Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
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We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\n
Throughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\n
We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
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1. Introduction
Pesticides are substances or mixtures of substances that possess unique chemical properties for the control of detrimental pests and insect vectors [1, 2]. Pests are living organisms that pose health risks such as biting and sucking, transmission of allergy-inducing constituents, diseases, as well as parasites, thereby causing harm to humans, animals and various components of the ecosystem [3]. Pesticides can be classified as algicides, insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, rodenticides, pyrethroids, fumigants, miticides, molluscicides, etc. with discrete chemical characteristics that decrease economic, health, and environmental risks elicited by pests [4, 5]. The inappropriate application of pesticides can evoke deleterious outcomes in several organisms and the environment. Notably, pesticides do not usually differentiate between pests and other living things, consequently they may cause injury to the organisms they encounter [1].
It has been observed that pesticides may gain access into biological systems through diverse routes. For instance, organophosphate and carbamate insecticides are quickly absorbed after dermal, oral, and inhalation exposures [6]. Damalas and Koutroubas [7] reported that pesticide applicators are commonly exposed to pesticides through the dermal route. Besides, pesticides may be absorbed dermally through a splash, spill, or spray device, when being mixed, loaded or disposed of [8]. Liquid preparations of pesticides are more readily absorbed through the dermal route and other body tissues compared to powders, dusts and granular types [7]. According to [8], oral exposure to a pesticide may occur by accident or intentionally. Moreover, marked damages to the nasal, throat and pulmonary tissues have been observed after inhalation of appreciable quantities of pesticides [7].
Furthermore, exposure of populations to pesticides have been associated with negative health conditions including cancers, congenital disorders, immunological aberrations, respiratory, neurobehavioral and reproductive deficits [9]. These undesirable effects of pesticides may be evoked in several tissues and organs through genetic impairments, epigenetic alterations, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative damage, endoplasmic reticulum stress, endocrine disruption, among others [10]. Some of the clinical manifestations of pesticide toxicosis are confusion, agitation, lacrimation, salivation, emesis, bronchospasm, respiratory failure, micturition, diarrhoea, muscle weakness, paralysis, fasciculations, etc. [11].
Pets are animals that are domesticated and catered for by human beings for companionship, pleasure, provision of services and assistance, among others. They include dogs, cats, ferrets, pet birds, rodents, rabbits, guinea pigs, as well as exotic species like cubs, reptiles, etc. Pets are an essential part of human lives and they have been existing with human beings for thousands of years [12]. They are continually exposed to fleas and ticks. These ectoparasites may cause distress, itching, anaemia and systemic infections in the pets [13]. It is crucial to control ectoparasites in companion animals to prevent vector-borne diseases that may eventually result in high morbidity and mortality [14]. Moreover, the presence of fleas and ticks on pets may make their owners vulnerable to parasitism and zoonosis [15, 16].
The purpose of this chapter was to highlight the advantages of using pesticides for the optimum care of pet animals, while also outlining the adverse effects that may be associated with their applications.
2. Benefits of pesticide usage in pets
Insecticides such as organophosphates (e.g., malathion, diazinon, phosmet, fenthion, chlorfenvinphos, and cythioate) and carbamates (e.g., carbaryl and propoxur) are used to control insect and nematode infestations in animals [17]. They are formulated as sprays, pour-ons, baits, collars, etc. [17]. Carbamates are used more frequently because they are considered safer than organophosphates. However, some signs of intoxication linked to the application of carbamates are abdominal cramping, emesis, diarrhoea, dyspnoea, seizures, among others [18]. Organophosphate and carbamate insecticides competitively impede acetylcholinesterase by binding to its esteric site [19]. The excessive acetylcholine that ensues brings about unwarranted stimulation of smooth muscles and glandular secretions [17]. However, the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by organophosphates is irreversible, while the inhibition by carbamates is reversible [20]. The classification, examples, routes of administration and mechanisms of toxicity of some insecticides applied to pets are shown in Table 1.
Mimic insect hormones, thereby interfering with the growth and development of insects [26]
Oxadiazine insecticide
Indoxacarb
Administered topically in a spot-on formulation
Bioactivation to an active metabolite that blocks the voltage-gated sodium ion conduits in insects [18]
Phenylpyrazole insecticide
Fipronil
Topical administration
Binds to gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors and the glutamate-gated chloride channels in the central nervous systems of invertebrates [13, 27, 28, 29]
Macrocyclic lactones
Selamectin, aprinomectin, milbemycin
Topical administration
Bind to glutamate-gated chloride channels in the nervous systems of parasites [18]
Formamidines
Amitraz
Available as a dip. Also formulated as impregnated collars for dogs
Binds to octopamine receptors for its insecticidal effects [18]
Spinosyns
Spinosad
Formulated as edible tablets for dogs and cats
Targets the binding sites on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors [18]
Table 1.
Classification, examples, route of administration and mechanisms of toxicity of some insecticides applied to pets.
