep (Cooper et al., 1996; Martin et al., 1999) and boar (Mesta et al., 1995) semen. Spectrophotometric measurement of resazurin reduction provides a quantitative and objective method.
\n\t\t\t
The aim of the present study was to develop and evaluate diagnostically the spectrophotometric application of the resazurin reduction test for evaluating boar sperm quality (Zrimšek et al, 2004; Zrimšek et al., 2006). Following Zalata et al. (1998), who developed a spectrophotometric method of resazurin reduction to evaluate human semen we extracted the developed colour after the assay with boar semen with butanol and measured the absorbance in the clear upper layer of butanol, eliminating the problem of sample turbidity. The optimisation and developing of the test included several steps as follows:
\n\t\t\t
determination of specific absorbance wavelength, used for analysis on the basis of absorbance spectra of resazurin and resorufin
optimisation of the test procedure
determination of repeatability of the assay
correlations between resazurin reduction assay and various semen parameters; Spearman rank correlation analysis
relationship between resazurin reduction and concentration of motile spermatozoa and sperm index; linear regression analysis
statistical comparison of the results obtained between the groups of satisfactory and unsatisfactory semen; Mann-Whitney U-test
diagnostic evaluation of the assay; ROC analysis
stability of butanol extracts in terms of A610; measuring agreement
\n\t\t\t
In this study, receiver operating characteristics (ROC) was used to determine the optimal cut-off value and diagnostic accuracy of the resazurin reduction assay. A complete picture of test accuracy is presented by the ROC plot, which provides a view of the whole spectrum of sensitivities and specificities as functions of selected cut-off values (Greiner et al., 2000). A global summary statistic of the diagnostic accuracy of the assay was quantified by the area under the ROC curve. Likelihood ratios were used to revise the probability of the semen status in individual samples (Greiner et al., 1995).
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
3.1. Development of resazurin reduction assay
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
3.1.1. Semen samples and analysis
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Forty-one semen samples from eight 12-24-month-old boars of various breeds were included in the study. Semen was collected with a glove hand using a clean semen collecting flask that filters out gel, dust and bristles, while the boar mounted a dummy sow. Semen was kept at the temperature collected and analyzed within 1 h. Sperm concentration and motility characteristics were determined by computer-assisted semen analysis (Hamilton Thorne IVOS 10.2; Hamilton Thorne Research, MA, USA) with a Makler counting chamber (Sefi Medical Instruments, Haifa, Israel). Sperm morphology was examined on Giemsa-stained samples (Hafez, 1993). Sperm index (SI) was calculated by multiplying sperm concentration by the square root of percentage sperm motility multiplied by the percentage of normal sperm morphology (Mahmoud et al., 1994). Combining concentration, motility and morphology in sperm index allows the concentration of active spermatozoa to be determined, and may provide a better means of evaluating semen quality than assessing the characteristics, mentioned above, independently.
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
3.1.2. Determination of specific absorbance wavelengths of resazurin and resorufin
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Before developing the assay, specific absorbance wavelengths of resazurin and resorufin were determined. Ten μl 1.8 mM resazurin (Sigma, Steinheim, Germany) in physiological saline was added to 1 ml of 1:2 dilution of semen sample in BTS and incubated at 37˚C in a water bath. After the semen sample completely turned to pink, the developed dye (resorufin) was extracted from the solution by adding n-butyl alcohol (Sigma, Germany) and fast vortexing. The control sample (blue colour solution) was prepared by adding butanol immediately after the resazurin. After centrifugation, the blue (resazurin) and pink (resorufin) solutions were separated from the clear upper layers of butyl alcohol and were scanned in the range from 400 to 850 nm, using a scanning spectrophotometer (UV/VIS Spectrometer Lambda 12, Perkin Elmer). Resazurin exhibits an absorption peak at 610 nm, while that of resorufin is at 575 nm (Fig. 6). There was minimal overlapping between absorption peaks of resazurin and resorufin at 610 nm; therefore the absorbance at 610 nm was used in further analysis.
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
Figure 6.
Specific absorbance wavelengths of resazurin (−) and resorufin (−)
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
3.1.3. Resazurin reduction assay and correlation with semen parameters
\n\t\t\t\t\t
The resazurin reduction assay was performed within 1 h after semen collection. Briefly, 30µL of 1.8mmol/L resazurin (Sigma, Steinheim, Germany) diluted in physiological saline was added to 3mL of semen sample diluted 1: 2 with Beltsville thawing solution semen extender (Beltsville Thawing Solution, Truadeco, the Netherlands) and incubated at 37 C in a water bath for 10min. After incubation, two sub-samples of 1mL were added to 1.5 mL of butanol (Merc, Germany). After rapid vortexing, samples were centrifuged at 3 000×g for 10min. Absorbance in the clear upper layer of butanol was measured at 610mm (UV/VIS Spectrometer Lambda 12; Perkin Elmer Corp., Analytical Instruments, Norwalk, CT, USA). The within-run coefficient of variation, calculated as 7.79±4.06 %, confirmed satisfactory repeatability of the assay. Spearman rank correlation analysis was used to determine the correlation between resazurin reduction assay and semen parameters such as sperm density, morphology, motile sperm concentration, viable sperm concentration and sperm index. We observed the highest correlations of resazurin reduction with sperm concentration followed by motile sperm concentration and viable sperm concentration. Inverse correlations indicate that better values of seminal parameters are correlated with a lower level of absorbance, indicating a stronger reducing capacity of the dye (resazurin). There were correlations (P<0.001) between the reduction of resazurin and motile sperm concentration (r=0.81) and SI (r=0.82), therefore resazurin reduction assaay was further diagnostically evaluated according to motile sperm concentration and sperm index. Scatter-plots and linear regression equations are shown in Figures 7 and 8.
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Figure 7.
Relationship between the reductions of resazurin expressed as absorbance and the concentration of motile spermatozoaRegression equation: C (motile spermatozoa) = 258.345 – 0.325 x A610\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Figure 8.
Relationship between the reductions of resazurin expressed as absorbance and sperm indexRegression equation: SI = 250.546 – 0.339 x A610\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
3.2. Diagnostic evaluation of resazurin reduction assay
\n\t\t\t\t
Semen samples were divided into satisfactory (SAT) and unsatisfactory (UNSAT) according to various criteria. Criteria considering the concentration of motile sperm included pre-selected minimums of 160, 200 and 240×106 sperm/mL. Criteria considering the concentration of motile, normal sperm (SI) included pre-selected minimums of 140, 180 and 220×106sperm/mL. There was a significant difference between the absorbance values in groups of satisfactory and unsatisfactory semen samples (P<0.001) based on motile spermatozoa/mL and sperm index. Box plot in Fig.9 represents the values of A610 in both groups divided according to motile sperm concentration and sperm index.
\n\t\t\t\t
The performance of diagnostic tests is usually described in terms of sensitivity and specificity (Jones & Payne, 1997). In the present study, receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis was used to determine the optimal cut-off value and diagnostic accuracy of the resazurin reduction assay by using boar semen. A complete picture of test accuracy is presented by the ROC plot, which provides a view of the whole spectrum of sensitivities (true positive rate) against one minus specificities (false positive rate) as functions of selected cut-off values (Greiner et al., 2000). A’’good’’ test is one which has a high true positive rate and a low false positive rate and whose value, therefore, lies close to the top left-hand corner of the ROC curve (Petrie & Watson, 1999). A global summary statistic of the diagnostic accuracy of the assay is quantified by the areas under ROC curves (AUC). Likelihood ratios (LR) are used to revise the probability of the semen status in individual samples (Greiner et al., 1995). However, a complete ROC analysis, including AUC, provides an index of accuracy by demonstrating the limits of a test’s ability to discriminate between different semen status values (Zwieg et al., 1993).
\n\t\t\t\t
Figure 9.
Values of A610 in groups of satisfactory (group 1, group 3) and unsatisfactory (group 2, group 4) semen samples based on the motile sperm concentration (160x106 sperm/ml) and sperm index (180x106 sperm/ml)
\n\t\t\t\t
ROC curves (Analyse-it, General + Clinical Laboratory statistics, version 1.71; Analyse-it Software Ltd., Leeds, UK) were applied to identify optimal test cut-off values. A positive test result (T+) was recorded when spermatozoa in a sample reduced resazurin from blue to pink, resulting in A610 below the cut-off value. A negative test result (T-) was recorded when spermatozoa in a sample did not reduce resazurin from blue to pink, resulting in A610 above the cut-off value. Sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) for each cut-off value were calculated as the proportion of positive test results (T+) for SAT samples and negative test results (T-) for UNSAT samples according to complete 2x2 table (Table 1).
ROC curves plotted all sensitivity versus 1-specificity for the complete range of cut-off points (Greiner et al., 2000; Yuan et al., 2004). Sensitivity and specificity were estimated at 39 cut-off values. A diagonal line in a plot corresponds to a test that is positive or negative just by chance.
\n\t\t\t\t
All possible combinations of sensitivity and specificity that can be achieved by changing the test’s cut-off value were summarized by a single parameter; that is, AUC (Greiner et al., 2000). The slope of the ROC curve represents the LR for a diagnostic test, and the tangent at a point on the ROC curve corresponds to the LR for a single test value represented by that point (Choi et al., 1998).
The optimal cut-off values were selected based on the best balance of sensitivity, specificity and Youden index (J) along with larger increases in LR for each criterion value (Weiss et al., 2003-2004).
The diagnostic potential of resazurin reduction assay according to motile sperm concentration and SI was not different on the basis of AUC. The AUC was the same for criteria of 200×106 motile sperm/mL and 180×106 motile, normal sperm/mL (AUC=0.92; standard error for ROC curve (SE)=0.047 and 0.048, respectively; P<0.0001; Figure 10). On the basis of LR, absorbance lower than or equal to the optimal cut-off point were 11.3 and 7.1 times as likely to be found in satisfactory as in unsatisfactory semen samples according to SI and motile sperm concentration, respectively.
\n\t\t\t\t
A plot of sensitivity, specificity and Youden index as a function of the cut-off value provides a useful visualisation and is helpful in selecting optimal cut-off values of the assay (Greiner, 2000). The selection of cut-off values of absorbance at 610nm according to different criteria for motile sperm concentration and SI are presented in Figures 11 and 12, respecitvely.
\n\t\t\t\t
Values of Youden index peaked at a cut-off point of A610 at 0.209 for pre-selected minimum concentration of motile sperm concentration of 200×106sperm/mL (Figure 12B) and SI of 180×106 sperm/mL (Figure 12B). The optimal cut-off value at A610 of 0.209 therefore provided the best discrimination power according to both motile sperm concentration and SI. At this point, maximum overall accuracy was achieved for both cases. This cut-off value yielded estimates of sensitivity of 88.2% and 94.1% with corresponding specificities of 87.5% and 91.7% for motile sperm concentration and SI, respectively.
\n\t\t\t\t
Figure 10.
A, B). ROC plots of resazurin reduction assay for identifying semen samples with pre-selected minimum concentration of motile sperm concentration (A) and motile and normal sperm (B).
\n\t\t\t\t
However, in clinical use of the test, it is often important to 100% correctly identify satisfactory or unsatisfactory samples. Therefore, a cut-off value of A610 at 0.342 was selected to enable 100% correct identification of unsatisfactory semen samples. For both criteria, the test is 100% sensitive at A610 of 0.342. A cut-off value at A610 of 0.121 gives 100% specificity for motile sperm concentration and 95.8% specificity for SI. For pre-selected minimum concentration of motile sperm concentration of 160×106 sperm/mL and SI of 140×106sperm/mL, 100% specificity was obtained at the optimal cut-off value of A610 at 0.254, whereas only moderate levels of sensitivity were observed (80.6% and 73.5%, respectively; Figures 11A and 12A). In contrast, at the highest criteria values 100% sensitivity corresponded to only moderate levels of specificity (Figures 11C and 12C). In contrast, semen samples with A610 below 0.121 in the resazurin reduction assay were 100%
\n\t\t\t\t
Figure 11.
A, B, C). Plot of the diagnostic specificity, sensitivity and Youden index of resazurin reduction assay according to motile sperm concentration as a function of the cut-off value at 610nm.
\n\t\t\t\t
Figure 12.