Pyrethroids are synthetic derivatives of natural pyrethrins derived from the plant, Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium, and they contain esters of chrysanthemum acid [21]. They are 2250 times more poisonous to insects compared to higher organisms [30]. This is because insects possess additional sensitive sodium channels, a reduced conformation and lower body temperature [30]. Permethrin, a type I pyrethroid, exists in the form of a liquid, yellow-brown and brown crystals, and it is soluble in organic solvents [31]. It may enter the body through the dermal, oral and inhalational routes [32, 33]. It is found in shampoos, dips, spot-ons, and sprays for the control of ectoparasites in companion animals [33]. Also, it is used for the treatment of scabies and lice [31, 34, 35]. Permethrin evokes injury to insect neurons by elevating the impulse conduction, thereby causing paralysis and death of insects [21]. It is broken down in the body by hydrolysis, esterification, oxidation and conjugation [30, 36].
Its metabolites include cis-3-(2,2 dichlorovinyl) 2,2 dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2 dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid) and (3 phenoxybenzoic acid) [31]. The metabolites of permethrin are principally excreted in the urine and faeces [21].
Furthermore, cypermethrin, a type II pyrethroid insecticide, is used for the control of pests in agricultural, public and animal health programmes [37]. It evokes toxicity through the interruption of sodium channels in neurons, thereby disrupting neuronal transmission [22]. Also, it produces oxidative stress in living organisms [38, 39, 40]. Type II pyrethroids are more neurotoxic relative to type I pyrethroids because of their α-cyano constituents [41].
Another class of insecticides administered for pest control in pets are neonicotinoid insecticides such as imidacloprid, nitenpyram and dinotefuran (stated in Table 1). Imidacloprid is structurally similar to nicotine, and is endorsed as a topical spot-on for dogs, as well as for agricultural purposes [14, 23]. It exerts its insecticidal activities by binding to the acetylcholine receptor on the postsynaptic region of insect neurons, thereby averting acetylcholine binding [23, 24]. Besides, imidacloprid has been reported to elicit oxidative stress and cause injury to crucial biological molecules such as deoxyribonucleic acid, proteins and lipids [42]. Moreover, nitenpyram is administered per os to eliminate fleas in dogs and cats [18]. It undergoes fast absorption with utmost blood concentrations attained within one and a half hours, and thirty-six minutes in dogs and cats respectively [18]. Dinotefuran is applied as a topical spot-on with different formulations for dogs and cats against external parasites like fleas, flies, lice, etc. [43].
Fluralaner (an isoxazoline) is a systemically administered insecticidal and acaricidal formulation that elicits long-acting efficacy after oral administration to dogs [44]. Another isooxazoline, afoxolaner, has been reported to be efficacious in dogs and cats against fleas [45, 46, 47], ticks [46], and mites [47, 48, 49, 50]. It is detected in plasma 20–30 minutes following administration through the oral route and it attains its uppermost level in 2–4 hours [51]. Sarolaner is a broad spectrum isooxazoline with efficacy against fleas, ticks and mites in dogs [52, 53]. Isoxazolines bind to the ligand-gated chloride channels in insects and acarines [17]. Consequently, the presynaptic and postsynaptic transmission of chloride ions across the cell membranes ensue, thereby causing hyperexcitation and uninhibited activity of the central nervous system, ultimately resulting in the death of ectoparasites [17].
Lufenuron, a benzoylphenylurea derivative, is a chitin synthesis inhibitor [25]. It is available as an oral suspension and injectable formulation for cats, and an oral tablet for dogs [17]. It eliminates emerging larvae within the egg or after hatching, and female fleas feeding on treated animals are hindered from producing viable eggs or larvae [25].
Methoprene is an insect growth regulator that mimics insect hormones, thereby interfering with the growth and development of insects [26]. It is formulated as suspensions, emulsifiable and soluble concentrates, sprays and spot-ons, etc. [17]. It is used for flea control in dogs and cats, marine mosquito control, as well as agricultural and domestic pest control [54].
Fipronil is a phenylpyrazole insecticide that is approved for agricultural usage, pest control, as well as topical flea and tick treatment for companion animals [55]. It dissolves in sebum because of its high lipid solubility and it is disseminated throughout the body for the manifestation of its insecticidal effect [13]. It has been shown that fipronil binds non-competitively to γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors and the glutamate-gated chloride channels in the central nervous systems of invertebrates (e.g., fleas and ticks), thereby eliciting excessive excitation [13]. Additionally, fipronil also binds to mammalian GABA receptors, [27], and engenders oxidative stress through the production of reactive oxygen species [28, 29]. Some investigators have asserted that the foremost metabolite of fipronil, fipronil sulfone, exerts a more robust inhibitory effect on GABAA receptors and brings about cell impairment at lesser concentrations compared to fipronil [27, 28, 29].
Selamectin, aprinomectin and milbemycin are macrocyclic lactones that are used for the control of endoparasites and ectoparasites in dogs and cats [18]. They are widely administered for the prevention of heartworm disease in dogs [56]. Selamectin and aprinomectin are semisynthetic avermectins, while moxidectin is semisynthetic. These substances bind to glutamate-gated chloride channels in the nervous systems of parasites, and this culminates in a speedy and sustained entry of chloride ions into neurons [18]. As a result of this, the activity of the neurons is impeded and paralysis of the parasites occurs. The macrocyclic lactones are administered topically, and are swiftly absorbed through the dermal route. Selamectin exhibits effective control against the flea, Ctenocephalides felis [57, 58], biting lice (Felicola subrostratus) and ear mites (Otodectes cynotis), among others in cats [59].
Indoxacarb is an oxadiazine insecticide that is administered topically in a spot-on formulation for the control of fleas on companion animals [18]. It is found in insect baits for home use and granules, as well as liquids for agricultural applications [60]. Moreover, it is bioactivated to an active metabolite that blocks the voltage-gated sodium ion conduits in insects [18].
Furthermore, formamidines are acaricidal compounds that exert their effects through binding to octopamine receptors [18]. Amitraz is the only approved formamidine for use in veterinary medical practice, and it is applied primarily as an acaricide to control ticks and mites [18]. It is available as a dip for the control of demodicosis in dogs, as well as the control of scabies. An amitraz-impregnated collar is also marketed for the control of ticks on dogs.
Spinosyns are a family of insecticides obtained from the fermentation of an actinomycete, Saccharopolyspora spinosa [18]. Spinosyns A and D are the main products of the fermentation procedure, as well as the principal components of Spinosad [61]. Spinosyns mostly target the binding sites on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and they also influence GABA receptor function [18]. This ensues in spontaneous muscle contractions, prostration, tremors, and paralysis of insects. Spinosad is used to control numerous insects and it is formulated as edible tablets for dogs and cats [61].
3. Risks of pesticide usage in pets
There is a predominant exposure of human and animal populations to pesticides and this may be associated with detrimental effects on their health status [4, 62]. According to [17] , clinical signs of pesticide intoxication can occur within a short or long duration of exposure, depending on the dose, route, and noxiousness of the pesticide administered. It has been documented that those pesticides have severe effects on non-target organisms, including various components of the ecosystem [63].
Various pesticides, especially, insecticides applied to pets for the prevention and control of ectoparasites may be associated with some adverse effects. For instance, permethrin poisoning may produce symptoms including epidermal lesions, pharyngitis, salivation, nausea, emesis, abdominal pain, gastrointestinal mucosal irritation and dyspnoea in animals [32, 63, 64]. Cats are more likely than dogs to develop pyrethroid toxicosis because the feline liver cannot conjugate glucuronide efficiently, and conjugation with glucuronide is essential for permethrin metabolism [33]. Permethrins are regarded as the commonest aetiology of poisoning in cats in the United States of America [65]. Cats may be exposed to permethrin from dermal application of topical formulations, oral intake, and direct contact with dogs administered with it topically [66]. The commonest clinical signs of permethrin intoxication in cats are muscle tremors and seizures, but hypersalivation, depression, emesis, anorexia and even death may ensue [33].
Moreover, alpha-cypermethrin (a synthetic pyrethroid like permethrin) intoxication can cause lacrimation, salivation, nausea, emesis, diarrhoea, mucosal irritations, motor coordination dysfunction, chorea, inactivity, tremors and clonic seizures [30, 36]. It has been observed that dogs usually exhibit signs of intoxication such as shaking of their limbs, slight muscle fasciculation, rubbing of the application site, distress and uneasiness after dermal administration of pyrethrins/pyrethroids [67, 68, 69].
Cats are more susceptible to insecticides that inhibit acetylcholinesterase such as organophosphates and carbamates compared to dogs [70]. Also, neonate, geriatric and incapacitated animals are more vulnerable to these groups of pesticides. Organophosphates and carbamates elicit muscarinic, nicotinic, and central nervous system signs of toxicity in biological systems. The muscarinic signs are salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation, respiratory distress, vomiting, pupillary constriction and reduced heart rate [70]. The nicotinic symptoms include muscle tremors, fasciculations, feebleness, incoordination, and paresis that may culminate in paralysis [71], while the central nervous system signs of toxicity comprise hyperactivity, incoordination, convulsion and unconsciousness [71].
The predominant clinical signs linked to isoxazoline toxicity are emesis, anorexia, diarrhoea and exhaustion in dogs and cats [17]. The administration of lufenuron to cats causes pain at the site of injection and oedema [17]. Additionally, dogs treated with the parenteral formulation of lufenuron developed a marked local reaction [25].
Some investigators asserted that young animals are more likely to exhibit exhaustion and incoordination after oral dosing with methoprene (an insect growth regulator) [71], while the commonest clinical signs of toxicity seen in companion animals exposed to indoxacarb are anorexia, emesis, diarrhoea and lethargy [17]. Moreover, amitraz (a formamidine insecticide, mentioned in Table 1) can cause temporary pruritus, urticaria and oedema after the initial administration to pets [18]. In addition, a brief sedation has been recorded in dogs after an amitraz bath that may last for one day or three days in puppies.
4. Conclusion
This chapter review presented information on the benefits and risks of the applications of pesticides, mainly insecticides, to pets. Even though pests are harmful to companion animals and their owners, they should be controlled cautiously with the use of appropriate pesticides approved by Veterinarians and relevant regulatory agencies in different countries. This will ensure that the hazards inherent in the pesticides are adequately mitigated. Also, there is a need for researchers, Veterinarians, related health care professionals and pesticide manufacturers to collaborate and find out innocuous methods for the prevention and control of pests in pets. This effort can improve human, animal and ecosystem health and integrity.