A, B, C). Plot of the diagnostic specificity, sensitivity and Youden index of resazurin reduction assay according to sperm index as a function of the cut-off value at 610nm.
\n\t\t\t\t
and 95.8% correctly identified as satisfactory according to the criteria of 200×106 motile sperm/mL or 180×106 motile, normal sperm/mL, respectively. In our quantitative test, the maximum overall accuracy of 92.9% confirmed the high discrimination power for boar semen according to a criterion value of SI at 180×106sperm/mL.
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
3.3. Stability of butanol extracts in terms of A610
\n\t\t\t\t
After developing the assay, we wondered if it was possible to measure the absorbance at a later date, i.e. within a day or even a week of the assay. A satisfactory level of agreement would indicate that the modification was successful, which in turn would greatly enhance the usefulness of the assay as it could then be performed even if a spectrophotometer was not immediately available.
\n\t\t\t\t
We measured the A610 of each butanol extract of 112 samples on days 0, 1 and 7 after storage at 4ºC. The differences were obtained between A610 at day 0 (A0) and day 1 (A1) and between days 0 (A0) and 7 (A7).
\n\t\t\t\t
The limits of agreement were calculated as follows: limits = \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\td\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t¯\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t ± 2sdiff, where \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\td\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t¯\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t is the mean of differences for all the samples, and sdiff is the standard deviation of the differences. 2sdiff is also named the reproducibility coefficient. Differences between absorbances (A1 - A0) were plotted against their average value ((A1 + A0)/2) for each sample. Satisfactory agreement is achieved when minimum 95% of the absolute differences are less than the reproducibility coefficients (Petrie & Watson, 1999).
\n\t\t\t\t
It is necessary to establish that a method is repeatable before comparing two measurements for reproducibility (Petrie & Watson, 1999). The within-run coefficient of variation, calculated as 7.79 ± 4.06 %, confirmed satisfactory repeatability of the method, therefore the pairs of measurement of A610 were allowed to compare. The differences between measurements (A610) immediately after centrifugation (day 0) and after 7 days were plotted against the average of these values. 95.54 % of differences lie within the limits of agreement (Fig. 13).
\n\t\t\t\t
Figure 13.
A610 values as a function of time of measurement
\n\t\t\t\t
Measurements obtained on the day of performing the test and the measurements after 24 hours also agree; 99.1 % of the differences lie within the limits of agreement (data not shown). The results obtained leading to the conclusion that we can measure A610 of butanol extracts within 7 days from the day of test performing, confirming a great practical value of the method.
\n\t\t\t\t
In a diagram of the differences between absorbances plotted against their average, the scatter of the points is random (Fig. 13) indicating, that the size of the discrepancy between the two absorbance is not related to the size of the absorbance. More than 95 % of absolute differences were less than the reproducibility coefficients in both cases of testing the stability of butanol extracts. This is a satisfactory agreement, therefore we can measure the absorbance immediately after performing the test or within 7 days of that time. Therefore the test is useful even if spectrophotometer is not available at the location of semen evaluation. The results obtained leading to the conclusion that we can measure A610 of butanol extracts within 7 days from the day of test performing, confirming a great practical value of the method.
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
4. Conclusions
\n\t\t\t
The usefulness of sperm counting is greatly enhanced by the simplicity of determination by photometer (Photometer SDM5, MiniTüb, Germany) in on-farm AI laboratories. The use of photometer for determining sperm concentration would, therefore, be of benefit also to livestock producers in evaluating the quality of boar semen.
\n\t\t\t
The resazurin reduction assay was shown to be a reliable, easy-to-perform test that requires no sophisticated equipment. It was demonstrated that the results of the assay can be used to select semen samples with minimum requirements of sperm concentration, motility and normal morphology, which are all combined in sperm index. Because reproductive performance depends on metabolic processes, the assessment of metabolic rates of spermatozoa could provide even better or more complete information about semen quality than other tests. It allows the concentration of active spermatozoa to be determined, and may provide a better means of evaluating semen quality than assessing the characteristics, mentioned above, independently. Expressing the latter in semen evaluation is complex, although fertility results from insemination with evaluated semen could provide a gold standard of fertilizing capacity. Additional research is required for relevant and valid information about replacing or updating the methodology of semen evaluation.
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
5. Acknowledgements
\n\t\t\t
This work was supported by the Slovenian Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Technology, programme group \'\'Endocrine, immune, nervous and enzyme responses in healthy and sick animals\'\' (P4-0053).
\n\t\t\t
Special thanks go to author\'s collegues who contributed to the research work, presented in this chapter: Janko Mrkun, DVM, PhD, Marjan Kosec, DVM, PhD, Janez Kunc, DVM, MSc, Maja Zakošek Pipan, DVM.
\n\t\t
\n\t\n',keywords:",",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/16104.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/16104.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16104",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16104",totalDownloads:4651,totalViews:740,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"October 15th 2010",dateReviewed:"April 6th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"June 21st 2011",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/16104",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/16104",book:{slug:"artificial-insemination-in-farm-animals"},signatures:"Petra Zrimšek",authors:[{id:"26350",title:"Dr.",name:"Petra",middleName:null,surname:"Zrimšek",fullName:"Petra Zrimšek",slug:"petra-zrimsek",email:"petra.zrimsek@vf.uni-lj.si",position:null,institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Method agreement for determining sperm concentration",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1. Precision of the evaluated methods",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2. Method agreement",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"2.3. Experiment: Agreement between two methods of sperm concentration measurement",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_3",title:"2.3.1. Semen samples",level:"3"},{id:"sec_5_3",title:"2.3.2. Counting with the Makler chamber",level:"3"},{id:"sec_6_3",title:"2.3.3. Counting with a photometer",level:"3"},{id:"sec_7_3",title:"2.3.4. Precision of the evaluated methods",level:"3"},{id:"sec_8_3",title:"2.3.5. Method agreement between Mackler chamber and photometer",level:"3"},{id:"sec_11",title:"3. Development and diagnostic evaluation of spectrophotometric application of the resazurin reduction assay to evaluate boar sperm quality ",level:"1"},{id:"sec_11_2",title:"3.1. Development of resazurin reduction assay",level:"2"},{id:"sec_11_3",title:"3.1.1. Semen samples and analysis",level:"3"},{id:"sec_12_3",title:"3.1.2. Determination of specific absorbance wavelengths of resazurin and resorufin",level:"3"},{id:"sec_13_3",title:"3.1.3. Resazurin reduction assay and correlation with semen parameters",level:"3"},{id:"sec_15_2",title:"3.2. Diagnostic evaluation of resazurin reduction assay ",level:"2"},{id:"sec_16_2",title:"3.3. Stability of butanol extracts in terms of A610",level:"2"},{id:"sec_18",title:"4. Conclusions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_19",title:"5. Acknowledgements",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAnzar\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKroetsch\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBuhr\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2009\n\t\t\t\t\tComparison of different method for assessment of sperm concentration and membrane integrity with bull semen.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Androl, 30, 6, 661\n\t\t\t\t\t668 )\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B2",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tBland J.M. & Altman D.G.\n\t\t\t\t\t1999 Measuring agreement in method comparision studies. Stat Methods Med Res 8, 135\n\t\t\t\t\t160 )\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B3",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBrazil\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSwan\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS. H.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTollner\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC. R.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTreece\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDrobnis\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE. Z.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWang\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRedmon\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. B.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOverstreet\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. W.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2004 Quality control of laboratory methods for semen evaluaion in a multicenter research study. J. Androl., 25, 645\n\t\t\t\t\t656 )\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B4",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCarter\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEricsson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCorn\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC. D.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWeyerts\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP. R.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDart\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. G.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEscue\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS. G.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMesta\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1998\n\t\t\t\t\tAssessing the fertility potential of equine semen samples using the reducible dyes methylene green and resazurin.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Andro, 40, 1, 59\n\t\t\t\t\t66 )\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B5",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCamus\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCamugli\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLeveque\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSchmitt\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tStaub\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2011 Is photomertry an accurate and reliable method to assess boar semen concentration? Theriogenology, 75, 577\n\t\t\t\t\t583 )\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B6",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tChoi\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tB. C.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1998\n\t\t\t\t\tSlopes of a Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve and Likelihood Ratios for a Diagnostic Test.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Epidemiol, 148, 1127\n\t\t\t\t\t1132 )\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B7",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tChristensen\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tStenvang\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGodfrey\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tW.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2004\n\t\t\t\t\tA flow cytometric method for rapid determination of sperm concentration and viability in mammalian and avian semen. J Androl, 25, 2, 255\n\t\t\t\t\t264 )\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B8",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tChristensen\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tStryhn\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHansen\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2005\n\t\t\t\t\tDiscrepancies in the determination of sperm concentration using Bürker-Türk, Thoma and Makler counting chambers.\n\t\t\t\t\tTheriogenology, 63, 4, 992\n\t\t\t\t\t1003 )\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B9",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCooper\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWang\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLiu\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tY.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBunch\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT. D.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHolyoak\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG. R.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1996\n\t\t\t\t\tA new method to evaluate the viability of cryopreserved ram semen using a resazurin reduction assay. Theriogenology, 45, 1, 313\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B10",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDart\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. G.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMesta\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCreshaw\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEricsson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1994\n\t\t\t\t\tModified resazurin reduction test for determining the fertility potential of bovine spermatozoa.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Androl, 33, 71\n\t\t\t\t\t75 )\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B11",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFuse\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOkumura\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKazama\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKatayama\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1993\n\t\t\t\t\tComparison of resazurin test results with various sperm parameters.\n\t\t\t\t\tAndrologia, 25, 153\n\t\t\t\t\t157 )\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B12",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGlass\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR. H.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDrouin\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. T.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEricsson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMarcoux\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEricsson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSullivan\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1991\n\t\t\t\t\tThe resazurin reduction test provides an assessment of sperm activity.\n\t\t\t\t\tFertil Steril, 56, 43\n\t\t\t\t\t46 )\n\t\t\t'},{id:"",body:"\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tGreiner, M., Sohr, D.& Göbel, P. (1995). A modified ROC analysis for the selection of cut-off values and the definition of intermediate results of serodiagnostic tests. J Immunol Methods, 185, pp. (123-132) \n\t\t\t"},{id:"B14",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGreiner\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPfeiffer\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSmith\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR. D.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2000 Principles and practical application of the receiver-operating characteristic analysis for diagnostic tests. Prev Vet Med, 54, 23\n\t\t\t\t\t41 )\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B15",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHafez\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE. S. E.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1993 Semen evaluation. In: Reproduction in Farm animals (6th ed.). Hafez, E.S.E., 405\n\t\t\t\t\t423 ), Philadelphia, PA\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B16",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHansen\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tVermeiden\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tVermeiden\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. P. W.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSimmet\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDay\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tB. C.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFeitsma\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2006 Comparision of FACSCount AF system, improved Neubauer hemacytometer, Corning 254 photometer, SpermVision, UltiMate and NucleoCounter SP-100 for determination of sperm concentration of boar semen. Theriogenology, 66, 2188\n\t\t\t\t\t2194 )\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B17",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHolt\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tW. V.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMedrano\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1997 Assessment of boar sperm function in relation to freezing and storage. J Reprod Fertil, Suppl., 52, 213\n\t\t\t\t\t222 )\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B18",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tImade\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG. E.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTowobola\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tO. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSagay\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA. S.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOtubu\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1993 Discrepancies in sperm count using improved Neubauer, Makler, and Horwells counting chambers Arch Androl, 31, 1, 17\n\t\t\t\t\t22 )\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B19",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJensen\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA. L.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKjelgaard-Hansen\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2006 Method comparison in the clinical laboratory, Vet Clin Pathol., 35, 276\n\t\t\t\t\t286 )\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B20",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJohnson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWeitze\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK. F.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFiser\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMaxwell\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tW. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2000 Storage of boar semen. Anim Reprod Sci, 62, 143\n\t\t\t\t\t172 )\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B21",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJones\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR. G.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPayne\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR. B.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1997 Analytical methods: control and comparison. In: Clinical Investigation and Statistics in Laboratory Medicine, Jones, R.G. & Payne, R.B., 27\n\t\t\t\t\t65 ), ACB Venture Publications, London\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B22",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJuonala\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLintukangas\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNurttila\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAndresson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1998 Relationship between semen quality and fertility in 106 AI-Boars, Reprod Domest Anim, 33, 155\n\t\t\t\t\t158 )\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B23",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKeel\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tB.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tQuinn\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSchmidt\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSerafy\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJr Serafy\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSr \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSchalue\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2000 Results of the American association of Bioanalysts national proficiency testing programme in andrology, Hum Reprod, 15, 680\n\t\t\t\t\t686 )\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B24",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKnuth\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tU. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNeuwinger\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNieschlag\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1989 Bias to routine semen analysis by uncontrolled changes in laboratory environment- detection by long-term sampling of monthly means for quality control, Int J Androl, 12, 375\n\t\t\t\t\t383 )\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B25",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLiu\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD. Y.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBaker\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH. W. G.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2002 Evaluation and assessment of semen for IVF/ICSI, Asian J Androl, 4, 281\n\t\t\t\t\t285 )\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B26",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMa\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSmith\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tF. G.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2003 Correlation and regression. In: Key topics in Clinical Research, Smith, F.G. & Smith, J.R., 147\n\t\t\t\t\t151 ), BIOS Scientific Publishers Limited, Oxford\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B27",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMaatson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1995 External quality assessment for semen analysis and sperm antibody detection: results of a pilot scheme, Hum Reprod, 10, 620\n\t\t\t\t\t625 ).\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B28",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMahmoud\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tComhaire\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tF. H.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tVermeulen\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAndreou\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1994 Comparison of the resazurin test, adenosine triphosphate in semen, and various sperm parameters, Hum Reprod, 9, 1688\n\t\t\t\t\t1693 )\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B29",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMahmoud\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA. M. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDepoorter\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tB.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPiens\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tComhaire\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tF. H.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1997 The performance of 10 different methods for the estimation of sperm concentration, Fertil and Steril, 68, 2, 340\n\t\t\t\t\t345 )\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B30",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMartin\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCrenshaw\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC. C.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDean\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJr \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDart\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. G.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPurdy\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP. H.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEricsson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1999 Determination of the number of motile sperm within an ovine semen sample using resazurin, Small Rumin Res, 32, 161\n\t\t\t\t\t165 )\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B31",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMesta\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEricsson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDart\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. G.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWansley\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR. G.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWeyerts\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP. R.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1995 Assesment of fertility potential of porcine spermatozoa using the reducible dyes methylene green and resazurin. Journal of Animal Science, 73, (Suppl. 1), 26\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B32",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMrkun\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKosec\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZakošek\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZrimšek\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2007 Method agreement between measuring of boar sperm concentration using makler chamber and photometer. Acta vet (Beogr.), 57, 5/6, 563\n\t\t\t\t\t572 )\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B33",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNeuwinger\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBehre\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNieschlag\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1990 External quality control in the andrology laboratory: an experimental multicenter trial, Fertil Steril, 54, 308\n\t\t\t\t\t314 )\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B34",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPetrunkina\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWaberski\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGünzel-Apel\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA. R.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTöpfer-Petersen\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2007 Determinants of sperm quality and fertility in domestic species. Reproduction, 134, 3\n\t\t\t\t\t17 )\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B35",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPetrie\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWatson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1999 Additional Topics. In: Statistics for veterinary and animal science, Petrie, A., Watson, P., 168\n\t\t\t\t\t181 ), Blackwell Science, Oxford\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B36",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPrathalingam\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHolt\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tW.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRevell\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJones\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWatson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2006 The precision and accuracy of six different methods to determine sperm concentration. J Androl, 27, 2, 257\n\t\t\t\t\t262 )\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B37",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tQuintero-Moreno\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRigau\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRodriguez-Gil\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. E.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2004 Regression analysis and motile sperm subpopulation structure study as improving tools in boar semen quality analysis, Theriogenology, 61, 673\n\t\t\t\t\t690 )\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B38",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRahman\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKula\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1997 Enlarged spectrum of seminological diagnoses using the resazurin colour reaction, a spectrophotometric application, Int J Andro, 20, 17\n\t\t\t\t\t22 )\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B39",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tReddy\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tVenkata.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRami\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMeherji\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP. K.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGokral\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. S.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tShahani\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS. K.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1997 Resazurin reduction test to evaluate semen quality.Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 35, 369\n\t\t\t\t\t373 )\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B40",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tReddy\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tVenkata.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRami\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBordekar\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA. D.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1999 Spectrophotometric analysis of resazurin reduction test and semen quality in men. Indian J Exp Biol, 37, 782\n\t\t\t\t\t786 )\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B41",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSokol\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR. Z.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tShulman\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPaulson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2000 Comparison of two methods for the measurement of sperm concentration. Fertil Steril, 73, 3, 591\n\t\t\t\t\t594 )\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B42",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTejerina\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tF.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBuranaamnuay\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSaravia\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tF.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWallgren\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRodriguez-Martinez\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2008 Assessment of motility ejaculated, liquid-stored boar spermatozoa using computerized instruments, Theriogenology, 69, 1129\n\t\t\t\t\t1138 )\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B43",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTsakmakidis\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tI. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLymberopoulos\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA. G.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKhalifa\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT. A. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2010 Relationship between sperm quality traits and filed-fertility of porcine semen. J Vet Sci, 11, 2, 151\n\t\t\t\t\t154 )\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B44",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTwormey\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2004 Plasma glucose measurement with the Yellow Springs Glucose 2300 STAT and the Olympus AU640. J Clin Pathol, 57, 752\n\t\t\t\t\t754 ).\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B45",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTwormey\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2005 How do we really compare methods in the clinical laboratory? Proceedings of Statistics Workshop & Clinics, EuroMedLab, Glasgow, May 2005\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B46",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tVyt\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMaes\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRijsselaere\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDejonckheere\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCastryck\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tF.