Acknowledgments
The authors are thankful to the staff of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Abuja, Nigeria, for their support.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
\n',keywords:"pesticides, pets, benefits, risks, toxicity, ectoparasites",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/81363.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/81363.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/81363",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/81363",totalDownloads:24,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"March 8th 2022",dateReviewed:"March 22nd 2022",datePrePublished:"May 6th 2022",datePublished:null,dateFinished:"April 18th 2022",readingETA:"0",abstract:"The purpose of this chapter was to highlight the advantages of applying pesticides for the optimum care of pet animals, while also outlining the adverse effects that may be associated with their use. Pesticides can be defined as substances that can be applied for the prevention, control or eradication of unwanted organisms in living systems or in the environment. Companion animals, fondly called “pets” include dogs, cats, ferrets, pet birds and some laboratory animals like albino rats, rabbits, guinea pigs, etc. Pesticides are usually applied on pets to control ectoparasites like ticks, fleas, mites, among others. However, pets may be poisoned by pesticides if their dosages and appropriate routes of administration are not strictly adhered to. Pesticides should be administered to pets by Veterinarians and other suitably qualified personnel. Subsequently, the pets should be monitored for signs of toxicity and be treated promptly if such develop.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/81363",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/81363",signatures:"Motunrayo Ganiyat Akande, Solomon Usman Abraham and Johnson Caleb Ogunnubi",book:{id:"11318",type:"book",title:"Pesticides",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Pesticides",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Marcelo L. Larramendy and Dr. Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11318.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-80356-039-7",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-038-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-040-3",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Benefits of pesticide usage in pets",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Risks of pesticide usage in pets",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. Conclusion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"},{id:"sec_8",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Yadav IS, Devi NL. Pesticides classification and its impact on human and environment. 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Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Abuja, Nigeria
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Abuja, Nigeria
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"11318",type:"book",title:"Pesticides",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Pesticides",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Marcelo L. Larramendy and Dr. Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11318.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-80356-039-7",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-038-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-040-3",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"143860",title:"Prof.",name:"Desmond",middleName:null,surname:"Adair",email:"desmond.adair@utas.edu.au",fullName:"Desmond Adair",slug:"desmond-adair",position:null,biography:"Desmond Adair holds a PhD in Aerodynamics from Imperial College, University of London. He spent a number of years working as a Research Engineer with the Fixed-Wing Division, NASA Ames, Moffett Field California. This was followed with a position as Senior Research Engineer at the National Physical Laboratory in Teddington, England, with secondments to the National Institute of Science and Technology, Washington, DC.\nLately, he has worked as a Senior Lecturer at the Australian College of Kuwait and with the University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia. He currently holds the post of University Research Fellow with the University of Tasmania.\nDr Adair’s teaching, education management experience and research is wide ranging. 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A thermal model for the module containing six single cells is developed and numerically solved by coupling the heat energy transport equation with the fluid governing equations. The rate of generation of heat from the cells is calculated using a 2D model of a single cell with the resulting heat flux used as a Neumann boundary condition for the energy equation within a computational fluid dynamics code. Particular attention is given to the battery module operating in extreme ambient temperature conditions. The cooling strategy used is shown to satisfy two of the main concerns when managing the thermal performance of a battery module, that is, a suitable operating temperature range is maintained, and there is reasonable uniformity of temperature across the battery module. This should increase the battery cell life cycle together with enhancement of the charge and discharge performances. Variation of parameters such as the velocity of water within the tube and the number of turns used for the helix were investigated.",signatures:"Desmond Adair, Kairat Ismailov and Zhumabay Bakenov",authors:[{id:"143860",title:"Prof.",name:"Desmond",surname:"Adair",fullName:"Desmond Adair",slug:"desmond-adair",email:"desmond.adair@utas.edu.au"},{id:"231392",title:"Dr.",name:"Kairat",surname:"Ismailov",fullName:"Kairat Ismailov",slug:"kairat-ismailov",email:"kairat.ismailov@nu.edu.kz"},{id:"231393",title:"Prof.",name:"Zhumabay",surname:"Bakenov",fullName:"Zhumabay Bakenov",slug:"zhumabay-bakenov",email:"zbakenov@nu.edu.kz"}],book:{id:"6652",title:"Heat and Mass Transfer",slug:"heat-and-mass-transfer-advances-in-modelling-and-experimental-study-for-industrial-applications",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"53101",title:"Prof.",name:"G. Reza",surname:"Vakili-Nezhaad",slug:"g.-reza-vakili-nezhaad",fullName:"G. 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"Open access contributes to scientific excellence and integrity. It opens up research results to wider analysis. It allows research results to be reused for new discoveries. And it enables the multi-disciplinary research that is needed to solve global 21st century problems. Open access connects science with society. It allows the public to engage with research. To go behind the headlines. And look at the scientific evidence. And it enables policy makers to draw on innovative solutions to societal challenges".
\n\n
Carlos Moedas, the European Commissioner for Research Science and Innovation at the STM Annual Frankfurt Conference, October 2016.