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tVan Soom\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2004 Motility Assessment of Porcine Spermatozoa: a Comparison of Methods. Reprod Dom Anim, 30, 447\n\t\t\t\t\t453 )\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B47",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tYuan\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tY. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tXin\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZ. C.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJiang\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGuo\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tY. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLiu\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tW. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTian\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZhu\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. C.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2004 Sexual function of premature ejaculation patients assayed with Chinese Index of Premature Ejaculation, Asian J Androl, 6, 121\n\t\t\t\t\t126 )\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B48",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWaberski\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSchapmann\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHenning\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tReisenbeck\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBrandt\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2011 Sperm chromatin structural integrity in normospermic boars is not related to semen storage and fertility after routine AI, Theriogenology, 75, 337\n\t\t\t\t\t345 )\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B49",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWang\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHolyoak\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG. R.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPanter\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK. E.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLiu\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEvans\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR. C.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBunch\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT. D.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1998 Resazurin reduction assay for ram sperm metabolic activity measured by spectrophotometry. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 217, 197\n\t\t\t\t\t202 )\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B50",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWeiss\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH. L.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNiwas\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGrizzle\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tW. E.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPiyathilake\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2003-2004 Receiver operating characteritic (ROC) to determine cut-off points of biomarkers in lung cancer patients. Dis Markers, 19\n\t\t\t\t\t273\n\t\t\t\t\t278 )\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B51",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWoelders\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1991 Overview of in vitro methods for evaluation of semen quality, Reprod Domest Anim Suppl, 145\n\t\t\t\t\t164 )\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B52",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZalata\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLammertijn\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tChristoper\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tComhaire\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tF. H.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1998 The correlates and alleged biochemical background of the resazurin reduction test in semen. Int J Androl, 21, 289\n\t\t\t\t\t294 )\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B53",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZwieg\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. H.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCampbell\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1993 Receiver-Operating Characteristic (ROC) Plots: A Fundamental Evaluation Tool in Clinical Medicine, Clin. Chem., 39/40, 561\n\t\t\t\t\t577 )\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B54",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZrimšek\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKunc\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKosec\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMrkun\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2004 Spectrophotometric application of resazurin reduction assay to evaluate boar semen quality. Int J Androl, 27, 1, 57\n\t\t\t\t\t62 )\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B55",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZrimšek\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKosec\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKunc\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMrkun\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2006 Determination of the diagnostic value of the resazurin reduction assay for evaluating boar semen by receiver operating characteristic analysis. Asian J Androl, 8, 3, 343\n\t\t\t\t\t348 )\n\t\t\t'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Petra Zrimšek",address:null,affiliation:'
Clinic for Reproduction and Horses,Veterinary Faculty,University of Ljubljana,, Slovenia
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"185",title:"Artificial Insemination in Farm Animals",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Artificial Insemination in Farm Animals",slug:"artificial-insemination-in-farm-animals",publishedDate:"June 21st 2011",bookSignature:"Milad Manafi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/185.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"56772",title:"Dr.",name:"Milad",middleName:null,surname:"Manafi",slug:"milad-manafi",fullName:"Milad Manafi"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"16096",title:"Artificial Insemination: Current and Future Trends",slug:"artificial-insemination-current-and-future-trends",totalDownloads:21574,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jane M. Morrell",authors:[{id:"29913",title:"Dr.",name:"Jane M.",middleName:null,surname:"Morrell",fullName:"Jane M. Morrell",slug:"jane-m.-morrell"}]},{id:"16097",title:"Artificial Insemination at Fixed Time in Bufalloes",slug:"artificial-insemination-at-fixed-time-in-bufalloes",totalDownloads:4124,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Gustavo Angel Crudeli and Rodolfo Luzbel de la Sota",authors:[{id:"50247",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Crudeli",fullName:"Gustavo Angel Crudeli",slug:"gustavo-angel-crudeli"},{id:"50249",title:"Prof.",name:"Roberto Luzbel",middleName:null,surname:"De La Sota",fullName:"Roberto Luzbel De La Sota",slug:"roberto-luzbel-de-la-sota"}]},{id:"16098",title:"Artificial Insemination of Sheep - Possibilities, Realities and Techniques at the Farm Level",slug:"artificial-insemination-of-sheep-possibilities-realities-and-techniques-at-the-farm-level",totalDownloads:10587,totalCrossrefCites:6,signatures:"Sandor Kukovics, Erzsebet Gyoker, Timea Nemeth and Elemer Gergatz",authors:[{id:"25894",title:"Prof.",name:"Sándor",middleName:null,surname:"Kukovics",fullName:"Sándor Kukovics",slug:"sandor-kukovics"},{id:"112137",title:"Dr.",name:"Timea",middleName:null,surname:"Németh",fullName:"Timea Németh",slug:"timea-nemeth"},{id:"112138",title:"Dr.",name:"Elemér",middleName:null,surname:"Gergátz",fullName:"Elemér Gergátz",slug:"elemer-gergatz"},{id:"112139",title:"Dr.",name:"Erzsébet",middleName:null,surname:"Gyökér",fullName:"Erzsébet Gyökér",slug:"erzsebet-gyoker"}]},{id:"16099",title:"Artificial Insemination in Dogs",slug:"artificial-insemination-in-dogs",totalDownloads:39243,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Rita Payan-Carreira, Sonia Miranda and Wojciech Nizanski",authors:[{id:"38652",title:"Dr.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira"},{id:"41065",title:"Dr.",name:"Sónia",middleName:null,surname:"Miranda",fullName:"Sónia Miranda",slug:"sonia-miranda"},{id:"62597",title:"Dr.",name:"Wojciech",middleName:null,surname:"Nizanski",fullName:"Wojciech Nizanski",slug:"wojciech-nizanski"}]},{id:"16100",title:"Artificial Insemination in Pigs",slug:"artificial-insemination-in-pigs",totalDownloads:14560,totalCrossrefCites:5,signatures:"Maes Dominiek, Lopez Rodriguez Alfonso, Rijsselaere Tom, Vyt Philip and Van Soom Ann",authors:[{id:"25704",title:"Prof.",name:"Dominiek",middleName:null,surname:"Maes",fullName:"Dominiek Maes",slug:"dominiek-maes"},{id:"41076",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Lopéz Rodriguez",fullName:"Alfonso Lopéz Rodriguez",slug:"alfonso-lopez-rodriguez"},{id:"41077",title:"Dr.",name:"Tom",middleName:null,surname:"Rijsselaere",fullName:"Tom Rijsselaere",slug:"tom-rijsselaere"},{id:"41078",title:"Dr.",name:"Philip",middleName:null,surname:"Vyt",fullName:"Philip Vyt",slug:"philip-vyt"},{id:"41079",title:"Prof.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Van Soom",fullName:"Ann Van Soom",slug:"ann-van-soom"}]},{id:"16101",title:"Artificial Insemination in Swine",slug:"artificial-insemination-in-swine",totalDownloads:5428,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Eduardo Paulino da Costa, Aurea Helena Assis da Costa, Gustavo Guerino Macedo and Emílio César Martins Pereira",authors:[{id:"39833",title:"Prof.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Paulino da Costa",fullName:"Eduardo Paulino da Costa",slug:"eduardo-paulino-da-costa"},{id:"40900",title:"Prof.",name:"Aurea Helena",middleName:null,surname:"Assis da Costa",fullName:"Aurea Helena Assis da Costa",slug:"aurea-helena-assis-da-costa"},{id:"40901",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Guerino Macedo",fullName:"Gustavo Guerino Macedo",slug:"gustavo-guerino-macedo"},{id:"91358",title:"Dr.",name:"Emílio César",middleName:null,surname:"Martins Pereira",fullName:"Emílio César Martins Pereira",slug:"emilio-cesar-martins-pereira"}]},{id:"16102",title:"Sperm Preparation Techniques for Artificial Insemination - Comparison of Sperm Washing, Swim Up, and Density Gradient Centrifugation Methods",slug:"sperm-preparation-techniques-for-artificial-insemination-comparison-of-sperm-washing-swim-up-and-den",totalDownloads:29069,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Ilaria Natali",authors:[{id:"27026",title:"Dr.",name:"Ilaria",middleName:null,surname:"Natali",fullName:"Ilaria Natali",slug:"ilaria-natali"}]},{id:"16103",title:"Effect of Vitamin E on the Development of Testis in Sheep",slug:"effect-of-vitamin-e-on-the-development-of-testis-in-sheep",totalDownloads:4395,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Hailing Luo, Suyun Ge, Dubing Yue, Leyan Yan, Xu Xu, Kun Liu and Fei Yuan",authors:[{id:"41716",title:"Dr.",name:"Hailing",middleName:null,surname:"Luo",fullName:"Hailing Luo",slug:"hailing-luo"},{id:"112897",title:"Dr.",name:"Suyun",middleName:null,surname:"Ge",fullName:"Suyun Ge",slug:"suyun-ge"},{id:"112898",title:"Dr.",name:"Dubing",middleName:null,surname:"Yue",fullName:"Dubing Yue",slug:"dubing-yue"},{id:"112899",title:"Dr.",name:"Leyan",middleName:null,surname:"Yan",fullName:"Leyan Yan",slug:"leyan-yan"},{id:"112900",title:"Dr.",name:"Xu",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",fullName:"Xu Xu",slug:"xu-xu"},{id:"112901",title:"Dr.",name:"Kun",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",fullName:"Kun Liu",slug:"kun-liu"},{id:"112903",title:"Dr.",name:"Fei",middleName:null,surname:"Yuan",fullName:"Fei Yuan",slug:"fei-yuan"}]},{id:"16104",title:"Evaluation of a New Method and Diagnostic Test in Semen Analysis",slug:"evaluation-of-a-new-method-and-diagnostic-test-in-semen-analysis",totalDownloads:4651,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Petra Zrimšek",authors:[{id:"26350",title:"Dr.",name:"Petra",middleName:null,surname:"Zrimšek",fullName:"Petra Zrimšek",slug:"petra-zrimsek"}]},{id:"16105",title:"Particularities of Bovine Artificial Insemination",slug:"particularities-of-bovine-artificial-insemination",totalDownloads:4879,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Antonio Nelson Lima da Costa, Airton Alencar de Araujo and Jose Valmir Feitosa",authors:[{id:"29673",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio Nelson",middleName:"Nelson",surname:"Lima da Costa",fullName:"Antonio Nelson Lima da Costa",slug:"antonio-nelson-lima-da-costa"},{id:"38360",title:"Prof.",name:"Airton",middleName:null,surname:"Alencar de Araujo",fullName:"Airton Alencar de Araujo",slug:"airton-alencar-de-araujo"},{id:"38361",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose Valmir",middleName:null,surname:"Feitosa",fullName:"Jose Valmir Feitosa",slug:"jose-valmir-feitosa"}]},{id:"16106",title:"Management Factors Affecting Fertility in Sheep",slug:"management-factors-affecting-fertility-in-sheep",totalDownloads:8886,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Pilar Santolaria, Inmaculada Palacin and Jesus Yaniz",authors:[{id:"30119",title:"Dr.",name:"Pilar",middleName:null,surname:"Santolaria",fullName:"Pilar Santolaria",slug:"pilar-santolaria"},{id:"32657",title:"Mr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"Yaniz",fullName:"Jesus Yaniz",slug:"jesus-yaniz"},{id:"32658",title:"Mrs",name:"Inmaculada",middleName:null,surname:"Palacin",fullName:"Inmaculada Palacin",slug:"inmaculada-palacin"}]},{id:"16107",title:"Effect of Cryopreservation on Sperm Quality and Fertility",slug:"effect-of-cryopreservation-on-sperm-quality-and-fertility",totalDownloads:14902,totalCrossrefCites:6,signatures:"Alemayehu Lemma",authors:[{id:"25594",title:"Dr.",name:"Alemayehu",middleName:null,surname:"Lemma",fullName:"Alemayehu Lemma",slug:"alemayehu-lemma"}]},{id:"16108",title:"Effect of Fatty Acids on Reproductive Performance of Ruminants",slug:"effect-of-fatty-acids-on-reproductive-performance-of-ruminants",totalDownloads:7601,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Jose Herrera-Camacho, Alejandra Soberano-Martinez, Karlos Edmundo Orozco Duran, Carlos Aguilar-Perez and Juan Carlos Ku-Vera",authors:[{id:"26730",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Herrera-Camacho",fullName:"Jose Herrera-Camacho",slug:"jose-herrera-camacho"},{id:"26734",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Ku-Vera",fullName:"Juan Carlos Ku-Vera",slug:"juan-carlos-ku-vera"},{id:"91278",title:"MSc.",name:"Karlos Edmundo",middleName:null,surname:"Orozco Duran",fullName:"Karlos Edmundo Orozco Duran",slug:"karlos-edmundo-orozco-duran"},{id:"91279",title:"Dr.",name:"Alejandra",middleName:null,surname:"Soberano-Martinez",fullName:"Alejandra Soberano-Martinez",slug:"alejandra-soberano-martinez"},{id:"91280",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"Fernando",surname:"Aguilar-Perez",fullName:"Carlos Aguilar-Perez",slug:"carlos-aguilar-perez"}]},{id:"16109",title:"Mechanical and Pharmacologic Applications of Artificial Insemination in Ewes",slug:"mechanical-and-pharmacologic-applications-of-artificial-insemination-in-ewes",totalDownloads:4509,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Faruk Aral, Fusun Temamogulları and Semra Sezen Aral",authors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral",slug:"faruk-aral"},{id:"115582",title:"Dr.",name:"Füsun",middleName:null,surname:"Temamoğulları",fullName:"Füsun Temamoğulları",slug:"fusun-temamogullari"},{id:"115583",title:"Dr.",name:"Semra",middleName:null,surname:"Sezen Aral",fullName:"Semra Sezen Aral",slug:"semra-sezen-aral"}]},{id:"16110",title:"Relationship Between IFN-t Production by Bovines Embryos Derived Ex Vivo and Completely Produced In Vitro",slug:"relationship-between-ifn-t-production-by-bovines-embryos-derived-ex-vivo-and-completely-produced-in-",totalDownloads:2855,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jorge Alberto Neira, Daniel Tainturier,\nRene L'Haridon and Jacques Martal",authors:[{id:"45433",title:"Prof.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Tainturier",fullName:"Daniel Tainturier",slug:"daniel-tainturier"},{id:"115401",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Neira",fullName:"Jorge Alberto Neira",slug:"jorge-alberto-neira"},{id:"115402",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacques",middleName:null,surname:"Martal",fullName:"Jacques Martal",slug:"jacques-martal"},{id:"115403",title:"Dr.",name:"René",middleName:null,surname:"L'Haridon",fullName:"René L'Haridon",slug:"rene-l'haridon"}]},{id:"16111",title:"Reproductive Endocrinology Diseases: Hormone Replacement and Therapy for Peri/Menopause",slug:"reproductive-endocrinology-diseases-hormone-replacement-and-therapy-for-peri-menopause",totalDownloads:3960,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Zoe Roupa, Greta Wozniak, Konstantinos Tsipras and Penelope Sotiropoulou",authors:[{id:"39779",title:"Prof.",name:"Zoe",middleName:null,surname:"Roupa",fullName:"Zoe Roupa",slug:"zoe-roupa"},{id:"50408",title:"Dr.",name:"Greta",middleName:null,surname:"Wozniak",fullName:"Greta Wozniak",slug:"greta-wozniak"},{id:"50409",title:"Dr.",name:"Konstantinos",middleName:null,surname:"Tsipras",fullName:"Konstantinos Tsipras",slug:"konstantinos-tsipras"},{id:"50410",title:"MSc.",name:"Penelope",middleName:null,surname:"Sotiropoulou",fullName:"Penelope Sotiropoulou",slug:"penelope-sotiropoulou"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5315",title:"Poultry Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d2b2b8ff84b12d9afe428b7d059b0b46",slug:"poultry-science",bookSignature:"Milad Manafi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5315.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"56772",title:"Dr.",name:"Milad",surname:"Manafi",slug:"milad-manafi",fullName:"Milad Manafi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"52383",title:"Assessment of Maize (Zea mays) as Feed Resource for Poultry",slug:"assessment-of-maize-zea-mays-as-feed-resource-for-poultry",signatures:"Herbert K. Dei",authors:[{id:"28844",title:"Prof.",name:"Herbert",middleName:"Kwabla",surname:"Dei",fullName:"Herbert Dei",slug:"herbert-dei"}]},{id:"52005",title:"The Effect of Age on Growth Performance and Carcass Quality Parameters in Different Poultry Species",slug:"the-effect-of-age-on-growth-performance-and-carcass-quality-parameters-in-different-poultry-species",signatures:"Daria Murawska",authors:[{id:"147435",title:"Dr.",name:"Daria",middleName:null,surname:"Murawska",fullName:"Daria Murawska",slug:"daria-murawska"}]},{id:"51982",title:"Identification of Microbial and Gaseous Contaminants in Poultry Farms and Developing Methods for Contamination Prevention at the Source",slug:"identification-of-microbial-and-gaseous-contaminants-in-poultry-farms-and-developing-methods-for-con",signatures:"Dorota Witkowska and Janina Sowińska",authors:[{id:"184285",title:"Dr.",name:"Dorota",middleName:null,surname:"Witkowska",fullName:"Dorota Witkowska",slug:"dorota-witkowska"},{id:"192626",title:"Prof.",name:"Janina",middleName:null,surname:"Sowińska",fullName:"Janina Sowińska",slug:"janina-sowinska"}]},{id:"53276",title:"Mycotoxins in Poultry",slug:"mycotoxins-in-poultry",signatures:"Ayhan Filazi, Begum Yurdakok-Dikmen, Ozgur Kuzukiran and Ufuk\nTansel Sireli",authors:[{id:"152542",title:"Dr.",name:"Ayhan",middleName:null,surname:"Filazi",fullName:"Ayhan Filazi",slug:"ayhan-filazi"}]},{id:"52216",title:"Biofilms of Salmonella and Campylobacter in the Poultry Industry",slug:"biofilms-of-salmonella-and-campylobacter-in-the-poultry-industry",signatures:"Daise A. Rossi, Roberta T. Melo, Eliane P. Mendonça and Guilherme\nP. Monteiro",authors:[{id:"184318",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Roberta",middleName:"Torres",surname:"Melo",fullName:"Roberta Melo",slug:"roberta-melo"},{id:"184319",title:"MSc.",name:"Eliane Pereira",middleName:null,surname:"Mendonca",fullName:"Eliane Pereira Mendonca",slug:"eliane-pereira-mendonca"},{id:"184320",title:"MSc.",name:"Guilherme Paz",middleName:null,surname:"Monteiro",fullName:"Guilherme Paz Monteiro",slug:"guilherme-paz-monteiro"},{id:"184321",title:"Dr.",name:"Daise Aparecida",middleName:null,surname:"Rossi",fullName:"Daise Aparecida Rossi",slug:"daise-aparecida-rossi"}]},{id:"52242",title:"How to Control Campylobacter in Poultry Farms?: An Overview of the Main Strategies",slug:"how-to-control-campylobacter-in-poultry-farms-an-overview-of-the-main-strategies",signatures:"Michel Federighi",authors:[{id:"183926",title:"Dr.",name:"Michel",middleName:null,surname:"Federighi",fullName:"Michel Federighi",slug:"michel-federighi"}]},{id:"52152",title:"An Overall View of the Regulation of Hepatic Lipid Metabolism in Chicken Revealed by New-Generation Sequencing",slug:"an-overall-view-of-the-regulation-of-hepatic-lipid-metabolism-in-chicken-revealed-by-new-generation-",signatures:"Hong Li, Zhuanjian Li and Xiaojun Liu",authors:[{id:"183723",title:"Prof.",name:"Xiaojun",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",fullName:"Xiaojun Liu",slug:"xiaojun-liu"},{id:"192708",title:"Dr.",name:"Hong",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Hong Li",slug:"hong-li"},{id:"192709",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhuanjian",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Zhuanjian Li",slug:"zhuanjian-li"}]},{id:"52234",title:"Selenium Requirements and Metabolism in Poultry",slug:"selenium-requirements-and-metabolism-in-poultry",signatures:"Anicke Brandt‐Kjelsen, Brit Salbu, Anna Haug and Joanna Szpunar",authors:[{id:"183779",title:"Dr.",name:"Anicke",middleName:null,surname:"Brandt-Kjelsen",fullName:"Anicke Brandt-Kjelsen",slug:"anicke-brandt-kjelsen"},{id:"192152",title:"Prof.",name:"Joanna",middleName:null,surname:"Spzunar",fullName:"Joanna Spzunar",slug:"joanna-spzunar"},{id:"192153",title:"Prof.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Haug",fullName:"Anna Haug",slug:"anna-haug"},{id:"192154",title:"Prof.",name:"Brit",middleName:null,surname:"Salbu",fullName:"Brit Salbu",slug:"brit-salbu"}]},{id:"52046",title:"Chemical Contaminants in Poultry Meat and Products",slug:"chemical-contaminants-in-poultry-meat-and-products",signatures:"Ayhan Filazi, Begum Yurdakok-Dikmen, Ozgur Kuzukiran and Ufuk\nTansel Sireli",authors:[{id:"152542",title:"Dr.",name:"Ayhan",middleName:null,surname:"Filazi",fullName:"Ayhan Filazi",slug:"ayhan-filazi"},{id:"184153",title:"Dr.",name:"Begum",middleName:null,surname:"Yurdakok-Dikmen",fullName:"Begum Yurdakok-Dikmen",slug:"begum-yurdakok-dikmen"},{id:"184154",title:"Dr.",name:"Ozgur",middleName:null,surname:"Kuzukiran",fullName:"Ozgur Kuzukiran",slug:"ozgur-kuzukiran"},{id:"184155",title:"Dr.",name:"Ufuk Tansel",middleName:null,surname:"Sireli",fullName:"Ufuk Tansel Sireli",slug:"ufuk-tansel-sireli"}]},{id:"52239",title:"Poultry Litter Selection, Management and Utilization in the Tropics",slug:"poultry-litter-selection-management-and-utilization-in-the-tropics",signatures:"Musa I. Waziri and Bilkisu Y. Kaltungo",authors:[{id:"183446",title:"Dr.",name:"Musa I.",middleName:null,surname:"Waziri",fullName:"Musa I. Waziri",slug:"musa-i.-waziri"},{id:"192161",title:"Dr.",name:"Bilkisu Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Kaltungo",fullName:"Bilkisu Y. Kaltungo",slug:"bilkisu-y.-kaltungo"}]},{id:"52592",title:"Genomics Tools for the Characterization of Genetic Adaptation of Low Input Extensively Raised Chickens",slug:"genomics-tools-for-the-characterization-of-genetic-adaptation-of-low-input-extensively-raised-chicke",signatures:"Farai Catherine Muchadeyi and Edgar Farai Dzomba",authors:[{id:"183770",title:"Dr.",name:"Farai Catherine",middleName:null,surname:"Muchadeyi",fullName:"Farai Catherine Muchadeyi",slug:"farai-catherine-muchadeyi"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"67293",title:"Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) and Its Treatment with Plant Extracts",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84938",slug:"foot-and-mouth-disease-virus-fmdv-and-its-treatment-with-plant-extracts",body:'
1. Introduction
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a contagious viral infection [1] which is caused by foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). The disease appears in cloven-footed animals. Symptoms of the disease are abrupt manifestation of sores on the mouth, nose, feet, etc. [2]. These symptoms can appear within 2–3 days postexposure and can take up to 7–10 days. FMDV belongs to genus Aphthovirus and family Picornaviridae and has seven species. In the year 2001, about 57 zones were previously influenced by dangerous FMD at the detection of FMDV for the first time in Britain. Later on about 43 animals were encountered with FMD just in a day. So estimate regarding the onset of FMD among animals may be biased [3].
For the prevention and elimination of FMDV, two methods could be adopted, that is, massacre and immunization [4]. The virus can last for an extended period of time especially in cool environment and neutral pH.
The foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) belongs to genus Aphthovirus and family Picornaviridae [5]. FMDV has seven diverse serotypes O, A, C, SAT-1, SAT-2, SAT-3, and Asia-1. Serotype O is the most familiar in the world among all the serotypes. More than 60 strains are found among these serotypes. These serotypes differ with each other in different topographic areas. Serotype O was accountable for that Asian epidemic which occurred in the year 1990 and influenced all over the world [1]. FMDV is a single-stranded RNA virus. It contains a protein coat comprising of four capsid proteins designated as VP1, VP2, VP3, and VP4 [4].
Foot and mouth disease (FMD) affects cloven-footed animals. The disease is very fast-growing and transmissible which usually affects pigs, cattle, goats, and sheep. The symptoms include vesicles/blisters on the hoofs, mouth, nose, feet, teats, etc. Ultimately these blisters result in skin erosions. Animals become unable to take food and thus become weak. Other symptoms include salivation, decrease in milk production, and weight loss. This viral problem occurs around the whole globe. FMDV epidemic occurred in different countries of the world like Europe, the United States, and Canada. In the year 1967, FMDV epidemic resulted in mortality of 400,000 pigs in the United Kingdom. Epidemic of FMDV in the United Kingdom causes death of about 70,000 pigs, cattle, and sheep in 70 areas [2].
Foot and mouth disease is a very dangerous communicable disease. It has affected different domestic animals in different areas with very lethal symptoms. Its breakthrough is especially notable in the United Kingdom. In the year 2001, about 57 zones were previously influenced by dangerous FMD at the detection of FMDV for the first time in Britain. Later on about 43 animals were encountered by this FMD just in a day. So estimate regarding the onset of foot and mouth disease among animals may be biased [3].
2. Plants for treatment of FMDV
Different plants were evaluated to prevent or eradicate FMDV. An experiment evaluated two parts of ginseng plant, stem and leaves, regarding susceptibility of mice to immunization to vaccine against serotype Asia-1 of FMDV. Ginseng along with its oil was also used to assess collective outcome regarding immunization against FMDV. This research showed that considerable high titer of various antibodies resulted when ginseng along with oil is given in combination. Important antibodies which were evaluated included IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, and IgG3.
In a study forty two plants were used to prepare 47 ethanolic extracts which were evaluated for their antiviral potential against KPS/005/2545 strain of type “O” FMDV. BHK-21 cell line was used in the experimental study. The virus was used at the rate of 106.37 TCID50. Transgenic plant (Arabidopsis thaliana) was used to synthesize VP1 with 135–160 amino acid residues. These antigens were found to provide immunization against viral disease [6]. Some plants showed significant antiviral activity against FMDV which included Morinda elliptica and Morinda citrifolia. Other plants failed to exhibit antiviral activity against FMDV [7]. This indicates that plants have antiviral potential and they can be used as antiviral agents against FMDV.
In another reported study, it was mentioned that FMD is a transmissible ailment of animals. Effective control of this disease needs sensitive, specific, and quick diagnostic tools at each tier of control strategy. Various pen-side tests, namely, lateral flow, RT-LAMP, immunostrip tests, and so forth, were also developed for the detection of the virus in field condition [8].
FMDV is transmissible, and to maintain protection against this virus, a study was conducted on guinea pigs and rabbits. The study suggested that immunization of animals with synthetic peptide 141–160 produces neutralizing antibodies that provide protection against FMDV [9]. Similarly, different synthetic peptide residues 141–158 and 200–213 of VP1 were synthesized from 01 Kaufbeuren strain of FMDV. These peptides were proved to provide protection against FMDV via acting on VP1 carboxyl terminal [10].
In the 1930s, the first vaccine was developed against FMDV. The vaccine was developed from live FMDV with formalin in combination with aluminum hydroxide gel. Treatment of animals with this vaccine reduced the outbreak of viral disease [11]. Later on, vaccines have been developed based on the virus capsid structure. These vaccines were synthesized from purified or recombinant DNA techniques, derived or chemically synthesized VP1 peptides, inoculation with DNA expressing VP1 epitopes or interleukin, and plant expressing VP1 [12]. Moreover, a vaccine was developed by deleting RGD receptor site on VP1, which resisted virus binding to the cell [13]. Similarly, a live attenuated vaccine was prepared that lack the L-coding in A-type A12 virus. The vaccine resulted in replication of cells but decreased the virulent factor of disease in cattle [14]. On the other hand, a swine inoculated with wild-type A12 in combination with oil led to neutralization of FMDV [15].
Different studies have been reported on targeted immunogens that lack infectious nucleic acid. In a reported study, mice were inoculated with active virus 3Cpro in empty capsules. This vaccine produced neutralizing response by producing antibodies [16]. Another study showed improved FMDV antibody response after coadministration of viral capsid along with porcine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor [17].
Meanwhile some studies illustrated the recombinant and replication of vaccinia virus containing capsid-coding region of FMDV C1Oberbayern or C3Argentina85 [18]. To prevent the outbreak, Ad5-vectored vaccine was prepared that reduced viral growth. Furthermore, porcine interferon omegas 7 and 8 have also been reported to reduce FMDV in vitro production in swine kidney cells [19, 20].
Nowadays the control and treatment of FMDV have become a worldwide economic problem and a challenge for the society. It not only affects the animals, but humans who eat these animals are also affected. Currently, there is no any particular treatment existing regarding the cure of FMDV. The conventional method involved the use of antibiotics, flunixin, meglumine, and mild disinfectants for treating infected animals. Traditionally for washing the lesions of infected animals, natural soda ash solution, honey, and finger millet flour are used [21].
Vaccination of animals is the first-line treatment for the control of the virus. However, vaccines take several days to elicit its response, and sometimes, a booster dose is required with repeated vaccination. There is no vaccine available which meets the ideal conditions like broad antigenic spectrum, high efficacy, low risk of FMDV release, and low production cost. Inactivated (traditional) and live attenuated (conventional) vaccines are used normally. Inactivated vaccines contain one or more cell culture-derived inactivated virus mixed with the suitable excipients. Inactivated vaccines may be categorized into standard or higher potency vaccines. Standard vaccines provide broad-spectrum coverage against the virus strains, while high-potency vaccine has rapid onset of action and wider range of protection. Live attenuated vaccines are not recommended for use as it reverts the chance of infection and also prevents the recognition of infection in vaccinated animals [22].