",metaTitle:"About Open Access",metaDescription:"Open access contributes to scientific excellence and integrity. It opens up research results to wider analysis. It allows research results to be reused for new discoveries. And it enables the multi-disciplinary research that is needed to solve global 21st century problems. Open access connects science with society. It allows the public to engage with research. To go behind the headlines. And look at the scientific evidence. And it enables policy makers to draw on innovative solutions to societal challenges.\n\nCarlos Moedas, the European Commissioner for Research Science and Innovation at the STM Annual Frankfurt Conference, October 2016.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"about-open-access",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"
Open Access background
\\n\\n
The Open Access publishing movement started in the early 2000s when academic leaders from around the world participated in the formation of the Budapest Initiative. They developed recommendations for an Open Access publishing process, “which has worked for the past decade to provide the public with unrestricted, free access to scholarly research—much of which is publicly funded. Making the research publicly available to everyone—free of charge and without most copyright and licensing restrictions—will accelerate scientific research efforts and allow authors to reach a larger number of readers” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\\n\\n
IntechOpen’s co-founders, both scientists themselves, created the company while undertaking research in robotics at Vienna University. Their goal was to spread research freely “for scientists, by scientists’ to the rest of the world via the Open Access publishing model. The company soon became a signatory of the Budapest Initiative, which currently has more than 1000 supporting organizations worldwide, ranging from universities to funders.
\\n\\n
At IntechOpen today, we are still as committed to working with organizations and people who care about scientific discovery, to putting the academic needs of the scientific community first, and to providing an Open Access environment where scientists can maximize their contribution to scientific advancement. By opening up access to the world’s scientific research articles and book chapters, we aim to facilitate greater opportunity for collaboration, scientific discovery and progress. We subscribe wholeheartedly to the Open Access definition:
\\n\\n
“By “open access” to [peer-reviewed research literature], we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\\n\\n
Open Access Standards followed by IntechOpen
\\n\\n
OAI-PMH
\\n\\n
As a firm believer in the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the Open Access Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH Version 2.0). Read more
\\n\\n
License
\\n\\n
Book chapters published in edited volumes are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (CC BY 3.0). IntechOpen upholds a very flexible Copyright Policy. There is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their work. All Monographs/Compacts are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). Read more
\\n\\n
Peer Review Policies
\\n\\n
All scientific works are Peer Reviewed prior to publishing. Read more
\\n\\n
OA Publishing Fees
\\n\\n
The Open Access publishing model employed by IntechOpen eliminates subscription charges and pay-per-view fees, enabling readers to access research at no cost. In order to sustain operations and keep our publications freely accessible we levy an Open Access Publishing Fee for manuscripts, which helps us cover the costs of editorial work and the production of books. Read more
\\n\\n
Digital Archiving Policy
\\n\\n
IntechOpen is committed to ensuring the long-term preservation and the availability of all scholarly research we publish. We employ a variety of means to enable us to deliver on our commitments to the scientific community. Apart from preservation by the Croatian National Library (for publications prior to April 18, 2018) and the British Library (for publications after April 18, 2018), our entire catalogue is preserved in the CLOCKSS archive.
\\n\\n
Open Science
\\n\\n
Open Science is transparent and accessible knowledge that is shared and developed through collaborative networks.
\\n\\n
Open Science is about increased rigour, accountability, and reproducibility for research. It is based on the principles of inclusion, fairness, equity, and sharing, and ultimately seeks to change the way research is done, who is involved and how it is valued. It aims to make research more open to participation, review/refutation, improvement and (re)use for the world to benefit.
\\n\\n
Open Science refers to doing traditional science with more transparency involved at various stages, for example by openly sharing code and data. It implies a growing set of practices - within different disciplines - aiming at:
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\\n\\t
Promoting open and publicly accessible education tools
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Transparency in experimental methodology, observation, and collection of data
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Reproducible research data and re-analysis
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Public availability and re-usability of scientific data
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Public accessibility and transparency of scientific communication
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Transparent peer-review and publishing practices
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Using web-based tools to facilitate scientific collaboration
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Supporting exchange of knowledge and research materials between disciplines
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Supporting exchange of knowledge and research materials between scientific communities and industry.
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We aim at improving the quality and availability of scholarly communication by promoting and practicing:
The Open Access publishing movement started in the early 2000s when academic leaders from around the world participated in the formation of the Budapest Initiative. They developed recommendations for an Open Access publishing process, “which has worked for the past decade to provide the public with unrestricted, free access to scholarly research—much of which is publicly funded. Making the research publicly available to everyone—free of charge and without most copyright and licensing restrictions—will accelerate scientific research efforts and allow authors to reach a larger number of readers” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\n\n
IntechOpen’s co-founders, both scientists themselves, created the company while undertaking research in robotics at Vienna University. Their goal was to spread research freely “for scientists, by scientists’ to the rest of the world via the Open Access publishing model. The company soon became a signatory of the Budapest Initiative, which currently has more than 1000 supporting organizations worldwide, ranging from universities to funders.