Azadirachta indica (AI), known commonly as neem, belongs to family Meliaceae and has possessed antiviral activity against different viruses [23, 24]. There is a study that reported the use of different concentrations (200, 100, 50, 25, 12, 6, and 1 μg/ml) of aqueous and ethanolic leaves extract of Azadirachta indica for evaluating antiviral activity against FMDV in farming animals on BHK-21 (baby hamster kidney) cell culture. Aqueous extract of the said plant showed considerable anti-FMDV activity between the concentration ranges of 12.5–50 and 50–100 μg/ml, whereas ethanolic leaves extract demonstrated strong antiviral activity at concentrations between 6 and 25 μg/ml. Antiviral activity was evaluated by examining cytopathic effects and determining cell survival percentages [25].
Moringa oleifera, local name is Sonjna, belongs to family Moringaceae and is an effective antiviral agent used against Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), HIV/AIDS, and hepatitis B virus [26]. The anti-FMDV activity of ethanolic leaves extract of Moringa oleifera was evaluated at different concentrations, respectively (200, 100, 50, 25, 12, 6, and 1 μg/ml), on BHK-21 cell culture. Ethanolic leaf extracts of plant showed potent anti-FMDV activity between the concentration ranges of 12–100 and 50–300 μg/ml. However, in another study ethanol leaf extracts of plant showed significant antiviral activity at the concentration ranges from 1 up to 100 μg/ml with 50% cell survival rate [27].
Alhagi maurorum is a member of family Fabaceae, known by local name camel thorn and camelthorn-bush. The successful in vitro anti-FMDV activity of ethanolic, methanolic, and aqueous-acetic acid extracts of A. maurorum was reported at different stages of viral replication cycle, with the main compound found to be 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, diisooctyl ester. Reduction in cytopathic effects (CPEs) and tissue culture infective dose (TCID50) values help in the evaluation of antiviral activity of FMDV on Razi bovine kidney (RBK) cells [28].
The Withania somnifera (WS), or Ashwagandha locally known as “Indian winter cherry” or “Indian ginseng,” belongs to the family Solanaceae. Ashwagandha is a well-known South African herb used in the treatment of herpes simplex virus [29] and infectious bursal disease [30]. In literature in vitro activity of aqueous extract of Ashwagandha roots and leaves was reported against FMDV of livestock on BHK-21 cell line. Ashwagandha roots and leaves demonstrated effective anti-FMDV activity. The antiviral activity of the plant was confirmed by observing reduction in cytopathic effects when treated with Ashwagandha root and leaf extracts [31].
In literature in vivo anti-FMDV activity of Chinese herbal kombucha is reported against FMDV of swine on baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) cells. Chinese herbal kombucha is a combination of different herbal plants, i.e., Radix Glycyrrhizae, Momordica grosvenorii, Dendranthema morifolium, and Camellia sinensis. Study showed that Chinese herbal kombucha inhibited the replication of FMDV analyzed by using real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (Q-RT-PCR) technique [32].
The ethanolic extract of Spirulina platensis demonstrated the presence of antiviral activity against different isolates of FMDV in baby hamster kidney (BHK) cell culture and in baby mice. The results of this study showed that at 50 μg/ml, S. platensis extract revealed 28.5, 31, and 35.7% reductions in FMDV titers type A, SAT-2, and O, respectively. At the same dose, 50% inhibition in FMDV was observed in infected baby mice [33].
Glycyrrhiza uralensis or Chinese liquorice is used to treat enterovirus 71 (EV71) and Coxsackie virus A16 (CVA16) of FMD. The essential antiviral component in plant is found to be glycyrrhizic acid, as the antiviral activity is directly dependent on the concentration of glycyrrhizic acid. At 1000 μg/ml concentration of plant extract, 1.0 log reduction in EV71 replication and 1.5 log reduction in CVA16 replication were observed. However, at concentration of 200 μg/ml, 1.7 and 2.2 log inhibition in EV71 and CVA16 replication is examined, respectively. Cytopathic effects were observed for determining antiviral activity [34].
Ocimum tenuiflorum (tulsi) of family Lamiaceae and Curcuma longa (turmeric) of family Zingiberaceae also possess potential antiviral activity for FMD. Aqueous extracts of both plants showed effective in vitro antiviral activity against FMDV of livestock on BHK-21 cell line at 1:2 and 1:1 dilutions [31].
Various plant crude extracts were studied for their in vitro antiviral activity against bovine FMDV on BHK-21. The immature fruit extract of Morinda elliptica L. showed FMDV inhibition at concentration of 0.39 μg/μl with TCID50 value of 1 × 103.65. The Morinda citrifolia L. extract also showed FMDV inhibition at 0.19 μg/μl, and TCID50 value was reported to be 1 × 103.35. Extract from leaves and stem of Amaranthus viridis L. has lowest FMDV inhibition at 0.024 μg/μl concentration (1 × 102.44 TCID50). Extracts obtained from the rhizomes of Boesenbergia rotunda L., flowers of Carthamus tinctorius, and fruits of Citrus reticulata and Elaeocarpus hygrophilus showed inhibition of FMDV at concentration of 0.012 μg/μl of all extracts with 1 × 102.14 TCID50 [7].
3. Conclusion
Recently there is no particular treatment available for the treatment of FMDV, and the limitations and disadvantages in the use of vaccines divert the focus of researchers toward natural sources like plant extracts which possess potential antiviral activity. The various research works documented in the literature demonstrated various plant extracts with antiviral potency against FMDV.
4. Future prospects
The successful in vivo and in vitro anti-FMDV activities of plant extracts showed that they have the potential to be used to control the virus growth inside the body and also help in managing the lesions associated with these infections. In plant extracts, different chemical constituents are present which could be further isolated and effectively used in the development of powerful and potent antiviral drug against FMDV.
\n',keywords:"FMDV, treatment, plant extracts",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/67293.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/67293.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67293",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67293",totalDownloads:513,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"January 4th 2019",dateReviewed:"February 4th 2019",datePrePublished:"June 12th 2019",datePublished:"March 11th 2020",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:"Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a contagious viral infection which is caused by foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). The disease appears in cloven-footed animals. Symptoms of the disease are abrupt manifestation of sores on the mouth, nose, feet, etc. Nowadays the control and treatment of FMDVare becoming a worldwide economic problem and challenge for the society. Currently, there is no particular treatment available for FMDV, as well as the limitations and disadvantages in the use of vaccines divert the focus of researchers toward natural sources like plant extracts which possess potential antiviral activity. Various researches documented in the literature demonstrated various plant extracts with antiviral potency against FMDV. In the current chapter, we discussed about FMDV and its possible treatment with plant extracts.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/67293",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/67293",signatures:"Ishrat Younus, Sidra Maqbool, Sarah Jameel Khan, Humera Sarwar, Shagufta Nesar, Rida Fatima, Sidra Siddique and Moona Baig",book:{id:"8634",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Pharmaceuticals",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Veterinary Medicine and Pharmaceuticals",slug:"veterinary-medicine-and-pharmaceuticals",publishedDate:"March 11th 2020",bookSignature:"Samuel Oppong Bekoe, Mani Saravanan, Reimmel Kwame Adosraku and P K Ramkumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8634.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"186990",title:"Dr.",name:"Samuel Oppong",middleName:null,surname:"Bekoe",slug:"samuel-oppong-bekoe",fullName:"Samuel Oppong Bekoe"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"243372",title:"Dr.",name:"Ishart",middleName:null,surname:"Younus",fullName:"Ishart Younus",slug:"ishart-younus",email:"ishratyounas@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Plants for treatment of FMDV",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Conclusion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. Future prospects",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Aftosa F. Foot and Mouth Disease. Ames, Iowa: College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University; 2007'},{id:"B2",body:'Kirk JH. Review of Clinical Signs of Foreign Animal Diseases Which a Mixed Veterinary Practitioner Might Encounter on a Dairy. Veterinary Medicine Extension University of California. CA: Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching and Research Center Tulare; 1992'},{id:"B3",body:'Gibbens JC, Wilesmith JW. Temporal and geographical distribution of cases of foot and mouth diseases during the early weeks of the 2001 epidemic in great Britian. The Veterinary Record. 2002;2002:151-212'},{id:"B4",body:'Davies G. Foot and mouth disease. Research in Veterinary Science. 2002;73(3):195-199'},{id:"B5",body:'ICTV. The Seventh Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Academic Press; 2000'},{id:"B6",body:'Carrillo C, Wigdorovitz A, Oliveros JC, Zamorano PI, Sadir AM, Gomez N, et al. Protective immune response to foot-and-mouth disease virus with VP1 expressed in transgenic plants. Journal of Virology. 1998;72(2):1688-1690'},{id:"B7",body:'Chungsamarnyart N, Sirinarumitr T, Chumsing W, Wajjawalku W. In vitro study of antiviral activity of plant crude-extracts against the foot and mouth disease virus. Kasetsart Journal. 2007;41:97-103'},{id:"B8",body:'Longjam N, Deb R, Sarmah AK, Tayo T, Awachat VB, Saxena VK. A brief review on diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease of livestock: Conventional to molecular tools. Veterinary Medicine International. 2011'},{id:"B9",body:'Bittle JL, Houghten RA, Alexander H, Shinnick TM, Sutcliffe JG, Lerner RA, et al. Protection against foot-and-mouth disease by immunization with a chemically synthesized peptide predicted from the viral nucleotide sequence. Nature. 1982;298(5869):30-33'},{id:"B10",body:'DiMarchi R, Brooke G, Gale C, Cracknell V, Doel T, Mowat N. Protection of cattle against foot-and-mouth disease by a synthetic peptide. Science. 1986;232(4750):639-641'},{id:"B11",body:'Brooksby JB. Portraits of viruses: Foot-and-mouth disease virus. Intervirology. 1982;18(1-2):1-23'},{id:"B12",body:'Francis MJ, Hastings GZ, Brown F, McDermed J, Lu YA, Tam JP. Immunological evaluation of the multiple antigen peptide (MAP) system using the major immunogenic site of foot-and-mouth disease virus. Immunology. 1991;73(3):249'},{id:"B13",body:'McKenna TS, Lubroth J, Rieder E, Baxt B, Mason PW. Receptor binding site-deleted foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus protects cattle from FMD. Journal of Virology. 1995;69(9):5787-5790'},{id:"B14",body:'Piccone ME, Rieder E, Mason PW, Grubman MJ. The foot-and-mouth disease virus leader proteinase gene is not required for viral replication. Journal of Virology. 1995;69(9):5376-5382'},{id:"B15",body:'Chinsangaram J, Mason PW, Grubman MJ. Protection of swine by live and inactivated vaccines prepared from a leader proteinase-deficient serotype A12 foot-and-mouth disease virus. Vaccine. 1998b;16(16):1516-1522'},{id:"B16",body:'Chinsangaram J, Beard C, Mason PW, Zellner MK, Ward G, Grubman MJ. Antibody response in mice inoculated with DNA expressing foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid proteins. Journal of Virology. 1998a;72(5):4454-4457'},{id:"B17",body:'Cedillo-Barrón L, Foster-Cuevas M, Belsham GJ, Lefèvre F, Parkhouse RME. Induction of a protective response in swine vaccinated with DNA encoding foot-and-mouth disease virus empty capsid proteins and the 3D RNA polymerase. Journal of General Virology. 2001;82(7):1713-1724'},{id:"B18",body:'Berinstein A, Tami C, Taboga O, Smitsaart E, Carrillo E. Protective immunity against foot-and-mouth disease virus induced by a recombinant vaccinia virus. Vaccine. 2000;18(21):2231-2238'},{id:"B19",body:'Li SF, Shao JJ, Zhao FR, Gong MJ, Xie YL, Chang HY, et al. Antiviral activity of porcine interferon delta 8 against foot-and-mouth disease virus in vitro. International Immunopharmacology. 2018;59:47-52'},{id:"B20",body:'Li SF, Zhao FR, Gong MJ, Shao JJ, Xie YL, Chang HY, et al. Antiviral activity of porcine interferon omega 7 against foot-and-mouth disease virus in vitro. Journal of Medical Virology. 2019;91(2):208-214'},{id:"B21",body:'Gakuya DW, Mulei CM, Wekesa SB. Use of ethnoveterinary remedies in the management of foot and mouth disease lesions in a dairy herd. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines. 2011;8(2)'},{id:"B22",body:'Paton DJ, Sumption KJ, Charleston B. Options for control of foot-and-mouth disease: Knowledge, capability and policy. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2009;364(1530):2657-2667'},{id:"B23",body:'Faccin-Galhardi LC, Yamamoto KA, Ray S, Ray B, Carvalho Linhares RE, Nozawa C. The in vitro antiviral property of Azadirachta indica polysaccharides for poliovirus. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2012;142:86-90'},{id:"B24",body:'Parida M, Dash P, Upadhyay C, Saxena P, Jana A. Serological & virological investigation of an outbreak of dengue fever in Gwalior, India. Indian Journal of Medical Research. 2002;116:248-254'},{id:"B25",body:'Younus I, Ashraf M, Fatima A, Altaf I, Javeed A. Evaluation of cytotoxic and antiviral activities of aqueous leaves extracts of different plants against foot and mouth disease virus infection in farming animals. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2017;(6):30'},{id:"B26",body:'Wang L, Chen X, Wu A. Mini review on antimicrobial activity and bioactive compounds of Moringa oleifera. Medicinal Chemistry. 2016;6:578-582'},{id:"B27",body:'Younus I, Siddiq A, Assad T, Baddar S, Jameel S, Ashraf M. Screening antiviral activity of Moringa oleifera L. leaves against foot and mouth disease virus. Global Veterinaria. 2015;15(4):409-413'},{id:"B28",body:'Shakiba Y, Rezatofighi SE, Seyyednejad SM, RoayaeiArdakani M. Inhibition of foot-and-mouth disease virus replication by hydro-alcoholic and aqueous-acetic acid extracts of Alhagi maurorum. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2018;14(1):85-96'},{id:"B29",body:'Kambizi L, Goosen BM, Taylor MB, Afolayan AJ. Anti-viral effects of aqueous extracts of Aloe ferox and Withania somnifera on herpes simplex virus type 1 in cell culture. South African Journal of Science. 2007;103:359-360'},{id:"B30",body:'Pant M, Ambwani T, Umapathi V. Antiviral activity of Ashwagandha extract on infectious bursal disease virus replication. Indian Journal of Science and Technology. 2012;5(5):2750-2751'},{id:"B31",body:'Deshpande TM, Chaphalkar SR. Antiviral activity of plant extracts against FMDV in vitro a preliminary report. International Journal of Institutional Pharmacy and Life Sciences. 2013;3(4):1-18'},{id:"B32",body:'Fu N, Wu J, Lv L, He J, Jiang S. Anti-foot-and-mouth disease virus effects of Chinese herbal kombucha in vivo. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology. 2015;46(4):1245-1255'},{id:"B33",body:'Daoud HM, Soliman EM. Evaluation of Spirulina platensis extract as natural antivirus against foot and mouth disease virus strains (A, O, SAT2). Veterinary World. 2015;8(10):1260'},{id:"B34",body:'Wang J, Chen X, Wang W, Zhang Y, Yang Z, Jin Y, et al. Glycyrrhizic acid as the antiviral component of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. against coxsackie virus A16 and enterovirus 71 of hand foot and mouth disease. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2013;147(1):114-121'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Ishrat Younus",address:"ishratyounas@gmail.com",affiliation:'
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, Pakistan
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Karachi, Pakistan
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"8634",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Pharmaceuticals",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Veterinary Medicine and Pharmaceuticals",slug:"veterinary-medicine-and-pharmaceuticals",publishedDate:"March 11th 2020",bookSignature:"Samuel Oppong Bekoe, Mani Saravanan, Reimmel Kwame Adosraku and P K Ramkumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8634.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"186990",title:"Dr.",name:"Samuel Oppong",middleName:null,surname:"Bekoe",slug:"samuel-oppong-bekoe",fullName:"Samuel Oppong Bekoe"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"144516",title:"MSc.",name:"Tina",middleName:null,surname:"Trdan Lušin",email:"tina.trdan@ffa.uni-lj.si",fullName:"Tina Trdan Lušin",slug:"tina-trdan-lusin",position:null,biography:null,institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalEditedBooks:"0",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:null},booksEdited:[],chaptersAuthored:[{title:"Analytical Methods for Quantification of Drug Metabolites in Biological Samples",slug:"analytical-methods-for-quantification-of-drug-metabolites-in-biological-samples",abstract:null,signatures:"Robert Roškar and Tina Trdan Lušin",authors:[{id:"144516",title:"MSc.",name:"Tina",surname:"Trdan Lušin",fullName:"Tina Trdan Lušin",slug:"tina-trdan-lusin",email:"tina.trdan@ffa.uni-lj.si"},{id:"148490",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",surname:"Roškar",fullName:"Robert Roškar",slug:"robert-roskar",email:"robert.roskar@ffa.uni-lj.si"}],book:{title:"Chromatography",slug:"chromatography-the-most-versatile-method-of-chemical-analysis",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"143087",title:"Prof.",name:"Phan",surname:"Van Chi",slug:"phan-van-chi",fullName:"Phan Van Chi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"146380",title:"Prof.",name:"Vijay",surname:"Prabha",slug:"vijay-prabha",fullName:"Vijay Prabha",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"147465",title:"Prof.",name:"Manabu",surname:"Asakawa",slug:"manabu-asakawa",fullName:"Manabu Asakawa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"147865",title:"Prof.",name:"Biljana",surname:"Nigovic",slug:"biljana-nigovic",fullName:"Biljana Nigovic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:"Biljana Nigovic was born in Croatia, in 1963. She received the B.S. and the Ph.D. degrees from the University of Zagreb, Croatia, in 1987 and 1992, respectively. From 1987 to 1992, Nigovic was a Scientific Assistant in the X-ray Laboratory at Ruđjer Bošković Institute, Croatia. After finishing her Ph.D. degree, she moved to the Research Institute in Pliva Pharm. Ind. Inc. Since 1995, Nigovic has been employed at the Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb. Presently, she is a Full Professor and Head of the Department of Analytics and Control of Medicines. She is a Member of the Board of Directors of the Croatian Chamber of Pharmacist since 2007. She has been teaching the courses of Pharmaceutical Analysis on Graduate Study and Polymorphism of Pharmaceuticals on Postgraduate Doctoral Study. Her research interests are application of electrochemistry to the analysis of pharmaceuticals and biological samples, electrochemical sensors in drug analysis, investigations of biological electron-transfer reaction, development of new capillary electrophoresis and high performance liquid chromatographic methods coupled with diode-array detector or mass spectrometry, separation, characterization, and quantification of some impurities in pharmaceutical active substances, development of new analytical procedures for identification and assaying of compounds of pharmaceutical and biomedical interest at trace level in biological fluids, X-ray structural analysis of biologically active molecules, and equilibrium and structural studies of metal complexes with pharmacologically active ligands.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"147995",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana",surname:"Mornar",slug:"ana-mornar",fullName:"Ana Mornar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"147996",title:"Ms.",name:"Miranda",surname:"Sertic",slug:"miranda-sertic",fullName:"Miranda Sertic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"148365",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasuo",surname:"Shida",slug:"yasuo-shida",fullName:"Yasuo Shida",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"153716",title:"Ms.",name:"Siftjit",surname:"Kaur",slug:"siftjit-kaur",fullName:"Siftjit Kaur",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"156220",title:"Prof.",name:"Keisuke",surname:"Miyazawa",slug:"keisuke-miyazawa",fullName:"Keisuke Miyazawa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"156221",title:"Prof.",name:"Tamao",surname:"Noguchi",slug:"tamao-noguchi",fullName:"Tamao Noguchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]},generic:{page:{slug:"WIS-cost",title:"What Does It Cost?",intro:"
Open Access publishing helps remove barriers and allows everyone to access valuable information, but article and book processing charges also exclude talented authors and editors who can’t afford to pay. The goal of our Women in Science program is to charge zero APCs, so none of our authors or editors have to pay for publication.
",metaTitle:"What Does It Cost?",metaDescription:"Open Access publishing helps remove barriers and allows everyone to access valuable information, but article and book processing charges also exclude talented authors and editors who can’t afford to pay. The goal of our Women in Science program is to charge zero APCs, so none of our authors or editors have to pay for publication.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:null,contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"
We are currently in the process of collecting sponsorship. If you have any ideas or would like to help sponsor this ambitious program, we’d love to hear from you. Contact us at info@intechopen.com.
\\n\\n
All of our IntechOpen sponsors are in good company! The research in past IntechOpen books and chapters have been funded by:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
European Commission
\\n\\t
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
\\n\\t
Wellcome Trust
\\n\\t
National Institute of Health (NIH)
\\n\\t
National Science Foundation (NSF)
\\n\\t
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
We are currently in the process of collecting sponsorship. If you have any ideas or would like to help sponsor this ambitious program, we’d love to hear from you. Contact us at info@intechopen.com.