\n\n
At IntechOpen today, we are still as committed to working with organizations and people who care about scientific discovery, to putting the academic needs of the scientific community first, and to providing an Open Access environment where scientists can maximize their contribution to scientific advancement. By opening up access to the world’s scientific research articles and book chapters, we aim to facilitate greater opportunity for collaboration, scientific discovery and progress. We subscribe wholeheartedly to the Open Access definition:
\n\n
“By “open access” to [peer-reviewed research literature], we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\n\n
Open Access Standards followed by IntechOpen
\n\n
OAI-PMH
\n\n
As a firm believer in the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the Open Access Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH Version 2.0). Read more
\n\n
License
\n\n
Book chapters published in edited volumes are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (CC BY 3.0). IntechOpen upholds a very flexible Copyright Policy. There is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their work. All Monographs/Compacts are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). Read more
\n\n
Peer Review Policies
\n\n
All scientific works are Peer Reviewed prior to publishing. Read more
\n\n
OA Publishing Fees
\n\n
The Open Access publishing model employed by IntechOpen eliminates subscription charges and pay-per-view fees, enabling readers to access research at no cost. In order to sustain operations and keep our publications freely accessible we levy an Open Access Publishing Fee for manuscripts, which helps us cover the costs of editorial work and the production of books. Read more
\n\n
Digital Archiving Policy
\n\n
IntechOpen is committed to ensuring the long-term preservation and the availability of all scholarly research we publish. We employ a variety of means to enable us to deliver on our commitments to the scientific community. Apart from preservation by the Croatian National Library (for publications prior to April 18, 2018) and the British Library (for publications after April 18, 2018), our entire catalogue is preserved in the CLOCKSS archive.
\n\n
Open Science
\n\n
Open Science is transparent and accessible knowledge that is shared and developed through collaborative networks.
\n\n
Open Science is about increased rigour, accountability, and reproducibility for research. It is based on the principles of inclusion, fairness, equity, and sharing, and ultimately seeks to change the way research is done, who is involved and how it is valued. It aims to make research more open to participation, review/refutation, improvement and (re)use for the world to benefit.
\n\n
Open Science refers to doing traditional science with more transparency involved at various stages, for example by openly sharing code and data. It implies a growing set of practices - within different disciplines - aiming at:
\n\n
\n\t
Promoting open and publicly accessible education tools
\n\t
Transparency in experimental methodology, observation, and collection of data
\n\t
Reproducible research data and re-analysis
\n\t
Public availability and re-usability of scientific data
\n\t
Public accessibility and transparency of scientific communication
\n\t
Transparent peer-review and publishing practices
\n\t
Using web-based tools to facilitate scientific collaboration
\n\t
Supporting exchange of knowledge and research materials between disciplines
\n\t
Supporting exchange of knowledge and research materials between scientific communities and industry.
\n
\n\n
We aim at improving the quality and availability of scholarly communication by promoting and practicing:
\n\n
\n\t
Open Access
\n\t
Open Data
\n\t
Open Metrics and Impact
\n\t
Open Source
\n
\n\n
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Abdul Khalil, M. Jawaid, A. Hassan, M.T. Paridah and A. Zaidon",authors:[{id:"140848",title:"Prof.",name:"H.P.S.",middleName:null,surname:"Abdul Khalil",slug:"h.p.s.-abdul-khalil",fullName:"H.P.S. Abdul Khalil"},{id:"140857",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",middleName:null,surname:"Jawaid",slug:"mohammad-jawaid",fullName:"Mohammad Jawaid"},{id:"155097",title:"Prof.",name:"Azman",middleName:null,surname:"Hassan",slug:"azman-hassan",fullName:"Azman Hassan"},{id:"158082",title:"Prof.",name:"Paridah Md",middleName:null,surname:"Tahir",slug:"paridah-md-tahir",fullName:"Paridah Md Tahir"},{id:"158083",title:"Dr.",name:"Zaidon",middleName:null,surname:"Ashaari",slug:"zaidon-ashaari",fullName:"Zaidon Ashaari"}]},{id:"18845",doi:"10.5772/18264",title:"Composite Materials from Natural Resources: Recent Trends and Future Potentials",slug:"composite-materials-from-natural-resources-recent-trends-and-future-potentials",totalDownloads:18113,totalCrossrefCites:22,totalDimensionsCites:55,abstract:null,book:{id:"202",slug:"advances-in-composite-materials-analysis-of-natural-and-man-made-materials",title:"Advances in Composite Materials",fullTitle:"Advances in Composite Materials - Analysis of Natural and Man-Made Materials"},signatures:"Mohini Saxena, Asokan Pappu, Anusha Sharma, Ruhi Haque and Sonal Wankhede",authors:[{id:"27516",title:"Dr.",name:"Asokan",middleName:null,surname:"Pappu",slug:"asokan-pappu",fullName:"Asokan Pappu"},{id:"30902",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohini",middleName:"-",surname:"Saxena",slug:"mohini-saxena",fullName:"Mohini Saxena"},{id:"47206",title:"Prof.",name:"Anusha",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"anusha-sharma",fullName:"Anusha Sharma"},{id:"47207",title:"MSc",name:"Ruhi",middleName:null,surname:"Haque",slug:"ruhi-haque",fullName:"Ruhi Haque"},{id:"47208",title:"Prof.",name:"Sonal",middleName:null,surname:"Wankhede",slug:"sonal-wankhede",fullName:"Sonal Wankhede"}]},{id:"16971",doi:"10.5772/18127",title:"Fracture Toughness Determinations by Means of Indentation Fracture",slug:"fracture-toughness-determinations-by-means-of-indentation-fracture",totalDownloads:13744,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:55,abstract:null,book:{id:"1046",slug:"nanocomposites-with-unique-properties-and-applications-in-medicine-and-industry",title:"Nanocomposites with Unique Properties and Applications in Medicine and Industry",fullTitle:"Nanocomposites with Unique Properties and Applications in Medicine and Industry"},signatures:"Enrique Rocha-Rangel",authors:[{id:"30489",title:"Dr.",name:"Enrique",middleName:null,surname:"Rocha",slug:"enrique-rocha",fullName:"Enrique Rocha"}]},{id:"67052",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86225",title:"Novel Applications of Aluminium Metal Matrix Composites",slug:"novel-applications-of-aluminium-metal-matrix-composites",totalDownloads:2828,totalCrossrefCites:28,totalDimensionsCites:54,abstract:"Advanced materials have offered the materials designer a wide range of options in the specification and selection of materials for various applications. Material properties are continually being improved to meet safety and operational standards in line with prevailing technological developments. Modern technological requirements, together with the consumers’ demands for systems and machines that are more energy efficient, stronger, light-weight, cost-effective, etc., dictate that the search for new and advanced materials will remain a subject of interest all the time. The difficulty in designing materials for such stringent specifications cannot be overstated, owing to the conflicting nature of these specifications. Aluminium metal matrix composites (AlMMCs) are a class of materials that have proven successful in meeting most of the rigorous specifications in applications where light-weight, high stiffness and moderate strength are the requisite properties. With a variety of reinforcement materials and flexibility in their primary processing, AlMMCs offer great potential for the development of composites with the desired properties for certain applications. In this review, the development, utilisation and future potential of AlMMCs in various industrial and commercial applications is discussed, together with the existing challenges hindering their full market penetration.",book:{id:"8862",slug:"aluminium-alloys-and-composites",title:"Aluminium Alloys and Composites",fullTitle:"Aluminium Alloys and Composites"},signatures:"Francis Nturanabo, Leonard Masu and John Baptist Kirabira",authors:[{id:"286492",title:"Mr.",name:"Francis",middleName:null,surname:"Nturanabo",slug:"francis-nturanabo",fullName:"Francis Nturanabo"},{id:"299246",title:"Prof.",name:"Leonard",middleName:null,surname:"Masu",slug:"leonard-masu",fullName:"Leonard Masu"},{id:"299247",title:"Prof.",name:"John Baptist",middleName:null,surname:"Kirabira",slug:"john-baptist-kirabira",fullName:"John Baptist Kirabira"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"48473",title:"Transmission Electron Microscopy of Biological Samples",slug:"transmission-electron-microscopy-of-biological-samples",totalDownloads:4990,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:23,abstract:"During the last 70 years, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has developed our knowledge about ultrastructure of the cells and tissues. Another aim is the determination of molecular structure, interactions and processes including structure-function relationships at cellular level using a variety of TEM techniques with resolution in atomic to nanometre range. Even with the best transmission electron microscope, it is impossible to obtain real results without optimal sample preparation, respecting both the structure and the antigenicity preservation. Preparation techniques for high-resolution study of both macromolecular complex and organelles within cellular complex are based on fast cryoimmobilisation process, where the sample is in the most native, hydrated state. Next, thin samples are directly visualised under cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM), while thicker samples require a thinning step via cryo-electron microscopy of vitreous sections (CEMOVIS) or cryo-focused ion beam (cryo-FIB) before visualisation. Alternatively, vitrified samples are freeze substituted and embedded in chosen resin for room temperature ultramicrotomy. This preparation technique is suitable for morphological study, 3D analysis of cellular interior and immunoelectron microscopy. A different route for immunolocalisation study is cryosectioning according to the Tokuyasu technique that is a choice for rare or methacrylate-sensitive antigens. Most recently, new hybrid techniques have been developed for difficult-to-fix organisms and antigens or labile and anoxia-sensitive tissues. Another preparation technique is, the oldest but still important, conventional chemical fixation dedicated in a wide range of research interest, involving morphological and immunolocalisation study. In this chapter, we present different sample preparation approaches for transmission electron microscopy of biological samples, including its methodological basis and applications.",book:{id:"4644",slug:"the-transmission-electron-microscope-theory-and-applications",title:"The Transmission Electron Microscope",fullTitle:"The Transmission Electron Microscope - Theory and Applications"},signatures:"Łukasz Mielańczyk, Natalia Matysiak, Olesya Klymenko and\nRomuald Wojnicz",authors:[{id:"174365",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Łukasz",middleName:null,surname:"Mielańczyk",slug:"lukasz-mielanczyk",fullName:"Łukasz Mielańczyk"},{id:"175977",title:"Dr.",name:"Natalia",middleName:null,surname:"Matysiak",slug:"natalia-matysiak",fullName:"Natalia Matysiak"},{id:"175978",title:"Dr.",name:"Olesya",middleName:null,surname:"Klymenko",slug:"olesya-klymenko",fullName:"Olesya Klymenko"},{id:"175979",title:"Prof.",name:"Romuald",middleName:null,surname:"Wojnicz",slug:"romuald-wojnicz",fullName:"Romuald Wojnicz"}]},{id:"61328",title:"Introductory Chapter: Adsorption and Ion Exchange Properties of Zeolites for Treatment of Polluted Water",slug:"introductory-chapter-adsorption-and-ion-exchange-properties-of-zeolites-for-treatment-of-polluted-wa",totalDownloads:2183,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:null,book:{id:"6499",slug:"zeolites-and-their-applications",title:"Zeolites and Their Applications",fullTitle:"Zeolites