\n\n
All of our IntechOpen sponsors are in good company! The research in past IntechOpen books and chapters have been funded by:
\n\n
\n\t
European Commission
\n\t
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
\n\t
Wellcome Trust
\n\t
National Institute of Health (NIH)
\n\t
National Science Foundation (NSF)
\n\t
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
\n\t
Research Councils United Kingdom (RCUK)
\n\t
Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)
\n\t
Chinese Academy of Sciences
\n\t
Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)
\n\t
German Research Foundation (DFG)
\n\t
Max Planck Institute
\n\t
Austrian Science Fund (FWF)
\n\t
Australian Research Council (ARC)
\n
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5766},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5227},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1717},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10367},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:897},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15789}],offset:12,limit:12,total:118188},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"ebgfFaeGuveeFgfcChcyvfu"},books:[],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:26},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:1}],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9671",title:"Macrophages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"03b00fdc5f24b71d1ecdfd75076bfde6",slug:"macrophages",bookSignature:"Hridayesh Prakash",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9671.jpg",editors:[{id:"287184",title:"Dr.",name:"Hridayesh",middleName:null,surname:"Prakash",slug:"hridayesh-prakash",fullName:"Hridayesh Prakash"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10432",title:"Casting Processes and Modelling of Metallic Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c5c9df938666bf5d1797727db203a6d",slug:"casting-processes-and-modelling-of-metallic-materials",bookSignature:"Zakaria Abdallah and Nada Aldoumani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10432.jpg",editors:[{id:"201670",title:"Dr.",name:"Zak",middleName:null,surname:"Abdallah",slug:"zak-abdallah",fullName:"Zak Abdallah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7841",title:"New Insights Into Metabolic Syndrome",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef5accfac9772b9e2c9eff884f085510",slug:"new-insights-into-metabolic-syndrome",bookSignature:"Akikazu Takada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7841.jpg",editors:[{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9550",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Contemporary Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b4ac1ee5b743abf6f88495452b1e5e7",slug:"entrepreneurship-contemporary-issues",bookSignature:"Mladen Turuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"319755",title:"Prof.",name:"Mladen",middleName:null,surname:"Turuk",slug:"mladen-turuk",fullName:"Mladen Turuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8098",title:"Resources of Water",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d251652996624d932ef7b8ed62cf7cfc",slug:"resources-of-water",bookSignature:"Prathna Thanjavur Chandrasekaran, Muhammad Salik Javaid, Aftab Sadiq",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8098.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"167917",title:"Dr.",name:"Prathna",middleName:null,surname:"Thanjavur Chandrasekaran",slug:"prathna-thanjavur-chandrasekaran",fullName:"Prathna Thanjavur Chandrasekaran"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10432",title:"Casting Processes and Modelling of Metallic Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c5c9df938666bf5d1797727db203a6d",slug:"casting-processes-and-modelling-of-metallic-materials",bookSignature:"Zakaria Abdallah and Nada Aldoumani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10432.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"201670",title:"Dr.",name:"Zak",middleName:null,surname:"Abdallah",slug:"zak-abdallah",fullName:"Zak Abdallah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9671",title:"Macrophages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"03b00fdc5f24b71d1ecdfd75076bfde6",slug:"macrophages",bookSignature:"Hridayesh Prakash",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9671.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"287184",title:"Dr.",name:"Hridayesh",middleName:null,surname:"Prakash",slug:"hridayesh-prakash",fullName:"Hridayesh Prakash"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8415",title:"Extremophilic Microbes and Metabolites",subtitle:"Diversity, Bioprospecting and Biotechnological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"93e0321bc93b89ff73730157738f8f97",slug:"extremophilic-microbes-and-metabolites-diversity-bioprospecting-and-biotechnological-applications",bookSignature:"Afef Najjari, Ameur Cherif, Haïtham Sghaier and Hadda Imene Ouzari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8415.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196823",title:"Dr.",name:"Afef",middleName:null,surname:"Najjari",slug:"afef-najjari",fullName:"Afef Najjari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9731",title:"Oxidoreductase",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"852e6f862c85fc3adecdbaf822e64e6e",slug:"oxidoreductase",bookSignature:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9731.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"224662",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmoud Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Mansour",slug:"mahmoud-ahmed-mansour",fullName:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1292",title:"Robotics Navigation",slug:"kinematics-robotics-navigation",parent:{title:"Kinematics",slug:"kinematics"},numberOfBooks:1,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:35,numberOfWosCitations:40,numberOfCrossrefCitations:34,numberOfDimensionsCitations:63,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"kinematics-robotics-navigation",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"1876",title:"Serial and Parallel Robot Manipulators",subtitle:"Kinematics, Dynamics, Control and Optimization",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ccdd21118a081fb3fada9ceddafa4192",slug:"serial-and-parallel-robot-manipulators-kinematics-dynamics-control-and-optimization",bookSignature:"Serdar Kucuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1876.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"5424",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Küçük",slug:"serdar-kucuk",fullName:"Serdar Küçük"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:1,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"34392",doi:"10.5772/32470",title:"Dynamic Modeling and Simulation of Stewart Platform",slug:"dynamic-modelling-of-stewart-platform",totalDownloads:7779,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:19,book:{slug:"serial-and-parallel-robot-manipulators-kinematics-dynamics-control-and-optimization",title:"Serial and Parallel Robot Manipulators",fullTitle:"Serial and Parallel Robot Manipulators - Kinematics, Dynamics, Control and Optimization"},signatures:"Zafer Bingul and Oguzhan Karahan",authors:[{id:"35914",title:"Prof.",name:"Zafer",middleName:null,surname:"Bingul",slug:"zafer-bingul",fullName:"Zafer Bingul"},{id:"129698",title:"MSc.",name:"Oğuzhan",middleName:null,surname:"Karahan",slug:"oguzhan-karahan",fullName:"Oğuzhan Karahan"}]},{id:"34395",doi:"10.5772/31891",title:"On the Stiffness Analysis and Elastodynamics of Parallel Kinematic Machines",slug:"on-the-stiffness-analysis-and-elastodynamics-of-parallel-kinematic-machines-",totalDownloads:2135,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:8,book:{slug:"serial-and-parallel-robot-manipulators-kinematics-dynamics-control-and-optimization",title:"Serial and Parallel Robot Manipulators",fullTitle:"Serial and Parallel Robot Manipulators - Kinematics, Dynamics, Control and Optimization"},signatures:"Alessandro Cammarata",authors:[{id:"89202",title:"Prof.",name:"Alessandro",middleName:null,surname:"Cammarata",slug:"alessandro-cammarata",fullName:"Alessandro Cammarata"}]},{id:"34401",doi:"10.5772/32651",title:"Obstacle Avoidance for Redundant Manipulators as Control Problem",slug:"obstacle-avoidance-for-redundant-manipulators-as-a-control-problem",totalDownloads:3320,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:7,book:{slug:"serial-and-parallel-robot-manipulators-kinematics-dynamics-control-and-optimization",title:"Serial and Parallel Robot Manipulators",fullTitle:"Serial and Parallel Robot Manipulators - Kinematics, Dynamics, Control and Optimization"},signatures:"Leon Žlajpah and Tadej Petrič",authors:[{id:"6001",title:"Dr.",name:"Leon",middleName:null,surname:"Zlajpah",slug:"leon-zlajpah",fullName:"Leon Zlajpah"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"34396",title:"Parallel, Serial and Hybrid Machine Tools and Robotics Structures: Comparative Study on Optimum Kinematic Designs",slug:"parallel-serial-and-hybrid-machine-tools-and-robotics-structures-comparative-study-on-optimum-kinema",totalDownloads:4349,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"serial-and-parallel-robot-manipulators-kinematics-dynamics-control-and-optimization",title:"Serial and Parallel Robot Manipulators",fullTitle:"Serial and Parallel Robot Manipulators - Kinematics, Dynamics, Control and Optimization"},signatures:"Khalifa H. Harib, Kamal A.F. Moustafa, A.M.M. Sharif Ullah and Salah Zenieh",authors:[{id:"97122",title:"Prof.",name:"Khalifa",middleName:null,surname:"Harib",slug:"khalifa-harib",fullName:"Khalifa Harib"},{id:"97123",title:"Prof.",name:"A.M.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Sharif Ullah",slug:"a.m.m.-sharif-ullah",fullName:"A.M.M. Sharif Ullah"},{id:"97125",title:"Prof.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Moustafa",slug:"kamal-moustafa",fullName:"Kamal Moustafa"},{id:"140479",title:"Dr.",name:"Salah",middleName:null,surname:"Zenieh",slug:"salah-zenieh",fullName:"Salah Zenieh"}]},{id:"34410",title:"Optimization of H4 Parallel Manipulator Using Genetic Algorithm",slug:"optimization-of-h4-parallel-manipulator-using-genetic-algorithm",totalDownloads:2461,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"serial-and-parallel-robot-manipulators-kinematics-dynamics-control-and-optimization",title:"Serial and Parallel Robot Manipulators",fullTitle:"Serial and Parallel Robot Manipulators - Kinematics, Dynamics, Control and Optimization"},signatures:"M. Falahian, H.M. Daniali and S.M. Varedi",authors:[{id:"91477",title:"Prof.",name:"Hamidreza",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi Daniali",slug:"hamidreza-mohammadi-daniali",fullName:"Hamidreza Mohammadi Daniali"}]},{id:"34404",title:"Brushless Permanent Magnet Servomotors",slug:"brushless-permanent-magnet-servomotors-used-in-manupulators",totalDownloads:17495,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"serial-and-parallel-robot-manipulators-kinematics-dynamics-control-and-optimization",title:"Serial and Parallel Robot Manipulators",fullTitle:"Serial and Parallel Robot Manipulators - Kinematics, Dynamics, Control and Optimization"},signatures:"Metin Aydin",authors:[{id:"103678",title:"Prof.",name:"Metin",middleName:null,surname:"Aydin",slug:"metin-aydin",fullName:"Metin Aydin"}]},{id:"34401",title:"Obstacle Avoidance for Redundant Manipulators as Control Problem",slug:"obstacle-avoidance-for-redundant-manipulators-as-a-control-problem",totalDownloads:3318,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:7,book:{slug:"serial-and-parallel-robot-manipulators-kinematics-dynamics-control-and-optimization",title:"Serial and Parallel Robot Manipulators",fullTitle:"Serial and Parallel Robot Manipulators - Kinematics, Dynamics, Control and Optimization"},signatures:"Leon Žlajpah and Tadej Petrič",authors:[{id:"6001",title:"Dr.",name:"Leon",middleName:null,surname:"Zlajpah",slug:"leon-zlajpah",fullName:"Leon Zlajpah"}]},{id:"34406",title:"Heuristic Optimization Algorithms in Robotics",slug:"heuristic-optimization-algorithms-in-robotic",totalDownloads:3773,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:7,book:{slug:"serial-and-parallel-robot-manipulators-kinematics-dynamics-control-and-optimization",title:"Serial and Parallel Robot Manipulators",fullTitle:"Serial and Parallel Robot Manipulators - Kinematics, Dynamics, Control and Optimization"},signatures:"Pakize Erdogmus and Metin Toz",authors:[{id:"80893",title:"Dr.",name:"Pakize",middleName:null,surname:"Erdogmus",slug:"pakize-erdogmus",fullName:"Pakize Erdogmus"},{id:"94970",title:"Mr.",name:"Metin",middleName:null,surname:"Toz",slug:"metin-toz",fullName:"Metin Toz"}]},{id:"34405",title:"Fuzzy Modelling Stochastic Processes Describing Brownian Motions",slug:"fuzzy-modelling-of-stochastic-processes-describing-brownian-motion",totalDownloads:2462,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"serial-and-parallel-robot-manipulators-kinematics-dynamics-control-and-optimization",title:"Serial and Parallel Robot Manipulators",fullTitle:"Serial and Parallel Robot Manipulators - Kinematics, Dynamics, Control and Optimization"},signatures:"Anna Walaszek-Babiszewska",authors:[{id:"97050",title:"Prof.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Walaszek-Babiszewska",slug:"anna-walaszek-babiszewska",fullName:"Anna Walaszek-Babiszewska"}]},{id:"34393",title:"Exploiting Higher Kinematic Performance - Using a 4-Legged Redundant PM Rather than Gough-Stewart Platforms",slug:"achieving-a-higher-kinematic-performance-using-a-4-legged-redundant-pm-rather-than-gaugh-stewart-pla",totalDownloads:3246,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"serial-and-parallel-robot-manipulators-kinematics-dynamics-control-and-optimization",title:"Serial and Parallel Robot Manipulators",fullTitle:"Serial and Parallel Robot Manipulators - Kinematics, Dynamics, Control and Optimization"},signatures:"Mohammad H. Abedinnasab, Yong-Jin Yoon and Hassan Zohoor",authors:[{id:"90324",title:"Mr.",name:"Mohammad H.",middleName:null,surname:"Abedinnasab",slug:"mohammad-h.-abedinnasab",fullName:"Mohammad H. Abedinnasab"},{id:"127288",title:"Dr.",name:"Yong-Jin",middleName:null,surname:"Yoon",slug:"yong-jin-yoon",fullName:"Yong-Jin Yoon"},{id:"127289",title:"Prof.",name:"Hassan",middleName:null,surname:"Zohoor",slug:"hassan-zohoor",fullName:"Hassan Zohoor"}]},{id:"34398",title:"A Reactive Anticipation for Autonomous Robot Navigation",slug:"a-reactive-anticipation-for-autonomous-robot-navigation",totalDownloads:1991,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"serial-and-parallel-robot-manipulators-kinematics-dynamics-control-and-optimization",title:"Serial and Parallel Robot Manipulators",fullTitle:"Serial and Parallel Robot Manipulators - Kinematics, Dynamics, Control and Optimization"},signatures:"Emna Ayari, Sameh El Hadouaj and Khaled Ghedira",authors:[{id:"88997",title:"Dr.",name:"Emna",middleName:null,surname:"Ayari",slug:"emna-ayari",fullName:"Emna Ayari"}]},{id:"34395",title:"On the Stiffness Analysis and Elastodynamics of Parallel Kinematic Machines",slug:"on-the-stiffness-analysis-and-elastodynamics-of-parallel-kinematic-machines-",totalDownloads:2134,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:8,book:{slug:"serial-and-parallel-robot-manipulators-kinematics-dynamics-control-and-optimization",title:"Serial and Parallel Robot Manipulators",fullTitle:"Serial and Parallel Robot Manipulators - Kinematics, Dynamics, Control and Optimization"},signatures:"Alessandro Cammarata",authors:[{id:"89202",title:"Prof.",name:"Alessandro",middleName:null,surname:"Cammarata",slug:"alessandro-cammarata",fullName:"Alessandro Cammarata"}]},{id:"34391",title:"Inverse Dynamics of RRR Fully Planar Parallel Manipulator Using DH Method",slug:"inverse-dynamics-of-rrr-fully-planar-parallel-manipulator-using-dh-method",totalDownloads:5672,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"serial-and-parallel-robot-manipulators-kinematics-dynamics-control-and-optimization",title:"Serial and Parallel Robot Manipulators",fullTitle:"Serial and Parallel Robot Manipulators - Kinematics, Dynamics, Control and Optimization"},signatures:"Serdar Küçük",authors:[{id:"5424",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Küçük",slug:"serdar-kucuk",fullName:"Serdar Küçük"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"kinematics-robotics-navigation",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/144516/tina-trdan-lusin",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"144516",slug:"tina-trdan-lusin"},fullPath:"/profiles/144516/tina-trdan-lusin",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var t;(t=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(t)}()