and Their Applications"},signatures:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed and Pachagoundanpalayam\nNachimuthugounder Palanisamy",authors:[{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",middleName:null,surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed"}]},{id:"63993",title:"Metamaterials in Application to Improve Antenna Parameters",slug:"metamaterials-in-application-to-improve-antenna-parameters",totalDownloads:4969,totalCrossrefCites:19,totalDimensionsCites:32,abstract:"In recent years, the demand for miniaturization and integration of many functions of telecommunication equipment is of great interest, especially devices that are widely used in life such as mobile communication systems, smart phones, handheld tablets, GPS receivers, wireless Internet devices, etc. To satisfy this requirement, the mobile device components must be compact and capable of multifunction, multifrequency band operation. An antenna is one of them; it means that it must be conformal to the body of device, reduced in size, and capable to operating at multiple frequencies of mobile communication systems that have been operating on one, so-called smart device. Nowadays, there are many technical solutions applied in the antenna construction to satisfy of those requirements. There are microstrip antenna technology miniaturized by means of high-permittivity dielectric substrate, using shorting wall, shorting pins, some deformation, as the fractal geometry is, and others. However, these methods have disadvantage such as narrow bandwidth and low gain. A new solution that is of great interest to designers is the use of electromagnetic metamaterials for antenna design. The use of metamaterials in antenna design not only dramatically reduces the size of the antenna but can also improve other antenna parameters such as enhancing bandwidth, increasing gain, or generating multiband frequencies of antennas operation.",book:{id:"6849",slug:"metamaterials-and-metasurfaces",title:"Metamaterials and Metasurfaces",fullTitle:"Metamaterials and Metasurfaces"},signatures:"Wojciech Jan Krzysztofik and Thanh Nghia Cao",authors:null},{id:"16729",title:"The Glass Transition Temperature in Dental Composites",slug:"the-glass-transition-temperature-in-dental-composites",totalDownloads:4490,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:null,book:{id:"1044",slug:"metal-ceramic-and-polymeric-composites-for-various-uses",title:"Metal, Ceramic and Polymeric Composites for Various Uses",fullTitle:"Metal, Ceramic and Polymeric Composites for Various Uses"},signatures:"J.C.S. Moraes, M.M.D.S. 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Composites have permeated our everyday lives such as products that are used in constructions, medical applications, oil and gas, transportation, sports, aerospace, and many more. Some applications, such as rocket ships, probably would not get off the ground without composite materials. This chapter addresses the advantages of fibre composite materials as well as fundamental effects, product development, and applications of fibre composites, including material chemistry, designing, manufacturing, properties, and utilisation of the materials in various applications.",book:{id:"8768",slug:"composite-and-nanocomposite-materials-from-knowledge-to-industrial-applications",title:"Composite and Nanocomposite Materials",fullTitle:"Composite and Nanocomposite Materials - From Knowledge to Industrial Applications"},signatures:"Tri-Dung Ngo",authors:[{id:"208798",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tri-Dung",middleName:null,surname:"Ngo",slug:"tri-dung-ngo",fullName:"Tri-Dung Ngo"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"156",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:"2753-6580",scope:"
\r\n\tTransforming our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development endorsed by United Nations and 193 Member States, came into effect on Jan 1, 2016, to guide decision making and actions to the year 2030 and beyond. Central to this Agenda are 17 Goals, 169 associated targets and over 230 indicators that are reviewed annually. The vision envisaged in the implementation of the SDGs is centered on the five Ps: People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace and Partnership. This call for renewed focused efforts ensure we have a safe and healthy planet for current and future generations.
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\r\n\tThis Series focuses on covering research and applied research involving the five Ps through the following topics:
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\r\n
\r\n\t1. Sustainable Economy and Fair Society that relates to SDG 1 on No Poverty, SDG 2 on Zero Hunger, SDG 8 on Decent Work and Economic Growth, SDG 10 on Reduced Inequalities, SDG 12 on Responsible Consumption and Production, and SDG 17 Partnership for the Goals
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\r\n\t2. Health and Wellbeing focusing on SDG 3 on Good Health and Wellbeing and SDG 6 on Clean Water and Sanitation
\r\n
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\r\n\t3. Inclusivity and Social Equality involving SDG 4 on Quality Education, SDG 5 on Gender Equality, and SDG 16 on Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t4. Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability comprising SDG 13 on Climate Action, SDG 14 on Life Below Water, and SDG 15 on Life on Land
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\r\n\t
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\r\n\t5. Urban Planning and Environmental Management embracing SDG 7 on Affordable Clean Energy, SDG 9 on Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure, and SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities.
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\r\n\tThe series also seeks to support the use of cross cutting SDGs, as many of the goals listed above, targets and indicators are all interconnected to impact our lives and the decisions we make on a daily basis, making them impossible to tie to a single topic.
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